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Mode Analysis of Miniaturized and Stopband-Enhanced Composite Electromagnetic Bandgap Structure for Power/Ground Noise Suppression
Abstract
A miniaturized and stopband-enhanced composite Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is investigated by mode analysis for suppressing power/ground noise in PCB's power distribution network. The composite EBG structure is constituted by the C-shaped EBG structure on power plate and the metal post periodically embedded in the substrate. The composite EBG structure improves both the lower bound cutoff frequency ( ) and upper bound cutoff frequency ( ) for wideband noise isolation. Due to the capacitance increase in the unit cell by the metal post structure, the moves from 600 to 400 MHz. In addition, the composite EBG unit cell introduces a complex resonant cavity mode, bringing with the shifting of the from 3.6 to 4.8 GHz. There is a good consistency between the simulations and measurements.
In this paper, a lossy coplanar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure embedded with periodic resistors is proposed for anti-resonance suppression and stopband extension. With the aid of the resistors, anti-resonance formed by the capacitance of the unit cell and the parasitic interconnect inductance of the decoupling capacitor is mitigated, the lower cutoff frequency is shifted below 1 MHz, three orders of magnitude reduction compared to the conventional coplanar EBG structures and two orders of magnitude reduction compared to the current stopband enhanced coplanar EBG structures. An equivalent circuit model is developed and the effect of parameters of capacitance, inductance and resistance of the lossy components is analyzed. To verify the effectiveness of the structure, test boards are fabricated and measured both in the high and low-frequency range. Measurements and full-wave simulation results are in good agreement, showing that the proposed structure creates a stopband from 0.63 MHz to 9.91 GHz under the suppression level of -30 dB. The lower cutoff frequency falls in the effective frequency range of the lossy RC components and becomes insensitive to the bridge inductance, so the bridges between neighboring EBG cells can be shortened and widened, which will mitigate the degradation of signal integrity. Eye diagram results show the maximum eye open has a 25% improvement by the lossy components.
In this paper, a novel and compact centrosymmetric mushroom electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is proposed for multiband power noise suppression. Different mushroom patches are integrated in a compact unit cell in centrosymmetric pattern to generate multiple stopbands. The stopbands can be easily designed and adjusted by the area ratio of different sub-patches and scaling. The most obvious advantages of the proposed method are compact in structure and easy in design, especially for tri-band and four-band stopband power noise suppression. EBG structures with double bands, treble bands and four bands are designed and fabricated. Measurements and simulations are performed to verify the multiband characteristic, and good agreement is observed. This structure provides a simple, compact and attractive solution for multiband power noise suppression with more than three bands.
This article proposes a method to obtain the analytic solution of electromagnetic field inside the practical finite monocone transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell. The higher-order modes existing in a practical monocone TEM cell are solved and analyzed for the first time, which explains the field distortion corresponding to the ideal standard field. The proportionality factors of these modes are determined by comparison with simulation results. The calculation results (i.e., sum of modes) are consistent with simulation and experimentally validated. This work can be used for monocone design of eliminating higher-order modes and expanding the time window, and mode analysis for other kinds of TEM cells.
A half-air-filled substrate-integrated groove-gap waveguide is proposed for millimeter-wave and terahertz applications. The waveguide is constructed by a ball grid array using a flip-chip technique without metallic vias with lightweight and low profile. The possible leakage perpendicular to the groove is prevented by solder balls as modeled by an equivalent circuit. Besides, an inline transition between the proposed waveguide and a microstrip line is proposed, fabricated, and measured. The design concept and working mechanism are explained. Good agreement between simulation and measurement is observed. The simulation shows that the proposed waveguide can cover the entire
-band (70–118 GHz), and the measurement demonstrates that the proposed transition can operate at 90–98.8 GHz.
A novel tricyclic nested electromagnetic bandgap (TN-EBG) structure has been proposed to restrain the simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in high-speed digital systems. The presented TN-EBG structure was fabricated and measured based on the simulated performance of the configuration. It is found that the measured S-parameters are in good agreement with the simulated ones. Also, it is observed that an ultra-wide bandgap has been achieved, which almost ranges from 1 to 27 GHz with the noise suppression at −50 dB. Especially for the stopband width spanning from 1.1 to 21.6 GHz, the suppression depth level reaches up to−60 dB. The derived electric field distribution images have clearly exhibited the operation mechanism of the TN-EBG structure for SSN mitigation within the different frequency regions.
A novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power plane etched with multiring complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) is proposed for effectively suppressing simultaneous switching noise. Its equivalent circuit model is derived for predicting its bandwidth numerically. The measured insertion losses, i.e., S -parameters of the two fabricated samples agree well with the simulated ones obtained by using the commercial software HFSS, respectively. It is shown that –40 dB suppression is achieved over an ultrawideband from 600 MHz to 13.26 GHz, when the two-ring CSRRs EBG power plane is used. While for four-ring CSRRs EBG case, the suppression level can be extended to –60 dB. Comparative studies are also performed on the signal integrity of a pair of differential transmission lines over L-bridge EBG with and without CSRRs, respectively, and similar performance is achieved.
Noise coupling in mixed-signal systems from shared power distribution networks (PDNs) can be a critical problem. Sensitive radio-frequency integrated circuits have to be isolated from voltage fluctuations caused by simultaneously switching drivers. This paper introduces the concept of the power archipelago, a new methodology for filtering the power plane noise. The power archipelago is essentially a lumped element microwave filter in which the discrete elements have been translated to embedded elements, effectively filtering out noise from the PDN. This paper demonstrates the increased isolation achieved by the power archipelago by hardware measurements and simulation correlations.
The coding periodic element is able to achieve coded reconfigurable electromagnetic (EM) responses by loading controllable electronic devices. In this work, an electronically controllable ultrathin planar periodic element structure in Ku band is implemented with one PIN diode. When the PIN diode turns ON or OFF by applying a proper biasing voltage, the resonant property of the element changes correspondingly, and hence a 180° phase difference between the two states is obtained. By optimizing the geometrical parameters, the reflection loss less than 0.5 dB is achieved by the proposed element. Therefore, using a proper biasing voltage control network, the PIN diodes of the proposed elements in a periodic arrangement are set at different states, which may be denoted by a binary string with "1"s or "0"s, and the whole array of elements operates as a binary coding periodic structure and exhibits controllable EM functionalities. In order to verify the coding property of the proposed element, the general principle for the biasing circuit design is given. An optimized biasing circuit is thoroughly studied using both field distribution analysis and equivalent circuit theory. Simulated results show that the specially designed biasing hardly affects the element reflection performance. Finally, a group of element prototypes are fabricated with welded PIN diodes and measured using the standard waveguide test method. The difference in mirror image between the waveguide test and the desired periodic arrangement is also discussed. The experimental results validate that the proposed element successfully achieves good coding EM performance by controlling its biasing voltage. The reflection loss of the element is very low, and well distributed phase difference between the two element states is observed. The simulation and experiment results agree well, and the deviation between them is analyzed in detail. The proposed element possesses distinctive favorable features such as coded controllable EM functionalities, simple structure and ultrathin profile, thus exhibiting the promising prospects in tunable stealth surface, agile antennas, and many other applications.
In this paper, a simple synthesis procedure to design planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures is proposed. It is based on the consideration of the excess of inductance of a patterned plane with respect to a solid one. The planar EBG structure is sized from the bandgap starting and ending frequencies, and few others specifications employing a closed form formulation. The proposed method is also suitable for the design of embedded planar EBG. The procedure is validated by using measured and numerically computed results.
This paper presents efficient noise isolation and suppression method in mixed-signal systems using alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure-based power distribution network (PDN). Currently, split planes are used for isolation in mixed-signal systems for isolating sensitive RF/analog circuits from noisy digital circuits. However, split planes show good isolation only at low frequencies due to electromagnetic coupling through the gap. The AI-EBG structure-based PDN presented in this paper provides excellent isolation (-80 dB ~ -100 dB) in the frequency range of interest by suppressing almost all possible electromagnetic modes. The AI-EBG structure has been integrated into a mixed-signal test vehicle to demonstrate the isolation level achievable. The ability of the AI-EBG structure to suppress switching noise has been quantified in this paper. The AI-EBG structure provided greater than 100 dB of isolation in passive S-parameter measurement and suppressed in-band noise down to -88 dBm of isolation in a functional test.
With the evolution of technologies, mixed-signal system integration is becoming necessary for combining heterogeneous functions such as high-speed processors, radio frequency (RF) circuits, memory, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), sensors, and optoelectronic devices. This kind of integration is required for convergent microsystems that support communication and computing capabilities in a tightly integrated module. A major bottleneck with such heterogeneous integration is the noise coupling between the dissimilar blocks constituting the system. The noise generated by the high-speed digital circuits can couple through the power distribution network (PDN) and this noise can transfer to sensitive RF circuits, completely destroying the functionality of noise-sensitive RF circuits. One common method used for mixed-signal integration in the package is splitting the power and/or ground planes. The gap in the power and ground planes can partially block the propagation of electromagnetic waves. However, electromagnetic energy can still couple through the split, especially at frequencies greater than 1 GHz. The AI-EBG structure in this dissertation has been developed to suppress unwanted noise coupling in mixed-signal systems and this AI- EBG structure shows excellent isolation (-80 dB ~ -140 dB), which results in a noise coupling-free environment in mixed-signal systems. The AI-EBG structure would be part of the power distribution network (PDN) in systems and is expected to have a significant impact on noise suppression and isolation in mixed-signal systems in future. Ph.D. Committee Chair: Swaminathan, Madhavan; Committee Member: Chatterjee, Abhijit; Committee Member: Leach, Marshall; Committee Member: Peterson, Andrew; Committee Member: Sitaraman, Suresh
Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures in a pair of parallel planes are quite effective for suppressing simultaneous switching noise, but they are too large to be applied to compact electronic devices. To miniaturize the EBG structures, we investigated an approach to interpose a high-permeability magnetic metal sheet between the parallel planes. The experimental results show that high permeability of the sheet shifts the stopband towards lower frequencies. This suggests that such sheets contribute to the miniaturization of the EBG structures. In addition, it is demonstrated that the imaginary part of the permeability can expand the stopband.
A novel electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure called alternating impedance EBG (AI-EBG) for isolation in mixed-signal systems is proposed. Currently, split planes are usually used for isolation in mixed-signal systems. However, split planes show a poor isolation at high frequencies due to electromagnetic coupling through a gap. This novel EBG structure shows excellent isolation by suppressing almost all possible electromagnetic modes in stopband frequencies. The S-parameter measurements show that this novel EBG structure could suppress noise coupling between RF/analog circuits and digital circuits, especially where a single common power supply is used. Mixed-signal system simulations with and without this novel EBG structure were performed to see improvement of isolation due to this novel EBG structure.
A novel technique for suppressing power plane resonance at microwave and radio frequencies is presented. The new concept consists of replacing one of the plates of a parallel power plane pair with a high impedance surface or electromagnetic band gap structure. The combination of this technique with a wall of RC pairs extends the lower edge of the effective bandwidth to dc, and allows resonant mode suppression up to the upper edge of the band-gap. The frequency range for noise mitigation is controlled by the geometry of the HIGP structure.
A miniaturized C-EBG power/ground planes on the substrate integrated artificial dielectric (SIAD) with stopband enhancement is studied in this paper. Since the SIAD is also an EBG structure, the additional stopband of the SIAD can be effectively used to broaden the stopband bandwidth of C-EBG. The simulation results show that the stopband bandwidth is enhanced 65% as well as reducing the C-EBG unit cell size by 55% without deteriorating the lower bound cutoff frequency in the sub GHz region of the original C-EBG.
An interleaved electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is investigated to be with a compact size and wide stopband bandwidth for suppressing power/ground noise in power distribution networks. A design concept of the interleaved EBG structure is given to improve both lower and upper bound cutoff frequencies through varying the pitch of the power and ground vias and validated by measured results. An equivalent circuit model of the 1-D EBG structure is established using transmission-line sections to precisely predict the lower and upper bound cutoff frequencies. Based on the 1-D model, a physical mechanism is found to explain why the interleaved EBG structure can reduce the size and broaden the stopband. As an example, the bandgap of the interleaved EBG structure is in the range from 1.9 to 4.54 GHz. The electrical size, which is normalized to the wavelength in the substrate, and relative bandwidth are 0.071 λgL and 139%, respectively. Unlike other works with tradeoff between size and bandwidth, the interleaved EBG structure can simultaneously achieve substantial improvements on the bandwidth of 51.1% and on the miniaturization of 61.2% compared with the conventional mushroom-like EBG structure.
A compact reduced unit cell size electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power plane, realized with a combination of alternating impedance EBG and multiple narrow slits, is presented. By concatenating 2 × 2 high-frequency unit cells, a virtual low-frequency EBG unit cell is synthesized without changing the overall dimensions. In this configuration, the basic slit in the high-frequency unit cell remained same, and an additional slit with longer dimensions is added in parallel to the basic slit by synthesizing a larger low-frequency unit cell. EBG is characterized for its dispersion diagram, noise suppression, signal integrity, and electromagnetic radiation. Fabricated EBG exhibits a bandgap from 0.9 to 3.5 GHz with isolation better than -40 dB over the band. Radiated emission of the new EBG is small with an average value of 35 dB·uV/m. Compact EBG also exhibits low impedance, which is less than 1 Ω over the stopband. Eye patterns are generated to analyze signal integrity issues when the data lines are referenced over the solid ground plane and EBG plane. The degradation of the maximum eye opening and the maximum eye width for the proposed EBG power plane at 2 Gb/s data rate is about 17.8% and 1%, respectively, with reference to the equivalent board with solid power plane.
A compact reduced size electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with multiple narrow slits unitcell is presented. The new EBG structure is realized with a combination of alternating impedance EBG and multiple narrow slits in power plane. By concatenating 2 × 2 high frequency unitcells, a virtual low frequency EBG unitcell is created without changing the overall dimensions. In this configuration, the basic slit in the high frequency unitcell remained same and an additional Z-slit is added in parallel to the basic slit with larger dimensions by synthesizing a larger unitcell. This new configuration provides low onset frequency and wideband noise suppression with small unitcell dimensions. Measured and simulated results show noise suppression and isolation over 50 dB in most of the stop-band (0.7-3.5 GHz) and also exhibit low impedance, which is less than 1 Ω over the stop-band. Eye patterns are generated for analyzing signal integrity referenced to the solid power/ground plane and EBG plane. Maximum eye opening (MEO) and the maximum eye width (MEW) analyzed for the signal on EBG reference plane are presented and compared. The degradation of the MEO and MEW for the proposed EBG board is about 16.2 and 1%, respectively, with reference to the equivalent board with solid power plane.
In this paper, a power plane with localized planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is designed for suppressing simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in mixed-signal systems. Nonbianisotropic complementary split ring resonator with a bandgap behavior is used to constitute the EBG cells, which are partially located on the power plane to prohibit the noise propagation within the board. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to predict the lower cutoff frequency of the transmission behavior. From the measured results, an ultrawideband mitigation of SSN from 0.26 to 25 GHz is achieved with a high suppression level of . Furthermore, signal integrity problem is investigated, and it is found that partial discontinuities of the proposed design can reduce the influence on signal quality compared with the traditional global EBG structure. In addition, the proposed design can lower the electromagnetic interference radiation from edges of the board.
Periodic ground via lattice is investigated to suppress the propagation of parallel-plate mode between two ground planes in a multiple layer package or printed circuit board. This parallel-plate mode (or ground/ground mode) plays a main role in the noise coupling or electromagnetic interference of the power planes or signal traces embedded between two ground planes. An analytical solution of the stopband cutoff frequency for designing the ground via pitch and diameter is derived, based on the eigenfunctions expansion method of the cavity model. Using the ground via lattice method and the analytical design solution, coupling noise mitigation and radiation emission reduction of power planes embedded between ground planes are demonstrated numerically and experimentally. Another example is the design of embedded planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure. The etched power plane of planar EBG structure embedded between the ground planes does not have a bandgap due to the coupling of the ground/ground mode. The minimum ground via number is designed to reproduce the bandgap of the embedded planar EBG structures by using the proposed analytical solution.
A power/ground plane pair is proposed using a novel planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure for isolating the power-to-ground noise (PGN) in high-speed circuits. Each unit cell of the novel EBG is designed by etching slots in a “C” shape on the power plane while maintaining the ground plane solid. Without cascading hybrid periodic structures, it shows an efficient mitigation of PGN within an ultra-wideband frequency range of 0.25-2.18 GHz. In this paper, the equivalent circuit model and cavity mode analysis for the novel EBG unit cell are given to quickly predict the lower and upper bound cutoff frequency, respectively. The dispersion diagram of the proposed EBG structure is validated by insertion loss measurements with ports at different locations of the unit cell for different modes. The result shows that there is a good consistency between the simulated and measured results.
We propose a new analysis method to determine the bandgap characteristics of an electromagnetic bandgap structure with a defected ground structure (DGS). The proposed method is based on a 1-D segmented transmission line model and a piecewise linear approximation of within a unit cell. Although the previous method is only applicable to rectangular DGSs (RDGSs), the proposed method is applicable to any DGS shapes. As an example, the proposed method is applied to a circular DGS and shows a good agreement with full-wave simulations of the unit cell and measurements of 11,times,11 unit cells. The circular DGS achieves a 15% improvement in the stopband bandwidth over the RDGS with the same perforation area. The proposed method allows us to explore a variety of DGS shapes in the search for better stopband characteristics. It also offers the basis for numerical optimization techniques to be used in synthesizing DGS shapes to meet required stopband characteristics.
In this paper, an efficient method for mitigating simultaneous switching noise (SSN) propagation in high-speed printed circuit boards (PCBs) is proposed, using localized power plane topologies, where complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) are partially etched on one metallic layer of the embedded capacitance. The equivalent circuit model of the proposed structure is presented to predict the lower cutoff frequency of the transmission behavior. An ultra-wideband suppression of SSN from 0.41 GHz to 15 GHz is achieved with a high mitigation level of -60 dB. The measured S-parameter of the proposed structure agrees well with the simulated one. Furthermore, signal integrity (SI) is investigated and it is found that the proposed structure has a good SI performance, because the partial CSRR structure has less influence on signal transmission along the boards than global discontinuity structure.
In this letter, we propose a vertical inductive bridge electromagnetic bandgap (VIB-EBG) structure for size reduction of a unit cell and the wideband suppression of simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in a multi-layer package. With the proposed vertical inductive bridge, the inductance of an EBG unit cell is effectivel increased within a compact unit cell size. Compared to the previous planar bridge EBG structure, the proposed VIB-EBG structure achieves an 86% enhancement of the fractional stopband bandwidth and a 58% reduction in unit cell size. The starting frequency of the first bandgap (fL) is significantly reduced from 4.0 to 1.7 GHz. Wideband SSN suppression with a size reduction was successfully verified by HFSS simulations and measurements.
Based on the concept of localization, a novel array design etching electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures on both the power plane and ground plane in the region of noise source and noise-sensitive devices is first proposed to mitigate simultaneous switching noise (SSN). Then, a super-array design is proposed for better suppression. It has shown good performance in eliminating noise. The -55-dB suppression bandwidth can be broadened from 244 MHz to 20 GHz.
A novel technique for mitigating simultaneous switching noise propagation in high-speed printed circuit boards is presented. The proposed concept is based on etching complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs) on only one metallic layer of the printed circuit board. By such topology, the electric field between the power planes can be suppressed. It is shown here that by concentrically cascading CSRRs, an ultrawideband suppression of switching noise from sub-GHz to 12 GHz is achieved. A prototype of the proposed concept was simulated, fabricated, and tested. Good agreement is observed between simulation and measurement. Moreover, electromagnetic interference radiation from such perforated boards is investigated. Finally, the performance of the proposed board with CSRRs is assessed through signal integrity analysis using eye diagrams and compared with a reference (solid) board.
A novel idea for ultimate noise isolation in high-speed digital systems on packages and printed circuit boards (PCBs) is presented. Ultimate noise isolation in high-speed digital systems on packages and PCBs can be achieved using the following concept: `a power island surrounded by a plurality of mixed alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structures-based power distribution network'. In this idea, the gap around the power island provides excellent isolation from DC to the first resonant frequency of the parallel plates in packages or in PCBs and mixed AI-EBG structures provide excellent isolation from around the first resonant frequency to a substantially infinite frequency. This novel structure is designed, fabricated, and measured, which demonstrates ultimate noise isolation capability in high-speed digital systems on packages and PCBs.
A method is developed for the efficient computation of the resonant frequencies of a disk resonator, a circuit component which finds use in microwave integrated circuit applications. Galerkin's procedure is employed in the Hankel transform domain to determine the radius of a hypothetical disk resonator which has no fringing effects. The resonant frequencies of this equivalent disk resonator, which are approximately equal to those of the original structure, are calculated in a straightforward manner using standard methods for computing the resonant frequencies of cylindrical cavities. The numerical results are compared with experimental data and good agreement is reported.
Size reduction of an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with large patches and small branches that connect adjacent patches for a power/ground plane pair is studied. To shrink the dimensions with a high isolation at the frequency of interest, this paper provides two approaches. One is a geometric approach which is to place two narrow slits on each patch. The increase of branch inductance with the long slit successfully decreases the on-set frequency of the stopband without increasing the patch size. The other approach is to use high-K material for a thin dielectric layer. In this case, the size reduction can be predicted according to a scaling law. These approaches are applied together to realize an EBG structure with the entire size of less than 20 mm on a side. It covers the GSM band with sufficient isolation. Through this study, the dispersion-diagram analysis is used to predict the stopband characteristics
Based on the ground surface perturbation concept, a novel stopband-enhanced electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structure has been proposed to suppress the power/ground noise on a three-layer package. This structure consists of a coplanar periodic pattern on the top layer, a ground plane on the third layer, and a ground surface perturbation lattice on the second layer with eight vias connecting to the ground plane. By designing the dimension and via numbers, the ground surface perturbation lattice can significantly enhance the stopband bandwidth. A generic 1-D circuit model is proposed for the three-layer EBG structure. The reason why the proposed structure can possess wider stopband will be explained. Several test samples are fabricated. The agreement of the stopband between the circuit model and measured results are good.
To supply high-speed digital circuits with stable power, power/ground noise, such as simultaneous switching noise (SSN) and ground bounce noise caused in multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs) and packages need to be sufficiently suppressed. The electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) is widely recognized as a good solution for suppressing the propagation of SSN in the gigahertz range. However, a typical coplanar EBG structure etched onto the power and ground planes may degrade the quality of high-speed signals passing over the perforated reference plane. In this paper, a novel method of arranging EBG unit cells on both the power/ground planes in multilayer PCBs and packages is proposed, not only as a means of sufficiently suppressing the propagation of power noise, but also as a means of minimizing the effect of EBG-patterned reference planes on a high-speed signal. On the assumption that noise sources and noise-sensitive devices exist only in specific areas, the proposed method partially positions EBG unit cells only near these critical areas. The SSN suppression performance of the proposed structure is verified by conducting simulations and measurements in the time and frequency domains. Furthermore, signal quality is investigated to verify whether the proposed EBG-patterned reference planes are superior to conventional EBG-patterned planes in terms of signal integrity.
Mitigating power distribution network (PDN) noise is one of the main efforts for power integrity (PI) design in high-speed or mixed-signal circuits. Possible solutions, which are based on decoupling or isolation concept, for suppressing PDN noise on package or printed circuit board (PCB) levels are reviewed in this paper. Keeping the PDN impedance very low in a wide frequency range, except at dc, by employing a shunt capacitors, which can be in-chip, package, or PCB levels, is the first priority way for PI design. The decoupling techniques including the planes structure, surface-mounted technology decoupling capacitors, and embedded capacitors will be discussed. The isolation approach that keeps part of the PDN at high impedance is another way to reduce the PDN noise propagation. Besides the typical isolation approaches such as the etched slots and filter, the new isolation concept using electromagnetic bandgap structures will also be discussed.
A model and application of the power bus with multiple via ground surface perturbation lattice (MV-GSPL) is investigated in this paper. A 1-D model especially considering the multiple via effects of the MV-GSPL inside the long period coplanar electromagnetic bandgap power planes (LPC-EBG) is proposed. This model can explain the mechanism of the stopband enhancement and accurately predict the effect of multiple via on the stopband behavior. The accuracy of this model is verified both by full-wave simulation and experiments. Based on this model, a MV-GSPL power/ground pair is designed on a radio-frequency (RF) package for system-in-package (SiP) application. A test C-band LNA fabricated by the TSMC 0.18-μ m 1P6M process is packaged on the MV-GSPL substrate for noise immunity test. Both the chip-package co-simulation and experimental results show excellent power noise isolation capability of the RF-SiP package.
In this letter, a double-surface electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with one EBG surface embedded in power plane is proposed for ultra-wideband simultaneous switching noise (SSN) suppression in printed circuit boards. The SSN suppression bandwidth is broadened to wider than 30 GHz with a low start frequency by combining traditional EBG structure and the coplanar EBG structure which is embedded in the power plane. Because the coplanar EBG surface is embedded in the power plane, no additional metal layer is introduced by the double-surface EBG structure. Simulations and measurements are performed to verify the broadband SSN suppression, high performance is observed.
In this letter, a novel power plane using an inductive S-bridged electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) is proposed for ultra wideband suppression of the ground bounce noise. The S-shaped bridge detouring unit cells effectively increase the power plane inductance. -30 dB stopband is realized from 220 MHz to 7 GHz. The stopband lower limit (220 MHz) of the proposed EBG has been greatly reduced from that (550 MHz) of L-bridged EBG. It is expected that the number of local decoupling capacitors for the power plane integrity is reduced using the proposed S-bridged EBG without the self resonance effect.
A novel π-bridged photonic bandgap (PBG) power/ground planes is proposed with ultra-broadband suppression of the ground bounce noise(GBN) in the high-speed printed circuit boards. The S-parameters of the proposed low-period structures show that the novel uniplanar compact photonic bandgap (UC-PBG) structures could omni-directionally suppress the GBN in RF/analog circuits and digital circuits. The high omnidirectionally suppressions of the GBN for the proposed structure are validated both experimentally and numerically in the noise bandwidth from 300MHz to 6GHz, almost the whole noise band.
A novel L-bridged electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power/ground planes is proposed with super-wideband suppression of the ground bounce noise (GBN) from 600Mz to 4.6GHz. The L-shaped bridge design on the EBG power plane not only broadens the stopband bandwidth, but also can increase the mutual coupling between the adjacent EBG cells by significantly decreasing the gap between the cells. It is found the small gap design can prevent from the severe degradation of the signal quality for the high-speed signal referring to the perforated EBG power plane. The excellent GBN suppression performance with keeping reasonably good signal integrity for the proposed structure is validated both experimentally and numerically. Good agreement is seen.
A novel power/ground planes design for eliminating the ground bounce noise (GBN) in high-speed digital circuits is proposed by using low-period photonic bandgap (PBG) structure. Keeping solid for the ground plane and designing low-period PBG pattern on the power plane, the proposed structure omni-directionally behaves highly efficient suppression of GBN (over 50 dB) within broadband frequency range from 1 GHz to 4 GHz. Although the power plane has low-period perforation, the proposed structure still performs with relatively low radiation within the stopband compared with the solid power/ground planes. The low radiation and high suppression of the GBN for the proposed structure are checked both experimentally and numerically. Good consistency is seen.
The power consumption of microprocessors is increasing at an alarming rate leading to 2X reduction in the power distribution impedance for every product generation. In the last decade, high I/O ball grid array (BGA) packages have replaced quad flat pack (QFP) packages for lowering the inductance. Similarly, multilayered printed circuit boards loaded with decoupling capacitors are being used to meet the target impedance. With the trend toward system-on-package (SOP) architectures, the power distribution needs can only increase, further reducing the target impedance and increasing the isolation characteristics required. This paper provides an overview on the design of power distribution networks for digital and mixed-signal systems with emphasis on design tools, decoupling, measurements, and emerging technologies.
A novel power/ground plane for eliminating the power noise in the high-speed digital circuits using an artificial substrate electromagnetic bandgap (AS-EBG) structure is proposed. The AS-EBG is designed by embedding the air rods and high dielectric constant (DK) rods between the coplanar EBG power/ground planes to enhance the stopband bandwidth. A 2-D transmission-line model of the AS-EBG power planes is also developed with experimental verification to explain the mode perturbation and predict the bandgap of the AS-EBG. It is found that over 60% enhancement of bandwidth (from 1.5 to 2.4 GHz) can be achieved for a 3 times 3 AS-EBG power plane compared to the coplanar-EBG power planes by proper design of the high DK rod with DK of 92. Based on SPICE-based modeling, the excellent power/signal integrity performance of the AS-EBG structure is also presented by the chip-package co-simulation in the time domain. It is found over 70% reduction of the simultaneously switching noise can be obtained with good signal eye-diagram improvement.
A unified 1D analysis model of hybrid planar-type electromagnetic-bandgap (EBG) structures is developed. Based on the analysis results, three types of hybrid design methods to reduce the cutoff frequency of the EBG structures are discussed, and design equations for their noise suppression bandwidths are derived. In order to simulate switching noise characteristics of the hybrid planar-type EBG structures, 2D circuit level models are developed and experimentally verified. With the developed circuit-level models and CMOS active switching devices, feasibility studies on the power distribution network design using the hybrid EBG structures are conducted. The hybrid EBG structure with series lumped chip inductors shows efficient noise suppression characteristics in both the frequency and time domains; however, it has potential limitations because of its generation of higher switching noise voltages depending on power supply connection configurations.
A novel approach for the suppression of the parallel-plate waveguide (PPW) noise in high-speed printed circuit boards is presented. In this approach, one of the two conductors forming the PPW is replaced by an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surface. The main advantage of the proposed approach over the commonly practiced methods is the omnidirectional noise suppression it provides. For this purpose, two EBG structures are initially designed by utilizing an approximate circuit model. Subsequently, the corresponding band structures are characterized by analytical solutions using the transverse resonance method, as well as full-wave finite-element simulations. The designed EBG surfaces were fabricated and employed in a number of PPW test boards. The corresponding frequency-domain measurements exhibited bandgaps of approximately 2.21 and 3.35 GHz in the frequency range below 6 GHz. More importantly, suppression of the PPW noise by 53% was achieved based on time-domain reflectometry experiments, while maintaining the signal transmission quality within the required specifications for common signaling standards.