Medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity:

Abstract

Ethno pharmacological relevance:
Traditional medicinal plants are practiced worldwide for treatment of arthritis especially in developing countries where resources are meager. This review presents the plants profiles inhabiting throughout the world regarding their traditional usage by various tribes/ethnic groups for treatment of arthritis.

Materials and methods:
Bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical text books and peer reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases from the last six decades. Plants/their parts/extracts/polyherbal formulations, toxicity studies for arthritis have been included in the review article. The profiles presented also include information about the scientific name, family, dose, methodology along with mechanism of action and toxicity profile. Research status of 20 potential plant species has been discussed. Further, geographical distribution of research, plants distribution according to families has been given in graphical form.

Results:
485 plant species belonging to 100 families, traditionally used in arthritis are used. Among 100 plant families, malvaceae constitute 16, leguminasae 7, fabaceae 13, euphorbiaceae 7, compositae 20, araceae 7, solanaceae 12, liliaceae 9, apocynaceae, lauraceae, and rubiaceae 10, and remaining in lesser proportion. It was observed in our study that majority of researches are carried mainly in developing countries like India, China, Korea and Nigeria.

Conclusion:
This review clearly indicates that list of medicinal plants presented in this review might be useful to researchers as well as practioners. This review can be useful for preliminary screening of potential anti-arthritis plants. Further toxicity profile given in the review can be useful for the researchers for finding the safe dose.

Full text

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J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 1
Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology
DOI: xx.xxxx/xxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
www.jicep.com
INTRODUCTION
Immune system of our body plays a crucial role, as an overactive
immune system may lead to certain fatal disease because of
various hypersensitive or allergic reactions which may cause
numerous derangements; loss of normal capacity to differentiate
self from non-self resulting in immune reactions against our
own’s cells and tissues called autoimmune diseases. Certain
common autoimmune diseases like myasthenia gravis, serum
sickness, pernicious anemia, reactive arthritis etc., are the severe
issues for medical and pharmaceutical community because of
unknown etiology [1]. According to WHO, 0.3-1% of the world
population is affected from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
among them females are three times more prone to the disease
as compared to males [2]. RA is a chronic, inflammatory, and
systemic autoimmune disease [3]. The primary symptoms of
RA include pain, swelling, and destruction of cartilage and bone
as a result of which permanent disability occur. Although the
exact etiology is unknown but several hypotheses said that it
is triggered by the combination of genetic predisposition and
exposure to environmental factors like viruses [4]. The exact
pathophysiology is still unknown but release of certain free
radicals such as nitrous oxide and superoxide radicals generated
as by-products of cellular metabolism. The release of such free
radicals may induce the production of interleukins (IL) and
tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) from T-cells which ultimately
influence the production of growth factors, cytokines and
adhesive molecules on immune cells as such factors may cause
tissue destruction and inflammation [5]. Pathological changes
in RA are hyperplasia of synovial membrane, infiltration of
inflammatory cells and neovascularization, which results into
cartilage erosion and articular destruction [3].
The goal of treatment for rheumatoid arthitic patients
is to eliminate symptoms, slow disease progression, and
optimize quality-of-life [6]. Therefore, before starting the
treatment of RA certain goals must be kept in mind such as
relief of analgesia, reduction of inflammation, protection of
Medicinal plants with potential anti-
arthritic activity
Manjusha Choudhary1, Vipin Kumar2, Hitesh Malhotra1,
Surender Singh3
R eview Article
AQ1
1Department of
Pharmacology, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra, Haryana,
India, 2Department
of Pharmacy, School
of Chemical Science
and Pharmacy, Central
University of Rajasthan,
Ajmer, Rajasthan,
India, 3Department of
Pharmacology, All India
Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India
Address for correspondence:
Address for correspondence:
Vipin Kumar, Department
of Pharmacy, School of
Chemical Science and
Pharmacy, Central University
of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.
E-mail: vipbhardwaj@
rediffmail.com
Received:
Received: January 07, 2015
Accepted:
Accepted: February 09, 2015
Published:
Published: ???
ABSTRACT
Ethno Pharmacological Relevance: Traditional medicinal plants are practiced worldwide for treatment of
arthritis especially in developing countries where resources are meager. This review presents the plants
profiles inhabiting throughout the world regarding their traditional usage by various tribes/ethnic groups for
treatment of arthritis. Materials and Methods: Bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical
text books and peer reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases from the last six
decades. Plants/their parts/extracts/polyherbal formulations, toxicity studies for arthritis have been included
in the review article. The profiles presented also include information about the scientific name, family, dose,
methodology along with mechanism of action and toxicity profile. Research status of 20 potential plant species
has been discussed. Further, geographical distribution of research, plants distribution according to families has
been given in graphical form. Results: 485 plant species belonging to 100 families, traditionally used in arthritis
are used. Among 100 plant families, malvaceae constitute 16, leguminasae 7, fabaceae 13, euphorbiaceae
7, compositae 20, araceae 7, solanaceae 12, liliaceae 9, apocynaceae, lauraceae, and rubiaceae 10, and
remaining in lesser proportion. It was observed in our study that majority of researches are carried mainly in
developing countries like India, China, Korea and Nigeria. Conclusion: This review clearly indicates that list of
medicinal plants presented in this review might be useful to researchers as well as practioners. This review
can be useful for preliminary screening of potential anti-arthritis plants. Further toxicity profile given in the
review can be useful for the researchers for finding the safe dose.
KEY WORDS: Arthritis, plant, polyherbal, traditional uses

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Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
2 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
articular structure, maintenance of function, and control of
systemic involvement [5]. Presently for the treatment of RA,
strategies have changed from traditionally used non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or disease modifying
antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to novel biological agents,
like TNF monoclonal antibody. Clinically, the treatment of RA
includes five strategies. The foremost approach is the use of
NSAIDs followed by mild doses of glucocorticoids to minimize
the signs of inflammation as well as progression of disease. In
chronic patients, the use of DMARDs such as methotrexate,
sulfasalazine, gold salts or D-pencillamine can be included in
the treatment. In certain cases, TNF-α neutralizing agents
like infliximab, etanercept etc; IL-1 neutralizing agents like
anakinra; and the drugs which interfere with T-cell activation
such as abatacept can also be included in treatment of chronic
cases. Finally, immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs such
as cyclosporine, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide are
used for the treatment of chronic patients [5,7,8]. The above-
mentioned therapeutic agents reduce the inflammation and
joint destruction but their long-term risks are still unknown.
However, long-term risks of drugs includes gastrointestinal
ulcers, cardiovascular complications, hematologic toxicity,
nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, myelosuppression, hepatic
fibrosis, stomatitis, cirrhosis, diarrhea, immune reactions, and
local injection-site reactions. Moreover, higher costs and side
effects which include high risks of infections and melagnancies
reguires continous monitoring [1].
Herbal Therapy for the Treatment of Arthritis
Herbal medicines are used for the treatment of various
ailments from ancient times and it is not an exaggeration
to say that the use of the herbal drugs is as old as mankind
[9]. Herbal medicines are synthesized from the therapeutic
experience of generation of practicing physicians of ancient
system of medicine for more than hundreds of years [10].
Nowadays, researcher shows a great interest in those medicinal
agents that are derived from plants because the currently
available drugs are either have certain side effects or are
highly expensive [11]. Nature has blessed us with enormous
wealth of herbal plants which are widely distributed all over
the world as a source of therapeutic agents for the prevention
and cure of various diseases [12]. According to WHO, world’s
80% population uses herbal medicines for their primary health
care needs. Herbal medicines will act as parcels of human
society to combat disease from the dawn of civilization [13].
The medicinally important parts of these herbal plants are
chemical constituents that produce a desired physiological
action on the body [14].
Since ancient time India uses herbal medicines in the officially
alternative systems of health such as Ayurveda, Unani, Sidha,
Homeopathy, and Naturopathy [15]. In India, there are more
than 2500 plants species which are currently used as herbal
medicaments. For than 3000 years, the herbal medicines are
used either directly as folk medication or indirectly in the
preparation of recent pharmaceuticals [16]. Thus, from the
knowledge of traditional plants, one might be able to discover
new effective and cheaper drugs [17]. In this review article,
we have tried to cover all the ayurvedic strategies that are
followed for the treatment of RA without any possible side
effects. The future treatment of RA should provide more
effective relief [5].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this review, bibliographic investigation was carried out during
July 2011-December 2013, by refering various text books and
certain review papers and research papers, consulting globally
accepted databases from last some decades. The data were
gathered from various databases i.e. Science Direct, PubMed,
and Google and the information is compiled by reviewing
more than 250 research and review articles. The data which
are relevant would be considered. The botanical correct names
and families were mentioned after verification from published
literature and databases.
The method of scrutining the data for this review article
includes those plants: (i) Which are native to India and other
countries such as America, Africa or Europe, (ii) used in
traditional systems and in various polyherbal preparations, (iii)
with reported anti-arthritic activity, (iv) appropriate dosage,
(v) mechanism of action, (vi) safety profile, and (vii) models
used. Plants/their parts/extracts used traditionally in acute
rheumatic attacks, chronic analgesia, and chronic rheumatism
have been considered as anti-arthritic agents. Further, detailed
information on research status of 20 plant species has been
explained.
Polyherbal Formulations for Arthritis
Analgesics and NSAIDs are helpful in reducing pain and
inflammation in either acute or chronic RA patients [18].
Although the treatment of RA is available but due to potential
adverse effects or irreversible organ damage the new approaches
are developed for maintaining the balance between these
potential risks and acknowledged benefits [19]. Currently for
the treatment of RA safer and more potent medicaments are
developed from oriental sources. Large number of herbal extracts
and products such as polyherbal formulations are prepared to
reduce such side effects and increase the benefits [18].
Rheum off Gold is a poyherbal formulation that is commonly
recommended by Ayurvedic medical practitioners for the
treatment of arthritis. The anti-arthritic activity was confirmed
on complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model
in wistar rats and it was observed that significant reduction in
arthritis index, paw thickness and inflammatory markers such
as C-reactive protein, serum rheumatoid factor and erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR) when compared with dexamethasone.
Thus, the formulation possesses a potential anti-arthritic
activity [20].
A Unani polyherbal formulation was evaluated for its anti-
arthritic activity in rats. The anti-arthritic efficacy of Manjoon
Suranjan was evaluated using formaldehyde and CFA induced
arthritis models. The data obtained suggested the anti-arthritic
activity of the formulation [21].

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Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
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Evaluation of Sudard as a potent anti-arthritic polyherbal
formulation was studied using formaldehyde and adjuvant
induced arthritis models in wistar rats. The formulation at the
doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg p.o. proves to have an anti-
inflammatory and anti-arthrtic activity [22].
Anti-arthritic potential of Tongbiling (TBL-II) which was prepared
by some modification in Chinese herbal formulation TBL. The
anti-arthritic efficacy of formulation was studied using the collagen
induced arthritis model in wistar rats and it was revealed that at the
doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg p.o. the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α was
significantly reduced. Thus it was concluded that the formulation
have an anti-arthritic potential [23].
Chinese herbal formula HLXL was used in the treatment
from last hundred years for the treatmnent of inflammation
and arthritis. Moreover, after certain modifications in HLXL
herbal formulation it was evaluated for its anti-arthritic
property using CFA model in rats. It was concluded that
the polyherbal formulation shows an anti-arthritic activity
through significant inhibition of paw edema and levels of
TNF-α and IL-β [24].
The therapeutic effect of Ganghwaljetongyeum on RA in rabbit
knee synovial membrane was evaluated. It was observed that
there would be significant inhibition of proliferation of HG-
82 cells which shows that the polyherbal formulation have an
anti-arthritic activity. Moreover, there was significant reduction
in TNF-α, IL-10 and NO species [18]. Various polyherbal
formulations are described in Table 1.
RESULTS
About more than 350 articles were reviewed. More than 20
articles were studied for searching the traditional use of plants
in arthritis [Table 2]. Around 108 articles were referred for citing
the proved anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of
plants along with mechanism of action, acute toxicity profile,
and doses [Table 3].
The detailed information on research status of following 20
plant species was gathered from multiple references.
Alstonia scholaris Linn. (AS)(Family-Apocynaceae)
AS is commonly known as saptaparni or devil’s tree, widely
distributed in dried forests of India as Western Himalayas,
Western Ghats, and in the Southern region. AS is a medium to
large tree about 40 m high with a somewhat tessellated corky grey
to grey-white bark [25]. Traditionally, bark of AS is used in the
treatment of rheumatism, malarial fevers, abdominal disorders,
leprosy, asthma, bronchitis, pruritis, and chronic ulcers [12].
Milky juice is mixed with oil and was applied in rheumatic pains.
The chief alkaloids present in AS are echitamine, tubotaiwine,
akaummicine, echitamidine, picrinine, and strictamine. AS
flowers also contains amino acids, carbohydrates, phenol,
tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavanoids, steroids, fixed
oil, and fats [26]. The plant showsimmune-stimulatory, hepato-
protective [27], anti-cancer [28], anti-plasmodial [29], and anti-
hypertensive [30] activities. Extract of AS possess an anti-diabetic,
anti-hyperlipidemic [31], anti-bacterial [32], anti-inflammatory,
analgesic [33], antioxidant [27], immunostimulant [34], anti-
cancer [35], anti-asthmatic [36], hepatoprotective [37], and
anti-anxiety activity [12,25,38]. The ethanolic extract of AS
leavesat doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg confirmed anti-arthritic
activity in male wistar rats. The anti-arthritic activity was
mainly by reducing the total leukocyte migration as well as
lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages migration. It can
be concluded that AS shows an anti-arthritic activity on male
wistar rats [39].
Aristolochia bractaeta Lam. (AB)(Family-
Aristolochiaceae)
AB commonly known as worm killer or kidamari is a shrub
found in Deccan Gujarat, western and southern India, Bihar,
Sindh, and Bengal [16]. Traditional use of AB was found in
gonorrhea, syphilis, inflammation, ulcer, amenorrhea, skin
disease, dermatitis, leprosy, jaundice, and helminthiasis [16].
The major chemical constituents of the AB are alkaloids,
triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates,
proteins, and cardiac glycosides [40,41]. The studies of
extract have shown anti-pyretic [42], anti-allergic [43], anti-
inflammatory, anti-arthritic [1], anti-ulcer [44], anti-fungal [45],
anti-microbial [46], antioxidant [47], wound healing [48], anti-
implantation, and abortificient activities [49]. The petroleum
ether, methanol, and chloroform extract of whole plant of AB
possess comparable anti-arthritic activity at doses of 100, 200,
and 400 mg/kg body weight. AB revealed anti-arthritic activity by
maintaining the synovial membrane and vascular permeability
thus inhibiting cytokines and leukotriene infiltration. In
conclusion, AB possesses an anti-arthritic effect on wistar albino
rats of either sex [1].
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (BD)(Family-Nyctagineae)
BD is found all over India especially during rain. Two
varieties of BD are explored, one with white flowers called
“shwethpurna” and other flowers called “raktapurna.” The
medicinally important part is root (MateriaMedica, 1982).
BD is traditionally significant due to their laxative, diuretic,
expectorant, diaphoretic, and emetic properties [50]. A paste
made up of roots together with Colchicum, Solanum nigrum,
Tamarind stone, Stag’s horn and dried ginger, all in equal
parts, are used in rheumatic and gouty painful joints. Root
is used as powder in drachm doses or decoction or infusion
for the treatment of inflammatory disorders like arthritis.
Chakradatta used it in the treatment of chronic alcoholism
and various other ailments i.e. phthisis, insominia, and
rheumatism [51]. The air-dried plant was found to contain
large quantities of potassium nitrate and also contains an
alkaloid, panarnavine, present in very small quantity of 0.01%.
Recent investigations reported that BD possess an antistress,
adaptogenic [52], antioxidant [53], immunosuppressive [54],
anti-carcinogenic [55], hepatoprotective [56,57], diuretic [58],
anti-diabetic [59], anti-viral [60], and anti-inflammatory

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Product name Ingredients Botanical name Quantity Manufactured by
Rumalaya forte - Tablet Shallaki
Camphor
Rasna
Yashtimadhu
Gokshura
Guduchi
Nirgundi
Sunthi
Boswellia serrata
Cammiphora wightii
Alpiniaga galangal
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Tribulus terrestris
Tinospora cordifolia
Vitex negundi
Zinger officinalis
240 mg
200 mg
70 mg
70 mg
60 mg
60 mg
60 mg
60 mg
Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd.
Rumalaya - Liniment Bakuchi
Maricha
Karpura
Pudina
Ajamoda
Tila
Gandhapura
Sarala
Psoralea caryofolia
Piper nigrum
Cinnamomum camphor
Mentha arvensis
Carum capticum
Sasamum indicum
Gaultheria fragrantissima
Pinus longifolia
35 mg
35 mg
90 mg
40 mg
35 mg
365 mg
350 mg
50 mg
Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd.
Artha cure - Oil Clovos
Mithazahar
Kupilu
Garlic
Akasbel
Jatiphalam
Syzgium aromaticum
Aconitum ferox
Strychnos nux vomica
Allium sativum
Cuscuta reflexa
Myristica fragrans
50 mg
25 mg
25 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
Be Sure Health Care (P) Ltd.
Arthcure - Capsule Khorpad
Hiranya-tuttha
Nisoth
Shonpat
Pippali
Jatiphalam.
Clovos
Sonth
Asphalt
Mahayogaraja guggulu
Mithzahar
Kupila
Ashvagandha
Shatavari
Garlic
Akasbel
Aloe vera
Colchicum leuteum
Operculina terpethum
Crotalaria juncea
Piper longum
Myristica fragrans
Syzgium aromaticum
Zingiber officinale
Black bitumen
Commipora mukul
Aconitum ferox
Strychnos nux vomica
Withania somnifera
Asparagus racemosus
Allium sativum
Ciscuta refluxa
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
25 mg
25 mg
25 mg
25 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
Be Sure Health Care (P) Ltd.
Rheumartho gold - Capsule Suranjan kadwi
Asgandh
Shodhit kuchla
Salai guggul
Maharasnadi qwath
Abrak bhama
Harsingar
Swarnamakshik bhasma
Yograj guggulu
Swarn bhasma
Loha bhasma
Colchicum luteum
Withania somnifera
Strychnos nux vomica
Boswellia serrata
Ghanna sativa
Biotite calx
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
Calx of copper pyrites
Commiphora mukul
Ipomoea digitata
Calx of corat
60 mg
60 mg
50 mg
215 mg
64 mg
5 mg
30 mg
5 mg
30 mg
0.6 mg
5 mg
Baidyanath
Ortho joint oil Vishagarbha taila
Mahamasha taila
Dalchini taila
Gandhapuro
Camphor
Sat pudina
Narayan taila
Ricinus communis
Vign unguiculata
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Gaultheria fragrantissima
Cinnamomum camphor
Menthe arvensis
Wthania somnifera
2.5ml
2.5 ml
0.5 ml
2.0 ml
100 mg
2.5 mg
2.5 ml
SBS Biotech Ltd.
Rheuma off gold Mahayogaraja guggulu
Maharasnadi kwath
Suvarna bhasma
Suddha kuchala
Shallaki
Commiphora mukul
Suvarna bhasma
Strychnos nux vomica
Boswellia serrata
72 mg
112 mg
1.6 mg
9.6 mg
4.8 mg
Virgo UAP Pharma (P) Ltd. [20]
Majoon suranjan Kalaparni
Pathya
Hiranya-tuttha
Kakadani
Kustumbari
Ipomea turpethum
Terminalia cheluba
Colchicum luteum
Capparis spinosa
Coriandrum sativum
445 mg
223 mg
223 mg
44.5 mg
44.5 mg
Qarshi herbal products [21]
Table 1: Polyherbal formulations
Contd...

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Product name Ingredients Botanical name Quantity Manufactured by
Fish baries
Lancaster rose
Chitra
Sonth
Khorpad
Ajmoda
Sakmunia
Cuttle fish bone
Fennel
Mendhi
Black pepper
Table salt
Satar
Eranda
Saccharum base
Preservatives
Rosa damascus
Plumbago zelanicum
Zingiber officinalis
Aloe barbadensis
Apium graveolens
Convulvulus scammony
Sepia latimanus
Foeniculum vulgare
Lawsonia inermis
Piper nigrum
Sodium chloride
Zataria multiflora
Ricinus communis
44.5 mg
44.5 mg
44.5 mg
44.5 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
33 mg
0.668 mg
Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan (HLXL) Ruxiang
Qianghuo
Danggui
Chishao
Gancao
Yanhusuo
Danshen
Chuanxiong
Qinjiao
Guizhi
Duhuo
Boswellia carterii
Notopterygium incisum
Angelica sinensis
Paeonia lactiflora
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Corydalis yanhusuo
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Ligusticum chuanxiong
Gentiana macrophylla
Cinnamomum cassia
Angelica pubescens
15 g
12 g
12 g
12 g
12 g
12 g
12 g
12 g
12 g
15 g
12 g
[24]
Ganghwaljetongyeum (GHJTY) Angelicae koreanae
Atractylodis rhizoma
Manchurian spikenard
Paeonia radix rubra
Stephaniae tetrandrae
Clematidis radix
Giant angelica
Hoelen
Alismatis rhizoma
Akebiae caulis
Tangerine
Chaenomelis fructus
Phellodendri cortex
Glycyrrhizae radix
Juncus medulla
Gleditsiae spina
Lonicerae caulis
Taraxaci herba
Angelica koreanum
Atractylodes chinensis
Aralia continentalis
Paeonia obovata
Sinomenium acutum
Clematis mandshurica
Angelica gigas
Poria cocos
Alisma orientale
Akebia quinata
Citrus unshiu
Chaenomeles sinensis
Phellodendron amurense
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Juncus effuses
Gleditsia sinensis
Lonicera japonica
Taraxacum platycarpum
06 mg
06 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
03 mg
02 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
04 mg
[18]
Sudard Guggulu
Rasna
Gandha prasarini
Nirgundi
Ginger
Eranda mula
Chandra sura
Suranjan
Dwipantra wacha
Kupilu
Shilajatu
Commiphora mukul
Pluchea lanceolata
Paederia foetida
Vitex negundo
Zingiber officinalis
Ricinus communis
Lepidium sativum
Colchicum luteum
Smilax glabra
Strychnous nuxvomica
Mineral pitch
100 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
50 mg
30 mg
30 mg
30 mg
10 mg
50 mg
Anglo French Drugs and Industries
Ltd, Bangalore, India [22]
TBL-II Cinnamomi cassiae
Paeoniae alba radix
Radix aconiti lateralis
Achyranthes bidentata
Celastrus orbiculatus
Millettia reticulata
Cinnamomi cassiae
Paeoniae alba
Aconiti lateralis
Achyranthes bidentata
Celastrus orbiculatus
Millettia reticulata Benth
15 g
30 g
09 g
09 g
18 g
06 g
Zhong-Yue Herbal Pharmaceutical
Union Company in China [23]
TBL: Tongbiling
Table 1: Polyherbal formulations
activities [61,62]. The petroleum ether extract of roots at
dose 1000 mg/kg has been evaluated as anti-arthritic using
CFA model and showed 81.5% response as compared to
indomethacin [63].

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
6 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Abrus precatorius Linn. Papilionaceae Indian liquorice, chirmiti, gunchi L Oil [278]
Acacia catechu Willd. Fabaceae Mimosa catechu R Extract [279]
Acalypha indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Kuppu, Arittmanjarie L Juice [19]
Acanthus illicifolius Linn. Acanthaceae Sea holly, Moranna harikusa L Extract [278]
Achillea millefolium Linn. Compositae Rojmari, bloodwort, arrow-root H Extract [280]
Achyranthus aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae Chirchitta, aghada, prickly chaff-flower R Infusion [281]
Acampe wightiana Lindl. Orchidaceae Marabale Wh Extract [278]
Aconitum ferox Wall. Ranunlaceae Mithazahar, visha R Liniment, paste [51]
Aconitum napellus Linn. Ranunlaceae Monk’ hood R, L Liniment [51]
Aconitum palmatum Don. Ranunlaceae Bikhma R Paste [51]
Acorus calamus Linn. Aroideae Bach, vacha R Powder [51]
Actaea racemosa Linn. Ranunculaceae Black cohosh R, Rh Extract [51]
Actaea spicata Linn. Ranunculaceae Baneberry, grapewort R Powder [278]
Adansonia digitata Linn. Malvaceae Gorakh amli L Poultices [19]
Adenthera pavonina Linn. Leguminosae Kuchandana L, B Decoction [51]
Adhatoda vasika Nees. Acanthaceae Adosa, adarushah L Poultices [51]
Aegel marmolosa Corr. Rutaceae Stone apple, bael F Juice [14]
Aesculus indica Colebr. Sapindaceae Bankhor, pankar F Oil [278]
Agave americana Linn. Amaryllidaceae American aloe, kantal, bilatipat L Paste [278]
Aghati grandiflora Desv. Leguminosae Hathia, agastya R Paste [51]
Agropyron repens Beauv. Graminae Couch G, quilch Rh Extract [278]
Ailanthus excels Roxb. Simaroubaceae Indian tree of heaven L Oil, extract [279]
Alangium lamarckii Thwaites. Cornaceae Akola, shoedhanam R, B Oil [51]
Allium cepa Linn. Liliaceae Onion, palandu Bu Paste [19]
Allium sativum Linn. Liliaceae Garlic, lasun S Oil [51]
Alocasia indica Schott. Aroideae Mankanda, alooka T Hot T [51]
Alpinia galangal Willd. Scitaminaceae Sugandhavacha Rh Paste [51]
Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Apocynaceae Datyuni, saptaparna Mj Juice [39]
Althaea rosea Cav. Malvaceae Hollyhock, round dock Fl Oil [278]
Ammannia baccifera Linn. Lythraceae Dadmari, agni-garva L Blisters [2]
Amorphophallus campanulatus Roxb. Aracea Zamikand, kandula kandvardhana S Oil [278]
Anacylus pyrethrum DC. Compositae Akarkaro R Infusion [51]
Andropogon citrates DC. Gramineae Bhushtrina,true lemon grass L Oil, liniment [51]
Androphogon iwarancusa Roxb. Gramineae Lamjak R Paste [51]
Andropogon martini DC. Gramineae Grass of nemaur G Oil [51]
Andropogon nardus Linn. Graminae lemon grass St Oil [282]
Anemone obtusiloba Don. Ranunculaceae Padar, rattanjog R Oil [51]
Anisomeles malabarica Linn. Labiatae Alamoola L Oil, decoction [19]
Aphanamixis polystachya Blatter. Meliaceae Harinhara, janavallabha S Oil, liniment [278]
Apium graveolens Linn. Umbellifeae Ajmoda, celery R Decoction [280]
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Thymelaeaceae Aloe-wood, garu W Decoction [51]
Arctium lappa Linn. Compositae Garden celery L Infusion [280]
Argyreia speciosa Sweet. Convulvulaceae Elephant creeper R Powder [19]
Aristolochia bracteata Linn. Aristolochiaceae Birthworts, pipevines Wh Extract [1]
Aristolochia serpentaria Linn. Aristolochiaceae Virginian snake root R Infusion [282]
Artanema sesamoides Benth. Scrophularineae Kokilaksha R Decoction [51]
Artemisa absinthium Linn. Compositae Indhana, worm-wood H Juice [51]
Asparagus filicinus Ham. Liliaceae Allipalli, sansarpal R Extract [278]
Asparagus officinalis Linn. Liliaceae Marchuba R Powder [51]
Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae Shatavari R Oil [51]
Asystasia coromandeliana Nees. Acanthaceae Lavana-valli Wh Juice [51]
Asystacia gangetica T. Anders. Acanthaceae Avokombily, puruk Wh Juice [278]
Atalantia monophylla DC. Rutaceae Wild-lime, atavi-jambira Be Oil [51]
Atropa belladonna Linn. Solanaceae Black cherry, sagangur R, L Extract [278]
Atylosia barbata Baker. Leguminosae Mashaparni R Extraction [51]
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Bakayan, Indian lilac, balnimb L Decoction [278]
Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadroraceae Kundali L, R Decoction [19]
Bacopa monnieri Penell. Plantaginaceae Brahmi Wh Extract [283]
Balsamodendron mukul Hook. Burseraceae Guggula, salaitree Gm Paste [51]
Balsamodendron playfairii Hook. Burseaceae Meena-herma Gm Paste [51]
Barleria courtallica Nees. Acanthaceae Wahiti, artagala R Decoction [278]
Barleria cristata Linn. Acanthaceae Jhinti, tadrelu R Decoction [51]
Baliospermum montanum Muell. Euphorbiaceae Dantimul, hakum, anukheti S Oil [278]
Bassia butyracea Roxb. Sapotaceae Phulwara butter K Fat [51]
Bassia latifolia Roxb. Sapotaceae Madhuka, jangli moha B Decoction [51]
Bassia longifolia Linn. Sapotaceae Madhuka, mohua S Oil [51]
Table 2: Traditionally used anti-arthritic plants
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 7
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Bassia malabarica Bedd. Sapotaceae Illuppi F, S Oil [51]
Barosma crenulata Hook. Rutaceae Bucchu, buku L Powder [282]
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Fabaceae Bidi leaf tree, kachnal B Extract [14]
Bauhinia tomentosa Linn. Fabaceae Yellow bell orchid L Infusion [13]
Berberis asiatica Roxb. Berberidaceae Kilmora St Decoction [51]
Berberis petiolaris Wall. Berberidaceae Chachar, ambar R Decoction [278]
Berberis vulgaris Linn. Berberidaceae True barberry St Decoction [51]
Bidens pilosa Linn. Compositae Black jack, phutium Sh Young shoots [278]
Blumea balsamifera DC. Compositae Nagal camphor, kakaronda L Fumigation [278]
Blumea ripens DC. Asteraceae Red stink wood S Oil [279]
Bula alba Linn. Cupuliferae White birch bark L Extraction [51]
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Nyctagineae Punarnava, thikri R Paste [63]
Boucerosia aucheriana Dcne. Asclepiadaceae Charungli, chungi pamanke St, Wh Juice [278]
Borassus flabellifer Linn. Arecaceae Toody palm, sugar palm F Juice [14]
Boswellia glabra Roxb. Burseraceae Kapithaparni, lobhan Gm Gum [51]
Boswellia serrata Triana. Burseraceae Salai gugul Gm, Rs Gum [76]
Brassica campestris Linn. Cruciferae Wild turnip, bangasarson S Oil [278]
Brassica integrifolia West. Cruciferae Rai, Indian mustard, rajika S Oil [278]
Brassica juncea Coss Cruciferae Rai, rajika S Oil [51]
Brassica nepus Linn. Cruciferae Van dai, onuma Wh Extract [278]
Brassica nigra Linn. & Koch. Cruciferae Kalori, sarshapah S Oil [51]
Brassica oleracea Linn. Cruciferae Cabbage, karamkalla L Extract [278]
Bridelia retusa Spreng. Euphorbiaceae Gaya, kajja, assana B Oil [278]
Bryonia epigoea Rottl. Cucurbitaceae Rakas-gaddah, mahamula R Powder [51]
Buxus sempervirens Linn. Euphorbiaceae Papari L Extraction [51]
Caccinia glauca Savi. Boragineae Goazaban L Extraction [51]
Cadaba indica Lamk Capparidaceae Indian cadaba L Decoction [19]
Caesalpinia bonduc Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Katkaranj, latakaranja S Oil [51]
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Verbenaceae Sumali R Decoction [51]
Calophyllum apelatum Wild. Guttiferae Cherupinnai, sarapuna S Oil [278]
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. Guttiferae Surpan, punnaga K Oil [19]
Calotropis gigantean R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Gigantic, arka R Powder (mucilage) [51]
Calotropis procera R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Madar R-B Extract [282]
Cammphora officinarum Bauh. Lauraceae Camphor, kapur C Liniments [51]
Canangium odoratum Baill. Annonaceae Kadapanyan, maladi Fl Oil [278]
Canarium bengalense Roxb. Burseraceae Bisjang, dhuna, goguldhop L, B Extract [278]
Canarium commune Linn. Burseraceae Java almond, jangali badam T Ointment [278]
Canarium strictum Roxb. Burseraceae Black damer Rs Ointment [51]
Cannabis sativa Linn. Urticaceae Ganja, charas S Oil [98]
Canella alba Murry. Canellaceae Jamaica B Oil [282]
Capparis aphylla Roth. Capparideae Caper plant, karira R-B Powder, infusion [51]
Capparis deciduas Edgew Capparideae Chayr uka L Extract [278]
Capparis heyneana Wall. Capparideae Chayruka L Decoction [51]
Capparis spinosa Linn. Capparideae Kabra, kakadani L Decoction [51]
Capsicum annum Linn. Solanaceae Lal mirchi, spanish pepper F Tincture [51]
Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. Sapindaceae Balloon vine, winter cherry R, L Decoction [284]
Carissa carandas Linn. Apocynaceae Karamardaka S Extract [279]
Carissa spinarum Linn. Apocynaceae Karaunda, garna R Extract [278]
Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Compositae Wild saffron, kamalottara Fl Hot infusion [51]
Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniceae Sonhali, nripadruma B, L Paste [19]
Cassia sophera Linn. Caesalpiniceae Bas-ki-kasunda L Infusion [51]
Cassia tora Linn. Fabaceae Charota, taga L Infusion [279]
Cadreia toona Roxb. Meliaceae Toona, khusing B Infusion [51]
Cedrus deodara Lou Don. Coniferae Deodar, kilan, geyar W Oil [278]
Cedrus libani Barrel Coniferae Deodar, devadaru Gm Gum [51]
Celastrus paniculata Willd. Calastraceae Malakanguni, vanhiruchi S Decoction [19]
Celosia argentia Linn. Amaranthaceae Paanai keerai L Decoction [13]
Centella asiatica Urban. Mackinlayaceae Gotu kola St Extract [285]
Cephaelis ipecacuanha A.Rich. Rubiaceae Poaya R Extract [282]
Chenopodium album Linn. Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot, fathen Wh Extract [279]
Chloroxylon swietenia DC Meliaceae Bheria, girya, yellow wood L Oil [278]
Cicuta virosa Linn. Apiaceae Cowbane, water hemlock Wh Poultice [282]
Cimicifuga racemosa Ellicot. Ranunculaceae Balck snake root, bugbane R Extract [282]
Cinchona calisaya Hook. Rubiaceae Peruvian bark B Infusion [51]
Cinnamomum camphora Nees. Lauraceae Camphor laurel W Oil [282]
Cinnamomum cassia Blume. Lauraceae Dalchini, gudatvak L Oil [51]
Table 2: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
8 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Cinnamomum tamala Fr.Nees. Lauraceae Cassia lignea, tejpat L Extract [278]
Cinnamomum macrocarpum Hook. Lauraceae Dalchini, tejpatra R, B,L Oil [109]
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon DC. Lauraceae Kaaway, kayogadis F Oil [278]
Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Vitaceae Devil’s backbone Wh Extract [279]
Cistus creticus Linn. Cistaceae Ladano L Oil [282]
Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. Cucurbitaceae Indrayan, colocynth R Powder [19]
Citrus aurantium Linn. Rutaceae Narengi, sweet orange Fl Liniment [51]
Citrus bergamia Ris. Rutaceae Jambha, nimbu F Juice [51]
Citrus limonum Sp.Risso. Rutaceae Jambira, limpaka F Juice [51]
Cleome brachycarpa Linn. Capparidaceae Panwar, kasturi Wh Extract [278]
Cleome gynandra Linn. Capparaceae African cabbage, spiderwisp Wh Extract [286]
Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleomaceae Fringed spider flower Wh Decoction [14]
Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp. Lamiaceae Glowery bower Rh Extract [279]
Clerodendron inerme Gaertn. Verbenaceae Garden quinine, binjoam R Liniment [51]
Clerodendron phlomides L.F. Verbenaceae Agnimantha, jaya L Paste [14]
Clerodendron serratum Spreng. Verbenaceae Barangi, baleya, angaravalli R Decoction [278]
Clerodendron siphonanthus R.Br. Verbenaceae Bharangi, arnah, chingari W Rs [278]
Clitoria ternatea Linn. Verbenaceae Butterfly-pea Wh Extract [279]
Cocculus cordifolius Miers. Menispermaceae Heart-leaved, gulancha St, L, R Infusion [51]
Cocculus hirsutus Diels. Menispermaceae Broom creeper, chireta R Infusion [278]
Cocculus villosus DC. Menispermaceae Jaliamni, faridbel R Decoction [19]
Cochlearia armoracia Linn. Cruciferae Horse-radish R Condiment [282]
Colchicum autumnale Linn. Melanthaceae Wild saffron S Extract [282]
Colchicum luteum Baker. Liliaceae Golden collyrium, hiranya-tuttha R Extract [51]
Coldenia procumbens Linn. Boragineae Tripungkee L Extract [51]
Coptis teeta Wall. Ranunculaceae Gold thread, mishamitita R Paste [51]
Corallocarpus epigeous Rottl & Willd. Cucurbitaceae Akasgaddah, karwinai, lufa R Decoction [19]
Coriandrum sativum Linn. Umbelliferae Coriander, kustumbari F, L Oil [120]
Costus speciosus Sm.Scitaminaceae Kemuka, kushtha, padmapatra R Extract [287]
Cotula anthemoides Linn. Compositae Babuna R Infusion [51]
Crataeva nurvala Linn. Capparidaceae Bhatavarna, biiana L Juice [278]
Crataeva religosa Hook& Forst. Capparidaceae Three leaved creeper, pashuganda L Juice [51]
Crinum asiaticum Linn. Amaryllidaceae Poison bulb, chindar Bu Roasted Bu [51]
Crinum latifolium Linn. Amaryllidaceae Chakrangi, dadhyani Bu Roasted Bu [278]
Crocus sativus Linn. Irideae Saffron, bhavarakta Sg Tincture, infusion [51]
Crotalaria prostrate Rottler. Fabaceae Prostate rattlepod Wh Extract [279]
Croton oblongifolus Rox. Euphorbiaceae Chucka, bhutamkusam B Infusion [51]
Croton tiglium Linn. Euphorbiaceae Jamalgota, naepala S Liniment [51]
Curcuma longa Linn. Scitaminaceae Turmeric, haldi, varnavat Rh Powder [130]
Cymbopogon citrates Stapl. Graminae Melissa grass, gandhatrina G Oil [278]
Cymbopogon jwarancusa Schult. Graminae Ghatyari, amrinala, izkhir G Oil [278]
Cymbopogon schoenanthus Spreng. Graminae Geranium grass, bhutika G Oil [278]
Cynodon dactylon Pers. Graminae Bahama grass, amari, bhargavi Wh, Rh Extract [278]
Daemia extensa R.Br. Asclepiadeae Utranajutuka, phala-kantak L Juice [19]
Dalbergia lanceolaria Linn. Fabaceae Bithua, takoli B Oil [278]
Daphne mezereum Linn. Thymelaceae Mezereon B Extract [282]
Datisca cannabina Linn. Datiscaceae Akalbar, bhangjala drnkhari R Decoction [278]
Datura alba Nees. Solanaceae Thornapple, tattur L Juice [51]
Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Downy datura, dushtura L Paste [278]
Datura stramonium Linn. Solanaceae Apple of peru, tattur, devika L Infusion [278]
Delonix elata Gamble Fl. Fabaceae Vayni, tiger bean Wh Extract [288]
Delphinium cenudatum Wall. Ranunlaceae Vishalakarni, jadwar R Decoction [51]
Delphinium consolida Linn. Ranunculaceae Larkspur S Oil [282]
Delphinium staphisagri Linn. Ranunculaceae Spach S Oil [282]
Derris uliginosa Benth. Papilionaceae Panlata, worm killer B Decoction [51]
Dichrostachys cinera W.&A. Fabaceae Kheri, vertuli, bahuvaraka R Extract [278]
Diospyros candollena Wight. Ebasnaceae Nila-variksha B Decoction [51]
Diospyros paniculata Dalz. Ebanaceae Tinduka, karinthuvari B Powder [51]
Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Dipterocarpaceae Gurjan, battisal, kanyin B Extract [278]
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae Ennei Rs Rs [51]
Dodonaea viscose Linn. Sapindaceae Aliar, sanatta, Dhasera L Poultice [51]
Dolichos falcatus Klein. Papilionaceae Kattamara S Decoction [51]
Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. Meliaceae Agar u, kana-mulla W Decoction [51]
Eclipta prostrate Linn. Asteraceae Bhringaraj R, L Juice, decoction [14]
Elaecarpus obolongus Gaertn Tiliaceae Malankara F Oil [51]
Elaeocarpus serratus Linn. Tiliaceae Julpai, olang-karai L Extract [51]
Table 2: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 9
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.Palmae African oil palm Sr Oil [278]
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. Tiliaceae Rudraksha, rutthraksham B Decoction [51]
Elephantopus scaber Linn. Asteraceae Elephant foot, tutup bumi L Oil [279]
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Euphorbiaceae Amla F Juice [14]
Ephedra gerardianaWall. Gnetaceae Amsania, budshur St, R Decoction [278]
Ephedra vulgaris Rich. Ephedraceae Khanda, ma-hung Be Decoction [289]
Erythrina stricta Roxb. Papilionaceae Mura, murukku B Powder [51]
Eucalyptus globlus Labill. Myrtaceae Blue gum tree B, L Oil [282]
Eugenia operculata Roxb. Myrtaceae Rai-Jaman, piaman F Oil [51]
Eupatorium perfoliatum Linn. Asteraceae Boneset, crosswort L Extract [282]
Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae Triangular spurge, Tidhara, vajratundi Br Gum, milky juice [290]
Euphorbia helioscopia Linn. Euphorbiaceae Hirruseeah, gandabhuti Br Juice [51]
Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Euphorbiaceae Snoohi, common milk hedge Br Juice [51]
Euphorbia nivulia Ham.Euphorbiaceae Katathohar, vajri L Juice [278]
Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.Euphorbiaceae Milk bush, sehund Wh Milky juice [278]
Euryale ferox Salisb & Roxb.Nymphaeaceae Makhana, foxnut, machana L Extract [278]
Erythrina stricta Roxb.Fabaceae Indian coral tree B Decoction [279]
Excoecaria acerifolia Didrichs.Euphorbiaceae Basing Wh Juice [51]
Fagopyrum escuentum Moench.Polygonaceae Buckweat R Extract [279]
Farsetia aegyptiaca Turr. Cruciferae Mulei, faridbuti F, L Extract [51]
Farsetia hamiltonii Royle. Cruciferae Farid-buti F, L Extract [51]
Farseaia jacquemontii Hk.F. & T. Cruciferae Mulei F, L Extract [51]
Feaula asafoetida Linn.Umbelliferae Hing, bhutnasan R Oil [51]
Ferula galbanifulua Bioss.Umbelliferae Gandhabiroza, galbanum R Oil [51]
Ferula narthex Boiss. Umbelliferae Hingra, bhutari, devil’s dung L Infusion [278]
Ficus bengalensis Linn. Urticaceae Banyan tree, sriksha S, F Juice [291]
Ficus religosa Linn. Urticaceae Pippala, peepul tree B Decoction, oil [51]
Ficus retusa Linn. Urticaceae Nandruk, pilala, kamrup L, B Poultice [278]
Flacourtia sepiara Roxb. Cyperzceae Kondai, kingaro L, R Infusion [51]
Fraxinus excelsior Linn. Oleaceae European ash L Exudates [282]
Garcinia pictorial Roxb. Guttiferae Mysore gamboges tree, tamal Rs Powder [51]
Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Eriaceae Indian wintergreen gandapuro L Oil [51]
Gelsemium nitidum Michaux. Loganiaceae Wild yellow jessamine R Extract [282]
Gendarussa vulgaris Nees. Acanthaceae Nili-nargandi, kala-bashimb L Infusion [51]
Gentian lutea Linn. Gentianaceae Yellow gentian R Powder [282]
Geodorum densiflorum Lam. Orchidaceae Shepherd’s crook orchid Rh Extract [279]
Geranium maculatum Linn. Geraniaceae Alum-root Rh Oil, liniment [282]
Gmelina asiatica Linn. Verbenaceae Badhara, vikarini R Extract [19]
Gossypium arboretum Linn. Malvaceae Tree cotton S Oil [279]
Gossypium barbadense Linn. Malvaceae Sea island cotton S Cotton [282]
Gossypium haceum Linn. Malvaceae Levant cotton L Oil [279]
Gossypium indicum Linn. Malvaceae Indian cotton plant, anagnika S Oil, liniment [51]
Grangia maderaspatana Poir. Compositae Mukhatari, afsantin R Decoction [278]
Grewia asiatica Linn. Tiliaceae Palsa, dharmana B Infusion [51]
Grewia tenax Fiori. Tiliaceae Gowali, kakarundah L, F Oil [278]
Guaiacum offcinale Linn. Zygophyllaceae Lignum vita St Rs [282]
Guizojia abyysynica Cass. Compositae Nigers, kala-til S, F Oil [51]
Gynandropsis gyuandra Marill. Capparidaceae Churota, hulhul, ajagandha L Extract [278]
Gynocardia odorata R.Br. Flacourtiaceae Chaulmugra, biringmogra S Oil [51]
Hedeoma pulegioides Persoon. Labiatae Ameican pennyroyal L Infusion [282]
Heliotropium indicum Linn. Boraginaceae Hattasura, siriari bhurundi R, L Plasters [278]
Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Sugandhi, indian sarsaparilla R-B Infusion [292]
Herpestis monniera H.B.K. Scrophularineae Brahmi, thyme-leaved L Juice [51]
Hibiscus tillaceus Linn. Malvaceae Cork wood, pola R Embrocation [51]
Hiptage benghalensis Linn. Malpighiaceae Hutimukta, kampti L Juice [278]
Hiptage madablota Gaertn. Malpighiaceae Madhabi, madavilata L Extract [51]
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. Apocynaceae Kurchi, kutaja, kewar B Lep [51]
Hedera helix Linn. Araliaceae Barren ivy, mandia bind wood Be Infusion [278]
Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Urticaceae Papri, vavala B Juice [51]
Humulus lupulus Linn. Cannabineae Hop Wh Infusion [282]
Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume. Flacourtiaceae Jangli almond, tuvaraka, chaulmoogra S Oil [51]
Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. Umbelliferae Brahmi, Indian penny-wort Wh Juice extract [51]
Hygrophila spinosa T.Anders Acanthaceae Kolistha, gokhula-kanta R Decoction [51]
Hyssopus officinalis Linn. Labiatae Zupha L Infusion, syrup [51]
Illicium verum Hook. Magnoliaceae Star anise, anasphal F Oil [51]
Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk. Papilionaceae Jhilla, mridupatraka R Decoction [278]
Table 2: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
10 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Indigofera paucifolia Delile. Papilionaceae Kuttukkar-chammathi St Decoction [51]
Indigofera trifoliate Linn. Papilionaceae Vekhario, malmandi S Confection [51]
Inula helenium Hook. Compositae Rasan L Oil [51]
Ipomoea eriocarpa Br. Convolvulaceae Nakhari, pulichevidu Wh Oil [51]
Ipomoea hispida Roem & Schult. Convulvulaceae Bhanwar, harankhuri Wh Oil [278]
Ipomoea pescaprae Purga. Convolvulaceae Goat’s foot creeper, chagalanghri R, L Decoction [51]
Ipomoea reniformis Chois. Convolvulaceae Mushakani, mooshakarni Wh Decoction [51]
Ipomoea turpethum Br. Convolvulaceae Indian jalap, kalaparni R-B Powder [51]
Jasminum grandiflorum Linn. Oleaceae Spanish jasmine, chambeli R Oil [278]
Jatropha curcas Linn. Euphorbiaceae Jangli-erandi, angula-leaved physic nut S Oil [293]
Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Nikumba, lal-bhranda S Oil [51]
Juglans regia Linn. Juglandaceae Akhor, darga, walnut tree B Decoction [280]
Juneperus communis Linn. Coniferae Juniper berry, hapusha Be Powder [51]
Justica ecbolium Linn. Acanthaceae Odoojati Wh Extract [51]
Justica gendaruusa Burm. Acanthaceae Nilinargandi, kapika, bhutakeshi L Decoction [294]
Justica procumbens Linn. Acanthaceae Carmeutine couchee H Infusion [51]
Koelpinia linearis Pallas. Asteraceae Koelpinia Wh Extract [279]
Lantana aculeate Linn. Verbenaceae Wild Sage, ghaneri Wh Decoction [278]
Launaea pinnatifida Cass. Compositae Pathri, almirao L Juice [51]
Lavandula stoechas Linn. Labiatae Arabian lavender, dharu Fl Formentation [51]
Lawsonia alba Linn. Lythraceae Heena, mendhi, mehndi L Paste [295]
Leea indicum Merr. Vitaceae Bandicoot berry Wh Extract [279]
Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. Labiatae Hejurchei, matijer L Decoction [278]
Leucas aspera Spreng. Labiatae Chotahalkusa, tamba, L Juice [296]
Lipidium crassifolium Hung. Cruciferae Hairy cress S Extract [278]
Lipidium sativum Linn. Cruciferae Cress, chandrasura halim, chansaur S Paste [51]
Leucas linifolia Spreng. Labiatae Dronapushpi, hulkussa L, Fl Infusion [51]
Linum usitatissimum Linn. Linaceae Lins, uma, tisi S Poultice [297]
Litsea chinensis Lam. Lauraceae Garur, adhavara, chamana Be Oil [278]
Litsea sebifera Pers. Lauraceae Garbijaur, menda, medasak B Powder, paste [51]
Lolium temulentum Linn. Graminae Darnel S Powder [282]
Lycopodium clavatum Linn. Lycopodiaceae Clubmoss spores, wolf claw Sp Tincture [51]
Lygodium flexuosum Linn. Polypodiaceae Vallipanna, kalazha R Oil [51]
Machilus macrantha Nees. Lauraceae Kolamavu B Extract [51]
Marrubium vulgare Linn. Labiatae White hore-hound, farasiyun H Infusion [51]
Matricaria chamomillla Linn. Compositae Babunphul, camomile Fl Oil [51]
Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Myrtaceae Cajuput tree, kayaputi L Oil [51]
Melaleuca minor Smith. Myrtaceae Kaya-puti, cajuput L Oil [282]
Melia azadirachta Linn. Meliaceae Ravipriya, neem, nimb B Decoction [51]
Melia azedaracha Linn. Meliaceae Mahanimba, persian lilac, bakayan S Oil [51]
Menthe piperita Linn. Labiatae Peppermint, gamathi phudina L Oil [51]
Menyanthes trifoliate Linn. Gentianaceae Bogbean, water shamrock R Extract [278]
Merremia tridentate Hallier. Convulvulaceae Prasarini Wh Extract [298]
Mesua ferrea Linn. Guttiferae Cobra’s saffron, nagkesara S Embrocation [51]
Michella champaca Linn. Magnoliaceae Golden champa, champaka Fl Oil [51]
Mimosa pudica Linn. Fabaceae Humble plant, lajjavati, kandiri Wh Extract [278]
Mollugo cerviana Ser. Ficoidaceae Taph-jhad, phanya, grishmasundara R Oil [51]
Momordica chirantia Linn. Cucurbitaceae Bitter gourd, karavella, karela F Juice [51]
Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. Cucurbitaceae Gangerua, kakrol, krindana R Decoction [278]
Moniera cuneifolia Michx. Scrophulariaceae Bama, brahmi, svetchammi L Juice [278]
Monarda punctate Linn. Labiatae Horse-mint L Oil [282]
Morinda citrifolia Linn. Rubiaceae Indian mulberry, barraal L Juice [278]
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Horse-radish, sobhanjana S Oil [51]
Mucuna gigantean DC. Papilionaceae Kakuvalli B Powder [51]
Mukia maderaspatana Linn. Cucurbitaceae Madras pea pumpkin, agumaki L Decoction [13]
Murraya exotica Linn. Rutaceae Honey bush, ekangi, kamini Fl, L Infusion [51]
Murray koenigii Linn. Rutaceae Bristly bryoni L Powder [13]
Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristaceae Nutmeg, jati-phalam., jaiphal S Oil [19]
Myristica malabarica Lamk. Myristaceae Malabar nutmeg, malati, kamuk S Embrocation [51]
Myropyrum similacifolium Blume. Oleaceae Chatura-mallikei L Extract [51]
Myrtus caryophyllus Linn. Myrtaceae Cloves, lavangaha, laung F Oil [51]
Myrtus communis Linn. Myrtaceae Myrtle, murad L Oil [51]
Naregamia alata W.& A. Meliaceae Goanese ipecacuanha, amlavalli Wh Extract [278]
Nicotiana tabacum Linn. Solanaceae Tobacco, tambaku, tamrakuta L Decoction [51]
Nycthanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Oleaceae Night jasmine, siharu, parijata L Infusion [51]
Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Labiatae Shrubby basil, ramtulasi Wh Fumigations [19]
Table 2: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 11
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Ocimum sanctum Linn. Lam.iaceae Basil L Decoction [14]
Odina wodier Roxb. Anacardiaceae Jingini, ajashringi, jingan L Paste [51]
Oldenlandia heynei Hk. Rubiaceae Nonganam-pillu L Extract [51]
Olea cuspidate Wall. Oleaceae Kahu, zaitum R Ashes [278]
Onosoma bracteatum Wall. Boraginaceae Goazaban, kazabun Wh Decoction [51]
Onosoma echoides Linn. Boraginaceae Ratanjot, laljari, koame Fl Oil [51]
Origanum majorana Linn. Labiatea Wild marjoram, sathra Wh Oil [51]
Origanum vulgare Linn. Labiatae Sathra Wh Oil [51]
Oroxylum indicum Vent. Bignoniaceae Prathusimbhi, miringa, snapatha B Powder [51]
Osmunda regalis Linn. Osmundaceae Royal fern, osmonde Wh Extract [51]
Paederia feotida Linn. Rubiaceae Prasarini, gandhali, Chinnese flower plant L Juice [51]
Pandanus odoratissimus Willd. Pandanaceae Ketaki, fragrant screwpine F Oil [51]
Pandanus tectorius Soland. Pandanaceae Umbrella tree, keora, ketgi Bt Oil [278]
Panicum italicum Linn. Gramineae Italian millet, kanku S Extract [51]
Papaver dubium Linn. Papaveraceae Pale-red poopy R Cooked [278]
Papaver somniferum Linn. Papaveraceae Opium poppy, khas khas S Liniment [51]
Pavetta indica Linn. Rubiaceae Papat, Indian pellet kankra W Infusion [278]
Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Kalavala, hribera, sugandhabala R, Wh Extract [278]
Pedalium murex Linn. Pedaliaceae Faribduti, gaja daunstree L Powder [51]
Peganum harmala Linn. Rutaceae Foreign henna, harmal, kaladana L Decoction [278]
Peucedanum graveolens Benth. Umbelliferae Dill, misroya, soya S, R Paste [19]
Pergularis daemia Linn. Apocynaceae Utaran, akasan L Oil [279]
Pergularis extensa N.E. Asclepiadaceae Sadowani, karial, vishanika L Juice [278]
Phaseolus Roxb.urghii Linn. Papilionaceae Black gram, masha P Poultice, oil [51]
Physalis alkekenji Linn. Solanaceae Strawberry tomato, rajaputrika Sbe Strawberries [51]
Pinus australis Michaux. Coniferae Broom pine, yellow pine Rs Liniments [282]
Pinus balsamea Linn. Coniferae American silver fir St Oil [282]
Pinus gerardiana Wall. Coniferae Gunobar, neozapine edible pine S Confection [51]
Pinus picea Du Roi. Coniferae Norway spruce St Extract [282]
Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae Pippali, long-papper F, R Oil [172]
Pisonia aculeate Linn. Nictaginaceae Baghachura, kuruindu B, L Extract [51]
Pittosporum floribundum W.& A. Pittosporaceae Vchkali, tibilti B Decocotion [51]
Pittosporum napaulense Rehdre. Pittosporaceae Yekadi, phurke, vehkali B Oil [278]
Plantago ispagula Forsk. Plantaginaceae Ispaghula, snigdhajeera S Poultice [51]
Plantago major Linn. Plantaginaceae Barhang, ripple grass, luhuriya Wh Extract [278]
Plantago ovate Forsk. Plantaginaceae Shlakshnajira, bartang S Poultice [278]
Plumbago rosea Linn. lumbaginaceae Chitraka, rose-colored lead-wort R Liniment [51]
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Plumbaginaceae Ceylon leadwort, chitra R Powder [19]
Plumieria acuminate Poir. Apocynaceae Gulchin, kshira L Juice [51]
Plumieria acutifolia Poir. Apocynaceae Frangipani, gulachin,chameli R-B Extract [278]
Podphyllum peltatum Linn. Berberidae May-apple, mandrake Rh Extract [282]
Poinciana elata Linn. Papilionaceae Vayni Wh Extract [51]
Pongamia glabra Vent. Papilionaceae Karanja, Indian beech L Decoction [19]
Polygala snega Linn. Polyganaceae Rattle snake root Rs Extract [282]
Portulaca oleracea Linn. Portulacaceae Pigweed, pursley L Juice, poultice [13]
Premna Hacea Roxb. Verbenaceae Bharangi, bhargi R Juice [51]
Premna integrifolia Linn. Verbenaceae Arni, agni-mantha R Decoction [299]
Prinsepia utilis Royle. Rosaceae Vhekal O Oil [51]
Prosopis spicigera Linn. Fabaceae Chhikura, jhand, bhadra B Extract [278]
Prunus persica stokes bot. Rosaceae Peach tree, aru F Oil [278]
Prunus triflora Roxb. Rosaceae Aruwa, gadharu F Oil [278]
Pseudarthria viscid W.&A. Papilionaceae Sanaparni, neermali Wh Extract [51]
Psidium guyava Linn. Myrtaceae Safedsafari, amrud, guava tree L Oil [278]
Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Papilionaceae Babachi, avalguja, kamboji S Maceration [278]
Ptychotis ajowan DC. Umbelliferae Yavanika, bishop’s weed, ajowan F Oil [51]
Pueraria tuberose DC. Fabaceae Bilaikand, pona, saloha R Crushed [278]
Pyrethrum indicum DC. Compositae Mitha akalakara R Paste, confection [51]
Pyrus malus Linn. Rosaceae Sebhaphala, crab apple F Juice [51]
Randia dumetorum Lamk. Rubiaceae Madana, emetic nut, mainphal B Paste [19]
Ranunculus avensis Linn. Ranunculaceae Corn crow foot, devil’s claws Wh Extract [51]
Ranunculus muricatus Linn. Ranunculaceae Chambul Wh Extract [278]
Ranunculus trichophyllus Linn. Ranunculaceae Water crowfoot Wh Extract [278]
Rhamnus catharticus Linn. Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Rbe Juice [282]
Rhazya stricta Dcne. Apocynaceae Sunwar, wena, sehar R, St, L Infusion [51]
Rhodendron campanulatum D.Don. Eriaceae Cherallu, gaggar, surngar L Extract [51]
Rhododendron javanicum Benn. Eriaceae Kechung L Extract [51]
Table 2: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
12 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Ribes nigrum Linn. Saxifragaceae Currants, nabar C Currants [51]
Ricinus communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae Castor oil plant, eranda, endi S Oil, poultice [19]
Ruta graveolens Linn. Rutaceae Satap, garden rue, pismarum L Tincture [207]
Rubia cordifolia Linn. Rubiaceae Madar, manjit, khuri R Decoction [278]
Rourea santaloides W. & A. Conoraceae Vardara, wakeri R Tonic [51]
Rosa alba Linn. Rosaceae Gulseoti, gulab bahupatrika Fl Oil [278]
Saccolabium pappilosum Lindl. Orchidaceae Nakuli, rasna Rs Resins [51]
Salacia oblonga Wall. Celastraceae Ponkoranti R-B Extract [51]
Salacia reticulate Wight. Celastraceae Ekanayakam, koranti R-B Extract [300]
Salix alba Linn. Salicaceae Huntingdon willow, bushan B Decoction [301]
Salvadora oleoides Dcne. Salvadoraceae Kabber, mithidiar, jhal S Oil [51]
Salvadora persica Linn. Salvadoraceae Pilu, tooth brush tree, chhota-pilu Fl Oil [51]
Samadera indica Gaertn. Simaroubaceae Kathai, nibam, daraput F Oil [278]
Sambucus canadensis Linn. Adoxaceae American elder Fl Oil [282]
Sambucus nigra Linn. Adoxaceae Bore tree Fl Oil [282]
Sansevieria urghiana Roxb and Schult. Hemodoraceae Mur uva, murahri, katukapel R Extract [51]
Santalum rubrum Linn. Sapindaceae Arishta, indian filbert, ritha R, L Extract, juice [51]
Sarcocephalus missionis Wall. Rubiaceae Jalamdasa, nirvanji B Decoction, powder [51]
Sassafras officinale Nees. Laurineae Sassafras R Oil [51]
Saussurea lappa Clarke. Compositae Puskara, costus, kushta, kut R Infusion [217]
Schleichera trijuga Willd. Sapindaceae Ceylon oak, gausam S Oil [278]
Schoenocaulon officinale A.Gray. Melanthaceae Sabadilla F, S Ointment [51]
Scindapsus officinalis Schitt Araceae Poriabel, gajapipal, shreyasi F Juice [282]
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Anacardiaceae Marking-nut tree, bhallataka, bhela F Juice [302]
Sesamum indicum Linn. Pedaliaceae Gingelly, bariktel S Oil [278]
Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers. Papilionaceae Jayantika, jetrasin L Poultice [51]
Sesbania grandiflora Pers. Papilionaceae Agasta, hatiya R Paste [278]
Setaria italic Beauv. Graminae Foxtail millet, kangu Gr Parching [51]
Shorea robusta Gaertn. Dipterocarpaceae Sal tree, sakhu asvakarna, B, Rs Paste [51]
Sida acuta Burm. Malvaceae Bariaca, bala, pranijivika L Oil [19]
Sida cordifolia Linn. Malvaceae Bariar, batyalaka, simak R, S Oil [51]
Sida rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae Sahadeva, kharenti R Oil [218]
Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn. Compositae Katampam, kau-kan Wh Tincture [51]
Skimmia laureola Sieb. Rutaceae Ner Wh Extract [279]
Smilax china Linn. Liliaceae Dwipautra, china root, chobchini R Decoction [19]
Smilax lanceafolia Roxb. Liliaceae Bari-chobchini R Juice [51]
Smilax officinalis Kunth. Smilaceae Jamaica sarsaparilla R Powder, extract [282]
Smilax zeylaniea Linn. Liliaceae Chobchini, ramdatun R Paste [278]
Smithia conferta Sm. Papilionaceae Smithia Wh Extract [278]
Solanum dulcamara Linn. Solanaceae Kakmachi, bitter-sweet, rubabarik Be Decoction [51]
Solanum nigrum Linn. Solanaceae Makoi, kambei, kamuni L Poultice [51]
Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad & Wendll. Solanaceae Kantakari, warumba, bhutkatya Wh, Be Juice [51]
Spilanthes acmella Murr. Compositae Pokormul, akarkara L Decoction [278]
Spondis pinnate Kurz. Anacardiaceae Amarah, Indian hog plum, ambra L Juice [278]
Stachytarpheta indica Vahl. Verbenaceae Aaron’s rod L Juice [278]
Strychnos bourdilloni Trees. Loganiaceae Nirmali, clearing nut tree R Decoction [278]
Strychnos cinnamomifolia Thw.Enum. Loganiaceae Etakirindiwel, welbeli R Decoction [278]
Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. Loganiaceae Kupilu, poison-nut, kagphala S Powder [303]
Strychnos potatorum Linn. Loganiaceae Clearing-nut tree S Powder [303]
Teucrium polium Linn. Labiatae Cat thyme, poley L Infusion [280]
Teramus labialis Spreng. Combretaceae Masha-parui, mashani B Decoction [51]
Terminalia belerica Roxb. Combretaceae Vibhitaki, bhaira K Oil [51]
Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Pathya, myrobalan, Indian gall-nut F Powder [19]
Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Menispermaceae Ambarvel, gharol, gulwel R, St Starch [278]
Tinospora malabarica Miers. Menispermaceae Gurch, giloe, padmagaluncha L, St Extract [278]
Thevetia nerifolia Juss. Apocynaceae Yellow oleander, pilakanir, ashvaha S Oil [278]
Thymus vulgaris Linn. Labiatae Garden thyme Wh Oil [282]
Toddalia aculeate Lamk. Rutaceae Kanchana, jangli-kali-mirch, limri F, R Oil [51]
Toddalia asiatica Lam. Rutaceae Dahan, lopez root, forest pepper F, R Liniment [278]
Toddalia bilocularis W. & A. Rutaceae Krishna-aguru, devadarom W Oil [51]
Toluifera pereirae Baill. Fabaceae Peru balsam B Balsam [282]
Trewia nudiflora Linn. Eiphorbiaceae Pindara, pitali, sivani R Decoction [51]
Tribulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Small caltrops, gokshura, chota-gokhura F Decoction [19]
Trichosanthes palmate Roxb. Cucurbetaceae Indrayan, mahakala kaundal F Juice [278]
Trigonella foenum-gaeceum Linn. Papilionaceae Methi, medhika S Confection [247]
Tylophora asthmatica W. & A. Acslepiadaceae Jangli-pikvan, antamul L Powder, decoction [51]
Table 2: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 13
Boswellia serrate Roxb. (BS)(Family-Burseraceae)
BS is a deciduous middle-sized tree, grown in tropical parts
of Asia and Africa [64]. Boswellic acid is the first terpenoids
isolated from oleo gum resins. The oleo gum resin of BS is used
in various Unani and Ayurvedic preparations. Folkloric uses of
BS are in the treatment of bronchitis, rheumatism, asthma,
cough, intestinal problems, syphilitic, jaundice, dysentery,
and pulmonary diseases. It acts as both internal and external
stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, and stomachic [51,64].
Boswellia is a traditional natural remedy that has been used for
thousands of years to treat swelling and inflamation in Ayurvedic
medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. In 2003, medical
researchers conducted a randomized blind placebo controlled
trial of BS on 30 patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the
knee. The data showed an increased range of motion and less
swelling in their knees from arthritis than before they began the
treatment. The essential oil of BS predominantly comprised
monoterpenoids, of which β-pineneis the major constituent.
Other monoterpenoids includes β-pinene, cis-verbenol,
trans-pinocarveol, borneol, myrcene, verbenone, limonene,
and p-cymene, while α-copaene was the only sesquiterpene
identified [65,66]. BS possess an anti-inflammatory [67],
analgesics [68], immunomodulatory [69], anticancer [70,71,72],
hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic [73], antiasthmatic [74],
osteoarthritis, and hypoglycemic activities [75]. The n-hexane
extract of gum resins of BS in combination with methanolic
extract of rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GY) exhibited anti-
arthritic activity at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg in male wistar rats.
The anti-arthritic activity is mainly by decreasing the activity
of membrane marker enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase,
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum
glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and by the prevention
of leucocytes migration in the inflamed area. In conclusion,
BS possesses a significant anti-arthritic activity on male albino
wistar rats [76].
Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (CP)(Family-Leguminosae)
CP commonly known as sappanwood, bakam or patang, is a
native of South India, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal,
Malaya, and Sri Lanka. The tree spreads to a height of 10 m
and is cultivated for its large, ornamental penicals of yellow
flowers. A very strong barrier is formed by the branches when
they are interlaced [11]. The heartwood of the CP is traditionally
used for the treatment of ulcers, leprosy, rheumatism, skin
disease, diarrhea, dysentery, epilepsy, convulsions, diabetes,
odontopathy, stomatopathy, and leucorrhea. The heartwood of
the CP is bitter, astringent, sweet, acrid, refrigerant, constipating,
sedative, and hemostatic. In Yunani system, the decoction
of wood was useful in rheumatism [77,78]. CP is reported
to have an anti-anaphylactic [79], anti-coagulant [80], anti-
bacterial [81-83], anti-fungal [83], anti-inflammatory [84], anti-
tumor [85-87], anti-viral [88,89], immunostimulant [87], and
semen coagulating activities [86]. CP also causes the inhibition
of phosphodiesterase [90] and stimulation of glutamate pyruvate
transaminase [91] and tyrosinase enzymes [92]. The ethanolic
extract at doses 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g/kg of CP wood showed anti-
arthritic activity on wistar rats by declining the levels of IL-1β,
IL-6, TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in serum. The study
concluded that CP possesses an anti-arthritic activity on rats [93].
Cannabis sativum Linn. (CT)(Family-Urticaceae)
CT, a pistillate plant, is a native of Persia, Western and
central Asia, and is now largely cultivated all over India.
Botanical name Family Common name Part used Dosage form References
Unona narum Dun. Anonaceae Gunamanijhad, unaminigida L Extract [51]
Uraria lagopoides DC. Papilionaceae Pitvan, prasniparni Dowla Wh Decoction [51]
Urena lobata Linn. Malvaceae Latloti, kunjia, tapkote R Extract [51]
Urgenia indica Kunth. Liliaceae Indian squill, jangli-piyaz, phaphor Bu Tincture, powder [51]
Urtica dioica Linn. Urticaceae Common nettle, scaddie L Decoction, powder [278]
Vanda roxburghii Br. Orchidaceae Rasna-nai, vandaka R Extract [51]
Vanda tessellate Hook. Orchidaceae Rasna, Perasara R Decoction [278]
Valeriana officinalis Linn. Valerianaceae Capon’s tail, setwall R Oil [278]
Vateria indica Linn. Dipterocarpaceae White damimer tree, kahruba, ajakarna S Oil [51]
Vepris bilocularis Engler. Rutaceae Vepris W Oil [278]
Veratrum viride Solander. Melanthaceae Indian poke Rh Extract [282]
Verbascum thapsus Linn. Scrophulariaceae Feltwort, blanket-leaf, rag paper L Paste [278]
Verbena officinalis Linn. Verbenaceae Frog foot, karaita, tears of juno L Paste [278]
Vernonia anthelmintica Willd. Compositae Somaraja, bakchi, purple fleabane L, R Extract [51]
Viola tricolor Linn. Violaceae Flame flower, gardengate Wh Infusion [278]
Vitex negundo Linn. Verbenaceae Nirgundi, mewri, sawbhalu L Poultice [258]
Vitex trifolia Linn. Verbenaceae Jalanirgundi, nichindi, surasa L Infusion [51]
Vitis pallida W.&A. Vitaceae Chunnampuvalli L Juice [51]
Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae Grapes, draksha, kishmish F Resins [51]
Withania somnifera Dunal. Solanaceae Ashvagandha, winter cherry R Oil, Taila [304]
Xylia dolabriformis Benth. Papilionaceae Schmsapa, irula B Decoction [51]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Taminaceae Nagaram, ginger sonth Rh Infusion [280]
Zizyphus jujube Mill. Rhamnaceae Badari, baer R-B Juice [19]
L: Leaves, R: Roots, H: Herb, Wh: Whole plant, Rh: Rhizome, B: Bark, F: Fruit, Bu: Bulb, S: Seed, T: Tubers, Fl: Flowers, Mj: Milky juice, G: Grass,
St: Stems, W: Wood, Be: Berries, Gm: Gum, K: Kernel, Sh: Shoot, C: Camphor, Rs: Resin, Br: Branches, Sg: Stigmas, Sp: Spores, Bt: Bracts, Sbe:
Strawberries, Rbe: Ripeberries, Gr: Grain, C: Currants, O: Oil, P: Pulse, Sr: Sarocarp, Nt: Nuts, Al pt: Aerial parts, Ug pt: Underground parts-Ug pt
Table 2: Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
14 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part Extract Dose (p.o.) Acute toxicity (p.o.) Model Mode of action Reference
Acyranthus aspera
Linn.
Amaranthaceae Devil’s
horsewhip
S, R Alcohol 15 mg/100 g Safe upto 8 g/kg FIA Inhibition of secondary lesions [281,305]
Achyranthes aspera
Linn.
Amaranthaceae Apamarga R Ethanol 100-200 mg/kg Safe upto 8 g/kg CFA Prevented the recruitment of leukocytes [217,305]
Aconitum
vilmorinianum Kom.
Ranunculaceae Huang Cao Wu R Ethanol 10-100 mg/kg D.N.A CFA Improvement of join allodynia, swelling,
hyperaemia and vascular permeability
[306]
Ajuga bracteosa
Wall.
Labiatae Ground pine Wh Ethanol 5, 10, 20 mg/kg LD50>5 g/kg TIA
FOIA
CFA
COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition [307,308]
Ajuga decumbens
Thunberg.
Lamiaceae Bugle weed Wh 70% ethanol 30, 50,
150 mg/kg
D.N.A CFA Regulates the balance between bone
resorption and bone formation
[309]
Alstonia boonei De
Wild.
Apocynaceae Cheese wood,
pattern wood
St,
B
Methanol 50, 100, 200,
400 mg/kg
D.N.A FIA
CFA
Inhibition of both the early and late phases of
pain stimulus.
[310]
Alstonia scholaris
Linn. R.Br.
Apocynaceae Dita bark, devil
tree
L Ethanol 100, 200,
400 mg/kg
≥2 g/kg CFA Reduction of total leukocyte migration
as well as lymphocytes and monocytes/
macrophages migration
[27]
Ammania bracifera
Linn.
Lythraceae Acrid weed,
tooth cup
L Aqueous
alcoholic
250, 500 mg/kg ≥5000 mg/kg CFA Decrease the ESR and WBC count [2]
Aristolochia
bracteata Lam.
Aristolochiaceae Kidamari Wh Pet ether,
chloroform,
methanol
100, 200,
400 mg/kg
Safe upto 4 g/kg CFA Maintenance of synovial membrane and
vascular permeability, thereby inhibiting
cytokines and leukotriene infiltration
[43]
Argyreia speciosa
Sweet.
Convulvulaceae Elephant
creeper
R Ethanol 50-100 mg/kg ≥3000 mg/kg CFA Prevented the recruitment of leukocytes [217,311]
Arisaema
rhizomatum Fischer.
Aroideae Jack in the
pulpit
Rh Methanol 130, 261,
522 mg/kg
Safe upto 40 g/kg CIA Inihibits arthritis deterioration the secretion
of pro-inflammatory cytokines and RA factor
[3]
Arnebia euchroma
Johnst.
Boraginaceae Pink arnebia,
demok
R 95% ethanol 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg D.N.A CIA
AIA
Suppressing the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β[312]
Artocarpus
tonkinensis A.
Cheval.
Moraceae Chay L Ethyl acetate 10-200 mg/kg D.N.A CIA Apoptosis induction in activated T-cells [6]
Asystasia dalzelliana
Santapau.
Acanthaceae Violet asystasia L Ethanol 200, 400,
800 mg/kg
≥2000 mg/kg CFA Decreasing synthesis/release of T-cell
mediators
[4]
Baccharis
genistelloides Linn.
Asteraceae Carqueja Ar
pt
Aqueous 4.2 mg/kg Safe upto 42 mg/kg CIA IL-1 induced production of progelatinase
B and PGE2, and synovial fibroblast
proliferation have been suppressed
[313]
Bacopa monniera
Penell.
Scrophulariaceae Herpestis
monniera
Wh Methanol 100 mg/kg ≥3000 mg/kg CFA Stabilizing action on lysosomal membranes [283,314]
Barleria lupulina
Lindl.
Acanthaceaea Hophead L Methanol 300, 600 mg/kg D.N.A CFA
CIA
Assisting cell mediated immune responses [7]
Barleria prionitis
Linn.
Acanthaceae Katsareya,
karunta
Wh Hydro-alcoholic 12.5, 25, 50,
100 mg/kg
Safe upto 3000 mg/kg AIA Lowers the ESR level and have an
immune-modulatory activity
[315]
Bauhinia variegate
Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae Kachnar,
chingthrao
St Ethanol 250 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
peroxidase and lipid peroxide
[8,316]
Bergenia stracheyi
Linn.
Saxifragaceae Paashaanbhed Rh Pet ether and
methanol
40 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg AIA Potential Th1/Th2 cytokine balancing activity [317]
Boerhaavia diffusa
Linn.
Nyctaginaceae Punarnava R Pet ether 500-1000 mg/kg ≥1000 mg/kg CFA Inhibition of inflammatory 7 inhibitor [63]
Boswellia carterii,
Birdw.
Burseraceae Olibanum Rs 70% aqueous
acetone
0.90 g/kg Safe upto 0.90 g/kg CFA Decrease the formation of leukotriene LTB4
and reduce the infiltrarion of leucocytes
[318]
Table 3: Plants with reported anti-arthritic activity
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 15
Botanical name Family Common name Part Extract Dose (p.o.) Acute toxicity (p.o.) Model Mode of action Reference
Boswellia serrata
Triana.
Burseraceae Salai gugul Rs n-hexane 50 mg/kg Safe upto 50 mg/kg CFA Lysosomal membrane stability modulating
effect, inhibiting leukocyte migration,
controlling the production of auto antigens
and anti-proteinase activity
[76]
Butea monosperma
Linn.
Fabaceae Palash, keshu,
bastard Teak
Wh Pet ether 100-200 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Improvement in levels of hemoglobin and
RBC; levels of WBC, ESR were suppressed
[319,320]
Caesalpinia sappan
Linn.
Leguminosae Sapanwood,
suou
W Ethanol 2.5, 5, 10 ug/ml Safe upto 5000 mg/kg In vitro,
cartilage/
chondrocyte
protection
Inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory
cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α
[321,322]
Caesalpinia sappan
Linn.
Leguminosae Sappanwood,
suou
W Ethanol 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 g/
kg
Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CIA Decreasing the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α
and PGE2 in serum and the expression of
COX-2 and transcription factor NF-κB
[93,322]
Calotropis gigantean
R.Br.
Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Al
Pt
Petroleum
ether
50 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as
anti-inflammatory cytokines are reduced
[323,324]
Calatropis procera
R.Br.
Apocynaceae Sodom apple Al
pt
Methanol 50-500 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Inhibit cellular influx and vascular
permeability
[325,326]
Caltha palustris Linn. Ranunculaceae Kingcup, marsh
marigold
Wh Methanol 10 mg/kg D.N.A CIA Decrease in the percentage and the
absolute count of splenic T-regulatory
cells (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+)
[327]
Cannabis sativum
Linn.
Cannabaceae Ganja, indian
hemp
L Alcoholic 10, 25 mg/kg D.N.A CIA Diminished CII-specific proliferation and
IFN-g production
[98]
Capparis
erythrocarpus Isert.
Capparaceae Flamingo lily R Ethanol 100, 300 mg/kg D.N.A AIA Inhibit the release of pre-inflammatory
cytokines and immunosupressant action
[328]
Capparis spinosa
Linn.
Capparaceae Flinders rose F Hydroalcoholic 240-600 mg/kg D.N.A CFA Conteract the effects of IL-1 [329]
Cardiospermum
halicacabum Linn.
Spindaceae Ballon plant L Ethanol 250-500 mg/kg D.N.A CFA Reduction of RF and CRP levels in the serum [284]
Cassia uniflora Mill. Caesalpiniaceae One leaf senna L Methanol, pet
ether, ethyl
acetate
50, 100 mg/kg ≥1000 mg/kg CFA Histamine and prostaglandin synthesis
inhibition
[330]
Cayaponia tayuya
Cogn.
Cucurbitaceae Tayuya R Hydroalcoholic 1 mg/kg D.N.A AIA Modifying the cell infiltration and the
expression of both nitric oxide synthase-2
and COX-2. Decreases TNF-α & IL-1β
production in lymphocytes
[331]
Celastrus aculeatus
Merr.
Celastraceae Gua shan fena R,
St
Ethanol 1-3 g/kg LD50=20.5 mg/kg CFA Down modulation of immunological and
biochemical mediator
[332,333]
Centella asiatica
Urban.
Mackinlayaceae Brahmi booti L Methanol 0.5 ml HRBC-MS Inhibition of protein denaturation membrane
stabilization and proteinase inhibitory
[285]
Cinnammomum
zeylcanium Breyn.
Lauraceae Dalchini B Aqueous 8 mg/kg D.N.A CFA Inhibition of leukocyte emigration and
prostaglandins
[109]
Cissampelos pareira
Linn.
Menispermaceae Abuta,
barbasco, butua
R 50% aqueous
ethanol
200-400 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Levels of acid phosphatase and N-acetyl
glucosaminidase were reduced and hexose,
sialic acid increased.
[334,335]
Chelidonium majus
Linn.
Papaveraceae Tetterwort Al
pt
Methanol 40/400 mg/kg D.N.A CIA Lower the absolute number of CD4+T
cells in spleen and lymph node, induce
immunosuppressive response by lowering the
CD4+T-cells and enhancing CD8+T-cells.
[336]
Table 3: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
16 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part Extract Dose (p.o.) Acute toxicity (p.o.) Model Mode of action Reference
Clematis chinensis
Osbeck.
Ranunculaceae Wei Ling xian R Aqueous
Methanol
Acetone
100 mg/kg D.N.A LPS Inhibited PGE2 production and COX-2
expression
[337]
Cleome gyandra L. Cleomaceae Shone cabbage L Ethanol 150 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Modifying the lysosomal membrane or by
inhibiting the release of lysosomal enzymes
[286,338]
Coriandrum sativum
Linn.
Apiaceae Cilantro,
dhania
S Hydroalcoholic 8, 16, 32 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA
FOIA
Inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory
cytokines including TNF-α
[120,339]
Costus speciosus Sm. Zingiberaceae Keukand Al
pt
Methanol 400, 800 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Suppression of inflammatory mediators [287,340]
Curcuma longa Linn. Zingiberaceae Turmeric Rh N-hexane 520 mg/kg D.N.A SCW Activation of genes critical to articular
inflammation
[130]
Curcuma zeodaria
Rosc.
Zingiberaceae White turmeric R Pet ether
Chloroform
200, 400 mg/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CFA Decrease the latency time to explore [341]
Delonix elata,
Gambles.
Ceasalpinoideae White
gulmohar,
waykaran
B Pet ether
Chloroform
Hydroalcoholic
250 mg/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CFA Blocking the action of COX, LO and AT and
thus preventing the generation of mediators
[288]
Dipsacus asperoides
Linn.
Dipsacaceae Japanese teasel
root
R Aqueous 50-100 mg/kg D.N.A CIA Reduced the levels of anti-CII IgG2a
antibody, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6
[342]
Drynaria quercifolia
L.
Polypodiaceae Oak leaf fern Rh Aqueos 100-200 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Inhibition of ROS release [342,259]
Elaecarpus
sphaericus L.f.
Elaecarpaceae Blue marble
tree, Indian oil
fruit
Wh Ethanol 250 mg/kg Safe upto 2500 mgkg CFA Immunosupressant action and inhibition of
leokocytes migration in inflamed areas
[344]
Ephedra sinica
Staph.
Ephedrceae Ma Haung H Water 50 ul s.c. D.N.A CFA mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 genes
restored to normal levels
[289]
Euphorbia
antiquorum Linn.
Euphorbiaceae Antique spurge Wh Aqueous,
ethanol
400 mg/kg ≥2 g/kg CFA Inhibition of the arachidonic metabolites and
suppression of cell-mediated immunity
[290]
Ficus bengalensis
Linn.
Moraceae Banyan tree
bargad
St
B
Methanol 100, 200,
300 mg/kg
Safe upto 4 g/kg CFA
FIA
AGIA
Inhibition of early phase of inflammation [291]
Ginkgo biloba Linn. Ginkgoaceae Maidenhair
tree
L Methanol 2 mg/kg D.N.A CFA
CACW
Inhibition of NO production from the
macrophages that infiltrated to the
inflamed site
[345]
Glycosmis
pentaphylla Linn.
Rutaceae Orange berry B Ethanol 400, 800 mg/kg Safe upto 4 g/kg CFA significant improvement of the hematological
parameters like RBC count, Hb level and the
ESR
[346]
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Linn.
Fabaceae Liquorice
mulethi
Rh Methanol 150 mg/kg Safe upto 5 g/kg CFA Lysosomal membrane stability modulating
effect, inhibiting leukocyte migration,
controlling the production of auto antigens
and anti-proteinase activity
[76]
Hedera helix Linn. Araliaceae European ivy L Ethanol 2.5-7.5 ml/kg LD50=2.5 g/kg FIA Reduction inarthritic symptoms [347,348]
Hemidesmus indicus
R.Br.
Asclepdiaceae Indian
sarsaparilla
R Hydroalcoholic 450 mg/kg LD50>2000 mg/kg CFA Inhibition of inflammation induced by
caragenin, bradykinin and serotonin
[292]
Hippocratea excels
H.B.K.
Hipocreataeceae Mata piojo,
cancerina
B Ethanol 25, 50, 100 mg/
kg
D.N.A FIA
CFA
Activity against both exudative and
proliferative phases of inflammation
[349]
Hybanthus
enneaspermus Muell.
Violaceae Humpback
flower
Wh Aqueous
Ethanol
500 mg/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CFA Inhibits the release of mediators like
cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), GM-CSF, IFN
and PGDF
[350]
Table 3: Contd...
Contd...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
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42
43
44
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47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 17
Botanical name Family Common name Part Extract Dose (p.o.) Acute toxicity (p.o.) Model Mode of action Reference
Jatropha isabellei
Mull.
Euphorbiaceae Physic nut Ug
pt
Ethanol 100-300 mg/kg Safe upto 300 mg/kg MSUIA Prevent the neutrophil infiltration [293]
Justica gendarussa
Linn.
Acanthaceae Willow leaved
justice
L Ethanol 100 mg/kg LD50=1000 mg/kg CFA
CIA
Inhibition of migration of leukocytes [294]
Lantana camara
Linn.
Verbinaceae Lava L Ethanol 5, 10, 20 mg.kg D.N.A TIA Lipoxygenase and/or cyclooxygenase
inhibition
[151]
Laportea bulbifera
Weddell.
Urticaceae Mukago-irakusa R Ethanol 20, 40, 60 mg/
kg
D.N.A CIA Decrease in the production of IFN-α and
IL-2, an increase of IL-10 and TGF-β
[351]
Lawsonia inermis
Linn.
Lythraceae Henna,
mehandi
L 70% aqueous
ethyl alcohol
200, 400 mg/kg Safe upto 400 mg/kg CFA
FOIA
Decrease in both acute and chronic phase
of inflammation due to suppression of
inflammatory mediators
[295]
Leucas aspera Willd. Lamiaceae Thumbai Al
pt
N-hexane
chloroform
ethyl acetate
ethanol
100, 200 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Increased levels of CRP, TNF-α and IL-2
were decline
[296]
Linum usitatissimum
Linn.
Linaceae Flax S Petroleum
ether
1, 3 ml/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CFA, FIA Inhibitory effect on arachidonate metabolism [297,352]
Lonicera japonica
Thumb.
Caprifoliaceae Japanese honey
suckle
L Methanol 1-2 mg/kg i.p. Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CACW Suppress T-cell proliferation [353,354]
Mallotus
oppositifolium Mull.
Euphorbeaceae Geisel L Methanol 100 mg/kg ≥6000 mg/kg FIA Anti-proliferative activity [355,356]
Merremia
emarginata Burm.
Convolvulaceae Kupit-kupit Wh Ethanol 100, 200,
400 mg/kg
Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Improves ESR and hemoglogin values and
restores body weight
[357]
Merremia tridentate
Hall.
Convulvulaceae Mudiarkunthal,
savulikodi,
thrippan- pullu
Wh Ethanol 100, 200 mg/kg LD50=400 mg/kg CFA Inhibition of second phase of inflammation
and release of kinins and PG’s
[298]
Operculina turpethum
Linn.
Convolvulaceae Turpeth R Ethanol 200,400, 600,
800 ug/ml
≥2000 mg/kg IPDN Inhibit the denaturation of proteins [358,359]
Panax ginseng
C.A.Meyer.
Araliaceae Ginseng R Ethanol 10 mg/kg D.N.A. CIA Suppressed TPA-induced acute inflammation [360]
Phyllanthus amarus
Schum.and Thomm.
Euphorbiaceae Chanca piedra Wh Aqueous 100, 200,
400 mg/kg
Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA ALT and 1T levels were reduced [165]
Physalis angulate
Linn.
Solanaceae Fisalia L Aqueous,
ethanol,
methanol
100-1000 ug/ml Safe upto 5000 mg/kg HRBC-MS Inhibit the denaturation of proteins [361,362]
Pinus maritime Roxb. Pinaceae Maritime pine B Hydroalcoholic 1% Safe upto 4000 mg/kg CIA Inhibiting acute and chronic inflammatory
lesions and production of NO
[363,364]
Piper betle Linn. Piperaceae Tambula L Hydroalcoholic 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2,
4 mg/kg
Safe upto 1000 mg/kg CFA Elevated levels of CD4+T cell specific IFN-c
in splenocytes are reduced
[365]
Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae Pippali F Aqueous 200, 400 mg/kg ≥2500 mg/kg CFA inhibited the adherence of neutrophils to
endothelial monolayer by inhibiting the
TNF-α -induced expression of ICAM-1,
VCAM-1 and E-selectin and also inhibits
activation of NF-kB
[172,111]
Pisonia grandis R.Br. Nyctaginaceae Grand
devil’s-claws
L Ethanol 300 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Release of mediators like cytokines, GM-CSF,
interferons and PGDF are suppressed
[366]
Pistia stratiotes Linn. Araceae Water lettuce L Aqueous
Ethanol
30, 100,
300 mg/kg
LD50=850 mg/kg i.p. AIA Low levels of C-reactive proteins and ESR [367,368]
Table 3: Contd...
Contd...

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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18
19
20
21
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29
30
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49
50
51
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54
55
56
Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
18 J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ???
Botanical name Family Common name Part Extract Dose (p.o.) Acute toxicity (p.o.) Model Mode of action Reference
Pleurotus sajorcaju
Singer.
Pleurotaceae Oyster
mushroom
F Aqueous
Methanol
500, 1000 mg/
kg
D.N.A. AIA Suppression of splenic lymphocytes [369]
Premna serratifolia
Linn.
Verbenaceae Agnimantha W Ethanol 300 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Suppression of migration of leukocytes [299]
Pseudocdrea kotschyi
Schweinf.
Meliaceae Hard cedar,
Senegals basari
L Aqueous 200, 400 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg COIA Reduction in inflammation due to mediators
suppression
[370]
Punica granatum
Linn.
Lythraceae Pomegranate F Solid phase
extraction
13.6-34 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CIA Inhibition of spectrum of signal transduction
pathway
[196,371]
Rhus verniciflua
Stokes.
Anacardeaceae Chinese lacquer
tree
B N-hexane 50 mg/kg 5 g/kg CIA Suppressive effects on inflammatory
cytokines/chemokines and angiogenic factor
in IL-1β-stimulated RA
[372]
Ruta graveolens Linn. Rutaceae Rue Al
pt
Aqueous 10 mg/kg ≥10 g/kg CFA Reduces cell influx, release of mediators,
lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress
[207,373]
Salacia reticulate
Wight.
Celastraceae Khothala
himbutu
L Ethanol 25 ug dry
powder/ml
2000 μg/ml CIA Inhibition of IL-1β - activated cell
proliferation and regulation of mRNA
expression
[300]
Salix nigra Linn. Saliaceae Black willow B Methanol 100 mg/kg D.N.A. CIA Inhibition of pro inflammatory inhibitors [301]
Saraca asoca Roxb. Rubeacea Sorrow less B Methanol 1-5 g/kg LD50=6.5 gm/kg CFA Antagonistic action against the
pro-inflammatory cytokines and stabilizing
effect on lysosomal membrane, reduction in
release of acid hydrolase
[343,374]
Saussurea lappa
Clarke.
Compositae Kuth roots R Ethanol 50, 100,
200 mg/kg
Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Inhibited TNF-release from LPS-stimulated
murine macrophage cell line
[217,375]
Semecarpus
anacardium Linn.
Anacardiaceae Bhallatak Nt Nut milk
extact
150 mg/kg Safe upto 5 g/kg CFA Inhibition of cytokine production [302,376]
Sida rhombifolia
Linn.
Malvaceae Cuban jute,
jelly leaf
Al
pt
Methanol,
petroleum
ether
30-100 mg/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CFA Generation of reactive oxygen species was
suppressed
[218,377]
Sinomenium acutum
Rehd.
Menispermaceae Tudurafuji R Alcoholic 15, 50,
150 mg/kg i.p.
D.N.A. CFA Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and
macrophage
Function and reduction of the ESR
[378]
Smithia sensitive
Smith.
Fabaceae Odabirni Wh Methanol
pet ether
chloroform
10 ml/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg FIA Inhibition in the hypotonicity [379]
Sophora flavescens
Aoton.
Fabaceae Kurara worm
killer
R Ethanol 100 mg/kg D.N.A. AIA Inhibition of COX-2 -catalyzed PGE2 and
iNOS
[380]
Strobilanthus
callosus Nees.
Acanthaceae Mar udona R Pet ether 200, 400,
800 mg/kg
Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Reduce levels of lipid peroxides, glutathione
peroxidase and catalase
[381,382]
Strychnus potatorum
Linn.
Loganaceae Clearing nut
tree
S Water 200 mg/kg D.N.A. CFA Suppressive action on mediators of
inflammation
[303]
Torilis japonica
Houtt.
Apiaceae Upright hedge
parsley
F Methanol 90, 270 mg/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CIA Inhibitory effects on immune cell trafficking.
CD4 T-cells
[200]
Toxicodendron
pubescens P. Mill.
Anacardiaceae Atlantic poison
oak
Wh aqueous 10 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Immunosuppressant activity [383,384]
Trewia polycarpa
Benth.
Euphorbiaceae Gambhari,
prathinidhi
R Ethanol 100 mg/kg Safe upto 3.2 g/kg CFA Superoxide dismutase, glutathione
peroxidase, ascorbic acid levels were increase
while lipid peroxide content was decrease
[385]
Table 3: Contd...
Contd...

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55
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Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
J Intercult Ethnopharmacol ● ??? ● ??? ● ??? 19
Botanical name Family Common name Part Extract Dose (p.o.) Acute toxicity (p.o.) Model Mode of action Reference
Tridax procumbens
Linn.
Asteraceae Ghamra L Ethanol 300 mg/kg ≥2000 mg/kg CFA Suppression of migration of lukocytes [386]
Trigonella foenum
raecum Linn.
Fabeceae Fenugreek S Mucilage 75 mg/kg D.N.A. CFA Reduces cell influx, release of mediators, and
oxidative stress
[247]
Urtica pilulifera
Linn.
Urticaceae Roman nettle L Methanol 1.33, 2.0 g/kg Safe upto 2 g/kg CFA Suppress the activation of NF-kB [387]
Vernonia cinerea
Less.
Asteraceae Bitterleaf ndole Fl Ethanol 25-100 mg/kg Safe upto 5000 mg/kg CFA Membrane stability-modulating effect [388,389]
Vitex negundo Linn. Verbenaceae Nirgundi,
sindhuvara
L Ethanol 1 ml/100 g LD50>2000 mg/kg CFA Immunosuppressive activity [258,390]
Withania somnifera
Dunal.
Solanaceae Indian winter
cherry
R Hydralcoholic 500-1000 mg/kg LD50=1750 mg/kg UIA Inhibiting the release of inflammatory
mediators
[14]
Xanthium srtuarium
Linn.
Compositae Cocklebur,
burdock datura
L Ethanol 200, 400 mg/kg Safe upto 2000 mg/kg CFA Inhibiting the release of inflammatory
mediators, lowers the elevated levels of
NO, urinary hydroxyproline and neutrophil
infiltration
[277]
Yucca schidigera
Roezl.
Liliaceae Spanish dagger B Hydro-alcohol 300-400 mg/kg D.N.A. APA Inhibition of NFkB activation [391]
CIA: Collagen induced arthritis, CFA: Complete freund arthritis, SCW: Streptoccol cell wall induced arthritis, HRBC-MS: HRBC membrane stabilization, FIA: Formalin induced arthritis,
TIA: Turpentine oil induced arthritis, IPDN: Inhibition of protein denaturation, APA: Anti-protozoal activity, MSUIA: MSU induced arthritis, CACW: Candida ablicans cell wall, FOIA: Formaldehyde
induced arthritis, COIA: Croton oil induced arthritis, ICAM-I: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-I: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, D.N.A.: Data not available, ESR: Erythrocyte
se dimentation rate, WBC: White blood cell, RA: Rheumatoid arthritis, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor, IL: Interleukins, RBC: Red blood cell, PGE2: Prostaglandin E2, GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor, PGDF: Platelet- derived growth factor, TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta, TPA: Tissue-type plasminogen activator, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, IFN: Interferon,
iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, NF: Nuclear factor
Table 3: Contd...

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Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
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Dried flowering or fruiting tops are medicinally important.
CT possesses traditional significance in infections of eye,
local inflammation, neuralgia, acute mania, whooping cough,
asthma, and to relieve pain in dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia.
Oil extracted from seeds is used in rheumatism. The chief
chemical constituent is a resin volatile oil composed of
canabene, canabene hydride, canabinon, and canabin; which
consist of cannabinol, pseudo-cannabinol, cannabinin, and
several terpenes [51,94]. Around more than 166 research
papers confirm that cannabis and related therapies will be
helpful in relieving the pain associated with arthritis. Moreover,
cannabinoid component of cannabis shown to possess anti-
arthritic activity. It has been claimed to use as anxiolytic,
antidepressant [95,96] in schizophrenia [97] and RA. The
active moiety of CT i.e. cannabidiol at a dose of 10 and
25 mg/kg, orally, administered in collagen-induced arthritic
ratssignificantly decreases the arthritic score and inhibits the
release of inflammatory mediators. Thus, it was concluded that
the cannabidiol have an anti-arthritic activity by possessing
anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action [98].
Cinnammomum zeylicanium Blume. (CZ)(Family-
Lauraceae)
CZ a topical evergreen tree grows to a height of 7-10 m in its
mild state and has deeply veined ovate leaves that are dark
green underneath. It is commonly known as cinnamon or
Ceylon cinnamon. CZ is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Mayanmar,
and Southern Coastal strips of India. Treatment of vaginitis,
rheumatism, neuralgia, wounds, toothache, diabetes,
inflammation of eyes, impotence, and leucorrhea is its
traditional uses. CZ was also used to treat abdominal pain
associated with diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, and amenorrhea. The
active constituents of the CZ are cinnamaldehyde and eugenol.
The other constituents are cmphene, sibinene, myrcene,
fenchone, nerol, bornyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, and geranial
[99]. The CZ is reported to have an analgesic, anti-pyretic
[100], anti-fungal [101], anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial
[102,103], insecticidal [104], anti-diabetic [105,106], and
antioxidant activities [107,108]. The polyphenolic extract of
the CZ bark at a dose of 8 mg/kg revealed anti-arthriticpotential
in male wistar rats in CFA model by improving the body weight
and the level of serum C-reactive proteins when compared
with control group. Thus, anti-arthritic activity was mediated
through inhibition of leukocyte emigration and prostaglandin
synthesis [109].
Coriander sativum Linn. (CS)(Family-Umbelliferae)
CS is a herbaceous plant distributed all over India and used
for its seeds, fruits and leaves. Traditionally, plant is used
as stimulant, carminative, stomachic, diuretic, tonic, and
aphrodisiac. Oil is very useful for rheumatism in a dose of
1-4 minim on sugar or in emulsion. Coriander oil which
contains linalool/coriandrol, geraniol, and boborneol, extracted
from its fruit, is volatile and essential [51,110]. Externally
seeda can be used as a lotion or have been bruised and used
as a poultice for the treatment of arthritis. Cineole, one of
the 11 components of the essential oils, and linoleic acid,
present in coriander, possess antirheumatic and anti-arthritic
properties [111]. CS possesses an antibacterial [112,113], anti-
spasmodic [114], antioxidant [115-117], anticarcinogenic [118],
and hypolipidemic activities [119]. The hydroalcoholic extract
of seeds at doses of 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg showed reduction in
paw swelling induced by formaldehyde and CFA methods in
male wistar rats by inhibiting the pro inflammatory cytokines
and TNF-α. In conclusion, the extract of CS shows a potent
anti-arthritic activity on rats [120].
Curcuma longa Linn. (CL)(Family-Scitaminaceae)
CL is a perennial herb that measures up to 1 m high with a
short stem, distributed throughout tropical and subtropical
regions of the world, and is widely cultivated in Asian countries,
mainly in India and China [121]. There are two varieties of
CL one with rich-colored oval rhizomes and other with softer,
larger, lighter-colored long rhizomes which are edible. Turmeric
paste mixed with lime and saltpeter can be used externally in
rheumatism. The major chemical constituents are curcumin,
methylcurcumin, demethoxy curcumin, sodium curcuminate,
and Ar-turmerone. Traditionally, CL is used in wound healing,
helminthic infections, fevers, skin eruption, conjunctivitis,
cough, parasitic infections, and liver diseases [51,121]. Later
on, it was investigated the effect of herbomineral formulation
(comination of turmeric, ashwagandha, sallai guggul, and
jasad bhasma based on Ayurveda medicinal system) on
90 patients suffering from arthritis. It was observed that there
was significant reduction in disability and pain. The plant is
reported to be highly valued as anti-inflammatory [122,123],
antiprotozoal [124,125], nematocidal [126], antibacterial [127],
anti-tumor [128], and hepatoprotective [129]. The anti-arthritic
activity was shown by essential oils of rhizomes of CL with
streptococcal cell wall induced arthritis. It can be concluded
that the turmeric essential oil possess an anti-inflammatory as
well as anti-arthritic activities [130].
GY (Family-Fabaceae)
GY commonly known as mulethi is a herb/shrub of 2 m
height mainly found in subtropical or temperate areas.
The underground growth of stem is up to 2 m and is highly
branched consisting short taproot with number of rhizomes.
GY is commercially grown in Spain, Sicily and England. In
India, it is mainly cultivated in Punjab and Sub Himalayan
tracts [51]. The plant is reported to be traditionally used in
anemia, gout, asthma, epilepsy, fever, cough, skin disease,
rheumatism, paralysis, and hemorrhagic diseases. Roots in the
form of infusion, decoction, extract or lozenge are useful as a
demulcent in inflammatory affections [10,51]. The clinical
trials reveal that glycyrrhizin has favorable effects on RA,
when administered along adrenocorticotropic hormone or
cortisone, in comparison, when administered alone. Hence, it
was suggested that the main effect of liquorice is to potentiate
rather than mimic endogenous steroids.The active chemical
constituent is glycyrrhizin present in the form of potassium
and calcium salts of glycyrrhizic acid. GY also contains sucrose,

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Choudhary, et al.: A comprehensive review
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glucose, resins, bitter principles, mannites, asparagines, and fat
[131]. GY have shown anti-microbial, hypolipidaemic, antiviral,
hypotensive, anti-ulcer, anti-diuretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-
mutagenic, expectorant, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and
antipyretic activities [132-134]. The methanolic extracts of
rhizomes of GY at a dose of 150 mg/kg possess anti-arthritic
activity in male wistar rats by inhibiting the leukocyte migration
and auto antigens production and exhibit anti-protinase
activity. The study concluded that GY possess a significant
anti-arthritic activity [76].
Lantana camara Linn. (LC)(Family-Verbinaceae)
LC popular as lava or red sage is a low erect or subscandent
vigorous shrub with tetrangular stem, stout recurved pickles
and comprises strong odour ofblack currents. LC is native to
India and reaches to a height of 1-3 m [135]. Traditionally, LC is
used in the treatment of sores, chicken pox, measles, fever, cold,
rheumatism, asthma, ulcers, and high blood pressure [135]. In
Asian countries like India, the decoction of leaves of the plant
LC was used traditionally for the treatment of rheumatism. In
Ghana, the infusions of whole plant are used against arthritis.
Nyctanthes arbor tristis is used in Bangladesh for treatment
of fever, bacterial infections, and rheumatism as well as other
ailments [136]. The active constituents are flavones, isoflavones,
antocyanins, coumarins, lignins, alkaloids, tannins, saponins,
triterpinoids, catechins, and isocatechins [137]. LC is reported
to have an antioxidant [138], anti-diabetic [139,140], anti-
inflammatory [141], anti-motility [142], anti-fungal [143,144],
anti-bacterial [145,146], anti-fertility [147], cytotoxic [148],
larvicidal [149], and wound healing activities [17,150]. The
ethanolic extract of leaves of LC at doses 5, 10 and 20 mg/
kg proved to have anti-arthritic activity by inhibiting the
lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase [151].
Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thomm. (PA)(Family-
Euphorbiaceae)
PA is a 10-60 cm tall herb which grows in tropical and
subtropical sandy regions. Its common name is chancapiedra.
Traditionally, PA is used in jaundice, dropsy, diarrhea,
dysentery, urino-gental disease, scabies, ulcer, and wounds.
In addition, it is used as astringent, stomachic, diuretic,
antiseptic, bitter, and febrifuge [51,152]. In the Hand
Book of African Medicinal Plants it is reported that PA was
traditionally use for its anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover,
in Amazonia and Brazil, the whole plant was used for the
treatment of various inflammatory disorders like arthritis.
PA comprised of active constituents found in all parts of the
plant aslignans, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, ellagitannins,
and phenylpropanoids [152]. Studies have proved that PA
have anti-inflammatory [153], anti-microbial [154,155], anti-
cancer [156], anti-fertility [157], hepatoprotective [158], anti-
diabetic [159], anti-diarrheal [160], antioxidant [161], anti-
oedemotgenic [162], diuretic [163] and chmoprotective [164]
activity. The aqueous extract of whole plant at a dose of 100,
200, and 400 mg/kg shows anti-arthritic activity in male wistar
rats. The extract at various doses reduced the levels of aspartate
transaminase and alanine transaminase and thus maintains its
anti-arthritic activity [165].
Piper longum Linn. (PL)(Family-Piperaceae)
PL is a slender, climbing, under shrub, creeping, and rooting
below. The young shoots are downy, the leaves are 5-10 cm
long; 5 cm wide; ovate; cordate with broad rounded lobes at
the base; sub-acute and entire. PL is indigenous to North-
Eastern and Southern India and Ceylon [51]. PL is used in
cold cough, asthma, hoarseness, and snake bite since ancient
times. In rheumatism, roasted aments are bitten up with
honey and taken in a prescribed dose. In Java and Indonesia,
the whole plant was applied topically, as it relieves muscular
pains and inflammation [51,166]. Major constituents are
piperine, piperlongumine, piperlonguminine, and methyl
3,4,5-trimehoxycinnamate. Others include resin, volatile oil,
starch, fatty oil, and inorganic matter [167]. Medicinally, PL
finds its importance as an anti-inflammatory [168], anti-
amoebic [169], anti-asthmatic [170], hepato-protective, and
immune-modulatory activities [171]. The aqueous extract of
seeds of PL at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) shows a 46.32%
inhibition in paw swelling in Freund’s complete adjuvant
induced arthritis in rats by inhibiting the adherence of
neutrophils to endothelial monolayer by suppressing the TNF-α
induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1,
vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and also inhibits
the NF-κB. In conclusion, PL possess a significant anti-arthritic
activity on male wistar rats [172].
Punica granatum Linn. (PG)(Family-Lythraceae)
PG is popular as pomegranate is a native of India, East Indies,
Southern Asia, tropical Africa, California, and Arizona.
PG grows tillan height of 12-16 feet with number of spiny
branches and has long lifespan. Traditionally, PG is used in
diarrhea, ulcers, and diabetes and also useful as antiparasitic
agent and blood tonic [51,173]. In Iranian Traditional
Medicinal system, the seeds and juice are considered as a
tonic for the treatment of rheumatism. Pomegranate fruit
consumption reduced composite disease activity index in
RA patients, and this effect could be related to the anti-
oxidative property of pomegranates. Dietary supplementation
with pomegranates may be a useful complementary strategy
to attenuate clinical symptoms in RA patients [174].
Some of the major chemical constituents present in the
PG aregallic acid, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, flavones,
flavonoids, antocyanidins, sterols, quercitin, rutin, and
other fatty acids [173]. The plant is of high value due to
its anti-inflammatory [175], anti-carcinogenic [176,177],
antioxidant [178,179], hypotensive [180], hypolipidaemic [181],
anti-artheroseclerotic [182], and anti-diabetic activities [183].
PG is also used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia [184],
prostrate cancer [185,186], dental plaques [187], denture
stomatitis [188], bacterial infections [189,190], erectile
dysfunctions [191], male infertility [192], alzheimer’s
disease [193], and ischemic brain injury [194,195]. The fruits
of PG show an anti-arthritic activity at doses of 13.6-34 mg/kg

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by inhibiting the spectrum of signal transduction pathway
in male wistar rats. Thus, it can be concluded that PG have
potent anti-arthritic activity [196].
Ruta graveolens Linn. (RG)(Family-Rutaceae)
Rue is an herbaceous perennial plant, originally growing in
the Mediterranean region [197]. RG is traditionally used
as antiseptic, anthelminthic, antispasmodic, stimulant,
abortificient, expectorant, and anti-rheumatic [51]. The
major chemical constituents isolated from the RG are rutin,
quercitin, rutacridone, rutacridone epoxide, graveoline,
and gravacridonodiol [197]. RG is reported to have anti-
inflammatory [198,199], analgesics [200], antiandrogenic
[201,202], antihyperglycemic [203,204], antihyperlipidemic
[205], anticancer activity [206], and anti-rheumatic properties.
The polyphenolic fraction of aerial parts of RG at a dose of
10 mg/kg, b.w. showed an anti-arthritic activity in male wistar
rats induced by CFA model. The polyphenolic fraction revealed
its activity by inhibiting the prostaglandins synthesis, decreasing
CRP level, ceruloplasmin, lipid peroxidation and release of
other inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, RG possess anti-
arthritic activity [207].
Saussurea lappa Clarke. (SL)(Family-Compositae)
SL herbs grow abundantly on the Himalayas and Valley of
Kashmir. Roots contain odorous principle composed of a solid
resin, salt of valeric acid and ash which contains manganese.
SL is mainly useful in asthma, helminthiasis, fever, cough, skin
disease, rheumatism, malaria, and leprosy. Roots in the form of
infusion with little cardamoms are used in chronic rheumatism.
Oil of the root composed of camphene, phellandrene, costene,
aplotaxene, costol, and costic acid [51]. In the Southern part of
Kashmir, Himalaya, and Punjab regions, the roots and root stalk
are used for the treatment of rheumatism. In Unani system of
medicine, it is useful in rheumatism [208]. The combination of
Cyperus rotundus, Tinospora cordifolia and SL clinically proved
to have an anti-arthritic activity through significant reduction
of pain in double-blinded, comparative, parallel clinical trial
design [209]. The SL extracts exhibited other biological activities
including anti-diarrheal [210], antiulcerogenic [211,212],
antibacterial [213], anticancer [214], anticonvusant [212],
hepatoprotective [215], antiviral [216], anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant [217], and anti-arthritic activities. The ethanolic
extract of SL at dose levels of 50-400 mg/kg showed potent
anti-arthritic activity. A sesquiterpene lactone “cynaropicrin”
isolated from SL strongly inhibited TNF-α release from
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated murine macrophage
cell line and dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation
of lymphocytes stimulated. Another sesquiterpene lactone
“dehydrocostus lactone” from SL suppressed LPS-induced nitric
oxide production. The investigation concluded that the SL shows
a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity [217].
Sida rhombifolia Linn. (SR)(Family-Malvaceae)
SR is a small erect under shrub having rough branches with
stellate hairs commonly found in dry countries such as India
and Ceylon [218]. Traditionally, the plant is used as nutritive,
tonic and for the treatment of gonorrhea, piles, rheumatism,
as diuretic, and aphrodisiac [51]. In Indonesia and Johore
medicinal system, juice of whole plant pounded with little water
is given indoses of ¼ seer for the treatment of rheumatism.
β-phenethylamine, N-methyl-β-phenethylamine, S-(þ)
N-β-methyl tryptophan methyl ester, vasicinol, vasicinone,
vasicine, choline, hypaphorine methyl ester, hypaphorine, and
betaine [219] have been isolated from the plant. The reported
activities of plant include cytotoxic [220], antimicrobial [221],
antibacterial [222], anti-inflammatory, antipyretic [223], and
anti-arthritic. The aqueous and ethanol extract of aerial parts
of the SR at doses 30 and 100 mg/kg reduced the paw edema
induced by CFA method. Thus, it is concluded that the plant
possess a potent anti-arthritic activity [218].
Terminalia chebula Retz. (TC)(Family-Combrataceae)
TC is a well-known traditional plant of Indian traditional
medicinal system and the most frequently used herb in
ayurveda. In tribal of Tamil Nadu in India, the TC is commonly
known as Kadukkai and was used for treating various ailments
such as fever, cough, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, skin diseases,
candidiasis, urinary tract infections, and wound infections [51].
TC is a medium-sized deciduous tree of variable appearance
with usually short cylindrical bole of 5-10 m length and 60-
80 cm diameter. The phytoconstituents of TC are tannins,
flavonoids, resins, fixed oil, fructose, amino acids, and sterols.
Moreover, the active constituents of tannins include chebulic
acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and gallic
acid. TC was used in Thai traditional system as a carminative,
expectorant, and antioxidant. A polyherbal formulation
“Triphala” of TC, Terminalia bellerica and Emblica officinalis
is commonly used in chronic constipation, detoxification, poor
digestion and rejuvenator of the body [224]. TC possesses
an anti-bacterial [225], anti-viral [226], anthemintic [227],
anti-fungal [228], anti-ameobic [229], anti-neoplastic [230],
anti-plasmodial [231], antioxidant [232], anti-diabetic [233]
and anti-ulcerogenic [234] activity. The TC reported to have an
immunomodulatory [229], radioprotective [235], cytoprotective [236],
cardioprotective [237], and hepatoprotective [238] activity.
Moreover, the hydroalcoholic extract of TC produces a
significant inhibition of joint swelling in formaldehyde induced
arthritis and CFA induced arthritis models. The anti-arthritic
potential of the extract was due to significant reduction in the
levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β [239].
Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (TF)(Family-
Papilionaceae)
TF, commonly known as Fenugreek, is an herbaceous
plant which has found wide applications as a food, a food
additive, and as a traditional medicine. Albuminoids, soluble
carbohydrates, woody fibers, and ash are present in TF
[240,241]. The plant has wide uses in the traditional medicine
and reportedly used to treat diabetes, high cholesterol,
wounds, inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. Several
confections of TF like methi modaka, Svalpamethimodaka
etc., are used in rheumatism [51]. Fenugreek seeds have high

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content of mucilage, choline, and trigonelline. Studies of its
extract have shownantihyperglycemic [242], estrogenic [243],
antioxidant [244], anticancer [245], anti-inflammatory [246],
and antirheumatic activities. The fenugreek mucilage obtained
from seeds of the TF at dose 75 mg/kg possess an anti-arthritic
activity anddecreased the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT,
CRP, nitrites, ESR, and white blood cell count. The TF may
act by decreasing the oxidative stress, cell influx, and release of
mediators associated with arthritis. In conclusion, TF showed
anti-arthritic activity [247].
Vitex negundo Linn. (VN)(Family-Verbenaceae)
VN is referred to as five leaved chaste tree and a large
aromatic shrub or sometimes a smaller slender tree with
quadrangular, densely whitish tomentosebranchets. VN is
originated in Southern India and Burma [51]. VN have its
traditional use in rheumatism, headache, enlarged liver,
syphilis, diarrhea, and cholera. Leaves along with garlic, rice
and gul is a remedy for rheumatism. In Ayurvedic, Unani
and Chinese medicine system the leaves extract of VN was
used to treat the rheumatism and inflammation of joints.
The Konkan community in Maharashtra used the plant
for rheumatism [248]. The chief chemical constituents are
nishindine, flavones, luteolin-7-glucoside, casticin, iridoid
glycosides, vitamin C, β-sitisterol, and phthalic acid [249].
VN possess different pharmacological activities including
anti-inflammatory, analgesic [250-253], anticonvulsant [254],
antioxidant [250,255], insecticidal [256,257], and antirheumatic
[249]. The active compound agnusideisolated from ethanolic
extract of leaves administered at doses of 1.56 mg/10 ml,
3.12 mg/10 ml, 6.25 mg/10 ml and 1.25 mg/10 ml p.o. decreased
the elevated levels of ESR, leukotriene B4, PGE2, cytokines,
IL-17, TNF-α and interferon gamma. Hence, it can be
concluded that the VN possess an anti-arthritic activity [258].
Xanthium strumarium Linn. (XS)(Family-Compositae)
XS commonly known as cochlebur, burweed or burdock
datura is anindigenous of tropical parts of India. XS is an
annual herb of 1m height with a short, stout, hairy stems, and
commonly grows in waste places, roadsides and along river
banks in warmer parts. Traditionally, it is used as laxative,
anthelmintic, tonic, digestive, antipyretic and also improves
appetite, voice, complexion, and memory. XS is also used
to cure leukoderma, biliousness, poisonous bites of insects,
epilepsy, salivation, and fever. The infusion of plant has been
used in treatment of rheumatism in ayurvedic and Chinese
medicine system. The active principle of aerial parts of XS are
alkaloids; sesquiterpenes lactones such as xanthinin, xanthumin,
xanthatin; sulphated glycoside such as xanthostrumarin,
atractyloside, carboxyatractyloside; phytosterols, xanthanol,
isoxanthanol, xanthosin, 4-oxo-bedfordia acid, hydroquinone,
xanthanolides, and deacetylxanthumin [259]. However, recently
investigated that XS possess an anti-bacterial [260], anti-
tumor [261], anti-cancer [262], anti-tussive [263], anti-fungal
[264,265], anti-inflammatory [266,267], vasorelaxant [268],
hypoglycaemic [269], antimitotic [270], anti-malarial [271],
anti-trypanosomal [272], diuretic [273], anti-allergic [274], and
antioxidant activity [275,276]. Oral doses (200 and 400 mg/kg)
ofethanolic extract of XS when administered exhibited anti-
arthritic activity by inhibiting the release of inflammatory
mediators. In conclusion, XS have a potent anti-arthritic
activity [277].
DISCUSSION
Since Neanderthal times, the plants had been used for the
prevention and cure of various ailments such as RA and other
inflammatory diseases. Natural sources such as plants have been
considered as the safest and valuable treatment for the disease.
From the ethno botanical knowledge, we included the plants
that are used in Indian traditional systems such as herbalism,
folklore and shamanism. The review article includes more than
485 different plant species that are used for the prevention
and cure of RA during last few decades. The botanical name
of the plant, family, common name, part used, and various
dosage forms studied are summarized in the Table 2. Around
more than 100 families are included for 485 plants among
them papilionaceae, fabaceae, euphorbiaceae, acanthaceae,
compositae, ranunculaceae, malvaceae, rutaceae, liliaceae,
labiatae, solanaceae, cruciferae, verbenaceae, lauraceae, and
rubiaceae are in major proportion. As shown in Figure 1,
around 485 plants have been mentioned in which 19 (4.4%)
belongs to family papilonaceae, 17 (4%) to compositae and
euphorbiaceae, 15 (3.5%) to rutaceae, 14 (3.3%) to vabenaceae,
13 (3%) to labiatae and fabaceae, 12 (2.7%) to malavaceae and
crucuferae, 11 (2.5%) to solanaceae and acanthaceae, 10 (2.3%)
to ranunculaceae and liliaceae, 9 (2.1%) to apocynaceae,
lauraceae and rubiaceae, 8 (1.8%) to graminae, meliaceae, and
umbelliferae, and remaining (48.2%) are categorized as others
[Figure 1].
From our review, we have noticed that majority of researches
were carried mainly in developing countries such as India,
China, Korea, and Nigeria. But some developed countries like
USA and Japan also continue their research on RA so as to
increase the potential benefits [Figure 2].
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10
15
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35
40
45
50
Papilonaceae
Compositae
Euphorbiaceae
Rutaceae
Vabenaceae
Labiatae
Fabaceae
Malvaceae
Cruciferae
Solanceae
Acanthaceae
Ranunculaceae
Lilaceae
Apocynaceae
Rubiaceae
lauraceae
Graminae
Meliaceae
Umbelliferae
Others
4.4 44
3.5 3.2 33
2.7 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8
48.2
Percentage
Family
Figure 1: Plants in diverse families with % anti-arthritic activity

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For the treatment of RA, various parts of plants are used such
as leaves, roots, fruits, rhizomes, and seeds in distinguished
dosage forms like extract, decoction, juice, infusion, paste, oil
etc. The most potent anti-arthritic plants such as Aconitum
ferox, Balsamodendron mukul, BD, Boswellia serrata, CS, CL, PL,
Ricinus communis, Plumbago zeylanica, SL, SR, and Strychnos
nux vomica have been elaborated in the review article. Among
these listed plants, certain plants have been used in acute attack
or in chronic pain or chronic rheumatism.
CONCLUSION
Traditional medicines used for the treatment of arthritis are
used in various tribal/rural cultures worldwide. At present,
investigation of anti-arthritic activity of traditional medicine
has led to the development and studies of many herbal
remedies employed for such purpose. The information that
has been gathered from various sources is helpful in preserving
folk indigenous knowledge as well as discovery of potential
compounds having promising anti-arthritic activity. The
information gathered from the data provides the information
on toxicity profile and mechanism of action of tested extracts.
Therefore, this review article has been prepared to provide the
plants/their parts having specific traditional use in the treatment
of arthritis upto year 2013. Moreover, this review has included
latest data on new plant species/polyherbal formulations which
are not covered in previews reviews on arthritis therapy as per
our knowledge.
In conclusion, about 485 plant species mentioned in the list
would have a promising anti-arthritic activity in humans.
Information about the ethnic proof of the traditionally used
anti-arthritic plants was cross-validated from various articles/
reviews published in journals. Till know, no such review has
analyzed which correlates the plant family, parts used, dosage
form with anti-arthritic effects of the plants. Data mentioned
in Table 2 show that papilonaceae family contains more plants
with anti-arthritic activity whereas among parts, leaves have
been maximally used in oil dosage form for the treatment of
arthritis. Table 1 provides wealth of information indicates the
beneficial effects of polyherbal formulations in the treatment
of the arthritis. These includes Rumalaya forte, Rumalaya-
liniment, arthacure, ortho joint oil, rheum off gold, Majoon
suranjan, HLXL, GHJTY, Sudard, and TBL-II [18,20-24]. The
data mentioned in Table 3 in addition provides the dose, toxicity
profile, and models with mechanism of action for anti-arthritic
activity.
The data discussed in this review might be quite useful in
obtaining monographs on plants and recommendations on
their use. In this review, we mainly deal with the safety profile,
mechanism of action, and toxicity studies of plant extracts. The
plant extracts and polyherbal formulations would be served as
an alternate therapy for the treatment of arthritis with lesser
side effects. Moreover, current knowledge can be helpful in
materializing the commercial products, where the evidence
can be quite limited.
Future Needs
Majority of traditionally used plants which have been
mentioned in Table 2, have not been experimentally proved to
have anti-arthritic activity. In addition, data in Table 3 show
experimentally, the plants possess anti-arthritic activity only on
animals but no clinical data are provided for proving the activity
in humans. The data also lack information on exact activity of
isolated compounds. However, the emphasis should be given in
an area that needs further investigations as studied in animals
needs to be translates to humans in order for a natural extract
to be recommended for the treatment of arthritis. Therefore,
further research of such less explored plants is still needed to
determine their anti-arthritic activity.
Limitations
The data studied and prepared had been collected from the
literature published in English language only and ignoring the
studies published in other languages. The data mentioned
in other languages, if had been included, will also be helpful
in validating the current data. Further studies on isolated
compounds of plants are not included, which otherwise, might
be useful in scruitning the cause of anti-arthritic activity of
plants.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge UGC, New Delhi for
granting Minor Research Project for conducting this study.
The authors would also acknowledge Director, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
for providing necessary facilities for carrying out this work.
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