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Comparative Intergenerational Stratification Research: Three Generations and Beyond
... The intergenerational transmission of SES refers to the consistently found correlation between the SES of parents and their children (Breen and Jonsson 2005;Ganzeboom et al. 1991;Kurz and Müller 1987). Education plays an important role within this mechanism (Breen and Jonsson 2005;Ganzeboom et al. 1991;Jerrim and Macmillan 2015). ...
... The intergenerational transmission of SES refers to the consistently found correlation between the SES of parents and their children (Breen and Jonsson 2005;Ganzeboom et al. 1991;Kurz and Müller 1987). Education plays an important role within this mechanism (Breen and Jonsson 2005;Ganzeboom et al. 1991;Jerrim and Macmillan 2015). Via socialization, parents are expected to shape their children's educational aspirations and school performance (Erikson and Jonsson 1996). ...
Previous research has shown that parental as well as own socio-economic status (SES) influence nonmarital fertility. This chapter examines to what extent the effect of parental SES on partner status at first birth is mediated through own SES. Data from the Generations and Gender Survey, British Understanding Society Survey, Dutch Survey on Family Formation, American National Survey on Family Growth, and Canadian General Social Survey are used to examine 16 national contexts. In the majority of countries, the effect of parental SES on the likelihood of having a first birth in cohabitation and in marriage is partly explained by the intergenerational transmission of SES. A direct effect of parental SES is found in Canada, USA, Norway, Bulgaria, Estonia, Georgia, and Romania. The effect of parental SES on the likelihood of having a first birth while being single and in marriage is partly explained by the intergenerational transmission of SES. In the USA, Austria, and Norway, a direct effect of parental SES was also found. The results suggest that in addition to the intergenerational transmission of SES, differences in family aid may influence the transition to adulthood. It is also possible that parental SES influences the motivation and ability to prevent pregnancies.
... p to another but also varies among sub-cultures within a given society (Colen & Knutson, 2009;Wanget al., 1999;and Weiner, 1992 is related to their children's poor primary educational enrollment, attendance and performance (Bhattacharyya et. al., 2003;Battle & Michael, 2002;Crosnoe et. al., 2004;Tam &Bassett, 2004;Seyfried, 1998;Rivera-Batiz, 2002;and Ganzeboom et. al., 1991). ...
... Furthermore, socioeconomic status tends to be transmitted from parents to children (e.g. Blau & Duncan, 1967;Ganzeboom et al., 1991;Breen & Goldthorpe, 1997). According to this reasoning men should prefer high-resources women as long term partners too, although this male preference should traditionally be weaker than that of women due to men's greater economic role (Kalmijn, 1998). ...
This study investigates the consequences of female rural-urban migration with respect to their education, career, and relationship and family formation in the Netherlands. The study is based on four birth cohorts of Dutch women born in 1970-1973 in rural areas, comparing those who had migrated to urban areas before the age of 25 with those who had remained behind. Outcomes were measured at age 42. The data were derived from administrative registers available at Statistics Netherlands. The results show that female migration to cities served to increase women's resources: they were more often university educated and had better paid jobs, in line with the idea of cities as socioeconomic escalators. The city also functioned as a relationship market with a relative abundance of men with resources. Both lower and university educated city women were more likely to be in a relationship with a highly educated man compared to their rural peers. However, lower educated women had an increased probability of being single at age 42 when they lived in cities at age 25. This was not the case for university educated women. In conclusion, for lower educated women urban migration may entail risks as well as benefits, especially with respect to family formation. University educated women on the other hand benefited both in terms of their own socioeconomic outcomes and in terms of their partners' resources.
... Let me first quickly illustrate the two competitors of the dispute. On one side, modernisation theory assumes the optimistic view that economic development is conducive to a diminished influence of ascriptive factors on educational and occupational success (Treiman, 1970;Bell, 1974;Ganzeboom et al., 1991). Capitalist development brings widespread economic affluence and stimulates growing public investments in education, which reduce economic hurdles to educational participation for the working class. ...
Education is the single most important determinantof life chances. Hence, reducing socioeconomic inequalities in education is a priority in promoting equal opportunities. This article first discusses concerning trends over time in inequalities of educational opportunity in western nations, arguing that evidence indicates that while these inequalities have declined in the post-war decades, they have stagnated for cohorts since the 1980s. Next, I argue that this pattern contradicts the expectations of the two dominant theories in the field: modernisation theory and persistent inequality. Finally, I argue that this empirical pattern is consistent with an institutional explanation which pays more attention than these theories do to the evolution of educational policies, labour market arrangements and welfare protection.
... However, when the same group of people is fixed in a certain stratum in the social income hierarchy for a long time, it will lead to poor mobility. Social mobility is an important dimension that affects people's social attitudes (25). The existence of the "ceiling effect" in a society with low mobility for a long time will erode people's motivation to strive for a better life. ...
Intergenerational transmission of wealth is a long-standing component of society. With the current accelerated economic development, the forms of wealth transmission and the ways in which it affects individuals’ lives have gradually become more complicated. In this article, we explore the economic performance and basic flow patterns of intergenerational transmission. We first discuss the key factors of personal and family wealth accumulation. We then consider how social performance affects the phenomenon of intergenerational transmission and the macro-channels of the current transmission mode. Finally, while intergenerational transmission is widespread in society, its importance has not attracted widespread attention from socioeconomic researchers and this paper makes suggestions for further study of the phenom ena. Our main conclusion is that in current society, intergenerational transmission both directly and indirectly influences the lives of members of society in multiple ways, such as through income, employment and education. If a basic understanding of the phenomenon of intergenerational transmission can be established, it will assist people in making relevant decisions more scientifically and allow them to have a fairer life experience.
... Generally, external stressors are acute and activated by unexpected events in daily life, whereas internal stressors can be chronic, gradually emerge, and subtly influence individual decision-making and behavior (Castro-Campos et al., 2019). Blau and Duncan (1967) found that many people gained higher social status by attending higher education, which was subsequently verified in another empirical study (Ganzeboom et al., 1991). From a sociological perspective, status acquisition theory explains the upward social mobility outcomes of higher education and compensates for some of the deficiencies found in economic analyses. ...
Utilizing survey data from the 2010, 2014, and 2016 China family panel studies, this study examined the relationship between the social discrimination experienced at high school and college enrollment. It was found that administrative discrimination, such as unfair treatment from government cadres or arbitrary fee collection, negatively affected college enrollment, while gender discrimination encouraged high school students to pursue higher education, and college enrollment reduced the likelihood of social discrimination. Therefore, social-psychological factors should not be ignored in higher education demand studies. In particular, as high school student responses to social discrimination can affect their motivation to pursue higher education, stress and coping theory could have important theoretical value when studying the decision-making behaviors and patterns of high school student higher education aspirations.
... A mögöttes társadalmi egyenlőtlenségek megragadá sához a rétegződés hagyományos vertikális indikátorait, a társadalmigazdasági háttér index (SEI) alkotóelemeit [23] vontuk be az elemzésbe, úgymint iskolai végzett ség, jövedelem és foglalkozásipresztízskomponensek. Az előbbi kettő esetében a társadalmi tőke eloszlása [27], a SIOPS (standard international occupational prestige scale) [28] rendelkezésre álló nemzetközi pontszámainak hozzárendelhetőségét [29]. Az ez alapján létrejött folytonos változóból foglalko zásipresztízsharmadokat alakítottunk ki annak érdeké ben, hogy a változó a hierarchizáltság mellett külön itemként magában foglalhassa a foglalkozással még nem rendelkező válaszadó anyák csoportját is, tehát azokét, akik még soha nem dolgoztak. ...
Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Jóllehet Magyarországon a várandósok a társadalombiztosítási rendszer által támogatott komplex várandósgondozási ellátásra jogosultak, mégis sokan vesznek közülük igénybe privát szolgáltatásokat. Ezt a döntést többek között a biztonságérzet fokozása és a várandósgondozást végző szakember szülésig tartó folytonosságának biztosítása motiválja. Nemzetközi szakirodalmi adatok alapján mindemellett feltételezhető, hogy hazánkban is befolyásolja a választást a társadalmi-gazdasági helyzet. Célkitűzés: A jelen elemzés célja annak vizsgálata magyarországi várandósok reprezentatív mintáján, hogy az állami/magán/vegyes finanszírozású várandósellátás igénybevétele mennyiben kapcsolódik bizonyos demográfiai, szocioökonómiai, egészségi és pszichológiai változókhoz. Módszer: Az elemzés a Kohorsz '18 Magyar Születési Kohorszvizsgálat első, várandós anyák körében zajló szakaszának súlyozott adatain történt (n = 8287). Az adatok forrását a védőnők által szóbeli interjúk során felvett, valamint önkitöltős formában begyűjtött kérdőíves adatok szolgáltatták. Eredmények: Az egyes várandósgondozási formák igénybevétele erősen összefüggött a várandós korával, iskolai végzettségével, anyagi helyzetével és foglalkozási presztízsével. Közepes erősségű kapcsolatban állt a várandós partnerkapcsolati helyzetével és meglévő gyermekeinek számával, míg gyenge összefüggésben az egészségi állapotával és pszichés tüneteivel. A finanszírozási formához mindemellett erősen kapcsolódott az, hogy a várandós választott orvossal, szülésznővel tervezte-e szülését. Megbeszélés: A kapott eredmények rámutatnak, hogy a várandósellátás különböző finanszírozású formáinak igénybevétele jelentős mértékben együtt jár a várandós szocioökonómiai és demográfiai sajátosságaival, míg egészségi és pszichés állapotával csupán gyenge összefüggésben áll. Következtetés: A hazai várandósgondozást jellemző kettős finanszírozás háttér-egyenlőtlenségek egész sorát hordozza magában. Jövőbeli elemzésekben vizsgálat tárgyává szükséges tenni, hogy ez mennyiben mutat összefüggést ellátásminőségi és -hozzáférési különbségekkel, valamint ezeken keresztül a várandós és gyermeke egészségével. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(35): 1402-1412.
Summary:
Introduction:
While pregnant women in Hungary are entitled to complex pregnancy care financed by the social security system, many of them do use private services. This decision is motivated, among other things, by increasing the sense of security and ensuring the presence of the doctor providing pregnancy care at the birth. However, based on the international literature, it can be assumed that this decision is influenced by the socio-economic background as well.
Objective:
The aim of the present analysis is to examine the extent to which the use of public/private/mixed funded pregnancy care is related to certain demographic, socioeconomic, health related and psychological variables on a representative sample of pregnant women in Hungary.
Method:
The analysis was performed on the weighted data of the first, pregnant wave of the Cohort '18 Growing Up in Hungary (n = 8287). The analysis is based on data from personal interviews and self-administered questionnaires conducted by the health visitors among pregnant women in 2018.
Results:
The use of different forms of pregnancy care was strongly related to the age of the pregnant women, their education, financial situation and occupational prestige. It was moderately correlated with the pregnant woman's partnership status and their parity, while it was weakly correlated with her health status and psychological symptoms. The form of financing of the pregnancy care was, however, strongly related to whether the pregnant woman planned to give birth with a chosen doctor or midwife.
Discussion:
The results show that the use of different forms of pregnancy care is greatly associated with the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the pregnant women, while it is only weakly related to the health status and mental wellbeing.
Conclusion:
Double funding in the Hungarian pregnancy care system carries a whole range of background inequalities. Future analyses should examine whether this has an impact on the quality and availability of care and, indirectly, on the health of pregnant women and their children. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(35): 1402-1412.
... Most studies evaluate social mobility by the dynamic of this association over time and between generations, between (ethnic) groups within countries or between countries. The availability of more and better data over extended periods has boosted social mobility research in recent decades (Ganzeboom et al. 1991;Breen and Jonsson 2005). Several encompassing projects have studied intergenerational social mobility in the Western world (Breen 2004;Breen and Müller 2020a;Erikson and Goldthorpe 1992) but they continue to focus on the constellation within the nation state (Beck 2007;Weiß 2017). ...
The prospect of upward social mobility is a central motive for international migration. Curiously, the nexus of spatial and social mobility attracted attention only relatively late and existing research on intergenerational social mobility usually concentrates on the constellation within the nation state. This chapter expands on this literature by investigating the intergenerational social mobility of international German migrants from the perspective of the country of origin. First, we focus on the social origin of internationally mobile and non-mobile persons using data from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). How do the two groups differ in their social background? What kinds of capitals do international migrants inherit from their parents? In a second step, this chapter explores the differences in social fluidity between migrants and non-migrants. Does international mobility increase social fluidity? Our findings suggest that German emigrants are positively selected in terms of their social origin. Their parents are more likely to have academic degrees and to belong to the upper service classes compared with non-migrants. Although social fluidity is not significantly higher among emigrants compared with non-migrants, their risk of downward social mobility is significantly reduced.
Significance
Accompanying a sharp rise in economic inequality in China since its economic reform, two countercurrents characterize the trends in China’s intergenerational social mobility. On the one hand, industrialization in postreform China has promoted occupational mobility. On the other hand, both occupational mobility net of industrialization and educational mobility in China have trended downward, reaching levels similar to those in the United States in the most recent cohort. In earlier cohorts, whereas social mobility for Chinese men was unusually high, social mobility was particularly limited for Chinese women from rural hukou origin.
In sociological literature, very different conceptions have emerged regarding concepts that, in some sense, express the location of the given individual or group in society and that are typically referred to by the terms social position, social status, or social situation. In empirical sociological research, these concepts are often used as independent or dependent variables, and the different conceptions that apply to them partly determine the appropriate methodology for conducting the research. In this article, on the one hand, I review the main conceptions of the concepts of social position, status, or situation and, on the other hand, I point out the main interpretation problems of these conceptions. From the points of view of sociological perspectives, I distinguish (1) theoretically neutral or weakly structuralist, (2) traditional class theoretical, conflict theoretical in a narrower sense, centre-periphery theoretical, elite theoretical and capital theoretical conceptions, which are typical of the structuralist perspective, as well as (3) normativist, (4) creativist, (5) rationalist and rationalist-phenomenalist, (6) network theoretical and relationship conceptions of these concepts. I point out the main interpretation problems of these conceptions from a general sociological theoretical point of view and, in general, I regard the insufficiency and/or inadequacy of the theoretical grounding of these conceptions as the most significant problem.
This essay synthesizes comparative research on work structures and inequality. It emphasizes explicitly comparable cross-national studies, though it also discusses historical research as well as some illustrative nation-specific studies that provide interesting contrasts with research in the United States. The focus is mainly on studies of work structures and earnings inequality, though selected studies of careers and commitment are also considered. The kinds of cross-national studies reviewed will become increasingly common in the future, due to the growing availability of explicitly comparable microdata sets.
