No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Towards an effective framework for building smart cities: Lessons from Seoul and San Francisco
Abstract
This study aims to shed light on the process of building an effective smart city by integrating various practical perspectives with a consideration of smart city characteristics taken from the literature. We developed a framework for conducting case studies examining how smart cities were being implemented in San Francisco and Seoul Metropolitan City. The study's empirical results suggest that effective, sustainable smart cities emerge as a result of dynamic processes in which public and private sector actors coordinate their activities and resources on an open innovation platform. The different yet complementary linkages formed by these actors must further be aligned with respect to their developmental stage and embedded cultural and social capabilities. Our findings point to eight ‘stylized facts’, based on both quantitative and qualitative empirical results that underlie the facilitation of an effective smart city. In elaborating these facts, the paper offers useful insights to managers seeking to improve the delivery of smart city developmental projects.
... Political Instability can affect smart city project implementation as the lack of political leadership, coordination and political stability is a key factor in the smart urbanisation of cities (Letaifa, 2015), as well as cases of corruption and social and special polarisation (Monzon, 2015). Poor private-public participation / knowledge transfer from the private sector is another significant factor that leads to the success or failure of smart city implementation, as this factor can help boost the success rate and become an incubator of new ideas and projects (Chen et al., 2017;Koppenjan & Enserink, 2009;Kummitha & Crutzen, 2019;Lee et al., 2014;Rana et al., 2019). Allowing the increase of public-private corporations will lead to an increase in the small regional corporations to provide their services for the wellness of the citizens . ...
... Accordingly, smart city networks raise the risks of cyberattacks (Colding and Barthel, 2017). Integration and Convergence Issues Across IT Networks/ Lack of Database and Centralised Analytics System is still a challenge that hinders the advancement of smart city projects (Chourabi et al., 2012;Kogan & Lee, 2014;Lee et al., 2014, Zanella, et al., 2014. System integration is a complex system that has undetected information related to healthcare, security agencies, smart transport, mobile communication, and energy efficient systems (Nyberg, 2018). ...
... PR3 stated that "there is no one centralised database for the presentation of the data and there is a lack in proper processing for the data." This finding is consistent with those of previous studies, in which integration and convergence across IT networks were highlighted as a challenge that hinders the advancement of smart city projects (Chourabi et al., 2012;Kogan & Lee, 2014;Lee et al., 2014, Zanella, et al., 2014. The findings also confirmed that the data required for smart city applications are not available when needed. ...
The smart city has emerged as a revolutionary concept that connects all the different aspects of our life, and the world is witnessing a change of the cities to become smart. As most of the literature related to smart cities refers to the experience of such projects in the context of developed countries, the primary aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting the implementation of smart city projects in a developing one, namely Jordan, through covering the gaps that existed in previous research. The factors examined were divided into: governmental, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental. The findings were based on semi-structured interviews undertaken with experts (seven participants from the private sector, five from the public sector, and three from academia) entrenched in smart city projects in Jordan. The findings of the study reveal that a lack of cooperation and coordination, unclear smart city vision, and poor private-public participation from the governmental group are found to be the top factors that hinder the transformation into a smart city. In the other groups, the need for more flexible legislation to obtain funding (economic factors), community involvement (social factors), poor data availability and scalability, integration and convergence issues across IT networks, and the lack of a database and a centralised analytics system (technological factors), the need for open data and access to such datasets, and lack of regulatory norms, policies, and directions (legal factors) and growing population problems (environmental factors) are the significant factors. This research project is useful to the government and policymakers in several ways. The paper ends with a number of recommendations and avenues for future research.
... Ahvenniemi et al. (2017) found that smart cities tend to focus more on social and economic aspects, whereas urban sustainability frameworks are more aligned with measuring environmental sustainability. Lee et al. (2014) also sought to find an effective framework for smart city, using Seoul (South Korea) and San Francisco (the United States) as case studies. Other studies have explored various aspects of sustainable smart city concept (Angelidou, 2015), the challenges and benefits of integrating big data into sustainable smart city applications (Al Nuaimi et al., 2015;Allam and Dhunny, 2019), and how to understand smart city concept. ...
... Albino et al. (2015) and Gil-Garcia et al. (2016) offered detailed definitions, dimensions, and methods for measuring smart city. Meanwhile, Lee et al. (2014) and Bifulco et al. (2016) explored smart city management across different regions, focusing on the implementation of various policies and frameworks. Additionally, some studies asserted that a participatory approach is crucial for making smart city more accessible and sustainable (Caragliu et al., 2011). ...
The rapid urbanization and increasing challenges are faced by cities globally, including climate change, population growth, and resource constraints. Sustainable smart city (also referred to as “smart sustainable city”) can offer innovative solutions by integrating advanced technologies to build smarter, greener, and more livable urban environments with significant benefits. Using the Web of Science (WoS) database, this study examined: (i) the mainstream approaches and current research trends in the literature of sustainable smart city; (ii) the extent to which the research of sustainable smart city aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); (iii) the current topics and collaboration patterns in sustainable smart city research; and (iv) the potential opportunities for future research on the sustainable smart city field. The findings indicated that research on sustainable smart city began in 2010 and gained significant momentum in 2013, with China leading, followed by Italy and Spain. Moreover, 59.00% of the selected publications on the research of sustainable smart city focus on SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Bibliometric analysis outcome revealed that artificial intelligence (AI), big data, machine learning, and deep learning are emerging research fields. The terms smart city, smart cities, and sustainability emerged as the top three co-occurring keywords with the highest link strength, followed by frequently co-occurring keywords such as AI, innovation, big data, urban governance, resilience, machine learning, and Internet of Things (IoT). The clustering results indicated that current studies explored the theoretical foundation, challenges, and future prospects of sustainable smart city, with an emphasis on sustainability. To further support urban sustainability and the attainment of SDGs, the future research of sustainable smart city should explore the application and implications of AI and big data on urban development including cybersecurity and governance challenges.
... In the people-oriented approach, smart public spaces, like smart cities, aim to change the quality of life of the community in the city and respond to individual needs (Neirotti et al., 2014) and take into account social relations, safety, and appropriate service infrastructure (Lombardi et al., 2011; EWA JARECKA -BIDZIŃSKA 235 Aguilera et al., 2013;Lee et al., 2014;Belanche et al., 2016;). Within these assumptions, the most crucial element is not modern technology but the person it is to serve and sustainable development (Huckle, 1996;McManus, 1996;Molnar et al., 2001;Bibri, 2015). ...
... W podejściu zorientowanym na ludzi smart przestrzenie publiczne, tak jak smart miasta maja na celu zmienić jakość życia społeczności w mieście oraz być odpowiedzią na indywidualne potrzeby (Neirotti et al., 2014;) oraz uwzględniać społeczne relacje, bezpieczeństwo i właściwą infrastrukturę usługową (Lombardi et al, 2011;Aguilera et al., 2013;Lee et al., 2014;Belanche et al., 2016;). W ramach tych założeń najistotniejszym elementem jest nie nowoczesna technologia, ale człowiek któremu ona ma służyć oraz zrównoważony rozwój (Huckle, 1996;McManus, 1996;Molnar et al., 2001;Bibri, 2015). ...
Smart urban solutions are the future critical factors of a city’s resilience, well-being, and sustainable development. They have an essential influence on sustainable development, social awareness, and future eco-friendly trends. Such areas can have an excellent opportunity to become the best exemplary places of innovation that shape the global directions of contemporary public space transformation with dimensions such as social, economic, physical, virtual, and specialized technology. The article aims to compare and show the potential of selected smart public spaces with various functionalities as essential forms of urbanity.
... These legacy systems, which are challenging and costly to modernise, are significant hindrances to incorporating innovative digital solutions, as identified by West [12]. Additionally, the public sector's aversion to taking risks and inclination to maintain the status quo are roadblocks to accepting and investigating creative digital projects [7] [13]. The resistance to embracing change within public organisations is compounded by the absence of forward-thinking leadership to guide these institutions towards digital innovation. ...
... These collaborations promote a culture of ongoing innovation and allow for the co-creation of solutions customised to the particular requirements of public services. Additionally, involvement in innovation ecosystems promotes the exchange of best practices and lessons discovered, strengthening the public sector's overall ability to adapt to technology changes efficiently [13]. ...
This study investigates the barriers and drivers of digital transformation within the European Union's (EU) Agencies, focusing on one of the European Commission's (EC) decentralised agencies. As digital technologies evolve rapidly, EU agencies face unique challenges and opportunities in integrating emerging technologies into their operations. The research employs a qualitative case study utilising semi-structured interviews to gather rich, detailed insights. The findings reveal that strategic alignment, leadership commitment, and technological infrastructure significantly influence the success of digital transformation initiatives. However, challenges such as resistance to change, regulatory constraints, and resource limitations determine the pace and effectiveness of transformation efforts. This research contributes to further our understanding of digital transformation in the public sector and offers practical insights for EU agencies. By highlighting the EU agency's specific conditions, the study provides a foundation for policy and strategy development to enhance digital capabilities across the European public sector. The findings also further our understanding of the complexities of managing digital transformation within highly regulated environments like the EU, offering a roadmap for future research and practice in the public sector.
... The authors in [26,27] identified the current strategic guidelines for growth of the intellectual potential of the human capital of enterprises and institutions under the conditions of innovative transformation. At the same time, the articles established a relationship Sustainability 2023, 15, 11195 4 of 25 between the intellectualisation of human capital and innovation that affects the stability of economic systems. ...
While other studies have analysed the problems of innovation and innovative development at the global level or for some specific countries or enterprises, this study provides a comparison of publication activity in the sphere of innovation and innovative development in two countries with different levels of economic and sustainable industrial development. This study investigates publications on the innovation and innovative development problems regarding sustainable industrial development in Ukraine and South Korea. A bibliometric study was conducted. The data were collected from the SciVal platform. The authors used the modern techniques and procedures of bibliometric analysis and data visualisation. The results show that (1) South Korea demonstrates higher publication activity on innovation and innovative development than Ukraine; (2) in the articles, authors of both countries highlight the problem of increasing innovative activity; (3) authors from South Korea form a denser network of relationships with authors from other countries; (4) in both cases, the leading cluster formed around the keyword “innovation”; and (5) for Ukraine and South Korea, innovative activities are connected with sustainable development. This study combines qualitative and quantitative research methods. It was carried out in two phases: data preparation and data analysis, using the techniques and procedures of bibliometrics. The results demonstrate the importance of the publication of scientific papers on the effects of a country’s innovative activities to raise public awareness, foster the country’s innovation, and thus stimulate sustainable development.
... Our study has empirically corroborated this academic debate by showing how cities successfully orchestrating the integration of smart governance, knowledge and universities, people and communities, and the entrepreneurial ecosystem are more likely to implement digital services effectively. This synergy not only creates value for the city in terms of competencies, resources, and knowledge but also generates value for the actors themselves, actively integrated into smart city initiatives (Gagliardi et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2014;Linde et al. 2021). This reinforces the argument for a more integrated approach to smart city development, where the collective input of all actors and urban entities is vital for sustainable and inclusive urban growth (Caragliu & Del Bo, 2021;. ...
Open innovation has increasingly become a central concept in the public policy domain, and its impact is further amplified within smart city initiatives. Contemporary cities are positioned at a pivotal crossroads in our society, where there is a growing expectation to unite multiple actors-including citizens, private and public institutions, and companies-to shape the future of society. In the realm of smart city initiatives, collaboration emerges as a fundamental element and fosters the development of synergistic relationships and interactions, which are instrumental in boosting an ecosystem conducive to the creation of value across participating entities. In this paper, focusing on the Italian context, which is at the forefront of smart city policies and embraces a bottom-up approach, we empirically assess the effect of the interplay between the Quadruple Helix model and both internal and external Open Innovation on the digitalization of public services. In doing so, we demonstrate how this interaction produces positive effects on the digitalization of public services, highlighting the key role that external Open Innovation plays in smart city initiatives. These findings aim to guide urban planners, policymakers, and researchers in understanding the collaborative and synergistic dynamics within smart city development.
... According to the Pan-European research project Intel Cities (2009) [24], the development of smart cities depends on efficient governance. According to an analysis of various definitions and practices of smart cities worldwide [25], the majority of smart cities heavily rely on mobile infrastructure and services. Given Serbia's growing urban population and rising service quality, scholars and decision-makers must have a solid grasp of smart cities and the associated challenges. ...
Substantial shifts in our way of life prompt us to consider creating smarter, more sustainable cities. The construction of smart cities has become increasingly popular in both systematic studies and international policies. The research seeks to identify the main barriers to smart cities by reviewing the existing literature and consulting with subject-matter experts. In order to identify the most significant obstacle category and rank certain challenges within the categories to the development of smart cities in Serbia and the surrounding area, this investigation also attempted to prioritize the barriers. The foundation for all planned actions in the administration of the urban environment, including its sectors and infrastructure, is the Fourth Industrial Revolution and digitization. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) has used the following fuzzy logic techniques to identify key indicators that are pertinent preconditions for the creation of a smart city: triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and triangular and trapezoidal interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FS). The creation of a legislative and strategic framework for the Smart City platform, its implementation in the post-COVID-19 era, and the standardization of ICT and ICT management have been identified as the prominent indicators based on six groups of criteria and a significant number of sub-criteria.
... They often play a dominant role as a leader within the business, establishing open organizational practices, policies, and regulations to motivate and manage employees (Etse et al., 2021). Under these operational constraints, staff in most small businesses collaborate to develop dynamic processes intended to react to any form of ongoing change (Lee et al., 2014;Vatne and Taylor, 2018). However, different social, political, and technological developments can hinder learning for individuals and organizations. ...
This article explores how smart city entrepreneurs (SCEs) learn to address urban sustainability challenges with innovative digital products and services. SCEs embody social, digital, and urban entrepreneurialism features and play a pivotal role in advancing smart city development. But despite their importance, little is known about the knowledge, skills, and competencies required to become an SCE. Grounded in entrepreneurial learning theory, our study helps fill this gap. Using the city of Edinburgh, UK, as our empirical setting, we examine the learning process of 34 SCEs. Our findings offer three core contributions. First, we show that collaborative learning is a key driver of innovation in the smart city domain. SCEs significantly benefit from collaborative efforts rather than competitive strategies alone. Second, we show that these collaborations develop in temporary ecosystems that contribute to enhancing the innovative capacities of SCEs. Building on these findings, we expand entrepreneurial learning theory, highlighting the critical yet overlooked role of temporary ecosystems and intermediaries in stimulating collaboration and knowledge exchange among SCEs. Third, we provide practical recommendations for policymakers, emphasizing the importance of supporting the development of strategic learning capacities and diverse learning modalities for SCEs.
... According to Kirimtat et al. (2020) and Khan et al. (2017), a smart city must include various components, including a smart economy, environment, mobility, people, lifestyle and governance. Because it establishes technology to be implemented in favor of systems and services for people, the idea of a smart city goes beyond the concepts of information cities, digital cities and intelligent cities (L� az� aroiu and Roscia, 2012;Lee et al., 2014;De Jong et al., 2015). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to explore the role of social and cultural sustainability in shaping smart urban development in the Arab Region, focusing on three cities, i.e. Sharjah Sustainable City (UAE), Lusail Smart City (Qatar) and SEKEM (Egypt). The research looks into how cultural aspects are integrated into the United Nations 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and their relationship in the achievement of SDGs and sustainable city pillars.
Design/methodology/approach
By following a mainly qualitative research approach and methodology of interviewing experts about the cities and carrying out an intensive literature review and case studies, this research analyzes the key cultural elements essential for the evolution of smart and/or sustainable cities. It highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage, enhancing social cohesion and promoting inclusivity, all within the framework of the established sustainability standards.
Findings
By following a detailed approach to case studies and rigorous research methods, this study provides valuable insights for architects, urban planners, policymakers and researchers. The research highlighted the importance of engaging the communities and local population in the urban planning processes to ensure that the voices of potential residents are heard and that development projects meet the needs of the local population. The research also concluded that the formation of a social and sustainability index is crucial in the Arab Region.
Research limitations/implications
The study’s utilization of secondary data and expert interviews may introduce biases, hence constraining the extent of analysis. Moreover, the concentration on a restricted set of towns may not adequately depict the variety of urban growth throughout the Arab region. Future studies would be enhanced by expanding their scope to include a wider range of case studies and utilizing mixed approaches to gain a more nuanced comprehension of sustainable strategies.
Practical implications
The findings offer a foundation for thoughtful and sustainable urban planning in Arab cities. The research emphasizes the vital connection between cultural preservation and sustainability goals and the importance of the inclusion of cultural dimensions in sustainability frameworks to create more inclusive and resilient smart cities.
Social implications
The study illustrates that incorporating cultural values into urban planning promotes social cohesiveness and inclusivity, hence enhancing the sustainability and resilience of communities. This method guarantees that urban development is both ecologically sustainable and culturally considerate, promoting the conservation of local identities and customs.
Originality/value
This study deepens the understanding of how cultural preservation and sustainability intersect in urban development. It provides important insights that can guide the development of smart cities, particularly in the Arab region, by ensuring that cultural values are integral to sustainable urban growth.
... The concept of the smart city then evolved from empirical experiences, with Dameri [22] noting a lack of systematic theoretical study on this phenomenon. The term "green and sustainable cities" emerged to describe the intersection of urban life with environmental considerations [23], while "information city" referred to the collection and dissemination of information to the public via the Internet [24]. ...
This chapter investigates the use of remote sensing and emerging technologies in urban forest monitoring. Urban and peri-urban forests play a vital role in improving urban life by mitigating pollution, addressing heat island effects, managing flood risks, and enhancing water quality. These green infrastructures have been overshadowed in the smart city agenda, primarily focused on the transportation and energy sectors. Drawing from the experience of a medium-sized Brazilian city in nurturing a technology startup ecosystem toward becoming a smart city, this chapter aims to provide insights into the practical employment of these emerging technologies for territorial monitoring and regulation. The case illustrates how remote sensing can map changes in urban forests to aid in policy development and should encourage community engagement. At the core lies the concept of “smart green governance,” emphasizing technology-driven collaboration between local governments and citizens. Remote sensing tools, including high-resolution satellite imagery and methods like QR codes for tree labeling and geopositioning, may empower local authorities to identify, quantify, and make informed decisions about urban and peri-urban trees. These technologies support urban afforestation projects, environmental assessments, and regulatory compliance. The chapter aims to aid researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in creating environmentally sustainable and livable cities through remote sensing and public governance.
... There are many benefits associated with smart cities: sustainable economic growth, socioeconomic, ecological and urban competitive advantage, more resilience, tolerance and prosperity (Eremia et al., 2017), and better public services. They encourage innovative business, optimize urban infrastructure and preserve environment (Marsal-Llacuna et al., 2015), attract more qualified human capital and generate greater business dynamism (Lee et al., 2014), improve the infrastructure, the transport and security system, and city's image and pride (Chang & Smith, 2023). However, we cannot ignore the disadvantages associated with the incorporation of smart technologies: system information insecurity, personal privacy leakage, information islands and digital divide (F. ...
This study contributes to the improvement of the knowledge about quality of life (QoL) in cities, deepening not only in its antecedents, but also in its outcomes, under the theoretical approach of the resource-based view. On the one hand, we hypothesize that QoL in a city can be driven by governance resources such as transparency and reputation; on the other hand, we propose that QoL can be seen as a strategic resource leading to a higher city competitiveness, which in turn can act as an inducer of a higher smart city index. The latter relationship could be explained as a positive resource spiral in cities, relying on resource conservation theory. Our study also provides favorable evidence for these theoretical relationships set out in a structural equation model with a sample of Spanish Smart cities.
... The information city, prominent in the urban development discourses of the 1990s, was critiqued for adopting a narrow focus on how digital technologies -including the internet and virtual public spacescould transform the city (Allwinkle and Cruickshank, 2011;Hollands, 2008). The digitalcentric vision of the smart city that subsequently emerged was intended as a paradigm shift in digital urban development, a move away from a techno-centric perspective towards a socio-technical perspective of the city (Lee, Hancock and Hu, 2014). This shift in framing emphasised the ability of digital technologies to solve economic and social problems, such as low levels of citizen participation in local democratic processes (Schuurman et al., 2012) and social exclusion (Tranos and Gertner, 2012). ...
... The notion of "green and sustainable cities" then emerged, emphasizing the intersection between urban living and environmental considerations (Franchina et al., 2021), while the term "information city" was used to denote the gathering and dissemination of public information via the internet (LEE et al., 2014). ...
This article investigates the application of remote sensing and emerging technologies in urban and peri-urban forest monitoring, pivotal for urban life enhancement by mitigating pollution, managing flood risks, and improving water quality. Focusing on a mid-sized Brazilian city transitioning into a smart city with a technology startup ecosystem, the study aims to provide practical insights into employing these technologies for territorial monitoring and regulation. It underscores how remote sensing can facilitate urban forest change mapping, aiding policy development and community engagement. The article introduces the conceptual idea of "smart green governance," highlighting technology-driven collaboration between local governments and citizens. It discusses tools like high-resolution satellite imagery and QR codes for tree labeling, demonstrating their potential to empower local authorities with informed urban forestry decisions. This work aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in fostering environmentally sustainable and livable cities through remote sensing and public governance.
... Promoting Lifelong Learning: The Cork Lifelong Learning Festival highlights the importance of fostering a culture of continuous learning, regarding the adaptability to economic and technological changes. Hammer (2019) stresses the role of universities and cities in promoting lifelong learning, while Lee et al. (2014) points to the opportunities such initiatives provide for societal adaptation. ...
... Intensive urban development poses challenges such as uncontrolled growth, environmental pollution, infrastructure strain, waste management, an aging population, economic disparities, and low citizen participation (Winkowska, Szpilko, & Pejić, 2019). The smart city concept has gained popularity as a strategy to address these issues, promoting creative, sustainable urban areas that enhance quality of life and economic prospects (Lee et al., 2014). "Smartness" in this context refers to improvements in infrastructure, resources, and public services, aiming for efficient use of resources, better service quality, and reduced administrative costs (Allwinkle & Cruickshank, 2011;Zanella et al., 2014). ...
This study aims to analyze the role of the Department of Communication and Informatics (DISKOMINFO) in accelerating the development of the smart city initiative in Samarinda, and to provide recommendations for further improvement. As the capital of East Kalimantan Province and a key economic hub, Samarinda recognizes the importance of adopting technology to enhance public services and create a sustainable environment. A qualitative approach was employed to understand DISKOMINFO's role in the smart city initiatives. Primary data sources included DISKOMINFO employees, relevant stakeholders, and the community involved in the smart city projects. Informants were selected purposively. Data collection involved in-depth interviews with DISKOMINFO staff, stakeholders, and selected community members, along with the analysis of official documents and reports related to the smart city initiatives. The data was analyzed using content analysis to identify patterns, themes, and relationships between concepts. The findings indicate that DISKOMINFO plays a crucial role in coordinating, implementing, and overseeing smart city initiatives in Samarinda. The study also reveals that while significant progress has been made in certain areas, further efforts are needed to improve inter-agency collaboration, enhance technological capacity, and increase active community participation. The results of this research are expected to serve as a reference for policymakers in strengthening sustainable smart city initiatives in Samarinda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Diskominfo Kota Samarinda dalam akselerasi pembangunan smart city dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk perbaikan lebih lanjut. Hasil penelitian diharapkan memberikan wawasan berharga bagi pengambil kebijakan, akademisi, dan masyarakat dalam mendukung visi smart city yang berkelanjutan di Kota Samarinda. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk memahami peran Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika (Diskominfo) dalam akselerasi pembangunan smart city di Kota Samarinda. Sumber data primer mencakup seluruh pegawai Diskominfo, pemangku kepentingan terkait, dan masyarakat yang terlibat dalam inisiatif smart city. Pemilihan informan dilakukan secara purposive. Teknik pengumpulan data melibatkan wawancara mendalam dengan pegawai Diskominfo, pemangku kepentingan, dan masyarakat terpilih, serta analisis dokumen resmi dan laporan terkait smart city. Analisis data menggunakan pendekatan analisis isi untuk mengidentifikasi pola, tema, dan hubungan antar konsep. Hasilnya diharapkan memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang peran Diskominfo dan dampaknya dalam pembangunan smart city di Kota Samarinda
... As suggested by Helbing et al., who draw from the work of Harrison et al. (2010), a 'smart city can be defined as a city, in which information and communication technology (ICT) is integrated with the physical, social, and business infrastructure for the sake of optimisation, automation, efficiency and control' (Helbing et al., 2021, p. 1). Being interested in pursuing the objectives mentioned, smart city concepts emerged not only in megacities struggling to administer public life and infrastructure (Li et al., 2019), but also in the context of tight public finances and improving public spending (Lee et al., 2014). In addition, the smart city can be described as one aspect of the 'datafication of society'. ...
The ‘smart city’ has been driven by advances in information and communication technologies, with the aim of integrating these technologies with urban infrastructures for improved optimisation, automation and control. Smart cities have emerged as a response to the challenges faced by megacities and are likely to manifest the ‘datafying’ society in the public space. However, the pervasive nature of data collection, continuous analysis and inference, and long-term data storage result in a potentially problematic reconfiguration of society that undermines individual and collective autonomy. This article proposes the concept of ‘data autonomy’ as a guiding principle for the development of smart cities, addressing challenges related to the potential misuse of personal data, sphere transgression, and datafied gentrification. Section II. explores concerns related to data protection law, which can be understood as a proxy for the relationship between the individual and society, highlighting power dynamics and the autonomy of individuals and communities. Section III. discusses the concept of sphere transgression, where tech giants expand their influence in society without adequate expertise or accountability. Section IV. examines the potential impact of datafied gentrification on individual and collective autonomy. Building on the challenges identified throughout these sections, this paper proposes ‘data autonomy’ as a guiding principle for smart city development in section V., promoting a value-based approach centred on human dignity. To make it practicable, increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the development of smart cities is needed, with a particular focus on improved design and impact assessment methodologies.
... United Nations reports indicate that more than 3.5 billion people live in cities throughout the world, causing problems in transportation, planning, and life quality, as well as the consumption of resources in cities around the world (UN 2019;Hammer et al. 2011). Consequently, cities worldwide such as Beijing, Friedrichshafen, Quebec City, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Seoul, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tallinn are increasingly seeking ICT-based solutions to address these challenges (Hatzelhoffer et al. 2012;Lee et al. 2014;Albino et al. 2015). The concept of smart cities emerged as a response to the need for technology-driven solutions to urban management challenges and the promotion of sustainable development (Hollands 2008;Neirotti et al. 2014;Albino et al. 2015;Höjer and Wangel 2015). ...
The rapid and uncontrolled development in the urban environment leads to significant problems, negatively affecting the quality of life in many areas. Smart Sustainable City concept has emerged to solve these problems and enhance the quality of life for its citizens. A smart city integrates the physical, digital and social system in order to provide a sustainable and comfortable future by the help of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). However, the integrated management of urban data requires the inclusion of ICT enabled SDI that can be applied as a decision support element in different urban problems by giving a comprehensive understanding of city dynamics; an interoperable and integrative conceptual data modelling, essential for smart sustainable cities and successful management of big urban data. The main purpose of this study is to propose an integrated data management approach in accordance with international standards for sustainable management of smart cities. Thematic data model designed within the scope of quality of life, which is one of the main purposes of smart cities, offers an exemplary approach to overcome the problems arising from the inability to manage and analyse big and complex urban data for sustainability. In this aspect, it is aimed to provide a conceptual methodology for successful implementation of smart sustainable city applications within the international and national SDIs with environmental quality of life theme. With this object, firstly, the literature on smart sustainable cities was examined together with the scope of quality and sustainability of urban environment along with all related components. Secondly, the big data and its management was examined within the concept of the urban SDI. In this perspective, new trends and standards related to sensors, internet of things (IoT), real-time data, online services and application programming interfaces (API) were investigated. After, thematic conceptual models for the integrated management of sensor-based data were proposed and a real time Air Quality Index (AQI) dashboard was designed in Istanbul, Türkiye as the thematic case application of proposed models.
... Smart cities are identified as complex organisms capable of supporting sustainability, economic growth, and social and environmental issues (Law and Lynch, 2019). Supply chains and transport affect smart cities and are the theoretical and practical pillars influencing infrastructure, energy, health, and education (Lee et al., 2014). Shee et al. (2021) identified the specific technologies associated with sustainability that affect the three dimensions of sustainability. ...
Rapid urban expansion gives rise to smart cities which pose immense logistical and supply chain challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the holistic system identified by Zhao et al. in 2021. The system encompasses logistics and supply chain integral to the concept of smart cities, with a focus on sustainability. This transformation requires an in-depth study on challenges of a common framework of policies for smart cities in countries comprising the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The study employs an extensive literature analysis for the period 2020–2022. an approach which contextualizes the model. The model identifies the causes, impact, and spillovers of new trends in logistics and supply, including the sustainability of adopted technologies. The study includes the variables involved, and barriers to creating a shared model. The results reveal that the two elements affecting the supply chain and transport in smart cities are Industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies supporting specific sectors. The resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises positively impacts the sustainability of large urban centres. The study presents both factors that help and hinder the adoption of environmental, social, and economic sustainability technologies.
... Meskipun konsep ini dapat menyentuh berbagai bidang keahlian, namun Smart city secara pasti dibentuk oleh perkembangan teknologi dan proses pembangunan 3 perkotaan (Angelidou, 2015). Smart city dapat dijabarkan sebagai cara menciptakan kota yang lebih baik, lebih berkelanjutan, dimana kualitas hidup masyarakat lebih tinggi, lingkungan yang layak huni, dan prospek ekonomi yang kuat (Lee, Hancock,dan Hu, 2014 Untuk menentukan suatu pelayanan yang berkualitas ditentukan oleh kepuasan pihak yang menerima pelayanan atau dipenuhi kebutuhanya, karena itu harus dibedakan antara pelayanan dalam rangka prosedur administrasi dengan penggadaan barang atau jasa publik. Kualitas pelayanan dalam rangka prosedur administrasi akan ditentukan kepada pemberi pelayanan yang cepat, menyenangkan, tidak mengandung kesalahan, serta mengikuti proses atau prosedur yang telah ditetapkan terlebih dahulu. ...
Perkembangan teknologi dan komunikasi pada masa sekarang telah mengubah sebagian pola aktivitas masyarakat dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. Kemudahan dalam mendapatkan informasi dan melakukan komunikasi khususnya pada bidang pelayanan publik sebagai salah satu contoh dari perkembangan teknologi dan komunikasi. Hadirnya layanan publik yang berbasis pada penggunaan teknologi sejalan dengan konsep Smart Governance. Kebijakan yang mengarah pada layanan publik yang berbasis pada teknologi yakni e-government yang biasanya mengacu pada penggunaan teknologi informasi meliputi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dan teknologi komunikasi berbasis web lain untuk meningkatkan dan mengembangkan efisiensi dan efektivitas pelayanan di sektor publik. Layanan publik berbasis teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) ini telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dengan menyediakan Media Center sebagai layanan informasi, pengaduan, keluhan, dan saran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendiskripsikan implementasi konsep smart government dalam pelayanan Media Center di Kota Surabaya. Media Center diselenggarakan untuk menampung berbagai masukan dari masyarakat dalam bentuk keluhan, informasi, maupun saran untuk membantu proses pembangunan kota yang dapat dilakukan melalui beragam media. Era teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang semakin canggih memberikan kontribusi dalam pengelolaan perkotaan. Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pengelolaan perkotaan berbasis TIK diharapkan dapat mempermudah, meningkatkan efisiensi, dan meningkatkan efektivitas kegiatan pengelolaan perkotaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Jenis dan Sumber Data, yakni Data Sekunder. Penelitian ini berfokus pada hasil pengelolaan Rekapitulasi keluhan Masyarakat Media Center penelitian yang berupa Studi Kepustakaan (Library Research). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi Konsep Smart Government pada pelayanan Media Center sudah cukup baik walaupun masih terdapat kekurangan di bidang pelayanannya.
... The second is agile processes of publicprivate partnerships through open innovation platforms, open data platforms, participatory planning, and service integrations (J. H. Lee et al., 2014). The third is participatory action research to define local potential and develop local people's competency (Rampisela et al., 2018). ...
Public Service Innovations (PSIs) have improved public services and increased public values. However, previous studies have shown that public servants saw PSIs as risky interventions because of the perceived uncertain outcomes, lack of support and recognition, opposition against incumbent culture, and negative public scrutiny in case of failure. These perceived risks have led to risk-averse behaviour in public service and incremental or discontinued innovations. Earlier studies on PSIs' continuity have focused on leadership, engagement, collaborations, and organisational cultures in developed countries. However, the mechanism of engagements, collaborations, organisational culture, and leadership types remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of sustainable PSIs in Indonesia and how authorities are exercised. In doing so, 11 PSIs in Indonesian health services-facilitated by staff or leaders-are compared and contrasted. The findings indicate that staff-initiated PSIs are prompted by community needs, use routine visits as a collaboration mechanism, and engage more stakeholders. The shortcoming is that the staff-initiated PSIs need more formal team assignments. The advantage is that they strengthen social capital and decrease community health problems. On the other hand, PSIs that were initiated by formal leaders are stimulated by formal antecedents, such as low achievement of development targets. Leaders-initiated PSIs also use capacity development programs to collaborate and increase the achievement of development targets. A novel finding to add to previous studies is that collaborating with other existing programs contributes to PSIs' continuity. The managerial implication of this study is to stimulate front-liners in initiating PSIs.
Hızlı nüfus artışı ve kentleşme, kentsel altyapı ve kaynaklar üzerinde büyük bir baskı oluşturmuş ve teknoloji entegrasyonu ile yenilikçi çözümler arayışını zorunlu kılmıştır. Akıllı kent uygulamaları da bu yenilikçi çözümlerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye’de son yıllarda bu alandaki çalışmaların arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Ancak bu artışa rağmen, Türkiye'nin akıllı kent uygulamaları bazı eksikliklerle de karşı karşıyadır. Akıllı kent uygulama stratejilerinin ülkelere göre farklılaştığı göz önüne alındığında Türkiye'de akıllı kent uygulamalarına yönelik yapılan çalışmaların daha sistematik bir şekilde analiz edilmesi ve stratejilerin oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki akıllı kent uygulamalarını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda SWOT ve SWARA metodolojilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular, Türkiye'deki akıllı kent uygulamalarının etkin bir şekilde yönetilmesi ve geliştirilmesi için stratejik planlama süreçlerinde dikkate alınması gereken öncelikli alanları işaret etmektedir. Akıllı kent uygulamalarının başarıyla uygulanabilmesi için güçlü yönlerin ve fırsatların etkin bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi, zayıf yönlerin ve tehditlerin ise minimize edilmesi gerekmektedir. Hükümet desteğinin artırılması, yüksek teknoloji kabiliyetinin geliştirilmesi ve yatırım yetersizliklerinin giderilmesi için yerel ve uluslararası yatırım kaynaklarının çeşitlendirilmesi önemlidir. Bu öneriler, uygulamaların etkin ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde hayata geçirilmesine katkı sağlayacak ve Türkiye'nin akıllı kent uygulamalarında daha ileri bir noktaya ulaşmasına yardımcı olacaktır.
Amaç–Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı karar destek modelleri ve çeşitli objektif kriter ağırlıklandırma yöntemleri kullanarak bir akıllı şehir endeks sistemi geliştirmek ve Türkiye’deki 30 büyükşehirde uygulamasını yapmaktır.Yöntem–Farklı karar destek modellerinin sonuçları etkisini göstermek üzere Gri İlişkisel Analiz, TOPSIS, Temel Bileşenler Analizi metodolojileri; CRITIC, Entropi, eşit ağırlık ve standart sapma kriter ağırlıklandırma yöntemleriyle birleştirilerek karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yürütülmüştür. Endeks 7 alt boyutta 88 gösterge içermektedir. 8 ayrı sıralama ve bir de KASO (kümülatif aritmetik sıralama ortalaması) olmak üzere 9 sıralama oluşturularak, tek bir yöntemin sıralama sonuçlarına etkisi azaltılmaya çalışılmıştır.Bulgular –Analiz, yapılan sıralamalarda benzerliklerin yanısıra büyük ölçüde farklılıklar olabileceğini göstermiştir.Ancak tüm sıralamalarda İstanbul 1.sırada yer almaktadır. Her yöntemde ilk 5 ve son 5’e giren şehirler benzerlik ve farklılıklar göstermektedir. En iyi performans gösteren şehirler en yoğun nüfuslu metropollerdir.Tartışma –Çalışma kapsamında birçok veri belediyelerin raporlarına dayanarak üretilmiştir. Ülkemizde şehirlerdeki yaşam koşullarını ve yaşam kalitesini karakterize eden daha ayrıntılı göstergeler ve veri eksikliği söz konusudur. Bu kapsamda herkesin erişimine açık verilerin ülkemiz için geliştirilmesi oldukça önemli ve gereklidir. Gelecekteki çalışmalarda farklı yöntemler ve göstergeler kullanılarak sonuçlara etkisinin araştırılması önemli görülmektedir.
A smart city is defined as the integration of digital technologies into the development of a city’s infrastructure components and services. It is viewed as a form of digital innovation. Governments worldwide are recognizing the potential of digital technologies in establishing smart cities to enhance the quality of life and optimize their operational models and governmental functions. A central research question in the field of smart cities is: What motivates governments to adopt smart cities? The literature has proposed two primary reasons: performance and legitimacy. The performance perspective, rooted in an economic-rationalistic viewpoint, suggests that governments adopt smart cities to enhance performance. In contrast, the legitimacy perspective, grounded in an institutional viewpoint, argues that governments adopt smart cities to pursue legitimacy. Despite these discussions, the adoption of smart city initiatives cannot be fully explained by either economic performance or institutional forces. Instead, it appears to align more closely with a management trend in innovation. This research aims to delve into this matter. I focus on the characteristics of smart city initiatives through the lens of management fashion, utilizing a case study methodology as the research approach. This research’s contribution to the literature is providing an in-depth understanding of the phenomena that transpire when governments adopt smart cities, not due to performance and legitimacy, but within the context of management fashions.
The adoption of renewable energy solutions is essential for tackling climate change and achieving sustainable development goals. Consulting firms play a crucial role in expediting this transition by providing strategic guidance and implementation support to various stakeholders. This paper outlines the importance of consulting firms in promoting renewable energy adoption and highlights their key areas of involvement. These firms offer valuable insights and resources, helping clients navigate the complexities of renewable energy technologies, market dynamics, and regulatory frameworks. Through strategic planning, market analysis, and policy advocacy, consulting firms help clients identify opportunities, mitigate risks, and develop customized strategies for adopting renewable energy. Case studies illustrate how consulting firms facilitate project implementation, assess technology feasibility, and prepare financial models to attract investment.Despite the progress, several barriers hinder the widespread adoption of renewable energy, including economic constraints, technical challenges, and public perception. Consulting firms play a pivotal role in overcoming these barriers by offering innovative solutions, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and advocating for supportive policies. The role of consulting firms in accelerating the adoption of renewable energy remains promising. Continued collaboration between consulting firms, governments, industry players, and communities is essential to realize the full potential of renewable energy and accelerate the transition towards a sustainable energy future.In conclusion, consulting firms can drive the adoption of renewable energy solutions. Their expertise, ability to provide strategic guidance, and to navigate complex regulatory landscapes to help organizations in overcoming barriers, seizing opportunities in renewable energy can support in driving the transition towards a cleaner, more resilient energy system.
Highlights
What are the main findings?
Smart technologies are mature enough to leave academic shelves and be utilized in the practical field;
A total of 131 added values were captured from the investigated technologies, such as site selection using GIS;
Smart technologies have the highest add values at the operation sub-phase;
There are no other sufficient alternatives for real estate developers than utilizing smart technologies in real estate development; more smart real estate must be developed in the near future;
City management and municipalities have a significant role in activating smart technologies and their added values, transitioning cities and real estate into smarter ones.
What is the implication of the main finding?
City management should invest in big data and geodata, develop a smart infrastructure, activate automated building permits, and create a digital twin for the city.
Real estate developers should focus on GIS, BIM, Big Data, and AI, significantly impacting the acquisition and conception phases by using GIS for site selection, BIM for design, Big Data for market analysis, and AI for predictive analytics.
Abstract
This study aims to identify the added value of smart city technologies in real estate development, one of the most significant factors that would transform traditional real estate into smart ones. In total, 16 technologies utilized at both levels have been investigated. The research followed an integrative review methodology; the review is based on 168 publications. The compiled results based on metadata analysis displayed the state of each technology’s added values and usage in both scales. A total of 131 added values were identified. These added values were categorized based on the real estate life cycle sub-phases and processes. Moreover, the value of the integration between these technologies was revealed. The review and results proved that these technologies are mature enough for practical use; therefore, real estate developers, city management, planners, and experts should focus on implementing them. City management should invest in Big Data and geodata and adopt several technologies based on the aspects required for development. This study can influence stakeholders, enhance their decision-making on which technology would suit their needs, and provide recommendations on who to utilize them. Also, it provides a starting point for stakeholders who aim to establish a road map for incorporating smart technologies in future smart real estate.
The emergence of smart sustainable cities (SSCs) offers a potential solution to many urban development challenges, prompting various cities and nations, including Zambia, to adopt this concept. However, it is essential to recognize the significant role that politics plays in the implementation of SSCs in Zambia. This study aimed to explore the relationship between political will and the barriers to the development of SSCs in the country. Using a quantitative research method, a questionnaire survey was administered via Google Forms, gathering responses from 92 participants. The study examined the relationship between prioritized barriers and the lack of political will, employing the Kendall Tau b correlation coefficient. A positive correlation of varying significance was found between the lack of political will and the barriers to SSC implementation in Zambia. Particularly strong correlations were identified between the lack of political will and several barriers, including insufficient knowledge and information sharing, inadequate research and development funding, lack of technological capacity, limited use of information and communication technology (ICT) for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, insufficient funding for SSC initiatives, as well as centralized decision-making processes and top-down approaches. While this study was conducted in Zambia, the findings may not significantly differ from those in other developing countries.
Bu çalışmada, Uluslararası Rekabet Araştırmaları Kurumu (URAK) tarafından hazırlanan İllerarası Rekabetçilik Endeksi’ne ait veriler kullanılarak Türkiye’nin illerine yönelik mekansal yapının ortaya çıkarılması amacıyla kartil haritaları, Moran’s I istatistiği ve LISA haritalarından yararlanılmıştır. Beşerî sermaye, üretim ve ticaret, yaşanabilirlik ve yenilikçilik olmak üzere 4 temel başlık üzerinden 85 gösterge ile hesaplanan bu endeks ile 81 ilin rekabetçilik seviyeleri kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada, keşfedici mekansal veri analiz yöntemi kullanılarak bölgesel rekabet gücünün ve bileşenlerinin komşu bölgelerden etkilenip etkilenmediği belirlenmekte, bir diğer deyişle komşuluğun ve gruplararası etkileşimin değeri vurgulanmaktadır. Mekansal otokorelasyonu ölçmede kullanılan Moran’s I istatistiği ve yerel mekansal ilişkiyi gösteren LISA haritası ile coğrafi olarak birbirine yakın konumda yer alan illere ait gözlemlerin uzak olanlara göre benzer değerler sergileme eğiliminde olduğu ve bu illerin mekansal kümelenme meydana getirdiği gözlenmektedir. Ampirik bulgular sonucunda pozitif mekansal etkileşim gözlenmiş, komşuluğun illerarası rekabetçilik değerini artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Developing an appropriate governance model for smart city is complicated as it involves a variety of social and technical components. This article addresses the question of how a network model can provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interactions among smart city components and their evolution over time by proposing a network-based approach to analyze smart city development. Starting with an Input–Output model, 14 key components of smart cities are identified. The model is then extended using a social network framework, revealing 91 potential interconnections among these components. A bibliometric analysis (1998–2023) of 214,211 articles measures the components' significance and tracks shifts over time. A qualitative review of the 25 most relevant articles further explores the interplay of three main components. Findings highlight the dynamic and multidimensional nature of smart city development, emphasizing the central role of ‘data assets’ and the evolving interconnections within the network. The findings are useful to researchers and practitioners by drawing attention to changes in the smart city concept over time and the connections between the various components involved in the process of smart city development. They also offer a new modeling tool to analyze the relative importance of nodes and edges in the scientific literature.
This study analyses three major research fields: citizens’ e-government, e-participation, and social media use. It compares the distribution of publications and citation network structure. We use three bibliometric software tools (SciMAT, Citnet, and CiteSpace). The results indicate that social media is a growing research topic attracting increasing attention in the academic community. They also show that authors from the USA and China lead in number of publications. We found some common references to pioneers in the field and specific topics where the authors cite a predecessor in the research area, such as public value and antecedents of trust.
Researchers have defined ‘Smart City’ in many different ways, and its definition varies with and depends on the context. There is a need to define Smart City needs to properly framed. In this paper, ‘Smart City’ concept has been investigated. An extensive literature review conducted and definitions for Smart City are cited. Then the keywords of Smart City from these definitions and other research sources have been identified. Keywords are grouped into nine perspectives of smart city: Technology Perspective, Citizen Perspective, Infrastructure Perspective, Capability Perspective, Resources Perspective, Environment Perspective, Economy Perspective, Livability Perspective, and Sustainability Perspective. Keywords and views of Smart City have been further investigated using citations at Scopus. Based on a literature review, analysis of citation at Scopus and outcomes of brainstorming sessions during the idea engineering workshop, a new definition is developed and presented. Observed that the word Smart City is mostly documented in social sciences domain, which implies that idea of Smart City may be in the conceptual stage and extensive work is required to develop its success model.
This bibliometric study explores the academic research on urban development, sustainability, and smart cities. It analyzes articles published from 2013 to 2023 and finds a growing interest in these areas. Research output has increased significantly, indicating a need for innovative and sustainable urban solutions. Using co-citation and co-occurrence network analysis, the study identifies dominant themes and shows a shift from traditional urban planning to contemporary sustainability and technological innovation. Italy is emerging as a leading contributor, with significant contributions from Brazil, China, and the UK. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of these research areas and offer valuable insights for stakeholders, including industry-academic partnerships, in creating sustainable and smart urban environments in the future.
The rapid urbanization anticipated by the United Nations, projecting that 68% of the global population will reside in urban areas by 2050, underlines the escalating challenges such as public health, traffic congestion, and social inequality in cities. Smart cities, utilizing Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), emerge as a pivotal solution by optimizing urban infrastructure and enhancing life quality, aiming for sustainable urban development that balances economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. This article systematically explores the intricate relationships among smart city concepts through a cluster analysis, highlighting how these interact within the scope of urban planning to address such multifaceted challenges. The analysis utilizes a bibliometric review and thematic clustering to synthesize existing definitions and characteristics of smart cities, assess the integration of sustainable practices, and identify the intersections where urban planning can effectively leverage ICTs to enhance city livability and sustainability. Our findings suggest that while smart cities are advancing, significant gaps remain, particularly in integrating technology with aging urban infrastructures and ensuring inclusivity in technology access. Future directions are proposed, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches and the need for adaptive policies that can accommodate rapid technological advancements without compromising the social and environmental fabric of urban life. This study not only advances academic knowledge but also offers practical insights for public and private sectors committed to fostering more intelligent, sustainable cities aligned with global sustainability goals.
Governments are increasingly placing an emphasis on the long‐term growth of e‐government development. However, the evaluation of e‐government development is still in its infancy. The current research proposes a multi‐dimensional evaluation system of e‐government development based on Complex Systems Theory. Accordingly, we extracted three dimensions with 17 criteria and collected actual data of e‐government development from 17 cities in Shandong, China as an example. The Analytic Hierarchy Process‐Entropy Method (AHP‐EM) was employed to correctly and objectively evaluate the performance of e‐government development. Furthermore, we analyze the current situations and deficiencies of e‐government development in each city of Shandong, China and offer recommendations for sustainable e‐government development using geographical distribution maps and radar graph.
Resumo O presente artigo aborda o papel imprescindível que a água desempenha enquanto recurso natural único e insubstituível, bem como da necessidade da sua correta e eficiente gestão num contexto de elevado crescimento populacional, associado a um desenvolvimento econômico com impactos já visíveis nas alterações climáticas. Desenvolveu-se uma revisão de literatura em torno das temáticas da economia circular na gestão dos recursos naturais, nomeadamente ao nível dos desafios da eficiência da água, incluindo a sua utilização e consumo sustentáveis, a otimização do consumo, bem como o aumento da produtividade e circularidade da água, de forma a compreendermos qual o papel que esta assume na gestão dos recursos hídricos. A par disso, abordamos ainda o conceito de Smart Cities, partindo do qual apresentamos um conjunto de exemplos reais da aplicação de práticas de gestão de recursos hídricos. Como principais conclusões destaca-se que existem já algumas medidas inovadoras almejando tornar a gestão dos recursos hídricos, progressivamente, mais smart, embora se reconheça que existe ainda um longo caminho no que respeita aos resultados que podem advir de uma profícua e continuada articulação colaborativa entre os diferentes agentes societais que desempenham um papel de suma importância na implementação de políticas públicas potenciadoras de um correto uso dos recursos naturais.
Making a city "smart" is emerging as a strategy to mitigate the problems generated by the urban population growth and rapid urbanization. Yet little academic research has sparingly discussed the phenomenon. To close the gap in the literature about smart cities and in response to the increasing use of the concept, this paper proposes a framework to understand the concept of smart cities. Based on the exploration of a wide and extensive array of literature from various disciplinary areas we identify eight critical factors of smart city initiatives: management and organization, technology, governance, policy context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure, and natural environment. These factors form the basis of an integrative framework that can be used to examine how local governments are envisioning smart city initiatives. The framework suggests directions and agendas for smart city research and outlines practical implications for government professionals.
Debates about the future of urban development in many Western countries have been increasingly influenced by discussions of smart cities. Yet despite numerous examples of this 'urban labelling' phenomenon, we know surprisingly little about so-called smart cities, particularly in terms of what the label ideologically reveals as well as hides. Due to its lack of definitional precision, not to mention an underlying self-congratulatory tendency, the main thrust of this article is to provide a preliminary critical polemic against some of the more rhetorical aspects of smart cities. The primary focus is on the labelling process adopted by some designated smart cities, with a view to problematizing a range of elements that supposedly characterize this new urban form, as well as question some of the underlying assumptions/contradictions hidden within the concept. To aid this critique, the article explores to what extent labelled smart cities can be understood as a high-tech variation of the 'entrepreneurial city', as well as speculates on some general principles which would make them more progressive and inclusive.
Intelligent cities (communities, clusters, districts, multi-cluster territories) outline a new planning paradigm pertinent for urban-regional development and innovation management. This paper attributes the rise of intelligent cities in the globalisation of innovation networks, which appears in multiple forms in global technology markets, innovation and R&D offshoring, global technology transfer, new product co-development and the subsequent needs for online environments of global collaboration. By developing sector-focused, cluster-based or more complex intelligent city strategies, territories can set in motion innovation mechanisms of global dimensions and enhance substantially their innovation systems. Within these environments, new knowledge functions and business models appear relying on collective intelligence, technology transfer and collaborative innovation outspread globally. However, in developing augmented innovation environments, organisational issues of innovation management prevail over the technological ones of virtual communication. ICT is just the facilitator for creating this new type of innovation environment, which requires the balanced development of human creative skills, innovation institutions, broadband networks and virtual collaborative spaces to succeed.
Due to different reasons cities are increasingly challenged to improve their competitiveness. Different strategic efforts are discussed in planning sciences, new approaches and instruments are elaborated and applied, steering the positioning of cities in a competitive urban world. As one specific consequence city rankings have experienced a remarkable boom. However, there is some evidence that public attention of city rankings is mainly concentrated simply on the ranks themselves totally neglecting its meaning as an instrument for strategic planning. In order to elaborate this potential meaning of rankings the paper gives an overview of different types and introduces an own approach called ‘Smart City ranking’. Based on this ranking approach and corresponding experiences of different cities reacting on its dissemination in the second part the paper shows how this approach can be used as an effective instrument detecting strengths and weaknesses and improving a city’s competitiveness through relevant strategic efforts.
Per diferents motius, les ciutats es troben cada vegada en major mesura front el repte de millorar la seva competitivitat. Diferents esforços estratègics són discutits en les ciències del planejament, nous enfocaments i instruments són elaborats i posats en pràctica, guiant el posicionament de les ciutats en un competitiu món urbà. Una conseqüència específica d’això és que la categorització de ciutats ha experimentat un augment notable. No obstant, hi ha certs indicis de que l’atenció pública respecte de la categorització de ciutats es centra principalment en les últimes posicions, oblidant completament la seva significança com instrument de planificació estratègica. Amb la finalitat de desenvolupar aquesta potencial significança de les categoritzacions, l’article fa un repàs de diferents tipus i presenta una aproximació pròpia anomenada “Smart City Ranking”. Basat en aquest enfocament a la categorització i les corresponents experiències de la reacció de diferents ciutats respecte a la seva difusió, en una segona part l’article mostra com aquesta aproximació pot ser utilitzada com instrument eficaç, reconeixent fortaleses i debilitats i millorant la competitivitat de les ciutats a través d’esforços estratègics adequats.
Por diferentes motivos, las ciudades se encuentran cada vez en mayor medida ante el reto de mejorar su competitividad. Distintos esfuerzos estratégicos son discutidos en las ciencias del planeamiento, nuevos enfoques e instrumentos son elaborados y puestos en práctica, guiando el posicionamiento de las ciudades en un mundo urbano competitivo. Una consecuencia específica de ello es que la categorización de ciudades ha experimentado un auge notable. Sin embargo, hay ciertos indicios de que la atención sobre la jerarquización de ciudades se centra principalmente en las últimas posiciones, olvidando completamente su significancia como instrumento de planificación estratégica. Con el fin de desarrollar esta potencial significancia este artículo hace un repaso de distintos tipos y presenta una aproximación propia llamada “Smart City Ranking”. Basado en este enfoque a la categorización y las correspondientes experiencias de la reacción de diferentes ciudades en cuanto a su difusión, en una segunda parte el artículo muestra como esta aproximación puede ser utilizada como un instrumento eficaz, reconociendo fortalezas y debilidades y mejorando la competitividad de las ciudades a través de esfuerzos estratégicos adecuados.
The diversity of service activities means that service innovations and innovation processes take various forms. In this paper, we use input/output and other data to depict how service industries vary in such areas as products, markets, work organization, and technological characteristics—most being very distinctive from primary industries (i.e., extractive industries such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining, petroleum, quarrying, and the like) and secondary industries (i.e., manufacturing, construction, and utilities). Innovation survey data indicates that some service organizations behave very much like high-technology manufacturing. This is especially true of technology-based, knowledge-intensive business services (T-KIBS). Distinctive innovation patterns are displayed by KIBS based more on professional knowledge and by large network-based service firms, while many smaller service firms conform to a supplier-driven pattern. Only a small segment of service innovation conforms to the typical manufacturing-based model, in which innovation is largely organized and led by formal research and development (R&D) departments and production engineering. Project management and on-the-job innovation are common ways of organizing service innovation. Innovation policy and management have to be much more than R&D policy and R&D management: This is recognized by some national governments and in some business schools, but the full implications of a service-dominant logic are still rarely found.
Cities nowadays face complex challenges to meet objectives regarding socio-economic development and quality of life. The concept
of “smart cities” is a response to these challenges. This paper explores “smart cities” as environments of open and user-driven
innovation for experimenting and validating Future Internet-enabled services. Based on an analysis of the current landscape
of smart city pilot programmes, Future Internet experimentally-driven research and projects in the domain of Living Labs,
common resources regarding research and innovation can be identified that can be shared in open innovation environments. Effectively
sharing these common resources for the purpose of establishing urban and regional innovation ecosystems requires sustainable
partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders.
This conceptual paper discusses how we can consider a particular city as a smart one, drawing on recent practices to make cities smart. A set of the common multidimensional components underlying the smart city concept and the core factors for a successful smart city initiative is identified by exploring current working definitions of smart city and a diversity of various conceptual relatives similar to smart city. The paper offers strategic principles aligning to the three main dimensions (technology, people, and institutions) of smart city: integration of infrastructures and technology-mediated services, social learning for strengthening human infrastructure, and governance for institutional improvement and citizen engagement.
Advancing service science requires a service-centered conceptual foundation. Toward this goal, we suggest that an emerging logic of value creation and exchange called service-dominant logic is a more robust framework for service science than the traditional goods-dominant logic. The primary tenets of service-dominant logic are: (1) the conceptualization of service as a process, rather than a unit of output; (2) a focus on dynamic resources, such as knowledge and skills, rather than static resources, such as natural resources; and (3) an understanding of value as a collaborative process between providers and customers, rather than what producers create and subsequently deliver to customers. These tenets are explored and a foundational lexicon for service science is suggested.
The rapid development of information and communication technologies had a significant effect on contemporary urban and regional planning. Ever since Mitchell (1999) envisaged a vision of ‘E-topia’, a development of robust delivery system for the digital network into knowledge-based urban development has been rigorously challenged. Information and communication technologies are evolving cities from virtual city, which reproduces urban elements inside the virtual computer world, to ubiquitous city, where the ubiquitous computing amongst urban elements such as people, buildings, infrastructure and urban space is available. Nevertheless a strategic ubiquitous city planning is yet to be addressed in an integrated manner by planners and regional analysts because the technologies and applications still need to be fully developed. The Republic of Korea has recently had some experience in developing the ubiquitous city concept and planning principals as a means of knowledge-based urban development. This chapter introduces key ubiquitous technologies, and discusses implications of the ubiquitous city concept into planning and design schemes for knowledge-based urban development in the Republic of Korea.
Purpose - The paper seeks to investigate the changing and challenging spatial nature of the rising knowledge cities' knowledge precincts.
Design/methodology/approach - The paper reviews the literature on recent knowledge precinct developments within the frame of innovation and urban economic competitiveness. The methodology develops a typological investigation and searches for useful insights for better understanding the fundamentals of knowledge precincts. The study exemplifies cases from Australia as well as other global best practices.
Findings - The paper sheds light on the contemporary knowledge production of rising knowledge cities, and points out the changing spatial agglomeration of knowledge-intensive industries and the formation of new types of knowledge precincts as the spatial core of knowledge-based urban development.
Originality/value - The paper provides an in-depth discussion on the changing spatial concepts of knowledge precincts and their vital role for the knowledge-based urban development of cities.
Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, is known to be a useful antiplatelet agent that inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in ischemic stroke. This study investigated the effects of combining cilostazol with aspirin on the expressions of P-selectin and PAC-1 on activated platelets in acute ischemic stroke.
We analyzed 70 patients with acute ischemic stroke (<72 hrs of an ischemic event). The daily intake was 100 mg of aspirin in 37 patients and 100 mg of aspirin plus 200 mg of cilostazol in 33 patients. The expressions of P-selectin and PAC-1 on activated platelets were measured on the day of admission and 5 days later. We also evaluated the clinical progression using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at the same times.
After 5 days the extent of PAC-1 expression on activated platelets was significantly lower for combined aspirin and cilostazol treatment (61.0+/-19.3%, p=0.008; mean+/-standard deviation) than the baseline level (70.9+/-12.9%), but did not differ between aspirin alone (66.0 +/-19.0%) and baseline (70.1+/-15.7%). The expression of P-selectin did not differ between combined aspirin and cilostazol treatment and baseline. The clinical progression did not differ between the two groups, as indicated by the absence of significant changes on the NIHSS in the acute period.
This study found that the combined regimen of aspirin and cilostazol exerts the beneficial effect of reducing PAC-1 activity on activated platelets in acute ischemic stroke. However, the clinical outcome of this regimen was no better than that of the aspirin-only regimen. Therefore, further detailed studies of the possible clinical benefits of cilostazol in acute ischemic stroke are needed.
Because of network externalities, the success of a software product may depend in part on the size of its installed base and its conformance to industry standards. This research builds a hedonic model to determine the effects of network externalities, standards, intrinsic features and a time trend on microcomputer spreadsheet software prices. When data for a sample of products during the 19871992 time period were analyzed using this model, four main results emerged: 1) Network externalities, as measured by the size of a product's installed base, significantly increased the price of spreadsheet products: a one percent increase in a product's installed base was associated with a 0.75% increase in its price. 2) Products which adhered to the dominant standard, the Lotus menu tree interface, commanded prices which were higher by an average of 46%. 3) Although nominal prices increased slightly during this time period, quality-adjusted prices declined by an average of 16% per year. 4) The hed...
The management of new service development (NSD) has become an important competitive concern in many service industries. However, NSD remains among the least studied and understood topics in the service management literature. As a result, our current understanding of the critical resources and activities to develop new services is inadequate given NSD’s importance as a service competitiveness driver. Until recently, the generally accepted principle behind NSD was that “new services happen” rather than occurring through formal development processes. Recent efforts to address this debate have been inconclusive. Thus, additional research is needed to validate or discredit the belief that new services happen as a result of intuition, flair, and luck. Relying upon the general distinctions between research exploitation and exploration, this paper describes areas in NSD research that deserve further leveraging and refinement (i.e. exploitation) and identifies areas requiring discovery or new study (i.e. exploration). We discuss the critical substantive and research design issues facing NSD scholars such as defining new services, choice in focusing on the NSD process or performance (or both), and specification of unit of analysis. We also examine what can be exploited from the study of new product development to further understanding of NSD. Finally, we explore one important area for future NSD research exploration: the impact of the Internet on the design and development of services. We offer research opportunities and research challenges in the study of NSD throughout the paper.
In industries characterized by network externalities, a single technology standard often rises to dominance, locking out competing technologies. This research demonstrates that despite "path dependency," it is possible to model the technology selection process and predict likely outcomes. This work extends previous work in network externalities by demonstrating that in addition to its "installed base" and the availability of complementary goods, a firm's learning orientation and timing of entry also play significant roles in its success.
This paper extends the theory of network effects by moving beyond the traditional treatment of the installed base of a technology as composed of "N" identical users, each having the same effect on the rest of the users. Borrowing from social network theory, I propose the concept of strong-ties network effects as a key determinant of technology adoption in cases where several technologies compete. A discrete-choice model was tested in the wireless telecommunications industry.
This paper examines the extent to which state governments in the United States have adopted open e-government initiatives. The adoption is examined in terms of the three pillars of open government identified by President Obama's administration: transparency, participation, and collaboration. Chief Information Officers (CIOs) of state governments were surveyed to identify the extent of the adoption. The paper highlights that open e-government initiatives are unevenly developed. Nearly two-thirds of the CIOs surveyed felt that they have achieved high levels of open e-government, but fewer CIOs felt similarly with respect to each of the pillars of open government. Whereas a majority of the CIOs deemed good strides in the achievement of transparency, they were less sanguine about achieving advanced methods in citizen participation or collaboration among agencies.
Firms and other organizations use Technology Roadmapping (TRM) extensively as a framework for supporting research and development of future technologies and products that could sustain a competitive advantage. While the importance of technology strategy has received more attention in recent years, few research studies have examined how roadmapping processes are used to explore the potential convergence of products and services that may be developed in the future. The aim of this paper is to introduce an integrated roadmapping process for services, devices and technologies capable of implementing a smart city development R&D project in Korea. The paper applies a QFD (Quality Function Deployment) method to establish interconnections between services and devices, and between devices and technologies. The method is illustrated by a detailed case study, which shows how different types of roadmap can be coordinated with each other to produce a clear representation of the technological changes and uncertainties associated with the strategic planning of complex innovations.
This collection of essays demonstrates that research on services innovation is now a vibrant and mature field within innovation studies. Examining the development of this field, and the contributions of these essays in particular, we argue that the time is right for a "marriage" between the study of services innovation and mainstream innovation studies. While there is a great deal to be learned from the study of services innovation, treating this as a separate area of study runs the risk that important lessons for the study of innovation within manufacturing and other sectors may be lost. These essays point the way toward more integrated approaches, which are particularly suitable for studying innovation processes in the knowledge-based economy.
The management of new service development (NSD) has become an important competitive concern in many service industries. However, NSD remains among the least studied and understood topics in the service management literature. As a result, our current understanding of the critical resources and activities to develop new services is inadequate given NSD’s importance as a service competitiveness driver. Until recently, the generally accepted principle behind NSD was that “new services happen” rather than occurring through formal development processes. Recent efforts to address this debate have been inconclusive. Thus, additional research is needed to validate or discredit the belief that new services happen as a result of intuition, flair, and luck. Relying upon the general distinctions between research exploitation and exploration, this paper describes areas in NSD research that deserve further leveraging and refinement (i.e. exploitation) and identifies areas requiring discovery or new study (i.e. exploration). We discuss the critical substantive and research design issues facing NSD scholars such as defining new services, choice in focusing on the NSD process or performance (or both), and specification of unit of analysis. We also examine what can be exploited from the study of new product development to further understanding of NSD. Finally, we explore one important area for future NSD research exploration: the impact of the Internet on the design and development of services. We offer research opportunities and research challenges in the study of NSD throughout the paper.
Provides a review and ready reference to recent writings on new service development (NSD), especially for the financial services sector. Discusses the types of new service development, the purposes served by them and the processes. Refers to the key activities of NSD and measures its success. An annotated bibliography supplies a very useful guide to the new service development literature.
In industries characterized by positive network externalities, the market success of a technology or design arises not simply because of its technological superiority, but from the level of organizational support that the technology attracts. Understanding the rate at which competing technologies gain organizational support is quite important because it yields insight into the factors that start technological bandwagons rolling or, correspondingly, bring them to a stop. I investigate this issue using data on all merchant producers of microprocessors from 1971 to 1989. I find that a community-level framework is useful in understanding this bandwagon phenomenon and I explore strategic and theoretical implications for industries characterized by network externalities and increasing returns.
Examines the correlation between the exploration of new possibilities and the exploitation of old certainties in organizational learning. Also discusses the difficulty in balancing resource management between gaining new information about alternatives to improve future returns (i.e., exploration) and using information currently available to improve present returns (i.e., exploitation). Two models which evaluate the formation and use of knowledge in organizations are developed. The first is a model of mutual learning in a closed system having fixed organizational membership and stability. The second is a model which considers the ways in which competitive advantage is affected by knowledge accumulation. The analysis indicates that the choice to rapidly develop exploitation over exploration might be effective in the short term, but is potentially detrimental to the firm in the long term. (SFL)
The current growth of the service sector in global economies is unparalleled in human history—by scale and speed of labor migration. Even large manufacturing firms are seeing dramatic shifts in percent revenue derived from services. The need for service innovations to fuel further economic growth and to raise the quality and productivity levels of services has never been greater. Services are moving to center stage in the global arena, especially knowledge-intensive business services aimed at business performance transformation. One challenge to systematic service innovation is the interdisciplinary nature of service, integrating technology, business, social, and client (demand) innovations. This paper describes the emergence of service science, a new interdisciplinary area of study that aims to address the challenge of becoming more systematic about innovating in service.
The digital revolution that has been taking place for the past two decades propelled by major breakthroughs in the ICT field
has changed the way we communicate, work, travel, live—and even the way we use public space. Our cities are increasingly moving
from a collection of static buildings and infrastructures to dynamic and evolving smart ecosystems known as, Intelligent Cities. In this article we analyze an intelligent city from the electronic information and communication perspective and offer examples
of variants of its implementation. An intelligent city lays its foundation on a digital-city infrastructure which connects
a local community and drives growth, efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. The high level architecture of an intelligent
city ecosystem, key enabling technologies, and the necessary policy framework for the establishment of digital cities worldwide
are introduced. Business models for this new ecosystem bridging the physical and virtual worlds are briefly discussed.
This paper aims to provide an initial step towards a synthesis of new service and new product development research. Using a baseline model of innovation, applicable to innovation in general, we hypothesize differential context effects between new service and product development in order to better understand their differences and similarities. We argue that R&D strength is more important for new product than service development, while a company's willingness to cannibalize organizational routines and prior investments is more important in the case of new service than new product development. The model and hypotheses are tested using data from 217 service-based and 105 product-based companies in The Netherlands. The results provide initial support for the integrating perspective. Directions for future research are discussed.
The current literature on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and planning suggests that the use of Information Technology (IT) in local government can enhance the management and functioning of cities. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of e-government, where debates and information surrounding local government matters are conducted in cyberspace. Of relevance also, are the networking opportunities that the Internet can facilitate between city governments and the institutional learning that can emanate from that. The increasing use of web-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications raises awareness of spatial issues that impact on defined municipal areas, whilst interactive mapping provides opportunities for addressing spatial concerns virtually. Most of the literature does, however, focus on the experience of developed countries where capacity and resources permit a sophisticated understanding of ICT. Yet, evidence suggests that these tools are also used in some developing countries, with India often cited as one of the leading countries in achieving ICT prominence, but little seems to be published about this experience in Southern Africa. There are a number of innovative initiatives underway in South African local governments but most of these interventions are in their infancy. In contrast, there are a number of examples in developed countries that may provide some guidance for developing cities. This paper examines the Smart City initiative in Brisbane in Australia, and compares it with moves currently underway in Durban, South Africa to incorporate ICT in local governance. The intention is to expose the differences in approach, understand the capacity and resource issues that may impact, and draw some conclusions with regards to future interventions in Durban. Overall, the paper provides an initial conceptual landscape that begins to determine the extent to which ICT in local government can provide opportunities for Durban by learning from the experience of Brisbane, Australia.
Purpose
Integration is a critical success factor for achieving a mature level of e‐government. This research seeks to identify barriers to e‐government integration (EGI).
Design/methodology/approach
Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 consultants with significant experience of e‐government projects. The interview transcripts were analysed by the researcher to identify barriers in EGI.
Findings
The findings resulted in a set of 17 barriers which were organised into one of four categories: strategy, technology, policy and organization. Strategy barriers include common e‐government goals and objectives, delivery timeframes, and ownership and governance. Technology barriers include architecture interoperability, data standards and legacy systems. Policy barriers include citizen privacy, data ownership and policy implications. Organization barriers include pace of government reform, legacy government processes and management and technical skills.
Research limitations/implications
One of the limitations of the research is that it involved in‐depth interviews with a relatively small number of individuals. In addition, improvements in research procedure, such as the use of multiple interviewers, will go some way towards increasing the reliability of the research findings.
Practical implications
EGI is not simply a technical matter of getting IT systems to talk to each other. Stakeholders should engage in strategic planning and change management.
Originality/value
The paper has identified a set of barriers in e‐government. Certain barriers, specifically in the area of policy, are particular to e‐government projects. A model of EGI, based on a synthesis of government relationships, is also proposed.
As with all new ideas, the concept of Open Innovation requires extensive empirical investigation, testing and development. This paper analyzes Procter and Gamble's 'Connect and Develop' strategy as a case study of the major organizational and technological changes associated with open innovation. It argues that although some of the organizational changes accompanying open innovation are beginning to be described in the literature, more analysis is warranted into the ways technological changes have facilitated open innovation strategies, particularly related to new product development. Information and communications technologies enable the exchange of distributed sources of information in the open innovation process. The case study shows that furthermore a suite of new technologies for data mining, simulation, prototyping and visual representation, what we call 'innovation technology', help to support open innovation in Procter and Gamble. The paper concludes with a suggested research agenda for furthering understanding of the role played by and consequences of this technology.