No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Spatial, temporal and forecast evaluation of rivers’ streamflow of Upper Tisa drainage basin under the conditions of climate change
Abstract
The drainage basin of the Upper Tisa is considered to be one of the most flood hazardous areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Climate changes in the past decade made a significant impact on the course of hydrological processes, including streamflow. The studies of the processes at global and regional levels are of great importance for grounding of flood protection operations as well as arrangement of measures for adaptation to climate change. The study considers approaches to evaluation of changes of hydrologic balance elements of the investigated drainage basin in the period of the 20th century. A retrospective analysis of the changes is provided in order to find out relationship between the streamflow and the climate aspects which influence it. A statistical analysis of a series of long-term observations was performed in order to test their steadiness and homogeneity. Inter-row connections were determined between changes in precipitation regime, air temperature of the surface and streamflow in the modern period (1991–2012) compared to the period of the climatic norm (1961–1990). The closest interconnection between mentioned variables is observed for the warm period. For the cold period such dependencies are satisfactory. Consequently, an equation was derived for conversion of the expected influence of climate change on the streamflow. Results of the regional model REMO-ESNAM5 were used to perform forecast evaluation of hydrological consequences of climate change. The projection of changes of climatic aspects for the drainage basin of the Upper Tisa for the time period 2021–2050 as well as А1B sustainable development scenario was created. The evaluation of possible changes of average, seasonal and annual streamflow in the basin is presented up to the middle of the 21st century. Annual redistribution is clearly registered. Forecast evaluations were performed of the maximum streamflow changes, floods frequency and their recurrence throughout the year.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.71.1.10286
... У сучасній гідрології найбільше застосування отримали саме статистичні (параметричні та непараметричні) методи, незважаючи на те, що більшість статистичних критеріїв, за якими виконується оцінка однорідності залежить від законів розподілу, які зазвичай не притаманні гідрологічним рядам. Багато дослідників використовують рекомендовані нормативними документами [115,118,121] статистичні критерії Фішера та Стьюдента, які, незважаючи на виконане узагальнення, мають все ж таки обмежений діапазон застосування і зовсім не враховують циклічні коливання стоку [167]. При цьому, в більшості досліджень не виконується фізичного (генетичного) аналізу однорідності, що є порушенням вимог нормативних документів. ...
... Для оцінки однорідності рядів спостережень середнього річного та максимального стоку води за даними вказаного гідрологічного поста побудовано сумарні інтегральні криві (рис. 2.2 -2.3) [167]. ...
... 2.1.) було ~35~ узагальнено за весь період спостережень (включно до 2012 р.), тому, що паводки для Карпатського регіону мають більший вплив для формування гідрологічного режиму і паводкові витрати зазвичай більші, ніж витрати водопілля [136,167]. ...
The monograph discusses the main characteristics of the hydrological regime of rivers of the upper part of the Tisa river water collecting area (within the boundaries of Ukraine). Much attention was paid to relative assessment of instantaneous and average daily water flows. The regulations for identification and the typology of that water collecting area and hydromorphological thereof was revealed of surveyed sites and of water files of studied rivers. Main principles pertaining to the analysis of river beds of evolution processes in rivers were substantiated and realized. The river bed forming flows of water, hydromorphology-dynamic correlations of rivers parameters and the deformations thereof were assessed. Types of river beds and the correlation thereof with the hydromorphological assessment were established. The stability of river beds was assessed. Designated for hydrology specialists, hydroecologists, water engineers, post-graduates and students of hydrometeorologic and geographic majors.
... The highest precipitation totals occur during the summer season (440 mm) and are related to low-pressure centres coming from the southwest and west. The high orographically induced precipitation in the NW part of the Eastern Carpathians generates one of the highest mean annual discharges in Ukraine, which may reach 30-32 l s −1 km −2 in the upper Uzh and Latorytsa river basins (Lukianets and Obodovskyi, 2015;Obodovskyi et al., 2020). ...
The Polonyna Rivna (1480 m asl) and Borzhava (1682 m asl) ranges represent medium-high mountain massifs located in the north-western part of the Ukrainian Carpathians, where the legacy of the Pleistocene glaciation has long been unexplored. Based on the first detailed mapping of glacial landforms and sedimentological analysis, we document the presence of freshly-shaped outer moraines and glacial cirques and reconstruct the extent and ice-surface geometry of the six very small (0.09–0.78 km² area) palaeoglaciers. The specific feature of the area is the presence of extensive mountain-top plateaus that play an important role as additional areas for snowblow accumulation. The equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) calculated from hypsometry of reconstructed local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM) using the area x altitude balance ratio (AABR) 1.6 method is exceptionally low at 1138 m asl in the Polonyna Rivna and 1230 m asl in the Borzhava range. Excluding the topographic effect produced by additional snow accumulation the ELA shift upwards between 120 and 180 m which corresponds to 25–53% of the glacier elevation range. The resulted climatic ELA (1282–1352 m asl) together with the mean cirque floor altitude (1194 m asl) and mean elevation of the glacier fronts (994 m asl) represent the lowest values in the entire Carpathian arc. Our data indicate glacier-friendly conditions in the mountain massifs exceeding 1400 m asl in the windward NW part of the Ukrainian Carpathians where due to relatively cold air temperatures and orographic induced precipitation local topolimatic factors dictated the development of marginal glaciation.
... The highest precipitation totals occur during the summer season (440 mm) and are related to low-pressure centres coming from the southwest and west. The high orographically induced precipitation in the NW part of the Eastern Carpathians generates one of the highest mean annual discharges in Ukraine, which may reach 30-32 l s −1 km −2 in the upper Uzh and Latorytsa river basins (Lukianets and Obodovskyi, 2015;Obodovskyi et al., 2020). ...
... The advection of air from the western sector is observed for about 38% of days per year (Błażejczyk and Skrynyk, 2019). The high precipitation on the windward slopes of the Svydovets and Chornohora massifs generates the highest mean annual discharge in the Ukrainian Carpathians, which may reach 30-36 l s − 1 km − 2 in the Chorna Tysa river basin (Lukianets and Obodovskyi, 2015;Obodovskyi et al., 2020). The horizontal gradient of precipitation shows northeastward decreases in precipitation and strong contrast in the vertical precipitation gradient between windward (124 mm/100 m) and leeward sides of the mountains (69 mm/100 m) (Voropai and Kunytsia, 1969). ...
The Chornohora and Svydovets massifs represent the highest part of the Ukrainian Carpathians (2061 m a.s.l.) and the north-eastmostmountain area in Europe, which was subject to mountain glaciation during the Quaternary. This region represents one of the least explored areas in terms of glacial geomorphology in Europe, which is crucial for validating the inferred zonal/meridional mode of atmospheric circulation on the continent during glacial stages. Based on new mapping of glacial landforms and sediments, we reconstruct the extent and ice-surface geometry as well as establish equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) using the Area-Altitude-Balance-Ratio method for 40 palaeo-glaciers in the study area during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM). Additionally, we list the inventory and morphometric characteristics of glacial cirques in the studied massifs (n = 77), which together with the local ELA pattern are discussed in the context of palaeo-wind directions and dominant precipitation patterns during the LGM. ELA values for the Svydovets (1401 m a.s.l.) and Chornohora (1516 m a.s.l.) massifs were much lower than those for the Rodna Mountains (1697 m) in the Northern Romanian Carpathians located 80 km to the southeast, and for the Tatra Mountains (1580 m) located 350 km to the northwest. In the Ukrainian Carpathians both glacier ELA and cirque elevations show a rising trend towards the southeast of 4 m km−1 controlled by preferential moisture transport from the northwest. This suggests that the dominant W-NW precipitation regime in effect during the LGM was similar to present-day conditions. This supports a previous glacial-geomorphologic reconstruction from the Rodna Mountains in Northern Romania and is in line with both model simulations and regional palaeo-wind proxies that show an enhanced mid-latitude North Atlantic zonal circulation pattern over central Europe during the LGM.
... On the north-eastern part of the Tisza river basin, the Carpathian Mountains form the curve, which changes the south-east direction in the area of the greatest altitude for the south direction towards Romania. Due to such a location of the mountain ranges, favourable conditions for the intensification of atmospheric precipitation are created here more frequently than in other areas (Lukianets et al., 2015;Susidko et al., 2010). The areas of the permanent orographic maxima and minima of precipitation are typical for the Ukrainian Carpathians. ...
The paper presents the spatial distribution of the mean annual river runoff in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the form of a map. The methodological approaches concerning the river runoff mapping and the technological stages of map creation by applying the geographic information system (GIS) analytical functions are considered. The accuracy assessment of the calculation of the mean annual river runoff water based on the data from the hydrometric stations for the whole observation period was performed. The mapping reliability of the mean annual runoff and their territorial variability over the main basins in the Ukrainian Carpathians are analysed.
The flood control is one of the priority goal for successful economic activity on the areas that are periodically suffer from floods. Such areas are the mountainous regions of the Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains. Floods on the mountain rivers are repeated several times each year, and are characterized by the sudden water level rise with almost the same rapid decrease of the water level. Active flood protection measures include dry mountain flood control reservoirs, the principle of which is to transform part of the flood runoff and to accumulate water for the short time in the the artificial reservoir, with followed rapid emptying to the minimum level. The complex hydraulic regime is formed in the body of the dam which forms the flood control reservoir during the flood, that is different from the operation of the water permanent reservoir. The design of the flood control structures is car-ried out in accordance with Ukrainian building codes for the construction of the water reservoirs with constant water level, and require testing the stability of the downstream slope for the maximum water levels under steady state seepage conditions and assessment the upstream slope stability during the water level decreasing from the maximum level calculated in the steady state condition, these calculations do not correspond to the real seepage processes in the body of the dam of the dry flood control reservoir. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to determine the necessary boundary conditions of the flood control reservoir operation and upstream slope stability assessment by the limit equilibrium method. In the article the operation of the dry mountain flood control reservoir was analysed and found that the dam was characterized by two states: dry reservoir with water minimum water level and variable position of the seepage curve in the core and the upstream prism during the flood. The main factors influencing the upstream slope stability are the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the laying of the slope, the period of time when the high-water level is maintained and the intensity of water level dropping. The upstream slope stability was evaluated by the Morgenstern & Price and Ordinary methods on the Slope/w software package. After the first 25 hours of the flood (period of high-water levels and the next water level dropping) the Safety Factor evaluated by limit equilibrium methods began to decrease, and reached the minimum value during the greatest seepage curve gradients at the time between 45 and 50 hours. Slope stability calculations by the limit equilibrium method were compared with the results of calculations performed by the SRM method, the values of the Safety Factor and the way of their change during the flood evaluated by Ordinary and SRM methods almost coincide, which indicates the reliability of the results obtained by different methods of slope stability analysis
The aim of the study was to analyze the long-term variability of the average annual water runoff of the rivers of the Pripyat basin within Ukraine and to assess its calculated characteristics in the high-water and low-water phases of water content.The research of the cyclical nature of long-term fluctuations of river water flow, which contributes to the establishment of long-term dynamics of water content and potential (forecast) changes – is a topical issue of modern hydrological research. To describe the long-term variability of river water flow and its structure (cycles and phases of water content) the most effective method is stochastic, based on mathematical statistics, the theory of random variables and functions, probability theory. Autocorrelation analysis, various statistical criteria (homogeneity, series, series lengths), total and difference integral curves, probability theory, correlations, statistical estimation of probable errors, etc. were used to identify stochastic regularities of long-term variability. According to the results of the study of long-term variability of the average annual water runoff of the rivers of the Pripyat basin within Ukraine, it is established that cycles with periods of 29±2 years have high reliability and indicate stability of periods of low (10±2 years) and high water content. 17±2 years). According to the identified stochastic patterns, it is assumed that by 2025-26 it is necessary to expect the continuation of the low-water phase of water, then with the duration of 16-17 years the high-water phase will begin and from 2044-45 there will be low water again until 2055-56. According to the proposed regression equations between the average annual water discharge for a long-term period and their average values during the high-water and low-water phases of water content (with very significant approximation coefficients) and the obtained transition coefficients, it is possible to establish the calculated characteristics of the average annual flow of water of various availability in the high-water and low-water phases of water content, thereby giving their forecast estimates.
A huge number of scientific researches in the world are devoted to the research of global and regional climate change and their impact on water resources. In Ukraine, this issue is receiving insufficient attention. Researches have been done to assess current trends in river runoff, but future estimates of changes in Ukraine’s water flow have been presented in only a few papers. Present studies of this issue are conducted using hydrological modeling. The ensemble approach is widely used to increase the reliability of estimates of possible future changes in water runoff, that is, the use of data from several GCM and RCM models, with subsequent averaging of their results. Unfortunately, this methodological approach was not used in Ukraine. Using the water-balance method, local manifestations of global climate change within individual catchments can be estimated with sufficient quality. To estimate the temporal variability of the components of the water balance, a comparison of the available hydrological and climatic characteristics of the current period with the period of the climatic norm is used, as well as the method of differential integral curves, which reflects characteristic tendencies in the long-term dynamics of individual components of the water balance. Analyzing all available approaches to research on the impact of climate change on water flow, we can conclude that a complex method is the best for this investigation. Given that a large number of methods are used in the world, reliable estimates can be obtained by developing unified and validated methods and techniques. Therefore, the first step in this way should be a comparative analysis of the results obtained by the most commonly used methods. In the field of water, climate change can lead to changes in rainfall, hydrodynamic regime and water balance of rivers, increase of catastrophic floods and excessive drought, shortage of fresh water. Unfortunately, there is insufficient attention paid to the study of this issue in Ukraine. That is why assessing the impact of climate change on water flow and forecasting them is a very necessary task.
The article studies the maximum annual runoff of the rivers of the Prut and Siret basins and its spatiotemporal variability. According to the orographic conditions, the studied territory belongs to the mountain and piedmont region. Therefore, a source data bank was formed for the maximum daily average for a year and the corresponding maximum urgent water discharges for all the rivers of the studied basin from the beginning of observations to 2016 inclusive (12 gauging stations). The relationships between the maximum urgent and maximum daily average water discharges are established and the spatial generalization of the relationship between them is carried out. Correlation relationships between the two maxima are quite close (approximation coefficients R2 = 0,59 – 0,95), but the ratio of the maximums on the rivers of the studied catchments of the Prut and Sireta basins are different. It is revealed that the highest ratios between the maximum urgent and maximum daily average water discharges are observed in mountain catchments with average altitudes of 1000-1200 m abs. – an average of 1,7-1,9 times the maximums, which are recorded in the observation time, exceed the average daily maximum. From watersheds with average altitudes of 400 m abs. such ratios are reduced to 1,4 -1,6. The homogeneity of the time sequences is estimated, and the statistical distribution parameters are calculated. The results of the estimation of homogeneity by the criteria of Student, Fisher and Wilcoxon showed that the series of maximum water discharges are homogeneous, both in terms of norm and in terms of variance. Statistical parameters have shown that the coefficients of variation in the vast majority vary within 0,8 -1,0; the asymmetry coefficients have positive values and are generally in the range of 1,8-2,5. The analysis of the long-term variability of the maximum runoff of the rivers of the Prut and Siret river basins was carried out using the total integral curves, difference integral curves and moving averaging. Long cycles could not be identified. In sequences of maximum water flow, cycles lasting 5-7 years are traced.
The annual runoff distribution of the Siverskyi Donets River Basin in the period of modern climate change was estimated. The annual runoff distribution of the Siverskyi Donets Basin was researched for two characteristic periods (from the beginning of observations to 1988 and from 1989 to 2018). The assessment was performed for three water year types: wet year, average year and dry year. The research was performed for three groups of rivers depending on their affiliation to a particular part of the Basin. During the research, the average monthly runoff of the hydrological gauges, which we selected for the study were averaged. The annual runoff distribution was leveled in the current period. The Siverskyi Donets Basin is characterized by the peculiar physico-geographical conditions, so the annual runoff distribution is somewhat different for different part of the Basin. Differences in the annual runoff distribution of the right-bank tributaries, the left-bank tributaries and the Siverskyi Donets River were revealed. For the left-bank tributaries, which are less affected by anthropogenic load, climate change has led to a significant increase in runoff of the winter and summer-autumn low period. For the right-bank tributaries of the Siverskyi Donets, flowing within the industrial part of Donbas, the share of low period runoff has not changed, or even decreased. This is due to the reduction of mine drainage, due to the reduction of industrial production in the region. Instead, the share of autumn-winter period in the annual runoff has increased for the right-bank tributaries and the Siverskyi Donets River itself. It is established that the share of spring floods from the annual volume of runoff has significantly decreased and the share of the summer-autumn period for the rivers of the Siverskyi Donets Basin in the modern period has increased. The winter runoff of the left-bank tributaries of the modern period is characterized by an increase. The right-bank tributaries of the Basin are characterized by a decrease in winter runoff. Currently, in dry years, spring flood is practically not allocated on the annual hydrograph; the share of runoff in the limited months has significantly increased. At the present stage of climate change, the annual runoff distribution of the Siverskyi Donets River Basin has undergone significant changes.
The Romanian Upper-Tisa Basin identifies itself, from a quantitative point of view, as a space with water resources in excess, due to its place one of the wettest areas of Romania. The aims of the present chapter are to analyse the hydrological regime, which allows the assessment of the water resources of the analysed area. In the first part of the study are presented some introductory elements related to: literature about the study of water resources, general information concerning the analysed territory, information on the monitoring hydrologic activity in the area of study, methods and sources of information that were used for the elaboration of the study. In the second part is presented a brief analysis of the natural conditions (geological, morphological, climatic, hydrographic and soil cover), which conditioning and influence the river runoff. In the third part, it is analysed the actual water resource, being mainly pursued the differences of river runoff, between the two slopes of the basin, one exposed to the east, and the other to the west. Among the various parameters, used to emphasize the resource of water in a territory have been analysed: the volume of average flow, the average drained layer, the average specific runoff, the coefficient of average river-flow. The fourth part is focused on the analysis of the way in which the population benefits of water resources in terms of the quantity and of the failures existing in the water supply systems. A flow layer composite raster structure was built, for comparing the surface natural resource with used by population water resource, and showing the areas where the amount of water available for the population is in deficit. The study ends with some conclusions related to the analysed subject and with the list of references.
The paper proposes an analysis of the winter phenomena generated by severe persistent negative temperatures (over two months) and sudden changes in weather, as well as of the effects induced by these phenomena on the anthropogenic and natural environment. In the first chapter of the paper, a selective radiography of the main international and national publications related to the winter phenomena on the watercourses is done, with a focus on natural manifestations of ice jam type. A significant concentration of specialists and studies is noticeable in the Nordic world area or in countries with high mountain areas. Also in the first chapter, it provides information about the studied area—the upper watershed of Tisa River, in general, and the Romanian watershed of the upper Tisa, as a case study, as well as on the monitoring activity of the Romanian part of the study basin. The second chapter is dedicated to the presentation of three major components of this space—the morphological, climatic, and hydric—decisive general conditions for the winter phenomena that occurred on the watercourses. In the third part, and the most extended, the specific conditions of occurrence are analyzed at the level of detail (morphological and morphometric, weather conditions—with special regard to the synoptic, the temperature and precipitation variation in the study period), the anthropogenic conditions of the riverbed influence on the studied river sectors. It also includes an analysis on the rivers state, types of winter phenomena occurred during the December 1, 2016–February 14, 2017 period—where the complex winter chart was a great help in the correlation between parameters and in highlighting the phenomena severity—their evolution, monitoring, and management. At the end of this chapter, the variation of the river water levels reported to the defense levels is detailed, as of great significance in explaining the effects generated by natural occurrences. In the last part, issues related to the effects of the winter phenomena on the anthropogenic and natural environment are presented, with details on the produced damages according to the different categories of affected items. The most important aspect related to the consequences refers to damage limitation and the absence of human victims, due to the prompt, concerted, and synchronized actions of all the involved authorities and institutions.
Pharmaceutical pollution is becoming an unavoidable environmental issue of emerging concern. As forecasted, the consumption of medicinal drugs and their use in veterinary practice is expected to systematically increase over coming years, resulting in their increased discharge. The most commonly used pharmaceuticals include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen), cardiovascular drugs (e.g., beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, lipid-regulating agents), antibiotics, oral contraceptives, anti-depressants, immunosuppressive drugs and cytostatics. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are known to partially survive the conventional process of wastewater treatment. In freshwaters, they may undergo photodegradation, biodegradation, sorption to sediments and uptake by organisms. The latter results in metabolism or bioaccumulation, and potential toxicological effects and physiological responses. The magnitude of effects is largely modulated by the concentration of APIs, time of exposure and some environmental factors such as light and nutrient availability. The response to APIs in closely taxonomically related species may be significantly different. The concomitant presence of different APIs usually evokes potentiation of adverse effects. The most serious effects of pharmaceutical pollution evidenced so far for freshwaters include increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, feminization, behavioral changes, and immunosuppression in fish. Beyond any doubt, it is imperative to support systematic research on API detection methods, to monitor the great number of APIs in wastewater, surface and groundwater, and tap water, and to assess the ecological risks arising from their increased presence in the freshwater environment.
Knowledge of the cyclicity features in the fluctuations of river runoff, duration and nature of the low-water and high-water period interchange in one or other river basins, and especially their prediction, provides invaluable assistance in the planning and sound management of water resources, improving the operational efficiency of hydro-power, reclamation and other water facilities. Currently, the interest in the study of long-term cyclical fluctuations in river runoff, as well as patterns of fluctuations of its underlying factor, has highly increased due to their use in long-term forecasts. Time series of annual water runoff for basins of Tisza, Dniester and Prut rivers were estimated with the use of mathematical tools, methodological framework of which is based on a statistical means of summarizing, systemi-sation of the input data, evaluation methods of time random sets of runoff characteristics, methods of analysis of the time-series variability and manifestation of their structure.
Regularities hydrological processes
- N I Alexeevsky
Alexeevsky, N. I. (Ed.) (2012). Regularities hydrological
processes (pp. 289-332). Moscow: GEOS.
Data verification global climate center (CRU) and regional climate models (REMO) on surface air temperature forecast for the control period 1961-90. Scientific papers of UHМI
- S Krakovska
- L Palamarchuk
- I Shedemenko
- G Dyukel
- N Hnatiuk
Krakovska, S., Palamarchuk, L., Shedemenko, I., Dyukel,
G., & Hnatiuk, N. (2008). Data verification global
climate center (CRU) and regional climate models
(REMO) on surface air temperature forecast for the
control period 1961-90. Scientific papers of UHМI, №
257 (pp. 42-60). Кyіv, Ukraine. Retrieved from:
http://uhmi.org.ua/pub/np/257/Krakovska_et.pdf.
Die Abflussbewertung auf nächste Jahre in den Karpaten unter Berücksichtigung der mehrjaehrigen Abflusschwankungen
- O Luk'yanets
- M Sosyedko
Luk'yanets, O. & Sosyedko, M. (1998). Die
Abflussbewertung auf nächste Jahre in den Karpaten
unter
Berücksichtigung
der
mehrjaehrigen
Abflusschwankungen.
Sammelband
der
XIX.
Forecast's assessment of water content in Ukraine in the first half of XXIth century. Book of abstracts: ХХVІ Conference of Danubian countries on the hydrological forecasting and hydrological bases of water management
- O Luk'yanets
- M Sosyedko
- V Balabukh
- Bled
- Slovenia
- L Palamarchuk
- S Krakovska
- I Shedemenko
- G Dyukel
- N Hnatiuk
Luk'yanets, O., Sosyedko, M., & Balabukh, V. (2008).
Forecast's assessment of water content in Ukraine in
the first half of XXIth century. Book of abstracts: ХХVІ
Conference of Danubian countries on the hydrological
forecasting and hydrological bases of water
management, 2-4 June. (рр. 111-112). Bled, Slovenia.
Palamarchuk, L., Krakovska, S., Shedemenko, I., Dyukel,
G., & Hnatiuk, N. (2009) Data verification global
climate center (CRU) and regional climate models
(REMO) on forecast rainfall fields in Ukraine for the
control period 1961-1990. Scientific papers of UHМI,
№ 258 (рp. 69-84). Кyіv, Ukraine. Retrieved from:
http://uhmi.org.ua/pub/np/258/Palamarchuk_et.pdf.
The Carpathiansflood danger region of Ukraine
- M Sosyedko
- O Luk'yanets
Sosyedko, M. & Luk'yanets, O. (2010). The Carpathiansflood danger region of Ukraine. Basin runoff
forecasting system in Zakarpattya: Methodical and
technological basis of its components (pp. 38-63).
Кyіv, Ukraine.