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Jamun ( Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 03(08):1100-1117

DOI:10.4236/fns.2012.38146

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Authors:

Shrikant Baslingappa Swami

Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidypeeth, Dapoli Dist Ratnagiri

Nayansingh Thakor

Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidypeeth

Parag M. Haldankar

Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidypeeth

Eugenia jambolana Lam., commonly known as black plum or “jamun” is an important medicinal plant in various traditional systems of medicine. It is effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, inflammation, ulcers and diarrhea and preclinical studies have also shown it to possess chemopreventive, radioprotective and antineoplastic properties. The plant is rich in compounds containing anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol and myrecetin. The seeds are claimed to contain alkaloid, jambosine, and glycoside jambolin or antimellin, which halts the diastatic conversion of starch into sugar. The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on traditional and medicinal use.

Jamun fruit in a bunch.

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Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2012, 3, 1100-1117

doi:10.4236/fns.2012.38146 Published Online August 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/fns)

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and

Medicinal Uses

Shrikant Baslingappa Swami1*, Nayan Singh J. Thakor2, Meghatai M. Patil3, Parag M. Haldankar4

1Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Kon-

kan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, India; 2Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, College of Agricultural Engi-

neering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, India; 3NAIP-Kokum, Karonda,

Jamun and Jackfruit, Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr.

Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, India; 4Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dr.

Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri, India.

Email: *swami_shrikant1975@yahoo.co.in, nayan07@gmail.com, patil.megha2@gmail.com, parag5663@rediffmail.com

Received April 23rd, 2012; revised July 3rd, 2012; accepted July 10th, 2012

ABSTRACT

Eugenia jambolana Lam., commonly known as black plum or “jamun” is an important medicinal plant in various tradi-

tional systems of medicine. It is effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, inflammation, ulcers and diarrhea and

preclinical studies have also shown it to possess chemopreventive, radioprotective and antineoplastic properties. The

plant is rich in compounds containing anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol and myrecetin. The

seeds are claimed to contain alkaloid, jambosine, and glycoside jambolin or antimellin, which halts the diastatic conver-

sion of starch into sugar. The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on tradi-

tional and medicinal use.

Keywords: Jamun-Syzygium cumini; Chemopreventive; Radioprotective; Antineoplastic Activities

1. Introduction

Syzygium cumini (Family Myrtaceae) is also known as

Syzygium jambolanum and Eugenia cumini. Other com-

mon names are Jambul, Black Plum, Java Plum, Indian

Blackberry, Jamblang, Jamun etc. Today these trees are

found growing throughout the Asian subcontinent, East-

ern Africa, South America, Madagascar and have also

naturalized to Florida and Hawaii in the United States of

America [1]. The tree fruits once in a year and the berries

are sweetish sour to taste. The ripe fruits are used for

health drinks, making preserves, squashes, jellies and

wine [1]. In association to its dietary use, all parts of the

tree and, importantly the seeds are used to treat a range

of ailments, the most important being diabetes mellitus

[2]. Different parts of the jambolan were also reported for

its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuropsycho-phar-

macological, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-HIV, an-

tileishmanial and antifugal, nitric oxide scavenging, free

radical scavenging, anti-diarrheal, antifertility, anorexi-

genic, gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic and redio-

protective activities [2]. (Figure 1) shows the Jamun

fruit.

2. Composition of Fruit

Analyses of the fruit in the Philippines were reported in

1924 as follows: Waste, 25%; edible portion: water,

80.80%; ash, 0.70; protein, 0.81; sugar, 12.70 (fructose

and glucose; no sucrose); acidity (as sulphuric), 0.63%;

(as malic) 0.88% [3]. The following composition per 100

grams of edible portion was reported for fruits freshly

picked at the Lancetilla Experimental Garden, Honduras,

in 1948: Moisture, 85.8 gm; ether extract, 0.15 gm; crude

fiber, 0.3 gm; nitrogen, 0.129 gm; ash, 0.32 gm; calcium,

8.3 mg; phosphorus, 16.2 mg; iron, 1.62 mg; carotene,

0.004 mg; thiamine, 0.008 mg; riboflavin, 0.009 mg;

niacin, 0.290 mg; total ascorbic acid, 5.7 mg [4]. Virmani

gives the following analysis: specific gravity, 1.0184;

total acidity (as acetic acid), 5.33 per 100 cc; volatile

acidity (as acetic acid), 5.072 per 100 cc; fixed acidity,

0.275% as citric; total solids, 4.12 per 100 cc; ash, 0.42;

alkalinity of ash, 32.5 (N/10 alkali); nitrogen, 0.66131;

total sugars, 0.995; reducing sugars, 0.995; non-volatile

reducing sugars, 0.995; alcohol, 0.159% by weight; oxi-

dation value (KMnO4, 186.4); iodine value, 183.7; ester

value, 40.42. Other reported constituents of the seeds are:

protein (6.3 to 8.5%), fat (1.18%), crude fiber (16.9%),

*Corresponding author.

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses 1101

Figure 1. Jamun fruit in a bunch.

ash (21.72%), calcium (0.41%), phosphorus (0.17%),

fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic), starch

(41%), dextrin (6.1%), a trace of phytosterol, and 6 to

19% tannin. [5] The fruits are avidly eaten by birds and

four footed animals (jackals and civets in India). In Aus-

tralia, they are a favorite food of the large bat called

“flying fox”. Analyses of the leaves show: crude protein

(9.1%), fat (4.3%), crude fiber (17.0%), ash (6.0%), cal-

cium (1.3%), phosphorus (0.19%) [6]. It consists mainly

of mono- or sesqui-terpene hydrocarbons which are

“very common in essential oils.” Constituents of Syzgium

cumini seeds are fatty oils (30 g/kg), including lauric

(2.8%), myristic (31.7%), palmitic (4.7%), stearic (6.5%),

oleic (32.2%), linoleic (16.1%), malvalic (1.2%), stercu-

lic (1.8%) and vernolic acid (3%) and phytosterols such

as β-sitosterol. Further constituents are tannins (6%),

predominantly corilagin, ellagitannins, ellagic acid, gal-

loyl-galactoside and gallic acid [7]. The leaf oil consists

of 16.91% octadecane, 9.98% nonacosane, 9.38% triac-

ontane, 7.38% octacosane, 4.86% Heptacosane, 4.25%

hexadecanoic acid and 4.02% eicosane. The seed oil

consists of 33.2% 1-chlorooctadecane, 9.24% tetratet-

racontane, 8.02% decahydro-8a-ethyl-1,1, 4a,6-tetrame-

thylnapahthalene, 5.29% 4-(2-2-dimethyl-6-6-methylene-

cyclohexyl) butanol, 5.15% Octadecane, 3.97% octaco-

sane, 1.72% heptacosane and 1.71% eicosane. [8]. Java

Plum consist of Energy 251 kJ (60 kcal), Carbohydrates

15.56 g, fat 0.23 g, Protein 0.72 g, water 83.13 g, Vita-

min A 3IU, Thiamine (vit B1) 0.006 mg (1%), Ribofla-

vin (vit. B2) 0.012 mg (1%), 0.260 mg (2%) Niacin (vit.

B3), 0.160 mg (3%) Pantothenic acid (B5), 0.038 mg (3%)

Vitamin B60.038 mg (3%), 14.3 mg (17%) Vitamin C, 19

mg (2%) Calcium, 0.19 mg (1%) Iron, 15 mg (4%)

Magnesium, 17 mg (2%) Phosphorus, 79 mg (2%) Potas-

sium, 14 mg (1%) Sodium [9]. The Fruit Contain 83.70 -

85.80 g moisture, 0.70 - 0.13 g protein, 0.15 - 0.30 g fat,

0.30 - 0.90 g crude fibre, 14.00 g carbohydrate, 0.32 -

0.40 h ash, 8.30 - 15.00 mg calcium, 35.00 mg magne-

sium, 15.00 - 16.20 mg phosphorus, 1.20 - 1.62 mg iron,

26.20 mg sodium, 55.00 mg potassium, 0.23 mg copper,

13.00 mg sulfur, 8.00 mh chlorine, 8. I.U vitamin A, 0.01 -

0.03 mg thiamine, 0.009 - 0.01 mg riboflavin, 0.20 - 0.29

mg niacin, 5.70 - 18.00 mg ascorbic acid, 7.00 mg chlo-

rine and 3.00 mcg folic acid per 100 g of edible portion

[10].

3. Food Uses

Good quality jambolan juice is excellent for sherbet [11,

12], syrup and “squash”. In India the latter is a bottled

drink prepared by cooking the crushed fruits for 5 to 10

minutes at 140˚F, pressing out the juice, combining it

with sugar and water and adding citric acid and sodium

benzoate as a preservative [13]. Jambolans of good size

and quality, having a sweet or sub acid flavor and a

minimum of astringency, are enjoyable raw and may be

made into tarts [14], sauces and jam. Astringent fruits are

improved in palatability by soaking them in salt water

[14] or pricking them, rubbing them with a little salt, and

letting them stand for an hour [15]. All but decidedly in

ferior fruits can be utilized for juice which is often com-

parable to grape juice [16]. When extracting juice from

cooked jambolans, it is recommended that it be allowed

to drain out without squeezing the fruit and it will thus be

less as tringent. The white-fleshed jambolan has adequate

pectin and makes a very stiff jelly unless cooking is brief

[17]. The more common purplefleshed yields richly col-

ored jelly [18] but is deficient in pectin and requires the

addition of a commercial jelling agent or must be com-

bined with pectin-rich fruits such as unripe or sour gua-

vas, or ketembillas [18]. In Goa and the Philippines [19],

jambolans are an important source of wine, resembling

Port [20]. Brandy and a distilled liquor called “jambava”

have also been made from the fermented fruit. Jambolan

vinegar, extensively made throughout India, is an attrac-

tive, clear purple, with a pleasant aroma and mild flavor.

4. Uses in Traditional Medicine

Traditionally the jambul fruits, leaves, seeds, and bark

are all used in ayurvedic medicine. The bark contains

tannins and carbohydrates, accounting for its long-term

use as an astringent to combat ailments like dysentery

[21]. A glycoside in the seed, jamboline, is considered to

have antidiabetic properties [22]. Older French research

shows that the seeds have a significant hypoglycemic

effect in diabetic rabbits [23]. The seeds have also shown

anti-inflammatory effects in rats and antioxidant proper-

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1102

ties in diabetic rat [24]. Older reports from Indian medi-

cal journals suggest jambul seed and bark can be benefi-

cial in humans with diabetes. [25] Jamun fruit seeds and

pulp have been reported to serve various purposes in

diabetic patients, such as lowering blood glucose levels

and delaying diabetic complications including neuropa-

thy and cataracts [2,26]. Jamun is most often recognized

as an adjuvant therapy in type-2 diabetes. This has been

traced not only to its anthocyanin-rich, dark-purple fle-

shy pulp, but also to its seeds, which have been most

studied for their antidiabetic principles. Jamun seeds are

reported to be a rich source of ellagitannins (ETs), in-

cluding corilagin, 3,6-hexa hydroxyl diphenoyl glucose

and its isomer 4,6-hexahydroxy diphenoyl glucose, 1-

galloylglucose, 3-galloylglucose, gallic acid, and ellagic

acid (EA) [26]. This marker compound has anti-diabetic

activity. When alloxan induced diabetic rats were fed

with Jamun seed extract, the blood glucose, blood urea,

serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels were

found to decrease significantly [27]. Jamun fruit reduces

the sugar in the blood and is very good in the control of

diabetes. Its seeds contain Glucoside, Jamboline and El-

lagic acid, which are reported to have the ability to check

the conversion of starch into sugar in case of excess pro-

duction of glucose [27]. All parts of the jambolan can be

used medicinally and it has a long tradition in alternative

medicine. The plant has been viewed as an antidiabetic

plant since it became commercially available several

decades ago.

From all over the word, the fruits have been used for a

wide variety of ailments, including cough, diabetes, dys-

entery, inflammation and ringworm [28]. It is also an

ancient medicinal plant with an illustrious medical his-

tory and has been the subject of classical reviews for

over 100 years. It is widely distributed throughout India

and Ayurvedic medicine (Indian folk medicine) mentions

its use for the treatment of diabetic mellitus. Various

traditional practitioners in India use the different parts of

the plant in the treatment of diabetes, blisters in mouth,

cancer, colic, and diarrhea, digestive complaints, dysen-

tery, piles, pimples and stomachache [29]. During last

four decades, numerous folk medicinal reports on the

antidiabetic effects of this plant have been cited in the

literature. In Union medicine various parts of Jambolan

acts as liver tonic, enrich blood, strengthen teeth and

gums and form Good lotion for removing ringworm in-

fection of the head [30].

E. jambolana leaf extract showed hypoglycemic action

in diabetic rats [30]. The seed powder of E. jambolana is

reported to have hypoglycemic action in streptozotocin-

diabetic rats [31,32]. Its effect may be persistent, as in

one study, homeostasis was maintained in the rats for

two weeks after the cessation of treatment [32]. In al-

loxan-diabetic rabbits the water extract of E. jambolana

fruit pulp was more effective than the ethanol extract at

reducing fasting blood glucose and improving blood

glucose levels in the glucose tolerance test. E. jambolana

also increased blood insulin levels in both diabetic and

severely diabetic rabbits [33,34]. The inhibition of insu-

linase activity from liver and kidney by extract of

Eugenia jambolana also has been reported, which points

out to its extra-pancreatic mechanism [34].Another study

also found that E. jambolana seed extract reduced blood

glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and increased plasma

insulin [35]. E. jambolana fruit combined with bitter

melon decreased insulin levels that were raised in dia-

betic rats fed a fructose diet [36].

Jamun is most often recognized as an adjuvant therapy

in type-2 diabetes. This has been traced not only to its

anthocyanin-rich, dark-purple fleshy pulp, but also to its

seeds, which have been most studied for their antidia-

betic principles. Other reports from Indian medical jour-

nals suggest jambul seed and bark can be beneficial in

humans with diabetes [37]. When alloxan induced dia-

betic rats were fed with Jamun seed extract, the blood

glucose, blood urea, serum cholesterol and serum triglyc-

eride levels were found to decrease significantly [27].

Jamun fruit reduces the sugar in the blood and is very

good in the control of diabetes.

Ayurvedic texts suggest that 1 - 3 g of seed powder per

day is an average dose 44 additionally, Juice of ripe fruits

in the amount of 0.5 - 2 tsp (2.5 - 10 ml) at least three

times daily have been recommended for the treatment of

diabetes. Administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg body

weight of aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini pulp sig-

nificantly decreased the blood glucose level in the ex-

perimental rats suggesting that it has hypoglycemic prop-

erties. The decreased body weight in diabetic rats is due

to excessive breakdown of tissue proteins. Treatment

with Syzygium cumini improved body weight signifi-

cantly in a dose dependent manner, indicating prevention

of muscle wasting due to hyperglycemic condition.

5. Medicinal Properties

The jambolan has received far more recognition in folk

medicine and in the pharmaceutical trade than in any

other field. Medicinally, the fruit is stated to be astringent,

stomachic, carminative, antiscorbutic and diuretic [37].

Additionally, a fruit extract showed antimicrobial and

cytotoxic activities and may potentially be used on topi-

cal antimicrobial products. In comparison to other non-

traditional fruits jambolao showed considerable high

antioxidant activity, which can constituent such as an-

thocyanins, tannins and flavonols [38]. The anthocyanin

composition was characterised by the presence of 3,5-

diglucosides of five out of six aglycones commonly found

in foods [39]. Fruits contain many different kinds of

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1103

anti-oxidant compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics,

carotenoids and vitamins, which are all considered bene-

ficial to human health, for decreasing the risk of degen-

erative diseases by reduction of oxidative stress, and for

the inhibition of macromolecular oxidation [40]. There is

a very high anthocyanin content in S. cumini fruits which

attributes to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging

activity. These pigments can be a good source of natural

food colourants for the food processing industries [41].

Fruit bark decoction for antiplasmodial activity was

performed, leading to the isolation of three known ellagic

acid derivatives (ellagic acid, ellagic acid 4-O-alpha-L-

2"-acetylrhamnopyranoside, 3-O-methylellagic acid 3'-O-

alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside), as well as the new deriva-

tive 3-O-methylellagic acid 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

[42]. 3-hydroxy androstane [16,17-C] (6'methyl, 2'-1-

hydroxyl-isopropene-1-yl) 4,5,6 H pyran present in Syzy-

gium cumini seed is one of the important marker com-

pound [43]. Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark

of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) yielded four

new lignan derivatives characterised as (7α,8α,2'α)-3,4,

5-trimethoxy-7,3',1',9'-diepoxylignan (cuminiresinol), (7α,

7'α,8α,8'α)-3,4-dioxymethylene-3',4'-dimethoxy-7,9',7',9-

diepoxylignan-5'-ol (5'-hydroxy-methyl-piperitol), (7α,

7'α,8α,8'α)-3'-methoxy-9-oxo-7,9',7',9-diepoxylignan-3,4,

4'-triol or 3-demethyl-9-oxo-pinoresinol (syzygiresinol

A), (7α,7'α,8α,8'α)-9-oxo-7,9',7',9-diepoxylignan-3,4,3',4',

5'-pentaol or 3,3'-didemethyl-9-oxo-pinoresinol along

with the known lignans di-demethyl-5-hydroxypinores-

inol, dimethylpinoresinol, didemethoxypinoresinol, pi-

noresinol and 4'-methyl-5'-hydroxypinoresinol [44]. The

anthocyanins occur as 3,5-, but not 3-diglucosides, of

delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin.

This is the report to use a combination of spectrometric

and spectroscopic methods to identify unequivocally the

structures of E. jambolana fruit anthocyanins [45]. For

instance, flavonoids have been referred to as nature’s

biological response modifiers, because of their inherent

ability to modify the body’s reaction to allergies and vi-

rus and they showed their anti-allergic, anti-inflamma-

tory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. Plant ster-

oids are known to be important for their cardiotonic ac-

tivities and also possess insecticidal and antimicrobial

properties. They are also used in nutrition, herbal medi-

cine and cosmetics [46]. Seed extracts of S. cumini, the

part most often used in Ayurvedic medicine, were previ-

ously shown to have high levels of total phenolics and

good activity in the trolox equivalent antioxidant capac-

ity (TEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)

antioxidant assays [47].

The juice of the ripe fruit, or a decoction of the fruit,

or jambolan vinegar, may be administered in India in

cases of enlargement of the spleen, chronic diarrhea and

urine retention [16,38]. Water-diluted juice is used as a

gargle for sore throat and as a lotion for ringworm of the

scalp [16,38]. Jambolan juice and mango juice, half and

half, quench thirst in diabetics [38]. The seeds (marketed

in-inch lengths) and the bark are official in the Dutch

[16]. They are much used in tropical medicine and are

shipped from India, Malaya and Polynesia, and to a small

extent from the West Indies [48], to pharmaceutical sup-

ply houses in Europe and England [49].

Studies in the past one decade have also shown that

Jamun possess antineoplastic [50]. Radioprotective [51-

54] and chemopreventive effects [55] all of which are

useful in the prevention and treatment of cancer. The

reasons for the myriad pharmacological effects are due to

the presence of diverse phytochemicals like flavonoids,

anthocyanins, terpenes [2] and are enlisted in Table 1.

Extracts of both, but especially the seeds, in liquid or

powdered form [61], are freely given orally, two or three

times a day to patients with diabetes mellitus or glyco-

suria [38]. In many cases, the blood sugar level report-

edly is quickly reduced and there are no ill effects [38].

Fresh seeds are considered superior to dried seeds [62].

Reduction of blood sugar was obtained in alloxan diabe-

tes in rabbits [62]. In experiments at the Central Drug

Research Institute, Lucknow, the dried alcoholic extract

Table 1. Phytochemicals present in the jamun plant.

Sr. No Plant part Chemicals present

1 Seeds

Jambosine, gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, 3,6-hexahydroxy diphenoylglucose, 1-galloylglucose, 3-galloylglucose,

quercetin, β-sitoterol, 4,6 hexahydroxydiphenoylglucose, [2,56].

2 Stem bark

Friedelin, friedelan-3-α-ol, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol, kaempferol, β-sitosterol-Dglucoside, gallic acid, ellagic acid,

gallotannin and ellagitannin and myricetine [2,56].

3 Flowers Oleanolic acid, ellagic acids, isoquercetin, quercetin, kampferol and myricetin [2].

4 Fruit pulp Anthocyanins, delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin-diglucosides [2,57,58].

5 Leaves

β-sitosterol, betulinic acid, mycaminose, crategolic (maslinic) acid, n-hepatcosane, n-nonacosane, n-hentriacontane,

noctacosanol, n-triacontanol, n-dotricontanol, quercetin, myricetin, myricitrin and the flavonol glycosides myricetin

3-O-(4''-acetyl)-α Lrhamnopyranosides [2,59].

6 Essential oils α-terpeneol, myrtenol, eucarvone, muurolol, α-myrtenal, 1, 8-cineole, geranyl acetone, α-cadinol and pinocarvone [60].

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1104

of jambolan seeds, given orally, reduced blood sugar and

glycosuria in patients [62]. Dr. Mukerji, in 1961, called

the results promising, though the action of the seed ex-

tract is milder than that of the synthetic anti-diabetics. He

holds that the bark extract affects the glycogenolysis and

glycogen storage in animals [38]. On the other hand,

Bhatnagar and co-workers, while screening the jambolan

with 174 other popular Indian medicinal plants, found no

physiological activity in the bark, which they collected in

the month of September [63]. Other reported constituents

of the seeds are: tannin, [16] to 19%; gallic acid, 1% to

2%; chlorophyll [55]; fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic,

and linoleic) [16]; starch, 41% [15], dextrin, 6.1%; pro-

tein, 6.3% [15]; and a trace of phytosterol [16].The seeds

are claimed by some to contain a glycoside, jambolin

[16,55] or antimellin [62], which halts the diastatic con-

version of starch in to sugar [16]; also a resin yielding

phenolic substances named jambidol [15,16] and ellagic

acid [55], and an alkaloid, jambosine [61]. The bark con-

tains 8% to 19% tannin [15,55], gallic acid, 1.67% [16],

resin [64], small amounts of ellagic acid and myricetin

[65]. A decoction of the bark is taken internally for dys-

pepsia, dysentery and diarrhea and also serves as an en-

ema [16]. The dried and powdered seeds and root-bark

are similarly employed [16]. Powdered bark mixed with

curds is given in menorrhagia. Powdered jambolan and

mango seeds, with curds, are used, like the fruit juice, in

treating enlarged spleen and retained urine [38]. In India,

the seed powder is administered as an antidote for

strychnine poisoning [15]. The leaf juice is effective in

the treatment of dysentery [16], either alone or in com-

bination with the juice of mango or emblic leaves [38].

The leaves, steeped in alcohol, are prescribed in diabetes

[55]. Jambolan leaves may be helpful as poultices for

skin diseases [15,16]. The leaves yield 12% to 13% tan-

nin (by dry weight) (IS), also an essential oil containing

limeonene and dipentene (20% to 30%), about 40% of

sesquiterpene (cadeninic type) and a little azulenic ses-

quiterpene [62]. Bark decoctions are taken for asthma

and bron chitis [5] and are gargled or used as mouth

wash for the astringent effect on mouth ulcerations,

spongy gums [16] and for stomatitis [38]. Ashes of the

bark, mixed with water, are spread over local inflama-

tions; or, blended with oil, applied to burns [38].

In the year 2008, 12.7 million new cancer cases and

7.6 million cancer deaths occurred [66]. More worryingly,

predictions are that by the year 2020, the global inci-

dence of the cancer will increase by threefold, with a

disproportionate rise in cases from the developing world

countries that have limited resources to tackle the prob-

lem [67]. The conventional treatment modalities used in

treating cancer, the surgery, radiotherapy, hormone ther-

apy and chemotherapy remain prohibitively expensive to

the large number of population in the developing coun-

tries. With an expected rise in cancer incidence, the mor-

tality and associated morbidity will be enormous due to

the compromised financial condition of the patients [66,

67]. Since the dawn of civilization, herbal drugs have

been used in the ancient civilizations and their use in the

treatment of cancer is on a rise especially in the develop-

ing and underdeveloped countries primarily due to its

easy affordability, non toxic nature, easy acceptability,

less toxic or no toxic effects and easy availability. Plants

have been the main ingredients of various medications of

the traditional Indian system of medicine, the Ayurveda

and one such plant of immense importance is Eugenia

jambolana Lam (Syn. Syzygium cumini Skeels or Syzy-

gium jambolana Dc or Eugenia cuminii Druce). (Figure

1), colloquially known as Java plum, Portuguese plum,

Malabar plum, black plum, Indian blackberry, jaman,

jambu, jambul and jambool [68].

5.1. Chemopreventive Effects

Chemoprevention, a science that has emerged during the

three last decade, presents an alternative approach to re-

ducing mortality from cancer. Chemopreventive inter-

ventions may be applied at any time during carcinogene-

sis, from the initial molecular defect through the accu-

mulated molecular, cellular and histopathologic aberra-

tions that characterize disease progression before an in-

vasive and potentially metastatic stage [69]. It aims at

blocking, reversing, or delaying carcinogenesis before

the development of invasive disease by targeting key

molecular derangements using pharmacological or nutri-

tional agents [69]. Very recently [70] have also observed

that administration of the jamun extract (25 mg/kg body

weight/day) was effective in preventing benzo-a-pyrene-

induced forestomach carcinogenesis. Recently, [71] have

reported that jamun possess cancer chemopreventive

properties in the DMBA-induced croton oil promoted

two stage skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice.

Feeding of 125 mg/kg body weight/animal/day of the

extract either during the perinitiation (i.e. 7 days before

and 7 days after the application of DMBA) or post-ini-

tiation (i.e. from the day of start of croton oil treatment

and continued till the end of the experiment) phases re-

duced the cumulative numbers of papillomas, the tumor

incidence and increased the average latency period when

compared with the control group (carcinogen alone) [71].

Jamun reduced the tumor incidence, tumor burden and

cumulative number of gastric carcinomas. Reports also

suggest that gallic acid, ellagic acid, flavonoids and an-

thocyanins (Figure 2) present in Jamun are reported to

prevent experimental carcinogenesis in various organs

(Table 2) and may have contributed to the anti-carcino-

genesis. Additionally, recent observations also suggest

that ellagitannin, a constituent of Jamun and its colonic

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses 1105

Table 2. Phytochemicals of Jamun with reported chemopreventive effects

Sr. No Agent Chemopreventive effects and the mechanisms operating

1 Oleanolic acid

1) Inhibits tumor promotion in mouse skin [72]; 2) Inhibits azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci

and multi-crypt aberrant crypt/foci in a dose dependent manner [73]; 3) Suppress preneoplastic lesions induced by 1,

2-dimethylhydrazine in rat colon [74].

2 Ellagic acid

1) Inhibitor of benzo[a]pyrene-induced pulmonary adenoma and 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene-induced skin

tumorigenesis in Swiss mice [75]; 2) Topical application [76] as well as oral feeding of ellagic acid [76] rendered

protection against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice and decreased tumor incidence, number of

tumors, tumors per mouse and tumors per tumor bearing animal [76,77]; 3) Topical application of ellagic acid and oral

before a tumor-initiating by B[a]P 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 and promotion with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

inhibited the number of skin tumors per mouse [78]; 4) Ellagic acid applied topically to female CF-1 mice 20 min before

each 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment inhibit the inductions of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase

activity, hydroperoxide production and DNA synthesis, and also inhibit the promotion of skin papillomas and

carcinomas in the two-step initiation-promotion protocol [79]; 5) Topical application of ellagic acid simultaneously

with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) or mezerein resulted in significant protection against 7,

12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-induced skin tumors in mice [80]; 6) The levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase

(AHH) activity in skin and liver and the extent of 3H-BP-binding to skin, liver and lung DNA were decreased [76];

7) Is a potent inhibitor of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and its subsequent glucuronidation, sulfation and covalent

binding to DNA in cultured BALB/C mouse keratinocytes [81]; 8) Inhibited the epidermal microsomal aryl hydrocarbon

hydroxylase (AHH) activity and of benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-binding to both calf thymus DNA in vitro and to epidermal

DNA in vivo [82].

3 Gallic acid

1) Inhibits the TPA-induced inductions of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity, hydroperoxide production and

DNA synthesis, and also inhibit the promotion of skin papillomas and carcinomas in the two-step initiationpromotion

protocol [79]; 2) Administering (0.3% to 1%) for twenty consecutive weeks from four weeks of age to the male TRAMP

mice (a transgenic mice develops prostate tumor) caused a decrease tumors with decreasing the proliferative index with

a concomitant increase in the apoptotic cells which were due to decrease in the expression of Cdc2, Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk6,

cyclin B1 and E [83].

4 Quercetin

1) Possesses chemopreventive effects against 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced and its administration during both

initiation and post-initiation phases caused a significant reduction in the frequency of tongue carcinoma in rats. It

reduced the polyamine levels and the proliferation [84]; 2) Prevents N-nitrosodiethylamineinduced lung tumorigenesis

in mice [85]; 3) Prevents 20-methyl cholanthrene-induced cervical neoplasia in virgin Swiss albino mice by increasing

the antioxidant enzymes, decreasing DNA damage and he lipid peroxidation [86,87]; 4) Decreases DMBA-induced

DNA damage [88]; 5) In a bioengineered human gingival epithelial tissue, quercetin was observed to inhibit BaP-DNA

binding, a precursor for mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [89]; 6) Quercetin supplementation prevents

benzo(a)pyrene-induced carcinogenesis by modulating the antioxidants and decreasing lipid peroxidation, aryl

hydrocarbon hydroxylase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, 5’-nucleotidase, lactate dehydrogenase and adenosine

deaminase [90].

5 Myricetin

1) Inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF)-activated cell transformation of JB6 cells by modulating DNA binding and

transcriptional activity of STAT3 [91,92], and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) [93] and inhibitor of of

neoplastic cell transformation and MEK1 [94]; 2) Prevents TPA-induced transformation, PKC activation, and c-jun

expression in mouse fibroblast cells [95]; 3) Suppresses UVB-induced skin cancer by targeting Fyn in JB6 cells [96].

Inhibits Akt survival signaling and induces Bad-mediated apoptosis in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells)

[97]; 4) Inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 2 protein expression and enzyme activity in colorectal carcinoma cells [98]

and also down-regulates phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mouse epidermal cells by blocking

activation of nuclear factor kappa B [94]; 5) Inhibits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct formation in

epidermis and lungs of SENCAR mice [99].

6 Kaempferol 1) Possess inhibitory effects on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and inhibits the neoplastic transformation [100].

7 Betulinic acid

1) Topical application of betulinic acid inhibited the TPA-induced inflammation and decreased the levels of ornithine

decarboxylase [101]; 2) Markedly inhibited the 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and TPA promoted skin tumor

formation in mice [101].

8 β- sitosterol

1) Topical application of β-sitosterol inhibited the TPA-induced inflammation [101]; 2) Induces dose-dependent growth

inhibition, induces apoptosis, suppresses the expression of β-catenin and PCNA antigens in human colon cancer cells

(COLO 320 DM cells) [102]; 3) β-sitosterol supplementation reduced the number of aberrant crypt and crypt

multiplicity in DMH-initiated rats in a dose-dependent manner with no toxic effects [102].

9 Delphinidin

1) Suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell transformation and activator protein-1

transactivation in the JB6 cells by blocking the phosphorylation of protein kinases in the extracellular signalregulated

protein kinase (ERK) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways [103]; 2) Possess chemopreventive

effects against prostate carcinogenesis in both in vitro and vivo study models [104]; 3) Suppresses ultraviolet B-induced

cyclooxygenases-2 expression through inhibition of MAPKK4 and PI-3 kinase [105].

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1106

(a) (b)

COOH

(e) (f)

CH3

OCH

(g) (h)

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1107

OH OH

(i) (j)

Figure 2. Structures of Phytochemicals in Jamun Reported to be of Use in the treatment of Cancer. (a) Myricetin; (b) Kaem-

pherol; (c) Quercetin; (d) Betulinic; (e) Anthocyanin; (f) Delphinidin; (g) Malvidian; (h) Petunidin; (i) Ellagic Acid; (j) Gallic

Acid.

metabolite, urolithin A inhibit want signaling crucial in

the process of colon carcinogenesis [106].

5.2. Radioprotective Effects

The affect felt by the normal cells are irreparable damage,

leading to the untoward effects forcing the physicians to

discontinue or reduce the treatment dose. In such situa-

tions, an agent that can render a therapeutic differential

between the cancer and normal cell will be highly bene-

ficial. Studies have shown that the intraperitoneal ad-

ministration of the hydroalcoholic extract of the Jamun

seed and the dichloromethane extract of Jamun leaf pos-

sess radioprotective effects [107]. Therapeutic differen-

tial may be achieved with chemical compounds that may

selectively protect the normal cells from the deleterious

effects of radiation termed as radio protectors. Since the

observations of [108] that the natural amino acid cysteine

protected mice against radiation-induced sickness and

mortality, many compounds with varied pharmacological

properties have been synthesized and evaluated for their

radioprotective effects. Pretreatment with hydroalcoholic

extract of jamun seeds (5 to 160 mg/kg body weight) for

five consecutive days before exposure to supralethal dose

of radiation (10 Gy) protected mice against the radiation-

induced sickness and mortality. The best effect was ob-

served at 80 mg/kg but only when administered through

the intraperitoneal route as 50% of the animals survived

when compare to 22% in the oral route and none in the

radiation alone cohorts. The intraperitoneal administra-

tion of the organic extract (dichloromethane-methane) of

leaves (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 80 mg/kg b. wt.) for

five days before irradiation was also observed to be ef-

fective in preventing the radiation-induced sickness and

mortality in mice. Histopathological investigations showed

that Jamun leaf treatment before radiation elevated the

villus height, the number of crypts and reduced the gob-

let and dead cells when compared with the concurrent

irradiation control. The recovery and regeneration was

faster in Jamun pretreated animals than the irradiation

alone. Jamun extracts also provides protection to the

DNA against the radiation-induced DNA damage (ex-

plained later). The phytochemicals ellagic acid, gallic

acid, quercetin and oleanolic acid (Figure 2) present in

Jamun also possess radioprotective effects (addressed in

Table 3).

5.3. Antineoplastic Effects of Jamun

Chemotherapy has been an important modality in cancer

treatment for more than five decades and is an obligatory

treatment modality when metastasis has ensued. De-

pending on the clinical stage and the patient compliance,

chemotherapy is used either alone or in combination with

radiation and surgery [118]. Studies suggest that of all

the antineoplastic drugs being used nearly 47% of the

drugs are from natural sources [119]. With regard to

Jamun many compounds exert beneficial influence (Fig-

ure 2 and Table 4).

In vitro studies by [177] have shown that whole Jamun

extract possess cytotoxic effects on the cultured human

cervical cancer cells, the HeLa (HPV-18 positive) and

SiHa (HPV-16 positive). The extract caused a concentra-

tion dependent cell death with the effect being more

pronounced in the HeLa than SiHa cells [177]. Addition-

ally, both crude as well as the methanolic extracts of the

pulp caused a time dependent increase in apoptosis when

cultured with 80% concentration of the extracts. The

crude extract was observed to be better than the metha-

nolic extract in both the cell lines [177]. In a study that

has wide clinical implications, recent studies by [57]

have shown that the standardized Jamun fruit extract

possess antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in the

estrogen dependent aromatase positive (MCF-7aro), and

estrogen independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells.

The extract was highly effective against MCF-7aro and

the IC50 was observed to be 27 μg/ml to that of 40

μg/ml in MDAMB-231. Most importantly, at equivalent

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1108

Table 3. Phytochemicals of Jamun with reported radioprotective activities

Sr. No Agent Phytochemicals radioprotective effects and the mechanisms operating

1 Oleanolic acid 1) Inhibits the growth of ascitic tumors and enhances the recovery of hematopoietic system in irradiated mice [109].

2 Quercetin

1) Protected yeast cells from γ-radiation damage by reducing DNA damage [110]; 2) Effective inprotecting against

γ-radiation-induced DNA damage to the human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro [104, and plasmid DNA [111].

The protective mechanisms were mediated by the antioxidant and inhibition of lipid peroxides [111]; 3) Intraperitoneal

administration of quercetin 100 mg·kg/kg for 3 consecutive days before and/or after irradiation prevented radiation

induced DNA damage in WBC of mice. Pronounced effects were when querecetin was administered before radiation

[112,113]

3 Gallic acid 1) Inhibits radiation-induced damage to DNA and lipid peroxidation in both in vitro and in vivo conditions [114].

4 Ellagic acid

1) Protects yeast cells from γ-radiation-induced damage by reducing DNA damage [115]; 2) Inhibits γ-radiation induced

lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro [116]; 3) Enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiation in

neoplastic cells (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and Hela) by inducing free radicals, reducing antioxidant enzymes and

altering the mitochondrial potential, but protects the normal cells (splenic lymphocytes) of tumor-bearing mice against

the radiation damage [117].

Table 4. Phytochemicals in Jamun with reported antineoplastic activities.

Sr. No Agent Antineoplastic activity and the mechanisms operating

1 Oleanolic acid

1) Causes a dose and a time dependent cell kill of the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT15. Inhibits proliferation and

arrested the cells in G0/G1 phase [120]; 2) Induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells HL60 through caspase activation

[121]; 3) Selectively inhibits growth of ras oncogene-transformed R6 cells [122]; 4) Induces apoptosis in human liver

cancer HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7 and HA22T cell lines [123]; 5) Inhibits growth of ascitic tumors in mice [108].

2 Quercetin

1) Causes dose-dependent cell kill, chromatin condensation in the colon cancer cells (Caco-2 and HT-29) [124]; 2)

Potentiates inhibitory effect of a non-toxic dose of cisplatin, inhibits lung colonization of B16-BL6 colonies and in a

dose-dependent manner [125]; 3) Inhibits the growth of the highly aggressive PC-3 prostate cancer cell line and the

moderately aggressive DU-145 prostate cancer cell line, but ineffective on the poorly aggressive LNCaP prostate cancer

cell line or the normal fibroblast cell line BG-9 [126]; 4) Inhibits expression of specific oncogenes and genes controlling

G1, S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. It also up-regulated the expression of several tumor suppressor genes [126];

5) Down regulates gelatinases A and B (matrixmetalloproteinases 2 and 9) in the human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in

vitro [127].

3 Kaempferol

1) Inhibits proliferation and induces cell death in human glioma cells through caspase-dependent mechanisms involving

down-regulation of XIAP and surviving regulating by ERK and Akt [128]; 2) Mediates p53-dependent growth inhibition

and induces apoptosis in human HCT116 colon cancer cell line by affecting Bcl-2 family proteins, PUMA and inducing

ATM and H2AX phosphorylation [129]; 3) Induces apoptosis in various oral cancer cell lines (SCC-1483, SCC-25 and

SCC-QLL1) through the caspase-3-dependent pathway [130]; 4) Induces apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and

mitochondria dependent pathway in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells [131].

4 Myricetin

1) Induce apoptosis in HT-29 [132], Caco-2 cells [132], MCF7 (Rodgers and Grant, 1998), Jurkat T cells [133], OE33

[134] and HepG-2 [135]; 2) Inhibits proliferation, causes G2/M and S phase arrest and induces mitochondria-mediated

apoptosis by activation of caspase 3, 9 of HepG-2 [135]; 3) Possess cytotoxic effects against the OE33 (human oeso-

phageal adenocarcinoma cell line), causes G2/M cell cycle arrest by up-regulation of GADD45beta and 14-3-3sigma and

down-regulation of cyclin B1; and p53-independent mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis through up-regulation of PIG3

and cleavage of caspase-9 and 3 [134]; 4) Possess moderate proteasome inhibitory effects and induce apoptosis in the

human leukemia cells Jurkat T cells [135].

5 Gallic acid

1) Induces apoptosis in human prostate LNCaP cells [136]; 2) Induces cytotoxic effects on DU145 prostate cancer

cells, through generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis [137]; 3) Blocks the growth

of DU145 cells at G2/M phases by activating Chk1 and Chk2 and inhibiting Cdc25C and Cdc2 activities [137]; 4)

Inactivates phosphorylation of cdc25A/cdc25Ccdc2 via ATM-Chk2 activation, leading to cell cycle arrest, and induces

apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells [138]; 5) Possess anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and

anti-tumorigenic effects against human prostate cells DU145 and 22Rv1 in vitro and in nude mice [139]; 6) Synergizes

with doxorubicin to suppress the growth of DU145 cells [136]; 7) Induces apoptosis through both caspase-dependent

and -independent pathways in the in A375.S2 human melanoma cells [140]; 8) Possesses in vitro anticancer effects

against the human prostate cancer cells [141]

6 Betulinic acid

1) Is effective against a variety of cancer types but relatively safe to the normal cells and tissue at equal concentrations

[141]; 2) Induces potent effect on growth inhibition, G2/M cell cycle arrest and triggers apoptosis in the human gastric

adenocarcinoma AGS cells in vitro, possibly by the down-regulation of Hiwi and its downstream target Cyclin B1

expression [142]; 3) Causes a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RMS by inducing

apoptosis through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. It also decreased GLI1, GLI2, PTCH1, and IGF2 expression as

well as hedgehog-response in vitro. It also caused retarded the growth of RMS-13 xenografts by causing apoptosis and

down-regulating GLI1 expression without affecting the microvascular density, cell proliferation, and myogenic

differentiation unaffected [143]; 4) Induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and inducing cytochrome c

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses 1109

Continued

6 Betulinic acid

release directly via PT Pore. The process is momentarily inhibited by the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, and

is observed to be independent of Bax and Bak [144]; 5) Induces cancer cell death by apoptosis through the mitochondrial

pathway and also sensitizes the anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil (SNU-C5/5FU-R), irinotecan (SNU-C5/IRT-R) and

oxaliplatin (SNU-C5/OXT-R) in chemoresistant colon cancer cell lines derived from the colon adenocarcinoma cell line

(SNU-C5/WT) (Jung et al., 2007); 6) Effective against the androgen-refractory human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells and

this it achieves by inhibiting DNA binding, reduced nuclear levels of the NF-kappaB/p65, decreased IKK activity and

phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha at serine 32/36 followed by its degradation [145]; 7) Inhibits the proliferation of Jurkat

cells by regulating the cell cycle and arresting the cells at G0/G1 phase by down-regulating the expression of cyclin D3. It

also induces apoptosis through the Bcl-xl [145].

7 1,8-Cineole 1) Induces apoptosis in human leukemia Molt 4B and HL-60 cells, but not in human stomach cancer KATO III cells [146].

8 β-Sitosterol

1) Inhibits growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells by activating the sphingomyelin cycle [147]; 2) Activates the

sphingomyelin cycle and induces apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells; 3) Stimulates apoptosis in

MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in vitro and inhibits growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231 in SCID mice

[148-154]; 4) Inhibits growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells, in vitro and in SCID mice [154]; 5)

Induces apoptosis by stimulating Bax and activation of caspases in the HT116 human colon cancer cells [155]; 6) Induces

apoptosis in MCA-102 murine fibrosarcoma cells by activation of ERK and the downregulation of Akt [156,157]; 7)

Inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 human stomach cancer cells in vitro [158]; 8) Induces significant

dose-dependent growth inhibition, suppressed expression of beta-catenin and PCNA antigens in human colon cancer cells

COLO 320 cells in vitro. Feeding beta-sitosterol also caused a dose dependent reduction in the number of aberrant crypt

and crypt multiplicity in DMH-initiated rats with no toxic effects [102].

9 Delphinidin

1) Inhibits proliferation of human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast), SF-268 (central nervous system, CNS), HCT-116

(colon), and NCI-H460 (lung) [159]; 2) Induce cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis in human cell lines [160]; 3) Inhibits

the growth and induced apoptosis in HL60 cells (Katsube et al., 2003). Inhibited the growth of HCT116 cells [161]; 4)

Preferentially inhibited the growth of the human vulva carcinoma cell line A431 by affecting the epidermal growth-factor

receptor (EGFR), the tyrosine kinase activity and inhibited the activation of the GAL4-Elk-1 [162]; 5) Potent inducer of

intracellular hydrogen peroxide and causes apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Stimulates JNK pathway

activation including JNK phosphorylation and c-jun gene expression, and activates caspase-3 and causes DNA

fragmentation in HL-60 cells [163]; 6) Reduces cell growth, is potent EGFR- or PDE-inhibitor and the CAMP hydrolysis

[164]; 7) Inhibits cell proliferation of human cancer cell lines, AGS (stomach), HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), NCI

H460 (lung), and SF-268 [165]; 8) Possess strong growth inhibitory effects against human hepatoma HepG(2), but were

less effective against Hep3B, induced apoptotic cell death by up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein

(Yeh et al., 2005); 9) Induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells [166]; 10) Inhibits HGF-mediated membrane translocation of

PKCalpha, decreases phosphorylation of STAT3. Repress HGF-activated NFkB transcription, phosphorylation of

IKKalpha/beta and IkappaBalpha, and activation and nuclear translocation of NFkappaB/p65 [167]; 11) Suppress the

phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human colon carcinoma cell line (HT29), human

vulva carcinoma cell line A431 [168]; 12) Treatment to AU-565 cells, a EGFR in the positive breast cancer cells inhibited

the phosphorylation of EGFR, activation of PI3K, phosphorylation of AKT and MAPK, inhibited EGF-induced

autophosphorylation of EGFR, AKT and MAPK, activation of PI3K and cell invasion [169]; 13) Treatment of in human

colon cancer HCT116 cells with delphinidin decrease cell viability; induces apoptosis; cleaves PARP; activates caspases-3,

-8, and -9; increase Bax with a concomitant decrease in Bcl-2 protein; causes G2/M cell cycle arrest; inhibited IKKalpha,

phosphorylation and degradation of Ikappa Balpha, phosphorylation of NF-kappaB/p65 at Ser(536), nuclear translocation

of NF-kappaB/p65, NFkappaB/ p65 DNA binding activity, and transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB [170]; 14)

Treatment to human PCa LNCaP, C4-2, 22Rnu1, and PC3 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth

without having any substantial effect on normal human prostate epithelial cells. It caused a dose-dependent induction of

apoptosis and arrest of cells in G2-M phase, decrease in phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase gamma, phosphorylation of

nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha, phosphorylation of NF-kappaB/p65 at Ser(536) and

NF-kappaB/p50 at Ser(529), NF-kappaB/p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. It also inhibited

the tumor growth in athymic nude mice implanted with PC3 cells by causing decrease in the expression of

NF-kappaB/p65, Bcl2, Ki67, and PCNA [171]; 15) Attenuates neoplastic transformation in JB6 Cl41 mouse epidermal

cells by blocking Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling [172]; 16)

Possess antiproliferative, anti-invasive and apoptotic effects in human hepatoma Hep3B cells. It also caused concentration

dependent increase in the sub-G1 fraction, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, xIAP,

cIAP-1, and cIAP-2) [173]; 17) Selectively causes cytotoxic effects on the LoVo and LoVo/ADR, human colorectal cancer

cell lines; while the non cancerous cells Caco-2 were unaffected [174]; 18) Inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB

and VEGFR family [175].

10 Petunidin 1) Induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells [166]; 2) Inhibits the human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell growth [165].

11 Malvidin

1) Inhibits growth and induced apoptosis in HL60 cells [161]; 2) Induces cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis in human

cell lines [160]; 3) Reduces cell growth, is potent EGFR- or PDE-inhibitors and effectively inhibited the CAMP

hydrolysis [164]; 4) Malvidin inhibited AGS (stomach), HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), NCI and H460 (lung) [165];

5) Exhibits strong growth inhibitory effects against human hepatoma HepG(2), but were less effective against Hep3B

[176]; 6) Induces apoptosis in HT-29 cells [166]; 7) Effective on metastatic colorectal cancer cell lines LoVo and

LoVo/ADR [174]; 8) Possess antiproliferative, anti-invasive and apoptotic effects in human hepatoma Hep3B cells. It also

caused concentration dependent increase in the sub-G1 fraction, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in antiapoptotic

proteins (Bcl-2, xIAP, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2) [173]; 9) Possess good COX-1 and -2 inhibitory activities [159].

Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.)): A Review of Its Food and Medicinal Uses

1110

concentrations the extract was relatively non toxic as it

did not induce cell death and apoptosis in the normal/

nontumorigenic (MCF-10A) breast cell line (IC50 > 100

μg/ml). Together these results clearly indicate that at

supra dietary levels the fruit pulp extract possesses selec-

tive antineoplastic effects against breast cancer [57].

6. Conclusion

Jambolan is traditionally used for the treatment of vari-

ous diseases especially diabetes and related complica-

tions. Most pharmacological works on diabetes were

carried out with seeds but the pharmacological potential

of the other parts of the plant is required to explore in

detail. With regard to the antineoplastic activities studies

suggest that Jamun is selective in its action in breast

cancer cells. The effect of Jamun and its phytochemicals

should also be investigated for its chemopreventive ef-

fects in other models of carcinogens, that includes

chemical, radiation and viral carcinogenesis models.

Mechanistic studies responsible for the chemopreventive

and radioprotective effects are also lacking and need to

be studied in detail. Based on these facts, this review

highlights the role of jambolan in various treatments and

recommend that further phytochemical and clinical re-

search should be done on this traditional medicinal plant

for the discovery of safer drugs. Studies should also be

on understanding which of the phytochemicals are re-

sponsible for the observed beneficially effects and if ef-

fective, their mechanism of action.

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QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THREE ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS OF BRAJ REGION OF UTTAR PRADESH

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia or increased blood glucose levels and eventually leads to damage of multiple body systems due to interference in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism following from comparable insufficiency of insulin oozing. Bioactive constituents revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, sterols and terpenoids for treatment of diabetic activity in selected medicinal plants of Braj region of Uttar Pradesh such as Aloe vera, China rose and Jamun which possess ability to reduce blood glucose, urea, uric acid and creatinine and to increase insulin level, C-peptide and albumin control level. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), it is predicted that the number of diabetic patients in the World could reach up to 366 million by the year 2030. Aim of the present study showed the effect of different extracts such as aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether with various combinations to evaluate the presence of phytochemicals. Strongly presence of flavonoids with aqueous and methanolic leaves extracts according to other solvents in Aloe vera. In an aqueous leaves extracts of China rose, strongly presence of flavonoids and terpenoids according to other phytochemicals and alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and glycosides in methanolic and ethanolic leaves extracts. Strongly presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and glycosides in an aqueous and methanolic leaves extracts of Jamun but the absence of tannin in all solvents. So, the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts are better for Aloe vera, China rose and Jamun for extraction of pytochemicals like alkaloids and flavonoids will be an effective tool for the treatment of diabetes and needs more study for drug development.

THE EFFECT OF FILLER CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS AND DRYING TEMPERATURE ON JUWET (SYZYGIUM CUMINI) POWDER INSTANT DRINK

Article

Jul 2023

Juwet fruit has a sour taste. The purple color of this ripe juwet comes from anthocyanins. Anthocyanins in fruit or vegetables can appear as red, purple, or blue, depending on the acidity (pH) conditions. Anthocyanins also act as a source of antioxidants. Antioxidants from anthocyanins are relatively safer than synthetic antioxidants that allow the promotion of carcinogenesis. Antioxidants will stimulate the body's system response to destroy free radicals. The magnitude of the benefits of antioxidants has encouraged many researchers to lift the natural potential with high antioxidant content to be processed into practical and easy dishes. Therefore, Juwet fruit processing is needed to increase public acceptance of Juwet fruit, one of which is by removing tannins from Juwet fruit by blanching and processing juwet fruit into instant powder that is practical and easy to consume. Both in the process of evaporation and drying. The purpose of this research is to increase the economic value of Juwet fruit as an instant powder drink which is rich in vitamins and high in antioxidants. Optimization of the process is carried out by combining the evaporation and drying processes to obtain products that comply with SNI standards. From the results of this study, the highest Vitamin C content was obtained at a drying temperature of 500C, which was 0.128%/1 g with an antioxidant reactivity of 50%.

Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Jamun and Research on Its Biomedical Potential

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2024
INT J NANOMED

Background Bio-based synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has garnered much attention in recent times owing to their non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective nature. Methods In this study, gold nanoparticles (S4-GoNPs) were synthesized by a simple and environmentally friendly technique using an aqueous extract of jamun leaves (JLE) as an effective capping, stabilizer, and reducing agent. JLE was screened for the presence of phytochemicals followed by synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of their antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and photocatalytic degradation potentials using standard established procedures. Results The phytochemical profile of JLE was found to be rich in flavonoids, tannins, terpenoid phenols, anthraquinones, and cardiac glycosides. Its GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of compounds majorly of them as the (1R)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (5.141%), 2(10)-pinene (4.119%), α-cyclopene (5.274%) α,α-muurolene (7.525%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-(1.alpha.,4a.beta.,8a.alpha) (8.470%), delta-cadinene (23.246), α-guajene (3.451%), and gamma-muurolene (4.379%). The visual morphology and UV–Vis spectral surface plasmon resonance at 538 nm confirmed the successful synthesis of S4-GoNPs. The average particle size was determined as 120.5 nm with Pdi = 0.152, and −27.6 mV zeta potential. Using the Scherrer equation, the average crystallite size was calculated as 35.69 nm. S4-GoNPs displayed significant antidiabetic properties, with 40.67% of α-amylase and 91.33% of α-glucosidase inhibition activity. It also exhibited promising antioxidant potential in terms of the DPPH (91.56%) ABTS (76.59%) scavenging. It displayed 31.04% tyrosinase inhibition at 0.1 mg/mL. Moreover, it also demonstrated encouraging antibacterial effects with zones of inhibition ranging from 11.02 – 14.12 mm as compared to 10.55–16.24 mm by the reference streptomycin (at 0.01 mg/disc). In addition, S4-GoNPs also showed potential for the photocatalytic degradation of the industrial dye, methylene blue. Conclusion In conclusion, these results suggest the promising applicability of green-synthesized S4-GoNPs in various sectors, including the biomedical, cosmetic, food, and environmental waste management industries.

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels has Thermostable and Selective Anti- Bacillus anthracis Activity

Preprint

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis remains a neglected disease in many parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. The symptoms include dysentery, stomachache, bloating of the stomach, vomiting, fever, chills, etc. Current study evaluated several edible plants traditionally indicated for GI disease/symptoms in the Indian subcontinent for their anti -B. anthracis activity. Materials & Methods Aqueous extracts of plant parts were assessed for anti- B. anthracis activity using standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing assays. Most promising extracts were evaluated for desirable activity under conditions relevant to their usage, including extremes of temperature, pH, presence of bile salt, impact on gut microflora, and interaction with FDA-approved drugs for anthrax treatment. The bioactive components separated by bioactivity-guided thin-layer-chromatography were subjected to GC-MS characterization. Results Aqueous Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels or ‘Jamun’ extract (AJE) was most potent and reduced the viable colony-forming units (CFU) by 6-logs within 2 hours of exposure at ≥1.9%w/v concentration. It displayed both desirable selectivity towards gut microflora and thermostability (>90% and ∼80% of anti- B. anthracis activity were retained on incubation at 50°C for 20 days and at 95°C for 12h, respectively). AJE and FDA-approved antibiotics for anthrax displayed synergy. GC-MS analysis of AJE identified various previously-identified antimicrobials belonging to categories of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, etc . Conclusion AJE has potent and selective anti- B. anthracis activity with the desired degree of thermotolerance, compatibility with gut microflora, and recommended antibiotics. Further studies exploring the bioactive components in AJE and their potential application in preventing anthrax and anthrax-like diseases may be undertaken.

Bioactive Phytoconstituents and Medicinal Properties of Jamun (Syzygium cumini)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024

Ganesh Chandra Jagetia

Natural products have been used effectively to treat different ailments since the advent of human history. Angiosperms contain numerous bioactive molecules that have been applied as medicines to treat various human diseases, including cancer. Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is an angiosperm belonging to the Myrtaceae family. This comprehensive review on Jamun includes information collected from Google Scholar, SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and other websites on the internet, giving an account of its botanical profile, chemical composition, and medicinal properties. Ethnomedicinally, various parts of Jamun are used to treat various conditions and have been administered since ancient times in Ayurveda to treat arthritis, obesity, urinary diseases, asthma, bowel spasms, stomach pain, flatulence, diabetes, and dysentery. Several scientific studies also have demonstrated the pluripotent medicinal properties of Jamun, including anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, antiretinitis, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, diuretic, cardioprotective, chemopreventive, gastroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anthelmintic, and radioprotective. Jamun contains alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, and saponins. Numerous active phytochemicals have been isolated from its roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Jamun increases glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase expression and reduces lipid peroxidation levels to exert its beneficial effects on important organs and tissues. Jamun also protects against DNA damage induced by toxic agents including metals, chemicals and ionizing radiation. Jamun activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma and increases fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Additionally, Jamun suppresses various genes at the molecular level. Thus, the scientific evaluation of Jamun is a step forward in validating its traditional use to treat various disorders and may pave the way for translational research for its medicinal use.

Nutraceuticals from Conventional and Nonconventional Fruits

Chapter

Oct 2024

"Formulation And Evaluation Of Hypoglycemic Jellies Incorporating Syzygium Cumini Linn. Pulp" African Journal of Biological Sciences

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024

Consumer preferences have recently shifted towards functional food products that contain natural ingredients due to an increasing understanding of health benefits provided by phytoconstituents. This study investigates development of jellies using Syzygiumcumini Linn. fruit pulp (jamun pulp), which contains high levels of antioxidant anthocyanins and polyphenols. Formulation of six types of jellies involved manipulation of quantity of jamun pulp, stevia as a sugar substitute, pectin as a gelling agent and lemon juice as a flavouring agent and for pectin activation. The formulations were subjected to organoleptic evaluation which included taste, aroma, texture and physicochemical evaluation which included moisture content and pH. Hypoglycaemic activity was examined by In-vitro methods which included Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Assay and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay. Formulation F5 was liked very much when evaluated for sweetness, tartness, overall flavour and aroma. Formulation F5 was liked moderately when evaluated for texture parameters that included hardness, firmness and it was liked very much for cohesiveness, chewiness mouthfeel and smoothness. Physicochemical evaluation revealed that all formulations had comparable moisture content and acidic P H. Per cent inhibition of Alpha-Amylase and Alpha-Glucosidase by Formulations (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6) was found to be directly proportional to concentration. Among all the prepared formulations F5 showed high per cent inhibition of Alpha-Amylase activity at all concentrations. Formulation F5 exhibited Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory ActivityandAlpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity similar to positive control acarbose. The study suggested that Formulation F5 is prospective formulation and it was assessed that formulation F5 has potential to develop as functional food incorporating Syzygium cumini Linn. fruit pulp in the form of Jelly.

OPTIMIZATION OF SPRAY DRYING PROCESS FOR JAMUN JUICE

Thesis

Full-text available

Aug 2024

Ganesh N. Shelke

The present research entitled “Optimization of spray drying process for jamun juice” was carried out during the year 2018 to 2022. The objectives of the present research work were to study different carrier agent for spray drying of jamun juice, optimization of spray drying parameters for preparation of good quality powder from jamun juice, packaging and storage study of prepared jamun juice powder and standardization of low-fat soft cheese from jamun juice powder on the basis of sensory evaluation. Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) fruit is highly perishable and underutilized source of bioactive phytochemicals. These fruits undergo huge losses during harvesting and processing. In order to reduce the post-harvest losses, matured fruits should be stored and processed into value-added products. Conversion of dried powder from fruit juice can reduce the post-harvest losses of jamun fruits. Spray drying can effectively produce jamun fruit juice powder; but the stickiness issue of fruit juice powder mainly arises during the drying, which may be overcome by using different carriers. Consequently, this experiment aimed to ascertain the effect of different carrier types (maltodextrin, gum arabic, whey protein concentrate, waxy starch, and maltodextrin: gum arabic) on the physical, flow, reconstitution, functional, and colour properties of spray-dried jamun juice powder. Results showed that the carrier agents exhibited significant (p<0.05) effect on all quality characteristics and yield. The powder yield of spray-dried jamun juice powder produced with different carrier agents varied between 55.25 to 75.39%. The moisture content of spray-dried jamun juice powder produced with various carrier agents ranged from 2.62 to 4.84%; Similarly, bulk, tapped, and particle density of spray-dried jamun juice powder prepared with different carrier agents varied from 0.29 to 0.48, 0.45 to 0.63, and 1.35 to 3.56 g/cc, respectively. The angle of repose, Carrs index, and Hausner ratio of spray dried jamun juice powder prepared with different carrier agents varied from 35.59 to 52.41o, 20.89 to 35.91, and 1.27 to 1.56, respectively. Similarly, wettability, solubility, hygroscopicity and dispersibility of spray dried jamun juice powder prepared with different carrier agents varied from 90.32 to 201.73s, 55.28 to 95.36%, 15.37 to 26.78g/100g, and 70.98 to 96.33%, respectively. The functional properties including TAC, TPC, antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency of spray dried jamun juice powder produced withvarious carrier agents ranged from 61.00 to 110.72 mg/100g, 129.48 to 215.02 gGAE/100g, 45.79 to 65.09% and 40.49 to 74.07%, respectively. On the L*, a* and b* scale, the whiteness (L*) of the samples ranged from 41.50 to 71.46. Every sample had a* value in the range of 9.29 to 23.17, which corresponds to red colour, whereas the b* value in the range of -0.17 to -8.12 corresponds to blue colour. Among the different carrier agent, combination of maltodextrin and gum arabic was found effective in producing jamun juice powder with appropriate physical, flowability, and functional attributes. Accordingly, combination of maltodextrin and gum arabic were selected as one of optimizing parameter for conducting the further experiments under response surface methodology. For preparation of jamun juice powder with good quality attributes and long storage stability, the spray dryer process parameters such as inlet air temperature (150-170°C), juice concentration (10-20°Brix) and carrier agent (MD:GA) concentration (15-25%) were optimized by three parameters three levels factorial design. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to experimental data using a commercial statistical software package Design- Expert version 10.0 for the generation of response surface plots. The optimum condition were obtained based on low values of moisture, angle of repose, wettability, hygroscopicity, L* and b* value and high values of yield, bulk density, tapped density, particle density, solubility, dispersibility, TAC, TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity and a* value. According to the results of the desirability (0.604) function, the combination of a 160.5°C inlet air drying temperature, 14.47°Brix jamun juice concentration and a 23.20% (w/w) concentration of the carriers provided the best results. Under the optimized conditions, the predicted values for yield, moisture content, bulk density, tapped density, particle density, angle of repose, solubility, hygroscopicity, wettability, dispersibility, anthocyanin content, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, L*, a* and b*, were 60.47%, 3.45%, 0.52 g/cc, 0.64 g/cc, 2.49 g/cc, 40.44o, 92.70%, 20.10 g/100g, 94.31s, 94.39%, 10.28 mg/g, 21.61 mg/g, 36.14 mg/g, 60.85%, 54.47, 17.54 and -8.80, respectively. The above results were verified by conducting the experiments at/near the optimum process parameters (160°C inlet air temperature, 14o Brix jamun juice concentration and a 23% (w/w) concentration of the carriers. The properties of powder viz., yield, moisture content, bulk density, tapped density, particle density, angle of repose, solubility, hygroscopicity, wettability, dispersibility, anthocyanin content, total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, L*, a* and b*, 58.32%, 3.55%, 0.52 g/cc, 0.65 g/cc, 2.57 g/cc, 40.59o, 92.89%, 19.56 g/100g, 94.30s, 93.88%, 10.39 mg/g, 21.76 mg/g, 37.16 mg/g, 60.52%, 52.89, 17.23 and -9.19, respectively. Spray dried jamun juice powder was prepared at optimized conditions and packed in four different packaging materials i.e., LDPE, ALP, MPE and two-ply (LDPE: ALP) pouches. The effect of packaging materials on storability of jamun powder were studied at ambient conditions for six months of storage period. The changes in quality parameters of powder during storage were measured at an interval of 30 days. At the end of storage period, among the four different packaging materials, two-ply (LDPE: ALP) was found to be better packaging material for storage of jamun juice powder with acceptable quality attributes such as moisture content (4.18%), bulk density (0.56 g/cc), tapped density (0.70 g/cc), particle density (3.50 g/cc), angle of repose (46.60o), solubility (86.14%), dispersibility (87.50%), wettability (101.82s), total sugars (17.50%), acidity (0.44%), ascorbic acid (0.289 mg/g), total anthocyanin content (8.01 mg/g), total phenols (19.10 mg/g), antioxidant activity (55.54%), L* (60.09), a* (15.37) and b* (-5.62). The sensory properties viz., colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability were obtained as 7.50, 7.88, 7.66 and 7.88 respectively during six months of storage. XXIII Powder produced at optimized condition was used to prepare low-fat soft creamy cheese. For preparation of cheese, milk was standardized at 3.5% and 0.5% fat. Cheese samples were prepared by adding of spray dried jamun juice powder at 4, 8 and 12 and 16% in low fat cheese (0.5% fat). The cheese samples were analyzed for physico-chemical composition, functional, textural and sensory quality. Among the different treatments, treatment containing 12% jamun juice powder was found to be best concentration for low-fat soft cheese with acceptable physico-chemical, functional, textural and sensory quality viz., moisture content (65.14%), Fat (10.03%), Total protein (19.03%), Ash (2.89%), pH (5.04), Acidity (0.61%), TAC (0.20 mg/g), TPC (0.74 mg/g), Antioxidant Activity (36.34%), L* (51.73), a* (8.13), b* (-4.39), Firmness (1206 g), Cohesiveness (0.60), Adhesiveness (1.44 mj), Springiness (3.23 mm), Gumminess (526 g), Chewiness (31.51 mj). The sensory score for properties viz., colour, taste, aroma, texture and overall acceptability were obtained as 8.1, 8.1, 7.8, 8.2 and 8.4, respectively. In terms of overall acceptability, the soft cheese sample made with a 12% jamun juice powder concentration was very close to the full-fat cheese samples. From the different carrier agents, MD in combination with GA provides better physical, reconstitution, flow, colour, and functional attributes in producing jamun juice powder. The optimum conditions to obtain acceptable quality jamun juice powder by spray dying method were 160°C inlet air temperature, 14o Brix jamun juice concentration and a 23% (w/w) concentration of the carriers. The prepared powder retained good storage stability when stored in two ply (LDPE + ALF) pouches for a period of six month. Spray dried jamun juice powder can be effectively used up to 12% to improve the functionality and acceptability of low-fat soft cheese.

Syzygium cumini seed extract ameliorates HCHF-induced obesity in rat model by modulating lipogenic and adipocytogenic gene expression

Article

Aug 2024

Extraction, identification, and determination of antioxidant activity from the ethanolic extract of Syzgium Cumini seed by various analytical methods

Conference Paper

Jan 2024

The evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain Indian medicinal plants in vitro: A preliminary study

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2004

The plant extracts of 17 commonly used Indian medicinal plants were examined for their possible regulatory effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels using sodium nitroprusside as an NO donor in vitro. Most of the plant extracts tested demonstrated direct scavenging of NO and exhibited significant activity. The potency of scavenging activity was in the following order: Alstonia scholaris > Cynodon dactylon > Morinda citrifolia > Tylophora indica > Tectona grandis > Aegle marmelos (leaf) > Momordica charantia > Phyllanthus niruri > Ocimum sanctum > Tinospora cordifolia (hexane extract) = Coleus ambonicus > Vitex negundo (alcoholic) > T cordifolia (dichloromethane extract) > T. cord folia (methanol extract) > Ipomoea digitata > V negundo (aqueous) > Boerhaavia diffusa > Eugenia jambolana (seed) > T. cord folia (aqueous extract) > V. negundo (dichloromethane/methanol extract) > Gingko biloba > Picrorrhiza kurroa > A. marmelos (fruit) > Santalum album > E. jambolana (leaf). All the extracts evaluated exhibited a dose-dependent NO scavenging activity. The A. scholaris bark showed its greatest NO scavenging effect of 81.86% at 250 mug/mL, as compared with G. biloba, where 54.9% scavenging was observed at a similar concentration. The present results suggest that these medicinal plants might be potent and novel therapeutic agents for scavenging of NO and the regulation of pathological conditions caused by excessive generation of NO and its oxidation product, peroxynitrite.

Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008

Article

Jan 2001

Cancer: Principles & practice of oncology: Annual advances in oncology

Book

Jan 2012

Announcing the second volume of DeVita, Lawrence and Rosenberg's groundbreaking series, Cancer: Principles & Practice of OncologyAnnual Advances in Oncology. This series of annual volumes focuses on the most significant changes in oncologic research and practice that have taken place during the preceding year. Each volume identifies scientific and clinical areas in oncology that are rapidly changing and show a high potential for affecting the management of cancer patients in the future. These areas may reflect current controversies in oncology and every effort is made to provide clear direction for the practicing oncologist. © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. All rights reserved.

Induction of Bax and activation of caspases during beta-sitosterol-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells

Article

Dec 2003

beta-sitosterol, a main dietary phytosterol found in plants, may have the potential for prevention and therapy for human cancer. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of beta-sitosterol on the growth of HT116 human colon cancer cells. Treatment with beta-sitosterol resulted in a dose-dependent growth inhibition coupled with the characteristic morphological features of apoptosis and with the increase of a sub-G1 cell population. Apoptosis-inducing concentrations of beta-sitosterol induced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation accompanied by proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADPribose)-polymerase. In addition, beta-sitosterol-induced apoptosis in HT116 cells was associated with a decreased expression of the anti-apototic Bcl-2 protein and mRNA and a concomitant increase of the pro-apototic Bax protein and mRNA, and with release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. beta-sitosterol treatment also inhibited the expression of cIAP-1 without significant changes in the level of cIAP-2. Taken together, these findings provide important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of beta-sitosterol.

A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula

Article

Jan 1935

I.H. Burkill

Effect of jamun seed extract on alloxan induced diabetes in rats

Article

Jan 1985

Hypoglycemia induced by Syzygium cumini linn. seeds in diabetes mellitus

Article

Jan 1983

Study of Averrhoa carambola and Eugenia jambolana extracts purchased from manipulation drugstore on the experimental diabetes

Article

Jul 2002

The effects on glucose homeostasis of plants used as traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus were evaluated in streptozotocin diabetic rat. Dried leaves of jaman (Eugenia jambolana) and carambol (Averrhoa carambola) were used. Each plant material was supllied as decoction (5g/1000 mL), similar to the method of preparation used by the population. But the doses were six times higher than that of the human because the rodents present, experimentally, larger resistance to the chemical agents than man. The aim of this paper was to study the aqueous extracts of A. carambola (star fruit or carambol) and E. jambolana (jaman) effects, purchased from manipulation drugstore, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabete rats. Wistar rats divided in 3 groups: control-diabetics treated with water (C, n=7), diabetics treated with 105.0 mg/kg of A. carambola aqueous extract (DTC, n=7) and diabetics treated with 50.0 mg/kg of E. jambolana aqueous extract (DTJ, n=7) were used. The animals received extract through a gastric tube (gavage). During treatment, the daily mean water and food intake and the average body weight of rats were measured. On day 0, 7 and 14 of experiment, the blood glucose levels were verified. Similar studies showed that carambol and jaman extracts presented hypoglycemic activity on the same diabetic model. The present results suggested that carambol and jaman extracts, commercially purchased, did not reduce polydipsia, hyperphagia, polyuria neither hyperglycaemia during streptozotocin diabete development. This might be due to the plants purchased from manipulation drugstore do not present quality control demanded for the pharmaceutical products. The lack of effects of the extracts could be attributed to the doubtful quality of the botanical material or to the insufficient period for treatment. It was verified no toxic effect on diabetic rats treated with different plant extracts. More studies should be accomplished to investigate the possible mechanisms related to the hypoglycemic effect presented in diabetic patients.

Pharmacological potential of Eugenia jambolana: A review

Article

Jan 2006
Phcog Mag

Development and validation of HPTLC method for determination of 3-hydroxy androstane [16,17-C] (6′methyl, 2′-1-hydroxy -isopropene-1-yl) 4,5,6 H pyran in Jambul seed (Syzygium cumini)

Article

Oct 2009

A new, simple, sensitive, accurate and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantification of 3-hydroxy androstane [16,17-C](6′methyl, 2′-1-hydroxy -isopropene-1-yl) 4,5,6 H pyran, a marker compound in Syzygium cumini was developed and validated. This marker compound was isolated from the ethanol extract and identification was confirmed by using melting point and IR, NMR spectroscopy. An ethanol extract of the seed powder was chromatographed on silica gel 60F-254 plate with toluene : ethyl acetate (8.5:1.5 v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was performed by scanning in fluorescence mode at 366 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, recovery, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and specificity. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots for 3-hydroxy androstane [16,17-C](6′methyl, 2′-1-hydroxy -isopropene-1-yl) 4,5,6 H pyran showed good linear relationship with r 2 = 0.999, in the concentration range of 1000-5000 ng/spot. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 131and 430 ng/spot, respectively. The amount of 3-hydroxy androstane [16,17-C](6′methyl, 2′-1-hydroxy -isopropene-1-yl) 4,5,6 H pyran found in seed powder extract was 7.38% . This method can be used as quality control method for checking the purity of Syzygium cumini seed powder, extract and its formulation.