Life cycle assessment of an inkjet printer

Abstract

In the recent years, printers, especially inkjet printers, have become very commonly used in households, causing significant environment impact. In this paper, a life cycle assessment for an inkjet printer - model HP DeskJet D1360 manufactured in Taiwan, used and disposed in Poland was performed. The system boundaries of this study includes also consumables essential for printer operating: paper and ink as well as electricity consumption. Values for eleven impact categories were provided with the application of the Eco-indicator 99 method, expressing the significant environmental burden. For the whole life cycle the most significant stage is paper usage, followed by the manufacturing of the product and electricity consumption.

Full text

Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 21, No 5A (2012), 95-105
Introduction
Concurrently with widespread personal computers
and Internet easily available, the printers used for pri-
vate purposes in households have become very popu-
lar.
A printer is a peripheral computer device which
produces a text or graphics of documents stored in
electronic form, usually on physical print media such
as paper or transparencies.
The most popular printing technologies found in
modern printers are laser printing and inkjet printing. A
laser printer rapidly produces high quality text and
graphics. As with digital photocopiers and multifunc-
tion printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xero-
graphic printing process but differ from analogue pho-
tocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct
scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photore-
ceptor [1].
An inkjet printer creates a digital image by propel-
ling droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the
most commonly used type of printer and range from
small inexpensive consumer models to very large pro-
fessional machines [2].
Two main technologies are in use in inkjet printers:
continuous (CIJ) and Drop-on-Demand (DOD). Drop-
on-demand is further divided into thermal DOD and
piezoelectric DOD.
 e-mail:grzesikk@agh.edu.pl
The continuous inkjet method is used commercially for
marking and coding of products and packages. Most
consumer inkjet printers are thermal DOD inkjets.
Those printers from companies including Canon, Hew-
lett-Packard, and Lexmark use print cartridges with a
series of tiny chambers each containing a heater, all of
which are constructed by photolithography. To eject a
droplet from each chamber, a pulse of current is passed
through the heating element causing a rapid vaporisa-
tion of the ink in the chamber to form a bubble, which
causes a large pressure increase, propelling a droplet of
ink onto the paper [3].
As the inkjet printers are the most commonly used
by consumers, including households, that is so impor-
tant to evaluate the overall environmental impact of a
inkjet printer used in a household in Poland during its
whole life cycle.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) addresses the envi-
ronmental aspects and potential environmental impacts
throughout a product’s life cycle from raw material ac-
quisition through production, use, end of life treatment,
recycling and final disposal [4]. Life cycle assessment
is a “cradle-to-grave” approach, enables the estimation
of the environmental impacts resulting from all stages
in the product life cycle, often including impacts not
considered in more traditional analyses (e.g., raw mate-
rial extraction, material transportation, ultimate product
disposal, etc.). By including the impacts throughout the
product life cycle, LCA provides a comprehensive
view of the environmental aspects of the product or
process [5, 6]. To performing LCA studies in a united
Life Cycle Assessment of an Inkjet Printer
Grzesik Katarzyna, Terefeńko Tomasz
Department of Management and Protection of Environment
Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering
AGH – University of Science and Technology
Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Abstract
In the recent years, printers, especially inkjet printers, have become very commonly used in households,
causing significant environment impact. In this paper, a life cycle assessment for an inkjet printer - model HP
DeskJet D1360 manufactured in Taiwan, used and disposed in Poland was performed. The system boundaries
of this study includes also consumables essential for printer operating: paper and ink as well as electricity con-
sumption. Values for eleven impact categories were provided with the application of the Eco-indicator 99
method, expressing the significant environmental burden. For the whole life cycle the most significant stage is
paper usage, followed by the manufacturing of the product and electricity consumption.
Keywords: life cycle assessment, environmental impact, inkjet printer

96 Grzesik K., Terefeńko T.
way ISO 14040 standard [4] has been developed with
four steps approach: 1) goal and scope, 2) inventory
analysis, 3) impact assessment and 4) interpretation.
Goal and scope includes defining the aim and the
product system boundaries and also functional unit.
Life cycle inventory (LCI) is a list of extractions of
raw materials used, the energy and emissions to the
atmosphere, water and land related to the functional
unit [7]. In the Impact Assessment step, the effects of
the resource use and emissions generated are grouped
and quantified into a limited number of impact catego-
ries such as: global warming potential (GWP), acidifi-
cation, eutrophication, stratospheric ozone depletion,
photo oxidant formation, resource use, land use, and
others [8]. Finally the results are reported according
to the goal and scope of the study in the most informa-
tive way possible.
In this paper, a life cycle assessment for an inkjet
printer - model HP DeskJet D1360 manufactured in
Taiwan, used and disposed in Poland,
are internal documentations. Hewlett -Packard com-
missioned life cycle assessment studies which compare
the environmental impact of producing a certain type
of print on digital printing equipment rather than on an
equivalent analogue printing press [10,11,12]. Xerox
commissioned two comparative LCA studies on solid
ink printers [13, 14], some LCA have been performed
for cartridges and toners [15, 16, 17, 18]. But still LCA
studies on specific inkjet printers used by consumers
are hardly available.
Methodology
Goal and Scope Definition
The goal of this study is the quantification of the
environmental impacts in 11 categories from an inkjet
printer and the identification of the life cycle phases
and processes that significantly affect the environ-
mental performance. System boundaries of this analy-
sis include: assembly stage, with links to production
processes and raw material acquisition, printer ship-
ping, the distribution and road transport, the use stage –
electricity consumption, and consumables: ink and pa-
per consumption and waste scenario. The packaging of
the printer was excluded from system boundaries.
Functional unit is the inkjet printer HP Deskjet
D1360 (shown in fig. 1). The technical specification of
the printer is shown in table 1. The printer is used in a
household by a family for printing school essays or
documents. Therefore the number of printed pages or
the work time of printer is not very high. The printer
was manufactured in Taiwan, it is used in Poland. The
lifetime of the printer is estimated for 3 years, the
number of printed pages is assumed for 4 pages daily,
the standby mode for 3 hours daily.
Inventory analysis
The process of inventory data gathering had been
started from dismantling the printer. The dismantling
was executed in order to examine the materials of
components and to weigh them. The dismantled parts
of the printer and the materials are characterized be-
low.
Table 1. HP Deskjet D1360 specification [19, 20]
Parameter Value
Width 422 mm
Height 142 mm
Depth 182 mm
Weight (with cartridges, with-
out power supply or power
cord)
2.04 kg
Power consumption (maxi-
mum)
4 watts when not printing
20 watts when printing
Print speed black (draft, letter) Up to 16 pages per minute
Print speed color (draft, letter) Up to 12 ppm
Number of print cartridges 2 (1 each black, tri-colour)
Colour(s) of print cartridges Black, cyan, magenta, yel-
low
Compatible ink types Pigment-based, dye-based
Print technology HP Thermal Inkjet
Fig 1. HP Deskjet D1360 [19]

Life Cycle Assessment ... 97
Housing
The housing of the printer (shown in fig.2) consists
of such elements as: primary structure, the lid, rear
cover, and paper trays. The lid and primary structure
prevent dust; allow ink replacement and paper adjust-
ment, paper trays hold pre-printed paper in straight po-
sition and hold printed paper [21]. The elements of
housing weigh 889 g [22]. The material used for manu-
facturing the housing is common polymer high-impact
polystyrene (HIPS).
Polystyrene is an aromatic polymer made from the
monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is manu-
factured from petroleum by the chemical industry.
Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the
scale being several billion kilograms per year [24].
High impact polystyrene HIPS is easily thermoformed
and specified for low strength structural applications
when impact resistance, machinability, and low cost
are required. HIPS has excellent dimensional stability
and is easy to fabricate, paint and glue. Common appli-
cations of HIPS include toys and product casings, han-
dling-trays which accommodate lightweight product.
HIPS is usually injection moulded in production [24,
25].
Metal parts
Those elements are the structure enabling the
movements of the printing heads. Metal parts include
main bracket, bracket, rollers, they are shown in fig 3.
Main Bracket holds all the other major components in
place, including the brackets for holding the motor and
rear supporters. Metal parts weigh 287 g [22]. The ma-
terial used for manufacturing those elements is steel.
Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and an-
other element, usually carbon. When carbon is used, its
content in the steel is between 0.2% and 2.1% by
weight, depending on the grade. Other alloying ele-
ments sometimes used are manganese, chromium, va-
nadium and tungsten Carbon and other elements act as
a hardening agent [26]. Iron smelted from its ore con
tains more carbon than is desirable. To become steel, it
Fig 2. Dismantled elements of housing [22]
must be melted and reprocessed to reduce the carbon to
the correct amount, at which point other elements can
be added. This liquid is then continuously cast into
long slabs or cast into ingots. The ingots are then heat-
ed in a soaking pit and hot rolled into slabs, blooms, or
billets. Slabs are hot or cold rolled into sheet metal or
plates. Billets are hot or cold rolled into bars, rods, and
wire [27].
Steel is one of the most common materials in the
world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced annu-
ally [28] . It is a major component in buildings, infra-
structure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines and ap-
pliances.
Cables
Cables are made from conductor and insulation,
conductor in the cables is usually copper and insulation
is polyvinyl chloride PVC. Copper weights 90 and
PVC weights 287g [22].
Copper is a ductile metal with very high thermal
and electrical conductivity. It is used as a conductor of
heat and electricity, a building material, and a constitu-
ent of various metal alloys.
Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sul-
fides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper de-
posits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. These minerals
are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–
15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching [29].
Then the material is heated to remove iron as a slag,
the resulting copper matte is roasted, the cuprous oxide
is converted to blister copper upon heating [30]. The
major applications of copper are in electrical wires
(60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial ma-
chinery (15%).
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), is a thermoplastic poly-
mer widely produced and used. PVC's relatively low
cost, biological and chemical resistance and workabil-
ity have resulted in it being used for a wide variety of
applications. Polyvinyl chloride is produced by poly-
merization of the monomer vinyl chloride (VCM) [31].
About 80% of production involves suspension poly-
Fig 3. Dismantled metal parts [22]

98 Grzesik K., Terefeńko T.
Fig 4. Printed wiring boards from the printer [22]
Fig 5. Dismantled small parts made of steel and ABS [22].
-merization. PVC is commonly used as the insulation
on electrical cables. PVC used for this purpose needs
to be plasticized, by the most widely used phthalates.
PVC produces HCl upon combustion almost quanti-
tatively related to its chlorine content [32].
Eletronic parts
The printer has two printed wiring boards shown in
fig.4 , which weight 66g altogether [22].
Printed wiring board (PWB) or is used to mechani-
cally support and electrically connect electronic com-
ponents using conductive pathways, tracks or signal
traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. Printed circuit boards are used in
virtually all commercially produced electronic devices.
Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper
foil. Insulating layers dielectric are typically laminated
together with epoxy resin prepreg. The board is typi-
cally coated with a solder mask. A few different dielec-
trics that can be chosen to provide different insulating
values. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoro-
ethylene (Teflon), FR-4(Woven glass and epoxy), FR-
2 (Phenolic cotton paper),, CEM-1 (Cotton paper and
epoxy), or CEM-3 (Non-woven glass and epoxy) [33].
After the printed circuit board (PCB) is completed,
electronic components must be attached to form a func-
tional printed circuit assembly (PCA) [34]. In through-
hole construction, component leads are inserted in
holes. In surface-mount construction, the components
are placed on pads or lands on the outer surfaces of the
PCB. In both kinds of construction, component leads
are electrically and mechanically fixed to the board
with a molten metal solder.
1 p
Life cycle deskjet
printer
100%
1 p
Assembly deskjet
printer
21,1%
1 p
housing
4,44%
0,889 kg
Polystyrene, high
impact, HIPS, at
plant/RER S
4,44%
1 p
metal parts
2,47%
0,594 kg
Steel, low-alloyed,
at plant/RER S
2,47%
1 p
cables
4,53%
0,09 kg
Copper, at regional
storage/RER S
3,75%
1 p
PWB
6,8%
0,066 kg
Printed wiring
board,
through-hole
6,8%
1 p
plastic parts
1,64%
0,298 kg
Acrylonitrile-butadi
ene-styrene
copolymer, ABS, at
1,64%
50,8 tkm
Transport,
transoceanic
freight ship/OCE S
1,01%
48,6 MJ
Electricity, low
voltage,
production PL, at
16,1%
2,31 kg
waste scenario for
deskjet printer
1,89%
1 p
Life cycle paper
55,3%
1 p
Production paper
49,1%
20 kg
Paper,
wood-containing,
supercalendred
49,1%
10,6 tkm
Transport, lorry
>16t, fleet
average/RER S
1,9%
20 kg
waste scenario
paper
4,36%
18,7 kg
Disposal, paper,
11.2% water, to
sanitary landfill/CH
4,36%
1 p
Life cycle ink
4,29%
1 p
Production ink
3,63%
0,4 kg
Toner, black,
powder, at
plant/GLO S
2,85%
Fig. 6. Percentages express the relative contribution of every factor to the total environmental impact of the printer

Life Cycle Assessment ... 99
Small parts
Screws, springs and other small parts are were adopted
as small parts shown in fig. 5. They are made of steel
– weight 32g and made of ABS Acrylonitril-Butadien-
Styrol Copolymer – weight 33 g [22].
Plastic parts
Plastic parts are inside the printer, they support
moving components and printer structures. They
weight 298 g [22], most of them is made of Acryloni-
trile butadiene styrene (ABS).
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a common
thermoplastic. It is a copolymer made by polymerizing
styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadi-
ene. Acrylonitrile is a synthetic monomer produced
from propylene and ammonia; butadiene is a petroleum
hydrocarbon obtained from the C4 fraction of steam
cracking; styrene monomer is made by dehydrogena-
tion of ethyl benzene — a hydrocarbon obtained in the
reaction of ethylene and benzene [35]. ABS combines
the strength and rigidity of the acrylonitrile and styrene
polymers with the toughness of the polybutadiene rub-
ber. The most important mechanical properties of ABS
are impact resistance and toughness. ABS's light
weight and ability to be injection moulded and ex-
truded make it useful in manufacturing variety of prod-
ucts for example enclosures for electrical and elec-
tronic assemblies [36].
Transport
The printer was manufactured (production of com-
ponents and assembly stage) in Taiwan. It was as-
sumed the printer was shipped by transoceanic freight
ship to Poland – Gdynia port, through Indian Ocean,
Suez Canal, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, North
Sea, Baltic Sea. The sea distance between Taiwan and
Poland is approximately 12 thousand nautical miles.
The printer was then distributed from Gdynia port to a
hardware shop in Krakow by a lorry on the distance of
600 km.
Paper
The number of printed pages daily was assumed as
4, it means during 3 year of printer lifetime, is used
4000 sheets of paper - A4 format. 1 ream has 500
sheets and weights 2,5 kg, 4000 sheets weight 20 kg.
Paper is is produced by pressing together moist fi-
bers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood and
drying them into flexible sheets. To make pulp from
wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from
cellulose fibers. This is accomplished by dissolving
lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed
from the cellulose fibers. Paper made from chemical
pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be
confused with tree-free paper. This is because they do
not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time. The
pulp is fed to a paper machine where it is formed as a
paper web and the water is removed from it by pressing
and drying. The paper may then undergo sizing to re-
duce the paper's tendency when dry to absorb liquid,
with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on
the surface of the paper and to dry there, rather than be
Table 3. The structure of electricity production in Po-
land in years 2008 – 2009 [42].
Structure of production
[%]
Fuel 2008 2009
coal 57.2 56.9
lignite 36.2 35.1
natural gas 3.1 3.2
co-combustion 1.8 2.9
hydropower 1.7 1.9
Table 2. Information of ingredients of black ink and of tri-colour ink for Deskjet Printer [40,41]
Black ink Cyan ink Magenta ink Yellow ink
Substance % by
weight
Substance % by
weight
Substance % by
weight
Substance % by
weight
Water > 70 Water > 70 Water < 70 Water < 70
2-pyrrolidone < 15 1,5-pentanediol < 10 1,5-pentanediol < 10 1,5-pentanediol < 10
Carbon black < 5 space
2-pyrrolidone < 7.5 2-pyrrolidone < 7.5 2-pyrrolidone < 7.5
Isopropyl Alcohol
< 5 Ethyl alkyldiol < 7.5 Ethyl alkyldiol < 7.5 Ethyl alkyldiol < 7.5
Metal nitrate # 2 < 7.5 Metal nitrate # 2 < 7.5 Metal nitrate # 2 < 7.5
Alkyldiol ethoxylate
< 2.5 Alkyldiol ethoxylate < 2.5 Alkyldiol ethoxylate
< 2.5
Ammonium nitrate < 2.5 Amino alkyldiol < 2.5 Ammonium nitrate < 2.5
Substituted phthalo-
cyanine salt # 2
< 2.5 Ammonium nitrate < 2.5

100 Grzesik K., Terefeńko T.
Table 4. The damage categories and related impact
categories in the Eco-indicator method [47].
Damage
category
Impact category
Human
health
Carcinogenic effects on humans
Respiratory effects caused by organic substances
Respiratory effects caused by inorganic substances
Damage caused by climate change
Effects caused by ionising radiation
Effects caused by ozone layer depletion
Ecosys-
tem
Quality
Damage caused by ecotoxic effects
Damage caused by the combined effect of
acidification and eutrophication
Damage caused by land occupation and land
conversion
Resources
Damages caused by extraction of minerals
Damages caused by extraction of fossil fuels
absorbed into the paper. Paper at this point is uncoated.
Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calci-
um carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides
in order to create a surface more suitable for high-
resolution halftone screens. Coated or uncoated papers
may have their surfaces polished by calendering. The
calender is a series of hard pressure rollers used to
form and smooth papers. Those that are used separate
from the process (off-line) are also called supercal-
enders [37].
For office work purposes is designed copy paper, it
a “white commodity paper" made in extremely high.
Office printer companies have recently begun differen-
tiating between "copy papers," "laser papers," and "ink
jet papers," particularly in office supply stores, al-
though all these papers are very similar. Ink jet papers
have a tighter surface, for better ink hold-out and less
splattering [38]. Copy and office paper is produced in
Poland at International Paper in Kwidzyn.
Ink
According to functional unit, the number of printed
pages daily is 4. During the use stage of the printer - 3
years, it is used 50 ink cartridges of 10 ml each, 400 ml
black ink and 100 ml colour ink.
Desktop inkjet printers typically use aqueous inks
based on a mixture of water, glycol and dyes or pig-
ments. Aqueous inks are mainly used in printers with
thermal inkjet heads, as these heads require water to
perform. The inks used in thermal inkjet are usually
Iron-based (ironeous) and use either pigments or dyes
as the colorant. The inks used must have a volatile
component to form the vapour bubble, otherwise dro-
plet ejection cannot occur [39].
HP Deskjet printer D1360 uses HP 21 Black Inkjet
Print Cartridge and HP 22 Tri-colour Inkjet Print Car
tridge. Information of inks according to the Material
Safety Data Sheet published by Hewlett-Packard De-
velopment Company, are shown in table 2.
Electricity consumption
According to the functional unit for this study, the
printer works 1 minute daily – time for printing 4 pages
and the standby mode is assumed for 3 hours daily.
The printer uses 20 watts when printing and 4 watts
when not printing. During 3 years of the use stage the
printer consumes: 18,25 hours * 20 W (when printing)
+ 3285 hours * 4 W (standby mode) = 13,505 kWh.
Electricity is generated at a power station by elec-
tromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat en-
gines. The combustion of fossil fuels supplies most of
the heat to these engines, with some fraction from re-
newable sources (for example biomass). Generators
could be also driven by other means such as kinetic
energy of flowing water or wind. There are other tech-
nologies that are used to generate electricity such as so-
lar photovoltaics and geothermal power. However in
Poland absolutely dominating is combustion of fossil
fuels. The structure of electricity production is shown
in table 3.
End-of-life phase
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)
should be collected separately, transferred to the dis-
mantling station and then materials recycled or recov-
ered [43]. However according to the Report on the
management of waste electrical and electronic equip-
ment (WEEE) [44] the level of separate collection of
WEEE in 2008 was 10%, for the waste equipment
coming from households - 6,46%. On the other hand
according to the National Waste Management Plan
2014 [45], in 2008 6,8 % of municipal waste was
separately collected and recycled, 0,6% of was incin-
erated, 2,6% was biologically treated and the remain-
ing waste was landfilled. Therefore for the purpose of
this study it was assumed that 6,5 % of the printer ma-
terials is recycled and the remaining part is landfilled.
Impact assessment and interpretation
The data collected in life cycle inventory had to be
converted into potential human health and environ-
mental impacts. In this study the Eco-indicator 99
method was applied. Eco-indicator 99 is one of the
most widely used impact assessment methods in LCA.
It is endpoint impact assessment method, which allows
the environmental load of a product to be expressed in
a single score [46]. Eco-indicator 99 is a damage ap-
proach proceeding from the identification of areas of
concern (damage categories) to determination of what
causes damage to endpoints. The method considers
three damage categories: human health, ecosystem

Life Cycle Assessment ... 101
quality and resources [47]. Table 4 shows the three
damage categories and the related impact categories
modeled in Eco-indicator 99.
Impact assessment is performed in two steps, where
step one is the actual damage modelling and step two
consists of normalisation and weighting. The damage
modelling for human health and ecosystem quality is
based on fate-, exposure-, effect- and damage analysis.
In the normalisation step, the relative contribution of
the calculated damages to the total damage caused by a
reference system is determined. The weighting method
uses a panel approach, where the goal is to reflect the
society's view on which damages or potential impacts
are of greatest importance [47].
Results and discussion
The LCA results with the application of the Eco-
indicator 99 method are summarized in Table 5. The
values in the 11 categories were shown for the whole
life cycle of the printer (Total) and for individual
stages of printer life: assembly, transport, end-of life
phase and also consumables: electricity consumption,
paper and ink. Assembly stage can be understood as
Table 5. LCA results with the application of the Eco-indicator 99 method - characterization
Impact
category Unit
Total -
printer
life cycle and
consumables
Assembly
deskjet
printer
Electricity
consumption
Transport
transoceanic
and road
End-of-life
phase for
printer
Life cycle
paper Life cycle ink
Carcinogens DALY 1.77E-05 2.69E-06 3.49E-06 1.75E-08 3.90E-06 7.01E-06 5.99E-07
Respiratory or-
ganics
DALY 5.90E-08 2.10E-08 2.24E-09 1.00E-09 3.15E-10 3.20E-08 2.48E-09
Respiratory
inorganics
DALY 4.56E-05 9.22E-06 1.06E-05 1.46E-06 3.85E-08 2.23E-05 2.00E-06
Climate change
DALY 9.42E-06 2.28E-06 3.83E-06 1.50E-07 1.18E-07 2.37E-06 6.77E-07
Radiation DALY 3.73E-07 5.37E-08 5.64E-09 1.85E-09 1.99E-10 2.83E-07 2.85E-08
Ozone layer DALY 3.05E-09 4.22E-10 1.51E-10 9.37E-11 7.16E-12 2.24E-09 1.43E-10
Ecotoxicity PAF*m2yr 2.55E+01 1.00E+01 2.76E+00 2.72E-01 2.24E+00 8.80E+00 1.38E+00
Acidification/
Eutrophication
PDF*m2yr 1.18E+00 1.89E-01 2.54E-01 5.79E-02 1.38E-03 6.12E-01 6.12E-02
Land use PDF*m2yr 1.42E+01 2.33E-01 1.15E-01 8.92E-03 3.77E-03 1.38E+01 1.41E-02
Minerals MJ surplus 7.77E+00 6.74E+00 2.60E-01 6.13E-03 1.08E-03 7.39E-01 2.45E-02
Fossil fuels MJ surplus 5.94E+01 1.49E+01 1.36E+01 8.12E-01 5.00E-02 2.56E+01 4.37E+00
Impact
category Unit
Total -
printer
life cycle and
consumables
Assembly
deskjet
printer
Electricity
consumption
Transport
transoceanic
and road
End-of-life
phase for
printer
Life cycle
paper Life cycle ink
Carcinogens % 100 15.197 19.710 0.099 22.016 39.594 3.385
Respiratory or-
ganics % 100 35.523 3.790 1.695 0.533 54.252 4.207
Respiratory
inorganics % 100 20.218 23.175 3.200 0.084 48.936 4.387
Climate change
% 100 24.233 40.612 1.596 1.256 25.116 7.187
Radiation % 100 14.412 1.513 0.497 0.053 75.868 7.656
Ozone layer % 100 13.816 4.945 3.067 0.234 73.246 4.692
Ecotoxicity % 100 39.353 10.835 1.067 8.776 34.531 5.437
Acidification/
Eutrophication
% 100 16.068 21.627 4.925 0.117 52.053 5.209
Land use % 100 1.647 0.809 0.063 0.027 97.354 0.100
Minerals % 100 86.738 3.340 0.079 0.014 9.514 0.315
Fossil fuels % 100 25.113 22.878 1.368 0.084 43.195 7.362

102 Grzesik K., Terefeńko T.
defining the product, it contains a list of subassemblies,
subassemblies link to production processes, materials,
including the extraction of raw materials, processing
of raw materials and manufacturing the components.
Once the printer is defined by the list of components
and materials, the inventory results are calculated. This
is a list of all material extraction and emissions that oc-
cur in the production of the printer assembly and the
materials and processes that link to it. In the impact as-
sessment phase of LCA the inventory results are proc-
essed into the impact categories. In characterisation
stage the indicator values for each impact category are
calculated.
For those impacts categories which affect human
health such as: carcinogens, respiratory organics, respi-
ratory inorganics, climate change, radiations, ozone
layer damage scores are expressed as DALY (Disabil-
ity Adjusted Life Years). Scores for impact categories
affecting ecosystem quality are expressed as PDF Po-
tentially Disappeared Fraction [47]. Categories con-
cerning resource depletion: minerals and fossil fuels
are related to a parameter that indicates the quality of
Table 6. LCA results with the application of the Eco-indicator 99 method - weighted results.
Impact category
Unit
Total -printer
life cycle and
consumables
Assembly
deskjet printer
Electricity
consumption
Transport
transoceanic
and road
End-of-life
phase for
printer
Life cycle pa-
per Life cycle ink
Total Pt 5.42E+00 1.14E+00 8.75E-01 6.83E-02 1.03E-01 3.00E+00 2.33E-01
Carcinogens Pt 3.44E-01 5.22E-02 6.77E-02 3.40E-04 7.56E-02 1.36E-01 1.16E-02
Respiratory or-
ganics
Pt 1.15E-03 4.07E-04 4.34E-05 1.94E-05 6.11E-06 6.22E-04 4.82E-05
Respiratory in-
organics
Pt 8.85E-01 1.79E-01 2.05E-01 2.83E-02 7.47E-04 4.33E-01 3.88E-02
Climate change Pt 1.83E-01 4.43E-02 7.43E-02 2.92E-03 2.30E-03 4.59E-02 1.31E-02
Radiation Pt 7.23E-03 1.04E-03 1.09E-04 3.59E-05 3.86E-06 5.49E-03 5.54E-04
Ozone layer Pt 5.93E-05 8.19E-06 2.93E-06 1.82E-06 1.39E-07 4.34E-05 2.78E-06
Ecotoxicity Pt 2.48E-01 9.77E-02 2.69E-02 2.65E-03 2.18E-02 8.58E-02 1.35E-02
Acidification/
Eutrophication
Pt 1.15E-01 1.84E-02 2.48E-02 5.65E-03 1.34E-04 5.97E-02 5.97E-03
Land use Pt 1.38E+00 2.27E-02 1.12E-02 8.69E-04 3.67E-04 1.34E+00 1.38E-03
Minerals Pt 2.61E-01 2.26E-01 8.72E-03 2.06E-04 3.62E-05 2.48E-02 8.22E-04
Fossil fuels Pt 1.99E+00 5.01E-01 4.56E-01 2.73E-02 1.68E-03 8.61E-01 1.47E-01
Impact category
Unit
Total -printer
life cycle and
consumables
Assembly
deskjet printer
Electricity
consumption
Transport
transoceanic
and road
End-of-life
phase for
printer
Life cycle pa-
per Life cycle ink
Total % 100 21.093 16.147 1.260 1.895 55.311 4.294
Carcinogens % 6.339 0.963 1.249 0.006 1.396 2.510 0.215
Respiratory or-
ganics
% 0.021 0.008 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.001
Respiratory in-
organics
% 16.331 3.302 3.785 0.523 0.014 7.992 0.716
Climate change % 3.374 0.818 1.370 0.054 0.042 0.847 0.242
Radiation % 0.133 0.019 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.101 0.010
Ozone layer % 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000
Ecotoxicity % 4.582 1.803 0.497 0.049 0.402 1.582 0.249
Acidification/
Eutrophication
% 2.115 0.340 0.457 0.104 0.002 1.101 0.110
Land use % 25.486 0.420 0.206 0.016 0.007 24.812 0.025
Minerals % 4.818 4.179 0.161 0.004 0.001 0.458 0.015
Fossil fuels % 36.800 9.242 8.419 0.503 0.031 15.896 2.709

Life Cycle Assessment ... 103
the remaining resources. The extraction of these re-
sources will result in higher energy requirements for
future extraction that is MJ surplus energy [46].
Life cycle of paper (usage of the paper) and the as-
sembly of the printer are key factors affecting the im-
pact categories. In the step of characterization 8 out of
11 categories are dominated by the life cycle of paper
with a relative contribution ranging between 39,6 to
97,3%. In two impact categories (eco-toxicity and min-
erals) printer assembly stage prevailed the results,
while one category (climate change) is dominated by
electricity consumption.
The table 5 shows scores in the step of characterisa-
tion, it means that the categories could not be com-
pared with each other, as their indicators are expressed
in different units. In order to show to what extend an
impact category has a significant contribution to the
overall environmental problem a normalisation proce-
dure is needed. This is done by dividing the impact
category indicators by a normal value. The normalised
results show the order of magnitude of the environ-
mental problems generated by the products life cycle,
compared to the total environmental loads in Europe
[47,48].
The next step in the impact assessment procedure is
weighting. The result obtained through this procedure
is expressed as a single ecoindicator score expressed
as ecopoints (Pt), where one ecopoint can be inter-
preted as one thousandth of the annual environmental
load of one average European inhabitant [47]. How-
ever, weighting of results embeds a risk of uncertainty,
thus those results should be adopted cautiously. In the
table 6 the results after the weighting procedure with
the application of the Eco-indicator 99 method are
shown.
After the weighting procedure the results in table 5
indicated the damage caused by extraction of fossil fu-
els (36,8%), land use (25,5%) and respiratory effects
caused by inorganic substances (16,3%) as the main
impact categories that are highly affected by the printer
life cycle. For the life cycle of the deskjet printer the
most significant stage concerning the environment im-
pact is use of paper (life cycle of paper). It is over 55%
of all environmental impact, the second significant
stage contributing to the environmental impact is as-
sembly stage (manufacturing the printer) with over
21% share and electricity consumption (16,1 % share).
End-of-life phase as well as transport has the share be-
low 2% each in total environmental impact.
Similarly with Table 6, the network developed in
order to assess the life cycle of the printer indicates the
use of paper as the main factor (over 55%) contributing
to the environmental impact (Fig. 6). The bar on the
right side of every node indicates the contribution of
the process or material to life cycle of the printer,
whereas this is further expressed by the percentage on
the bottom left corner.
From the above mentioned categories contributing
mostly to the total environmental impact, land use is
nearly exclusively affected by the use of paper,
whereas fossil fuels and respiratory inorganics are dis-
tributed among use of paper, assembly of the printer
and electricity consumption. High values of the land
use impact category could be attributed to the occupa-
tions of significant areas for intensive forest produc-
tion, which in most cases cannot be regarded as sus-
tainable.
Damage caused by the fossil fuels depletion could
be related to the high electric energy demand needed
both for electricity consumption by the printer during
its lifetime, but also for production processes of the
printer (assembly stage) and production of the paper.
Moreover the energy production in Poland, is mostly
dependent on coal and lignite (fossil fuels). Combus-
tion of those fossil fuels is significantly contributing to
respiratory inorganics impact category (emission of
NOx and SO2) .
The presented results have some limitations and
shortcomings based mainly on assumptions and simpli-
fications. Firstly, the assumption of 4 pages printed
daily, influences strongly the whole life cycle of the
printer, as the use of paper is dominating in the total
environmental impact. Secondly, the considered paper
in the study is assumed for printing text, not pictures or
photographs, for that purpose higher quality (coated)
paper is required, and obviously more ink. The change
in those assumption would affect the LCA results.
Thirdly, the significant issue in this LCA is electricity
consumption, which again is strongly dependent on as-
sumption, especially this regarding the lasting of the
standby mode. It was assumed the standby mode is 3
hours daily, but in some case the printer could be
switched on for the whole day, on the other hand the
printer could be switched off when not printing. The
impacts deriving due to the change of those assumption
could be further analysed.
Fourthly, the assembly stage of the printer was per-
formed based on data acquired through dismantling the
printer, weighting components and examining the ma-
terials, but no on exact and precise data, which are ac-
cessible only for manufacturers or designers of a pro-
duct.
Nevertheless the study results indicate unambigu-
ously the paper consumption as the most significant
stage of printer life cycle for the environmental burden.
It implies recommendation for a printer user, namely:
in order to avoid unnecessary environmental burden
printing on both side of sheet of paper could be consi-
dered.

104 Grzesik K., Terefeńko T.
Conclusions
Application of printers for private purposes in
households have become very popular in recent years.
The most commonly used printers by consumers, in-
cluding households, are inkjet printers. That means
their environmental impact through whole life cycle
must be significant. In that aspect a life cycle assess-
ment for an inkjet printer - model HP DeskJet D1360
manufactured in Taiwan, used and disposed in Poland
was performed. The system boundaries of this study
includes also consumables essential for printer operat-
ing: paper and ink as well as electricity consumption.
The study has some limitations and shortcomings
based mainly on assumptions and simplifications. Nev-
ertheless, findings from this research indicated the pa-
per consumption as the most significant stage of
printer life cycle for the environmental burden, fol-
lowed by the manufacturing of the printer and electric-
ity consumption. Additionally, quantifiable values for
eleven impact categories were provided with the ap-
plication of the Eco-indicator 99 method, expressing
thus the significant environmental burden of the
printer. Most of that burden is observed in three impact
categories: fossil fuels, land use and respiratory inor-
ganics. High values of the land use impact category
could be attributed to the occupations of vast areas for
intensive forest production. While fossil fuels depletion
could be related to the high electric energy demand
needed both for electricity consumption by the printer
during its lifetime, but also for production processes of
the printer (assembly stage) and production of the pa-
per. Combustion of fossil fuels (coal and lignite
mostly), on which electricity production in Poland is
highly dependent, contributes significantly to respira-
tory inorganics impact category. Findings from this re-
search enable to express some recommendations for
deskjet users: firstly whenever possible print on both
side of paper, secondly switch off the printer when is
not operating.
Acknowledgements
The work was completed within the scope of AGH-
UST statutory research for the Polish Department of
Management and Protection of Environment No.
11.11.150.008.
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