ArticlePDF Available

Polylobatispora setulosa, a new freshwater hyphomycete from Ilhabela, Sao Paulo state, Brazil

Authors:

Abstract and Figures

Polylobatispora setulosa sp. nov. is described and illustrated from submerged mixed leaf litter samples collected at streams in Ilhabela, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. The fungus is distinct in having setulae at the tip of the conidial lobes. Acumispora verruculosa, isolated from identical substrate and characterized by the presence of fusiform, acuminate, rostrate, verrucose, 2-septate, hyaline to greenish conidia, is recorded for the third time from the Americas. They are compared with morphologically similar species and identification keys are provided.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Submitted 19 July 2014, Accepted 31 December 2014, Published online 10 January 2015
Corresponding Author: Larissa B. Moro e-mail larissamoro@hotmail.com 13
Polylobatispora setulosa, a new freshwater hyphomycete from
Ilhabela, Sao Paulo state, Brazil
Moro LB1, Delgado G2 and Schoenlein-Crusius IH1
1 Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, CEP 04301-902, São Paulo, Brazil.
2EMLab P&K North Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, 85027U.S.A.
Moro LB, Delgado G, Schoenlein-Crusius IH 2015 Polylobatispora setulosa, a new freshwater
hyphomycete from Ilhabela, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Mycosphere 6(1), 1318, Doi
10.5943/mycosphere/6/1/3
Abstract
Polylobatispora setulosa sp. nov. is described and illustrated from submerged mixed leaf
litter samples collected at streams in Ilhabela, São Paulo state, Brazil. The fungus is distinct in
having setulae at the tip of the conidial lobes. Acumispora verruculosa, isolated from identical
substrate and characterized by the presence of fusiform, acuminate, rostrate, verrucose, 2-septate,
hyaline to greenish conidia, is recorded for the third time from the Americas. They are compared
with morphologically similar species and identification keys are provided.
Keywords anamorphic fungi freshwater fungi systematics tropical fungi
Introduction
Among freshwater hyphomycetes, the so called typical aquatic or Ingoldian fungi have been
studied extensively in Brazil, mainly in well-preserved areas of the “cerrado” region (Schoenlein-
Crusius 2002), the Atlantic rainforest of the state of São Paulo (Schoenlein-Crusius & Grandi,
2003) and also in a few urban waters (Schoenlein-Crusius et al. 2009, 2014). Recently, however,
increasing attention has been paid to other groups of freshwater fungi, particularly those
hyphomycete genera frequently reported from terrestrial as well as freshwater habitats and known
as facultative-aquatic (Goh & Hyde 1996) or inmigrants (Shearer et al. 2007). While the semi-arid
“caatinga” biome in the northeast Brazil has proven to be rich in freshwater fungi (Barbosa &
Gusmão 2011, Barbosa et al. 2013, Carneiro et al. 2012), other poorly studied or unexplored areas
are also believed to harbour a high diversity of this group of fungi.
Between the years 2012 and 2013, an extensive survey of freshwater hyphomycetes
inhabiting submerged materials was carried out in the islands off the coast of the state of São Paulo,
including the island of São Sebastião in the municipality of Ilhabela. Two interesting anamorphic
taxa were collected on mixed submerged leaf litter samples. They are morphologically similar to
the genera Acumispora and Polylobatispora, but the latter was found distinct enough from
previously described species to be considered as a new taxon. Taxonomic descriptions and
illustrations are presented here along with identification keys for both genera.
Mycosphere 6 (1): 1318 (2015) ISSN 2077 7019
www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere
Copyright © 2015 Online Edition
Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/6/1/3
14
Materials and Methods
Sampling and morphology
Samples of submerged mixed leaf litter (approx. 10g) and local water were collected in sterile
polyethylene bottles (about 200 ml) and brought to the laboratory. The leaves were cut into pieces
in approximately 1 cm diam. and incubated in Petri dishes containing sterile distilled water. They
were kept in climatic chambers at around 20oC following Ingold (1975). From the seventh day of
incubation and for at least one month, slides of leaf fragments were prepared using polyvinyl
alcohol lacto glycerol resin as mounting medium (Morton et al.1993). Fungal structures were
observed and measured using an Olympus BX50 light microscope and images were taken with a
Leica DM LB2 microscope fitted with a Leica DFC 280 camera.
Isolates
In order to obtain pure cultures of fungi, water droplets containing conidia of the target fungi
were captured with a Pasteur pipette and spread over the surface of Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Petri
dishes containing Chloramphenicol (final conc. 25mg/L). After 24 h of incubation in climatic
chambers at 21oC, the reverse side of the dishes was observed using a stereoscope to verify hyphal
growth the position of the conidia was marked with a permanent marker pen. Under aseptic
conditions and with the aid of a sterile stainless steel needle, the conidia were removed from the
surface of the medium, inoculated onto a new MEA Petri dish and incubated under similar
conditions. Permanent slides are deposited in the Herbarium "Maria P. Eneyda Kauffmann Fidalgo"
(SP) and fungal cultures are deposited in the Fungal Collection of the Instituto de Botânica, São
Paulo (CCIBt).
Scanning electron microscopy
For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mycelia with conidiophores and conidia grown on
MEA were prepared according to the modified method described by Pan et al. (1994) They were
fixed overnight in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), washed
thoroughly with distilled water, dehydrated through an ethanol series (10%, 40%, 60%, 80% and
100%), each series lasting 30 minutes and dried in silica gel. After preparation, the stubs were
covered with double-sided carbon tape, and the specimens were mounted on stubs, sputter-coated
with gold, and examined using a PHILIPS XL series XL 20, S/W, 5.21. scanning electron
microscope at 10KV.
Taxonomy
Polylobatispora setulosa L.B. Moro, G. Delgado &I.H. Schoenlein-Crusius sp. nov Fig. 16
MycoBank MB811045
Etymology Latin, setulosa, provided with setulae.
Colonies on natural substrate inconspicuous. Conidiophores macronematous, septate, hyaline,
forked, bottle-shaped, 10.025.74 × 1.432.5 m. Conidiogenous cells lageniform, enteroblastic-
phialidic, hyaline to greenish. Conidia hyaline, triangular, 3-lobed, 8.614.3 m diam., with thick
dark walls and a hyaline setula at each tip, 5.712.87m long; with a central, fuscous halo, 5.77.0
m diam.
Teleomorph unknown.
Material examined Brazil, São Paulo, Ilhabela, São Sebastião island,“Cachoeira do Gato”
stream, on submerged mixed leaf litter, 14 May 2013, L.B. Moro (Holotype: SP445-978).
Note Pure culture of Polylobatispora setulosa was not possible to obtain.
Acumispora verruculosa Heredia, R.F. Castañeda & R.M. Arias. Mycotaxon 101: 90, 2007.
Fig. 712
15
Figs 16 Polylobatispora setulosa. SP 445-978 (holotype). 1-5 Developmental stages of
conidiophores and conidia. 6 Mature conidium with setulae at the tip of each lobe and central halo.
Scale bar = 10µm.
Colonies on MEA dark gray to greenish, velvety, slow growing, reaching less than 2 cm
diam. after 2 weeks of incubation at 21 ºC. Mycelium composed of branched, septate, hyaline to
pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, simple or branched, 0
4-septate, light brown to brown, 9.051.5 × 2.864.30 µm. Conidiogenous cells mono- or
polyblastic, integrated, terminal and intercalary, proliferating sympodially, denticulate;
conidiogenous loci apical or lateral, often protuberant and denticle-like; conidial secession
rhexolytic. Conidia fusiform, 2-septate, constricted at the septa, with rounded basal cell and slender
apical cell, acuminate, rostrate, hyaline to greenish, 3045 (50) × 5.08.75 µm, verruculose, with
the basal cell often bearing a denticle-like detachment scar.
Teleomorph unknown.
Material examined Brazil, São Paulo, Ilhabela, São Sebastião island, “Cachoeira do Gato”
stream, on submerged mixed leaf litter, 14 May 2013, L.B. Moro (SP445-979, CCIBt 4066).
16
Discussion
The genus Polylobatispora was originally described from leaves collected in Malaysia
(Matsushima 1996) with two species: P. deltoidea Matsush., the type species, and P.
quinquecornuta Matsush., based on the presence of cylindrical or bottle-shaped (doliiform),
conidiophores and enteroblastic-phialidic, hyaline, conidiogenous cells that produce single, light
brown, stauroconidia with a small scar formed after detachment from the conidiophore.
Polylobatispora deltoidea presents characteristic triangular conidia with three lobes and P.
quinquecornuta 5-lobed conidia. New records of these species are unknown. The main difference
between Polylobatispora deltoidea, P. setulosa and P. quinquecornuta is the number of lobes: the
first two species possess 3 lobes and the latter 5 lobes. The 3-lobed P. setulata differs from P.
deltoidea by slightly larger conidia and the presence of flexible setulae, one at the tip of each lobe.
Figs 712 Acumispora verruculosa. 7-9 Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. 10
Mature conidium. 11 SEM image of mature conidium. 12 Details of the conidia wall. Scale bar =
10µm.
Identification key to species of the genus Polylobatispora
1a Conidia 5-lobed....................................................................................................P. quinquecornuta
1b Conidia 3-lobed...............................................................................................................................2
2a Conidia 68 m diam., setulae absent............................................................................P. deltoidea
2b Conidia 8.614.3 m diam., setulae present.....................................................................P.setulosa
17
Table 2 Conidial morphology in species of Polylobatispora
Species
Conidia
References
Shape
Presence\absence of
setulae
P. deltoidea
3-lobed
absent
Matsushima
(1996)
P. quinquecornuta
5-lobed
absent
Matsushima
(1996)
P. setulosa
3-lobed
present
this paper
Matsushima (1980) described the genus Acumispora to accommodate three species
collected on dead leaves in Taiwan: A. uniseptata Matsush., the type species, A. biseptata Matsush.,
and A. phragmospora Matsush., on the basis of a peculiar acuminate conidial shape and conidia,
with different number of septa that secede rhexolytically from monoblastic or polyblastic,
sympodially proliferating, denticulate conidiogenous cells on simple or irregularly branched
conidiophores. Heredia et al. (2007) described A.verruculosa Heredia, R.F. Castañeda & R.M.
Arias from submerged leaves collected at the waterfall “Los Tuxtlas” in Veracruz, Mexico, with
distinctly rough-walled conidia. This fungus was recently reported for the first time from South
America on submerged leaves and branches collected in aquatic environments at the urban area of
Belém do Pará (“Ilha do Combu”, “Parque Ecológico Gunma” and “Parque Estadual do Utinga”)
located in the Amazon biome (Silva et al. 2013). Our collection is the third from the continent with
the conidia slightly larger than in earlier collections indicating that there are variations in
conidialsize: earlier collections are 25.433.5 × 4.4–5.5 μm whereas the present collection has
conidia measuring 3045 × 5.08.75 µm. Taxonomic key and diagnostic features of described
species in Acumispora are given below.
Identification key to species of Acumispora
1a. Conidia with verruculose walls.................................................................................A. verruculosa
1b. Conidia smooth-walled...................................................................................................................2
2a. Conidia 1-septate.........................................................................................................A. uniseptata
2b. Conidia more than 1-septate...........................................................................................................3
3a. Conidia 3-6 septate...............................................................................................A. phragmospora
3b. Conidia 2-septate...........................................................................................................A. biseptata
Table 1 Diagnostic characteristics of the genus Acumispora
Species
Conidia
References
Nº of
septa
Length
(µm)
Width
(µm)
Color
Wall
texture
A. uniseptata
1
23-28
5.5-6.5
Hyaline to very light
brown
smooth
Matsushima
(1980)
A. biseptata
2
16-25
3.8-5
Hyaline to very light
brown
smooth
Matsushima
(1980)
A. phragmospora
3-6
20-35
4-5
Brown to subhyaline
smooth
Matsushima
(1980)
A. verruculosa
2
25.433.5
4.45.5
Pale brown
verruculose
Heredia et al.
(2007)
A. verruculosa
(present
collection)
2
30-45
5.0-8.75
Hyaline to greenish
verruculose
This paper
18
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the director of the Ilhabela State Park and to the Instituto Florestal,
Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente de São Paulo, for permission and support during field work
and to the Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, for laboratory facilities. The first author acknowledges
CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for the award of a Ph.D.
scholarship. The third author thanks the CNPq for the fellowship (CNPq, Process nº 304526/2009-
6), and Alex Almeida Alcântara for designing the plates.
References
Barbosa FR, Gusmão LFP. 2011 Conidial fungi from the semi-arid Caatinga biome of Brazil.
Rare freshwater hyphomycetes and other new records. Mycosphere 2, 475485.
Barbosa FR, Raja HA, Shearer CA, Gusmão LFP. 2013 Some freshwater fungi from the Brazilian
semi-arid region, including two new species of hyphomycetes. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 34,
243258.
Carneiro DA, Rodrigues F, Gusmão LFP. 2012 Alguns fungos conidiais aquáticos-facultativos do
bioma Caatinga. Acta Botanica Brasilica 26, 924932.
Goh TK, Hyde KD. 1996 Biodiversity of freshwater fungi. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 17,
328345.
Heredia G, Castañeda RF, Arias RM, Saikawa M, Stadler M. 2007 Anamorphic fungi from
submerged plant material: Acumispora verruculosa sp. nov., Pleurophragmium aquaticum sp.
nov. and Pleurophragmium miniumbonatum comb. nov. Mycotaxon 101, 8997.
Ingold CT. 1975 An illustrated guide to aquatic and water-borne hyphomycetes (Fungi
imperfecti) with notes on their biology. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside.
Matsushima T. 1980 Saprophytic microfungi from Taiwan, part 1. Hyphomycetes. Matsushima
Mycological Memoirs1, 182.
Matsushima T. 1996 Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 9, 121.
Morton JB, Bentivenga SP, Wheeler WW. 1993 Germplasm in the International Collection of
Arbuscular and Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) and procedures for culture
development, documentation and storage. Mycotaxon 48, 491528.
Pan J, Ho HH, Jong SC. 1994 A scanning electron microscopy study of Phytophthora and
Halophytophthora species. Mycotaxon 51, 257279.
Schoenlein-Crusius IH. 2002 Aquatic Hyphomycetes from cerrado regions in the state of São
Paulo, Brazil. Mycotaxon 81, 457462.
Schoenlein-Crusius IH, Grandi RAP. 2003 The diversity of Aquatic Hyphomycetes in South
America. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 34, 183193.
Schoenlein-Crusius IH, Moreira CG, Bicudo DC. 2009 Aquatic Hyphomycetes in the Parque
Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga PEFI. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 32, 411426.
Schoenlein-Crusius IH, Moreira CG, Takahashi JP, Gomes EPC. 2014 Riqueza dos fungos
ingoldianos e aquáticos facultativos no Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil. Hoehnea 41, 6176.
Shearer CA, Descals E, Kohlmeyer B, Kohlmeyer J, Marvanová L, Padgett D, Porter D, Raja HA,
Schmit JP, Thorton HA, Voglmayr H. 2007 Fungal biodiversity in aquatic habitats.
Biodiversity and Conservation 16, 4967.
Silva CR, Monteiro JS, Gusmão LFP. 2013 Fungos conidiais da Amazônia 5: novos registros
para América do Sul e Brasil. Resumo do VII Congresso Brasileiro de Micologia, Belém do
Pará.
... The genus currently includes three species: P. deltoidea Matsush., P. quinquecornuta Matsush. (Matsushima, 1996) and P. setulosa L.B. Moro (Moro, Delgado, & Schoenlein-Crusius, 2015). ...
... The type species, P. deltoidea has triangular conidia with three lobes; P. quinquecornuta has quinquangular, 5-lobed conidia; in P. setulosa they are also triangular, 3-lobed, but have a hyaline setula at each tip. The members of Polylobatispora were isolated from aquatic habitats in Malaysia (Matsushima, 1996), Brazil (Moro et al., 2015) and Norway (Magyar, Vass, & Oros, 2017). Since no teleomorph has been known, nor DNA sequences were available, the relationship of this genus within the Ascomycota was completely unknown. ...
... have been recorded from Malaysia (Matsushima, 1996), Brazil (Moro et al., 2015) and ...
Article
Full-text available
During surveys conducted on freshwater fungi from Vietnam, a new aquatic anamorphic fungus was isolated from decaying leaves in Vietnam. The fungus produced phialidic, swollen conidiophore and conidiogenous cells with one-celled conidia with four very tiny lobes. Based on its conidial development and other morphological characteristics, we confirmed that this is a novel fungus and described it as P. ambigua sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses of P. ambigua based on the LSU nrDNA sequences showed that this fungus clusters in a single clade with the two known Polylobatispora spp. with 97% bootstrap value which is sister with Pseudoprobiscisporaceae. The Polylobatispora clade is nested in the Attracrosporales, Sordariomycetes. Furthermore, in this study two known species of Polylobatispora (P. deltoidea and P. quinquecornuta) were also isolated and illustrated.
... In Brazil, the first taxonomic research on facultative aquatic hyphomycetes occurred in the Brazilian semiarid region (Caatinga) and was followed by explorations in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest Barbosa et al. , 2013Silva & Gusmão 2013;Monteiro & Gusmão 2014;Moro et al. 2015;Fiuza et al. 2015aFiuza et al. ,b, 2016Fiuza et al. , 2017. These studies revealed a high biodiversity of facultative aquatic hyphomycetes and a large number of new taxa. ...
... Facultative aquatic hyphomycetes have been recorded in Brazil since 2011 (Barbosa et al. 2013). Thus far, 339 species are distributed in Amazon, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest (Fiuza et al. 2016(Fiuza et al. , 2017; of these, 25 were described as new species: 15 from Amazon, 1 from Atlantic Forest, and 9 from Caatinga (Barbosa et al. , 2013Silva & Gusmão 2013;Monteiro & Gusmão 2014;Fiuza et al. 2015aFiuza et al. ,b, 2016Moro et al. 2015;Conceição et al. 2016;Monteiro et al. 2016), including the type species of a new genus, Dictyoaquaphila J.S. Monteiro et al., from Amazon and Caatinga (Monteiro et al. 2016). The present study yielded another new species, Minimelanolocus aquatilis and a new genus, Dictyotrichocladium, to Caatinga. ...
Article
A new genus and species, Dictyotrichocladium aquaticum, is described and illustrated from submerged decaying leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense in the Brazilian semiarid region; it is distinguished by macronematous, sometimes micronematous conidiophores, and monoblastic, terminal conidiogenous cells that produce solitary, long pyriform, cylindrical, long clavate, turbinate to vermiform, curved or sigmoid, dictyoseptate, black or dark pigmented conidia that usually do not secede but remain attached after maturation. A new species, Minimelanolocus aquatilis, characterized by obclavate, 3–5-euseptate, verruculose, pale brown conidia, is described and illustrated from decaying twigs of an unidentified plant in the Brazilian semiarid region.
... The first study of the diversity of freshwater hyphomycetes in Brazilian insular areas was conducted by Moro et al. (2018) for the Ilhabela State Park (PEIb). In this same island, two new species of freshwater Hyphomycetes, Polylobastipora setulosa (Moro et al. 2015a) and Campylospora brasiliensis (Moro et al. 2015b) were described, as well as the first report from Brazil Peyronelina glomerulata PJ Fisher, J. Webster & DF Kane (Moro et al. 2015c). ...
Preprint
Full-text available
(Freshwater hyphomycetes in a preserved insular system from Brazil: first records at Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, municipality of Cananéia, São Paulo State). To survey freshwater hyphomycetes from insular water bodies at the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso State Park, in Cananéia municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil, submerged mixed leaf litter samples were collected from six sites from June 2012 to February 2013. The samples were taken to the laboratory and incubated in Petri dishes containing sterile distilled water at room temperature (20oC). From the 5th day on, until at least one month, fragments of the leaf litter samples were examined under the microscope, resulting in the morphological identification of 33 taxa. Among those, two are new records for the state of São Paulo and four for Brazil. Descriptions and pictures of each new record are presented.
Article
Hyphomycetes are asexually reproducing parts in a fungal life cycle, and is an artificial classification. Hyphomycetes are fungi with diverse lifestyles, including saprobes, endophytes, plant and animal pathogens, hyperparasites, lichenized forms and extremophiles. Traditionally, morphological characters have been used to identify and classify hyphomycetes, which has led to many taxonomic controversies. Modern molecular methods based on DNA sequence data have developed a more reliable and natural classification of hyphomycetes. The present study revises the taxonomy of the brown-spored hyphomycetes based on both morphology and phylogeny. In total, 1,041 genera with brief notes are provided. Of these, 1,032 genera belong to Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes: 362; Eurotiomycetes: 34; Leotiomycetes: 22; Pezizomycetes: 7; Sordariomycetes: 210; Ascomycota genera incertae sedis: 397), and nine genera belong to Basidiomycota. In addition, 363 brown-spored hyphomycetous genera published since 2010 are listed. Multi-locus phylogeny, including 658 brown-spored hyphomycete genera within Ascomycota, are carried out using 28S nrDNA, 18S nrDNA and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and the results show that 374 genera are phylogenetically placed in Dothideomycetes, 39 genera in Eurotiomycetes, 26 genera in Leotiomycetes, 6 genera in Pezizomycetes and 213 genera in Sordariomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, 45 fresh collections are described in this study, including seven new genera, viz. Murihylinia, Pseudobrachysporiella, Saprosporodochifer, Solitariconidiophora, Tenebrosynnematica, Xenoberkleasmium, Xenostanjehughesia; 17 new species, viz. Acrodictys thailandica, Alfaria fusiformis, Conioscypha punctiformis, Gamsomyces breve, Murihylinia guizhouensis, Parafuscosporella atricolor, Pleocatenata thailandica, Polyplosphaeria appendiculata, Pseudobrachysporiella pyriforme, Saprosporodochifer fuscus, Solitariconidiophora guizhouensis, Sporidesmiella obovoidispora, Stachybotrys ellipsoidea, Tenebrosynnematica obclavata, Vanakripa obovoidea, Xenoberkleasmium chiangraiense, Yunnanomyces muriformis; one new combination, viz. Xenostanjehughesia polypora; nine new records, viz. Aquatisphaeria thailandica, Bahusandhika indica, Corynespora submersa, Fusariella sinensis, Helicodochium aquaticum, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Rhexoacrodictys erecta, Vikalpa dujuanhuensis, Virgaria nigra. Detailed descriptions and morphological illustrations are provided for these new taxa. Current taxonomic difficulties are discussed.
Chapter
The aquatic mycota includes zoosporic and non zoosporic fungi. Zoosporic fungi are characterized by the production of mobile dispersal units, capable of searching for nutrient sources, while the non zoosporic fungi are usually the asexual phases (anamorphs, conidial fungi) of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. These are called “aquatic hyphomycetes” by tradition or “freshwater fungi,” including the ingoldian fungi. From the methodological point of view, ingoldian fungi have been isolated from leaf samples by simple incubation of leaves in Petri dishes containing water or in moist chambers. Leaf disks incubated in orbital shakers have also been used to enhance sporulation with the aim to observe structures of taxonomical value, such as the peculiar hydrodynamic shapes of the conidia for species identification. However, the recent molecular procedures have resulted in a greater advance in the knowledge about these fungi since DNA is ubiquitous and present in all phases of the fungal life cycle. It can be a trustworthy indicator of the evolutionary history and the phylogenetic relationships. In the last decade, there has been a substantial advance in the understanding of evolution, phylogeny and molecular identification of ingoldian fungi due to DNA analyses, although its representation in the DNA data bank is yet limited. In Mycology, DNA barcoding has been tested for some ingoldian species with positive results in taxonomy, besides being used for community fingerprinting in ecological studies.
Article
Ingoldian fungi are a dominant group in aquatic environments. However, they are poorly known and studied, especially in the tropics. To increase knowledge about their diversity and distribution, samples of foam and decaying submerged leaves were collected from 12 areas in Brazil across four biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado). Slides were deposited in the HUEFS Herbarium. Thirty-five taxa were identified from foam and 24 from leaf spore suspension. These were distributed in five classes, mostly belonging to Ascomycota, with Leotiomycetes being the most representative class. Angulospora aquatica, Biflagellosporella amazonensis, Isthmotricladia laeensis and Lateriramulosa bi-inflata are new records for Brazil; Variocladium rangiferinum and Tricladium fuscum are new records for the Neotropics; and Polylobatispora deltoidea is a new record for the Americas. Description, illustration, and geographical distribution details are provided for the new records. The study showed a high richness of Ingoldian fungi and provides a basis for determining the biodiversity and ultimate conservation of the studied areas.
Article
Collections of saprobic dematiaceous hyphomycetes on dead Poaceae from the high mountains of western Panama revealed new records of Pendulispora venezuelanica, Phaeostilbelloides velloziae, and Spegazzinia tessarthra for Panama and a new species of Shrungabeeja. The new species differs from the most similar other species, Sh. vadirajensis, by narrower conidia being longer than wide and having a basal appendage. A hitherto unknown generic characteristic of Shrungabeeja is the development of internal monilioid hyphae in the conidium, extending from the base into the appendages. Examination of conidia of S. tessarthra at different stages of development challenges the traditional classification of conidium ontogeny in Spegazzinia as basauxic.
Article
Full-text available
Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10–15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of ‘Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’ in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the “Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi” published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell & Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. (Art. 59).
Article
The monotypic genus Thysanorea (Chaetothyriomycetes) is characterized by Periconiella-like penicillate conidiophores. The morphology and geographic distribution of Thysanorea papuana are revised based on fresh collections from Taiwan, literature research, and type studies. It is revealed that the original morphological generic characterization is based on cultivation artifacts. On the natural substrate and in fresh isolates, conidiophore heads appear less complex and are shed off and replaced by repeated percurrent regeneration. The species was previously known from Papua New Guinea and India, while this is the first record from Taiwan. Ramichloridium lignicola, which was recorded from Hong Kong and Thailand is recognized as synonymous and Alysidiopsis lignicola recorded from Mexico is a possible synonym. The distribution of this species appears to be paleotropical or even pantropical.
Article
Full-text available
During surveys for freshwater hyphomycetes on submerged plant debris in Brazil, six rare species were collected: Brachydesmiella anthostomelloidea, Camposporidium cristatum, Dactylaria hyalotunicata, Lauriomyces sakaeratensis, Pleurophragmium malaysianum and Pyricularia rabaulensis. Descriptions, illustrations and comments are given for these species. Additionally, 37 new records for Western hemisphere, Neotropics, South America, Brazil and Bahia State are listed. These results contribute to knowledge about the geographic distribution of freshwater hyphomycetes and reflect the lack of studies of these fungi in tropical regions.
Article
Full-text available
Ten samples of submerged mixed leaves were collected monthly from March 2007 to June 2009 on the margins of five sites in three lakesat Parque Municipal do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil. Some abiotic variables were concomitantly measured. At the laboratory, the leaves were washed, fractionated into aliquots (1 cm2), incubated in sterile distilled water for 30 days at 22 oC, and microscopically analysed. Twenty-seven fungal taxa were obtained, being 15 ingoldianand 12 facultatives, with predominance of Lunulospora curvula Ingold, Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold, Tripospermum myrtii (Lind.) S. J. Hughes, Anguillospora longissima (Sacc. et Syd.) Ingold, and Triscelophorus acuminatus Nawawi. ANOSIM analysis revealed that samples taken from several collection sites in different seasons presented more differences than collection sites sampled in the same season. The intense siltation of one sampling site, located immediately after a flotation unit, almost annihilates the improved abiotic conditions, encouraging careful monitoring to maintain the water quality at the entire park.
Article
Full-text available
Aquatic Hyphomycetes, also named Ingoldian or freshwater fungi, constitute a group of anamorphic fungi that are typically aquatic, producing tetraradiate, sigmoid or spherical conidia on submerged plant debris (leaf litter, petioles, bark, etc.). Mainly occurring in lotic systems, these fungi are considered to be one of the most active groups of organisms in the decomposition of leaf litter, and play a crucial role in the trophic chain. In South America, aquatic Hyphomycetes are mentioned for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, totalizing the report of about 90 species. Almost all studies are taxonomical, some with proper drawings and complete descriptions, but no keys have been provided yet, nor there is a specific culture collection for preserved strains. The published papers are still sporadic and dispersed, emphasizing a great need to improve the knowledge of the diversity of South American aquatic Hyphomycetes. The present review contents the check list of reported species until now, and has the aim to encourage the research concerned with aquatic Hyphomycetes in non explored regions of the continent.
Article
Full-text available
No Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, localizado na cidade de São Paulo, amostras de folhedo misto submerso foram coletadas mensalmente, de outubro de 2003 a abril de 2005, em 10 locais com diferentes níveis de eutrofização. Alguns fatores abióticos, tais como pH, temperatura, condutividade e oxigênio dissolvido, foram concomitantemente medidos a 20 cm de profundidade na água de cada local de coleta. No laboratório as amostras de folhedo foram lavadas, cortadas em pedaços de 1 cm2 e incubadas em placas de Petri contendo água destilada esterilizada, durante cinco a sete dias de 15 °C a 20 °C. Vinte e quatro Hyphomycetes aquáticos foram identificados, com predomínio de Anguillospora crassa Ingold, Lunulospora curvula Ingold, Tetrachaetum elegans Ingold e Camposporium pellucidum (Grove) Hughes. São citados pela primeira vez para a América do Sul: Anguillospora filiformis Greathead, Dendrospora erecta Ingold e Pyramidospora casuarinae Nilsson. Estes somados a Tetracladium setigerum (Grove) Ingold, Tricladium splendens Ingold e Varicosporium elodeae Kegel, são citados pela primeira vez para o Brasil. De acordo com a análise multivariada a ocorrência dos Hyphomycetes aquáticos foi influenciada principalmente pelo nível trófico dos ambientes aquáticos.
Article
Fourteen taxa of aquatic Hyphomycetes isolated from mixed leaf litter collected from streams located in four cerrado regions in the state of São Paulo are presented. Three taxa have not been recorded previously from Brazil.
Article
Résumé – Une étude préliminaire des champignons d'eau douce dans un ruisseau dans la zone semi-aride brésilienne a été effectuée. Des échantillons de débris végétaux submergés ont été collectés tous les trois mois entre 2007 et 2009 dans un petit ruisseau dans la « Serra da Jibóia », état de Bahia. Nous décrivons et illustrons deux nouvelles espèces de hyphomycètes, notamment Dactylaria saccardoana et Quadracaea stauroconidia, et nous rapportons 151 taxons comprenant à la fois des champignons meiosporiques et mitosporiques. Abstract – A preliminary study on freshwater fungi in a stream in the Brazilian semi-arid region was performed. Samples of submerged plant debris were randomly collected every three months from 2007 to 2009 in a small stream surrounded by riparian vegetation in the "Serra da Jibóia" Bahia state. We described and illustrated two new species of hyphomycetes, Dactylaria saccardoana and Quadracaea stauroconidia, and reported one hundred and fifty-one taxa that consist of both meiosporic and mitosporic fungi.