Traditional versus modern apple cultivars—A comparison of juice composition

Abstract

Apples are rich in components that are important for human health, such as polyphenols, organic acids and microelements, but their chemical composition varies with different apple cultivars. We aimed to find out if there is any superiority in traditionally grown apple cultivars in terms of their fruits’ bioactive components content. Juice from two traditionally grown apple cultivars, ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Reinette Simirenko’, was compared to eight popular apple cultivars, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Jonagold Decosta’, ‘Jonica’, ‘Šampion’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Elise’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Rubin’, and the results are presented. In the study we determined several major and minor nutrient elements, organic acids, phenolic content as well as the antioxidant activity of apple juice made from different cultivars, both modern and traditionally grown. Antioxidant activity determined as FRAP varied from 1.12 (‘Elise’) to 12.10 (‘Jonagold’) mmol Fe dm
The study revealed that modern apples had the same or higher value of bioactive compounds in comparison to the older varieties. The highest pro-health activity among the investigated apple cultivars was found in the ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Rubin’ cultivars. Other studied cultivars - with the exception of the older ones, ‘Reinette Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’ - had much smaller pro-health activity. Therefore, ‘Reinette Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’ can be a worthwhile alternative for consumers in the future.

Full text

Published by the Polish Society
for Horticultural Science since 1989
Folia Hort. 27/1 (2015): 33-41
Folia
Horticulturae
DOI: 10.1515/fhort-2015-0012
http://www.foliahort.ogr.ur.krakow.plORIGINAL ARTICLE Open access
ABSTRACT
Apples are rich in components that are important for human health, such as polyphenols, organic acids and
microelements, but their chemical composition varies with different apple cultivars. We aimed to nd out if
there is any superiority in traditionally grown apple cultivars in terms of their fruits’ bioactive components
content. Juice from two traditionally grown apple cultivars, ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Reinette Simirenko’, was compared
to eight popular apple cultivars, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Jonagold Decosta’, ‘Jonica’, ‘Šampion’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Elise’, ‘Golden
Delicious’ and ‘Rubin’, and the results are presented. In the study we determined several major and minor
nutrient elements, organic acids, phenolic content as well as the antioxidant activity of apple juice made
from different cultivars, both modern and traditionally grown. Antioxidant activity determined as FRAP
varied from 1.12 (‘Elise’) to 12.10 (‘Jonagold’) mmol Fe dm-3. The concentration of polyphenols fell between
0.16 (‘Elise’) and 1.30 (‘Jonagold’) mg ml-1 gallic acid equivalent. Malic acid concentration was highest in
‘Reinette Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’ (6.58 and 5.84 g dm-3, respectively) and lowest for ‘Jonagold’ (3.73 g dm-3).
The microelement concentrations for the apple cultivar juices were as follows: 8-24 mg dm-3 for Na, 567-1022
mg dm-3 for K, 26.9-59.4 mg dm-3 for Mg and 0.105-0.201 mg dm-3 for Zn. Statistical analysis conrmed
a highly positive correlation between total polyphenols and antioxidant activity (r = 0.98, p = 0.001).
The study revealed that modern apples had the same or higher value of bioactive compounds in comparison
to the older varieties. The highest pro-health activity among the investigated apple cultivars was found in
the ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Rubin’ cultivars. Other studied cultivars – with the exception of the older ones, ‘Reinette
Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’ – had much smaller pro-health activity. Therefore, ‘Reinette Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’
can be a worthwhile alternative for consumers in the future.
Key w o rd s: antioxidant activity, apple juice, nutrient elements, organic acids, polyphenol
Traditional versus modern apple cultivars
– a comparison of juice composition
Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek1, Maciej Gąstoł2*, Agnieszka Adamska1,
Mirosław Krośniak1, Paweł Zagrodzki1,3
1 Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition
Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
2 Department of Pomology and Apiculture
University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
3 Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics
Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
INTRODUCTION
The popularity of apples is not only a result of their
taste, but also of their high nutritional value and
healthful properties. It is a well-known fact that
apples are a rich source of polyphenols (Juranovic
et al. 2011). What is more, the concentration of
free phenolics in apples is the highest amongst all
fruits (Sun et al. 2002) and for that reason these
*Corresponding author.
Tel.: +48 12 662 52 26; fax: +48 12 662 52 26;
e-mail: rogastol@cyfronet.pl (M. Gąstoł).
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34 Apple juice composition
compounds may be assimilated in higher amounts
from apples. Phenolics, which are naturally existing
antioxidants, demonstrate a variety of biological
activities that may protect against the development
of some chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular
disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and asthma; they
may also have a benecial inuence on preventing
premature ageing (Boyer and Liu 2004). Moreover,
animal and in vitro studies have proved that apples
may contribute to protecting macromolecules
(mainly DNA and lipids) against oxidative damage
induced by reactive oxygen species (Gerhauser
2008). Malic acid is also abundant in apples and apple
juice. Malate plays an important role in generating
the mitochondrial ATP while malic acid itself is one
of the most effective compounds in decreasing the
aluminium level in the brain (Abraharn and Flechas
1992). It is also an effective chelating agent, capable
of binding to and inactivating some toxic metals
(Domingo et al. 1988). In addition to different
classes of phenolic compounds, organic acids and
vitamins, apples contain some essential elements,
such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn.
Apple trees are the most common fruit trees
grown in Poland, and constitute 66.5% of the
total area of orchards. In addition, with an annual
production of around three million tons of apples,
Poland is one of the largest exporters of these fruits
to the European market (19.6% of the total apple
production in the European Union). Poland is also
the third largest producer of apple concentrate in
the world (according to FAO, EUROSTAT).
A number of signicant changes took place in
the Polish fruit tree market in the second half of
the 20th century in conjunction with modern fruit
farming. Well known and widely spread apple
cultivars in the interwar period, such as ‘Oliwka
Inancka’, ‘Kronselska’, ‘Kosztela’, ‘Antonówka’
and ‘Złota Reneta’, have been replaced by modern,
annually yielding ones, such as ‘Jonagold’ and
‘Idared’ (Dziubiak 2005). However, these highly
economical cultivars are often of lower nutritional
quality (Drogoudi et al. 2008, Iacopini et al. 2010).
Some studies have linked lower nutritional value
with an intensication of fruit production in the last
decades (Mayer 1997).
Therefore, the objective of this study was to
prove the hypothesis that traditionally grown
apple cultivars are superior in terms of bioactive
components in the fruit.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Apple cultivars, harvest and storage condition
Fruit samples of ‘Jonagold’, ‘Jonagold Decosta’,
‘Jonica’, ‘Šampion’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Elise’, ‘Golden
Delicious’, ‘Rubin’, ‘Reinette Simirenko’ and
‘Mutsu’ apple cultivars were taken from an
orchard located at the Experimental Station of the
Agricultural University in Garlica Murowana, near
Krakow. Fruits were harvested from 16-year old
apple trees grafted on M.26 rootstock. The soil of
the plot where the fruit trees were planted was in the
valuation class II b, which is classied as a brown
soil type developed from loess and represents
a type described as a silt loam. The data on some
soil properties are given in Table 1. In the orchard,
the soil cultivation system was an herbicidal
fallow in rows and grass in the inter-rows. Trees
were spaced at 4.0 × 1.5 m. The crowns of trees
were trimmed in a spindle-shaped form. The trees
were grown according to the recommendations
for commercial orchards. The Streif index (SI =
Firmness/(Refraction × Starch stage)) was used to
determine the harvest time.
Two groups of cultivars were taken for the study:
the traditional (‘old’), which were bred in the 19th/
beginning of the 20th century (‘Reinette Simirenko’,
‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Mutsu’) and modern ones.
Among them, ‘Jonagold’ apples are crisp and juicy
with aromatic honey-like sweetness and moderate
acidity. The fruit esh has a low tendency to
browning. Fruits have good storage properties,
up to 10 months in controlled atmosphere storage.
‘Jonagold’ apples are excellent not only for eating
when fresh, but also as an ingredient of salads and
baked goods; they also serve as an excellent source
of apple juice. So far, over 70 sports (strains) of
‘Jonagold’ have been discovered (Schechter and
Table 1. Mean values of pHH2O, soil organic matter, available macroelements (mg dm-3, 0.03 M CH3COOH extraction)
and zinc (mg kg-1, 1 M HCl extraction)
Soil layer pHH2O
SOM
(%)
Ca
(mg dm-3)
K
(mg dm-3)
Mg
(mg dm-3)
P
(mg dm-3)
S
(mg dm-3)
Zn
(mg kg-1)
0-20 5.22 1.43 558 123.0 90.0 21.70 6.20 12.8
20-40 6.19 - 489 80.1 66.6 5.40 3.80 12.1
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Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek, Maciej Gąstoł, Agnieszka Adamska, Mirosław Krośniak, Paweł Zagrodzki 35
Proctor 1989). The Czech apple cultivar ‘Rubin’
was selected as a seedling of the ‘Lord Lambourne’
× ‘Golden Delicious’ crossing. It has gained some
interest due to its exceptionally high dessert
quality. Among the new cultivars, ‘Rubin’ apples
are recognized to be the tastiest (Paprstein et al.
2006). Apart from their excellent taste, these fruits
are large and covered with a beautiful carmine
colour (Kruczyńska 2002). ‘Reinette Simirenko’
(=‘Wood's Greening’) originated from the garden
of Ukrainian pomologist Leo Simirenko in 1895.
The peel is light green, similar to ‘Granny Smith’.
Its esh is greenish, white or nearly white, ne-
grained, slightly crisp and tender. It is delicately
tart and well balanced. Not only does it have
a pleasant texture, but also an outstandingly citrus-
like avour (Bordeianu et al. 1964). ‘Šampion’
has been one of the most important cultivars in
Poland for many years (Du Bruille and Barritt
2004). It comprises an excellent taste (hybrid of
‘Golden Delicious’ × ‘Cox Orange Pippin’), high
productivity and easy cultivation (Mika 2002,
Żurawicz 2003). ‘Mutsu’ (=‘Crispin’) was bred
in Aomori, Japan in 1930 (’Golden Delicious’ ×
‘Indo’ hybrid). It reveals a sweet honeyed yet a very
refreshing avour. The esh is very juicy and crisp.
The fruits are very large (triploid) while their skin
colour is a yellowish green with an orange blush.
It is a versatile cultivar (used for desserts, juices
and baking) (Rejman 1994). ‘Gloster’ fruits are
moderately large, roundish to conically elongated
(resembling the ‘Red Delicious’ variety), with a
yellow-greenish basic colour, covered with a red
to dark-red colour on almost the whole fruit. The
esh is pale cream-colored, crackling and sweet,
with a melon-like aroma (Petzold 1990). ‘Elise’
apples have an excellent taste and they can be
stored for long periods of time as they have an
exceptionally long shelf life (7-10 days). They are
large, mainly cone-shaped fruits with a practically
even dark-red blush on a yellow-green background.
The combination of an excellent taste, long storage
ability and shelf life makes ‘Elise’ a unique cultivar.
Moreover, ‘Elise’ apples can be safely consumed by
most people with a mild apple allergy (Kruczyńska
2002, Vlieg-Boerstra et al. 2011).
Sample preparation
Two kilograms of apples from each cultivar were
chosen at random. After being washed in water, the
apple stalks were removed from the samples. Next,
two separate quarters from each apple were cut out
– one from the primary colour quarter, the other one
from the red blush quarter. Then the apple pulp was
put into the juice extractor. The obtained juice was
stored at -20°C until it was used for the analysis.
Instrumentation
FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ) assay
was conducted as described by Paśko et al. (2009).
The nal results were given as mmol Fe2+ dm-3.
Total phenolic compounds (TPC) were
determined using the Follin-Ciocalteu reagent. The
analytical procedure was performed as described
earlier (Paśko et al. 2009) with some modications.
The absorbance was measured at 725 nm using
a UV/VIS laboratory spectrophotometer (Synergy 2,
Bio Tek Instruments). Final results were expressed
as mg ml-1 gallic acid equivalents.
Malic acid was determined using the
Electrophoretic Analyser EA 202M (Villa
Labeco, Spisska Nova Ves, Slovakia) with
conductivity detection. The leading electrolyte
was hydrochloric acid (10 mM) including 0.2%
methylhydroxyethylcellulose (M-HEC) adjusted
with β-alanine to pH 3.5. The terminating
electrolyte contained 5 mM caproic acid and 5 mM
histidine. The system was equipped with a sample
valve of 30 µm xed volume and two capillaries:
the preseparation capillary (90 mm × 0.9 mm I.D.)
and the analytical capillary (160 mm × 0.3 mm I.D.).
Samples were diluted with distilled water in order to
obtain a malic acid concentration range between 10
and 80 mg dm-3.
We also assessed elements important for human
daily intake, namely sodium , potassium, magnesium
and zinc. The determination was performed using
the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer
5100ZL). Final results were expressed as mg dm-3.
All analyses were repeated in triplicate.
Statistical Analysis
Values are given as means ± SD of three
measurement. Data were tested by one-way
ANOVA using Statistica 5.1 (StatSoft Inc., USA)
followed by the Tukey post hoc test. Pearson's
correlation was used to nd a correlation between
the parameters. The signicance level was set at
p < 0.05.
Ward's minimum variance method was used in
order to nd the clusters consisting of either similar
objects or parameters, with either Chebychev or
Euclidean distances used as dissimilarity indices,
respectively. Autoscaling was employed as a pre-
processing method in order to equally weight all
the original parameters for the cluster analysis.
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36 Apple juice composition
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract
of different apple juices was estimated on the basis
of the ability to reduce ferric (the tripyridyltriazine
(FeIII-TPTZ) complex to the ferrous (Fe II) form).
The results are shown in Figure 1. Different apple
cultivar juices were characterised by various values
of the antioxidant potential. FRAP values in the
extract varied between 1.12-12.10 mM Fe dm-3.
‘Elise’ apple juice was distinguished by the lowest
antioxidant potential, and ‘Jonagold’ apple juice by
the highest antioxidant potential.
The results of the total phenolic content in the
extracts are shown in Figure 2. A wide variation
of TPC in juices obtained from different cultivars
of apples was observed. The values varied between
0.16-1.30 mg ml-1 gallic acid equivalent. The highest
content of the total phenolic compounds was
determined in ‘Jonagold’ juice, whereas the lowest
was found for ‘Elise’ juice. Moreover, apples with
a higher phenolic concentration also tended to have
a higher antioxidant activity (r = 0.98, p = 0.0001).
The concentration of malic acid was determined
with the use of the isotachophoresis method. Acid
concentration in apple juices ranged between 3.73
and 6.58 g dm-3 (Fig. 3); the highest concentration
Figure 1. FRAP for various apple juices
Figure 2. Concentration of polyphenols in apple juices
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Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek, Maciej Gąstoł, Agnieszka Adamska, Mirosław Krośniak, Paweł Zagrodzki 37
of malic acid was found in ‘Reinette Simirenko’
while the lowest was in ‘Jonagold’ juice.
The samples of apple juice were also analysed
in order to determine the concentration of sodium,
potassium, magnesium and zinc. The following
concentration ranges were obtained for the
determined elements: 8-24 mg dm-3 Na, 567-1022
mg dm-3 K, 26.9-59.4 mg dm-3 Mg and 0.105-
0.201 mg dm-3 Zn. The results are shown in Figure
4A-D. Statistical analysis has revealed a highly
positive correlation between sodium and malic acid
concentrations (r = 0.78, p = 0.0001). The rest of the
correlations were not statistically signicant.
The results of the cluster analysis are shown in
Figure 5. On the basis of the presented dendrogram,
as well as the values of variables for the respective
apple cultivars, one can say that cultivars creating
one-element clusters (‘Rubin’ and ‘Jonagold’)
differed from other cultivars (in clusters 2-4)
by a higher FRAP value, and an augmented
concentration of polyphenols and zinc. These
two cultivars differ from each other as far as the
Figure 3. Concentration of malic acid in apple juices
Figure 4A. Concentration of Na in apple juices
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38 Apple juice composition
Figure 4B. Concentration of K in apple juices
Figure 4C. Concentration of Mg in apple juices
concentration of magnesium is concerned, which is
very high in the ‘Rubin’ cultivar and very low in
‘Jonagold’ (the lowest amongst all of the examined
apple cultivars). Moreover, ‘Jonagold’ differed
from cluster 4 (which is formed by ‘Mutsu’ and
‘Reinette Simirenko’) as far as malic and sodium
concentration is concerned. Both parameters
showed much higher concentrations in cluster 4.
The potassium concentration did not affect the
results of the cluster analysis. Similarities between
variables characterising the examined juices are
shown in the next dendrogram (Fig. 6).
FRAP and polyphenol concentrations were in
the same cluster, which indicates a high correlation
between these two variables. Polyphenols are one of
the main antioxidants in apple juice and that is why
their concentration in juice affects the antioxidant
power. A pair of two other parameters (i.e. sodium
and malic acid) was found within another cluster,
which points to a formation of organic salts.
The cluster analysis conrmed the results
obtained by the Pearson correlation test. Almost
a full correlation between the antioxidant activity
and the total polyphenol concentration was found,
as well as a very strong correlation between sodium
and the malic acid concentration.
New apple cultivars frequently replace the old
ones. They should have desirable properties such
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Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek, Maciej Gąstoł, Agnieszka Adamska, Mirosław Krośniak, Paweł Zagrodzki 39
as: pest, fungi and abiotic stress resistance, easy
orchard management, as well as good fruit storage
properties. Moreover, fruits with an excellent
appearance (blush), texture, avour (sweetness
and acidity), and those with various possible
applications (fresh snacks/industrial applications)
are the most valuable. However, when focusing
only on these features, one can easily overlook the
properties that are important for human health.
Although the cultivation of some of the more
popular apple cultivars is the optimal use from the
production point of view, this may impoverish the
richness of taste and the possibility of using such
fruits for other nutritional purposes. Frequently,
less-known apple cultivars have better properties in
comparison to the popular ones (Duda-Chodak et
al. 2010). All of the trees that were analysed in this
study were grown in the same pomological orchard
and consequently, cultivated in the same soil and
climate conditions, and using the same method
of fertilization in order to eliminate the possible
inuence exerted by these factors. Although
Figure 4D. Concentration of Zn in apple juices
Figure 5. Branching-tree diagram for different apple species (the similarities between clusters were evaluated using
Ward's method and Chebychev distance)
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40 Apple juice composition
the analysis of the investigated apple cultivars
conrmed some differences in their chemical
content, there were not any evident differences
between the analysed groups of old and new
cultivars. The results of other researchers conrm
the high antioxidant properties of the ‘Jonagold’
and ‘Rubin’ cultivars (Lachman et al. 2006). The
other cultivars that are examined here have not
been frequently studied elsewhere. This study for
the rst time provides relevant data for ‘Reinette
Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’ in Polish conditions. Both
these cultivars present similar antioxidant activity,
as was revealed by cluster analysis. The content of
active substances in these apples was lower when
compared to ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Rubin’, but higher in
comparison with the other investigated cultivars.
‘Reinete Simirenko’ is an interesting alternative for
’Granny Smith’, which is not produced in Poland,
and the price of this cultivar is higher than for other
cultivars typical in Poland. The green colour of this
apple peel is unique in comparison to other cultivars.
The possibilities of using ‘Reinnete Simirienko’
as a replacement for ‘Granny Smith’ could create
new opportunities for Polish producers. Moreover,
‘Reinnete Simirienko’ has a higher antioxidant
activity. ‘Mutsu’ is another lesser-known cultivar
in Poland that has interesting taste parameters. Not
only does it have large fruits, but it is also very
juicy and crisp and contains a creamy moderately
sweet white esh, which all in all creates a versatile
cultivar for desserts, juices and for baking purposes.
The ‘Reinnete Simirienko’ and ‘Mutsu’ cultivars
showed the highest malic acid concentration in
comparison to the other investigated cultivars.
However, further study is necessary for a better
understanding of how Polish cultivation conditions
can inuence the biochemical parameters of these
two cultivars. On the other hand, the ‘Gloster’ and
‘Elise’ cultivars had the smallest concentration of
active antioxidant substances in comparison to the
other cultivars. The above observations are similar
to those of Lachman and al. (2006) and Krośniak
et al. (2009).
The macroelement analysis (Na, K, Mg and
Zn) presented in this study conrmed the results
obtained by Juranović et al. (2011), and it did not
prove any signicant differences between the
investigated cultivars.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The study did not conrm the superiority
of older, traditional apples in term of their
antioxidant status and nutritional value.
2. The highest pro-health activity amongst all
of the investigated apple cultivars was found
in the ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Rubin’ cultivars. Other
studied cultivars – with the notable exception
of ‘Reinette Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’ – are very
Zn Polyphenol s FRAP Mg KNa Mali c acid
Parameters
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Distance between clusters
Figure 6. Branching-tree diagram for different parameters (the similarities between clusters were evaluated using
Ward's method and Euclidean distance)
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Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek, Maciej Gąstoł, Agnieszka Adamska, Mirosław Krośniak, Paweł Zagrodzki 41
popular in Europe, but show a much lower pro-
health activity.
3. Lesser-known ‘Reinette Simirenko’ and ‘Mutsu’
(both green peeled cultivars) can be a worthwhile
alternative in the future for consumers. Not only
do they possess an interesting taste but also
relatively rich pro-health properties for humans.
4. Element analysis (Na, K, Mg and Zn) did not
prove any signicant differences between the
investigated cultivars. The experiment revealed
a very strong correlation between sodium and
malic acid concentration in the analysed apple
juices.
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Received August 13, 2014; accepted February 9, 2015
Unauthenticated
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