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Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among men
Abstract
Although many studies have investigated individual differences in online social networking, few have examined the recent and rapidly popularized social phenomenon of the “selfie” (a selfportrait photograph of oneself). In two studies with a pooled sample of 1296 men and women, we tested the prediction that individuals who score high on four narcissism sub-scales (Self-sufficiency, Vanity, Leadership, and Admiration Demand) will be more likely to post selfies to social media sites than will individuals who exhibit low narcissism. We examined three categories of selfies: own selfies; selfies with a romantic partner; and group selfies, controlling for non-selfie photographs. Women posted more selfies of all types than did men. However, women’s selfie-posting behavior was generally unrelated to their narcissism scores. In contrast, men’s overall narcissism scores positively predicted posting own selfies, selfies with a partner, and group selfies. Moreover, men’s Vanity, Leadership, and Admiration Demand scores each independently predicted the posting of one or more types of selfies. Our findings provide the first evidence that the link between narcissism and selfie-posting behavior is comparatively weak among women than men, and provide novel insight into the social motivations and functions of online social networking.
... Most extant research on selfies has examined the motivational and personality factors predicting people's selfie behavior solely from a psychological perspective (e.g., Barnard, 2016;Sorokowski et al., 2015). It is unclear how selfies may lead to behavioral consequences, especially in a marketing context. ...
... For example, situational drivers for selfie taking may involve self-expression (Barnard, 2016), attention seeking (Marwick 2015), communication, and entertainment (Sung et al., 2016). Also, personality factors that impact selfie taking may include self-esteem (March and McBean 2018), extraversion (Sorokowska et al., 2016), narcissism (Sorokowski et al., 2015;Weiser, 2015), and exhibitionism (Guo et al., 2018). However, research has paid little attention to exploring the consequence of selfies in a marketing context. ...
... high) in trait self-consciousness. (Sorokowski et al., 2015;Weiser, 2015). Little is known about how selfie, as an antecedent factor, might influence consumer behavioral consequences at an individual level. ...
Given the proliferation of digital cameras on smartphones, selfies have become ubiquitous in consumers' daily lives, and many companies have employed consumer selfies in their marketing campaigns. However, research on selfies in the domain of consumer behavior is still lacking. This research investigates how consumer selfies, namely, self‐portrait photos featuring consumer faces and products, influence consumers' variety seeking. Through field, online, and laboratory studies and a content analysis of Instagram data, we show that if people will take a consumer selfie with the products they are going to purchase, their self‐presentational concern is heightened, which, in turn, increases their variety seeking in product choices. However, we also find that the consumer selfie effect on variety seeking diminishes when people will take a group (vs. an individual) consumer selfie. Finally, we also show that individual differences in self‐consciousness moderate the consumer selfie effect on variety seeking.
... He also showed that agreeableness and openness traits are correlated to only looking at others' selfies and that agreeableness and extraversion traits are correlated to interacting with others' selfies on social media. Two years after this work, another research done by Sorokowski et al. [33] in 2018 concluded a significant relationship between sharing selfies and narcissism among men. ...
... Studies reported that SELFIES have become an addiction among college students [43]. The most dynamic development in this phenomenon was its extreme and recent increase in the usage of social media [33,44]. Both age and gender are likely factors linked with taking selfies as well as the experience and exposure to social media. ...
... It was found in a significant amount of selfie researches done by Barry et al. [70], Weiser [71], Sorokowski et al. [33,72], and Halpern et al. [73] that there is a link between narcissism and selfie-sharing behavior on social network sites, as selfie-sharing behavior increased one's narcissism or vice versa. Other selfie studies as mentioned by Qiu et al. [74] in 2015 proposed that selfie content reflected people's personality. ...
Background
The selfie phenomenon is an emanating one, specifically affecting adolescents and young adults. It emerges as a reflection of a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders. Based on this, the current study aimed to assess the rate of the selfie phenomenon among Egyptian university students and its sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates. During the study procedure, we enrolled 200 undergraduate Egyptian university students from two different faculties and were assessed using the Selfie Behavioral Scale, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis II Disorders, and Global Assessment of Functioning Scale.
Results
49.5% of the students being assessed had borderline selfitis with a higher rate among females. We found a highly significant association between the selfie phenomenon and depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and other psychiatric disorders and personality disorders, and we also found that selfies had a significant negative association with the level of functioning among students.
Conclusions
Results concur with previous existing literature regarding the magnitude of the selfie phenomenon and its relationship with different psychiatric disorders and personality disorders.
... Селфі (від англ. selfie -сам, само) -це зроблена фотографія особистістю самої себе (автопортрет), може бути спільно з іншими особами, тваринами за допомогою фотокамери на відстані витягнутої руки або у дзеркалі [9], як правило, у момент значущої події або емоційної ситуації, та представлення на огляд у соціальну Інтернет-мережу як певний вид самопрезентації з метою отримання соціальної думки про власну особистість [9]. Дослідники відзначають два вектори впливу селфі на особистість: негативний («селфі як симптом», «селфіманія як хвороба ХХІ ст.», «селфі як діагноз», «селфі як ознака нарцисизму та психопатії», «селфіт -нав'язлива потреба публікувати селфі -це справжній психічний розлад») motivates to do sports, improve oneself or, on the contrary, depresses the mood, self-perception and lowers the level of self-esteem. ...
... Селфі (від англ. selfie -сам, само) -це зроблена фотографія особистістю самої себе (автопортрет), може бути спільно з іншими особами, тваринами за допомогою фотокамери на відстані витягнутої руки або у дзеркалі [9], як правило, у момент значущої події або емоційної ситуації, та представлення на огляд у соціальну Інтернет-мережу як певний вид самопрезентації з метою отримання соціальної думки про власну особистість [9]. Дослідники відзначають два вектори впливу селфі на особистість: негативний («селфі як симптом», «селфіманія як хвороба ХХІ ст.», «селфі як діагноз», «селфі як ознака нарцисизму та психопатії», «селфіт -нав'язлива потреба публікувати селфі -це справжній психічний розлад») motivates to do sports, improve oneself or, on the contrary, depresses the mood, self-perception and lowers the level of self-esteem. ...
... The relation between personality psychopathology and SNS behaviours has also been examined. In particular, a focus has been placed on the connection between narcissism and SNS use [23][24][25][26]. It is plausible that facets of narcissism, such as self-enhancing behaviours on social networking sites (e.g., selfies), are more a product of social norms in younger samples but become more strongly associated with personality psychopathology in older individuals. ...
... We expected individuals who had previously taken a SNS mental health break to endorse lower levels of personality psychopathology and internalizing and higher self-esteem than those who had never taken a mental health break. This expectation was supported by previous research, which indicated social networking site use is correlated with adverse mental health indications, including pathological personality traits, internalizing symptoms, and lowered self-esteem [12,14,16,20,23,26,30,34]. ...
Social networking sites (SNS) have become a pervasive part of modern society. In 2019, 69 % of adults used Facebook, and 74 % of these users checked Facebook daily. Social networking use is even higher in younger generations; 92 % of adolescents check SNS daily, and 24 % report being online “almost constantly.” Recently, a flood of research has exposed the harmful correlates of social networking site use, including increased depression, anxiety, suicidality, psychological distress, self-esteem, anxiety, and sleep problems. As the public has become aware of these adverse outcomes, a new trend of taking a break from SNS for their mental health has increased in popularity. However, no empirical research has examined how the mental health of those who have taken a SNS mental health break differs from those who have not. Therefore, this study examined the differences in personality psychopathology, self-esteem, and internalizing symptoms between these two groups in a sample of 565 adult social networking site users. It was found that individuals who took a SNS mental health break had higher self-esteem, but also higher levels of personality psychopathology and internalizing symptomology. Implications for this study are discussed.
... The relation between personality psychopathology and SNS behaviours has also been examined. In particular, a focus has been placed on the connection between narcissism and SNS use [23][24][25][26]. It is plausible that facets of narcissism, such as self-enhancing behaviours on social networking sites (e.g., selfies), are more a product of social norms in younger samples but become more strongly associated with personality psychopathology in older individuals. ...
... We expected individuals who had previously taken a SNS mental health break to endorse lower levels of personality psychopathology and internalizing and higher self-esteem than those who had never taken a mental health break. This expectation was supported by previous research, which indicated social networking site use is correlated with adverse mental health indications, including pathological personality traits, internalizing symptoms, and lowered self-esteem [12,14,16,20,23,26,30,34]. ...
Psychoactive substance-induced delirium is delirium which occurs during or immediate after psychoactive substance intoxication, withdrawal or during the use of specific psychoactive substance. It is characterized by sudden onset of disturbed consciousness, disorientation, hallucinations, changed psychomotor activity, insomnia, acute memory impairment, violent, and bizarre behaviour. The most commonly abused psychoactive substances which may induce delirium are those acting on the major inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (alcohol, anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics, and gammahydroxybutyrate- GHB. Psychoactive substance-induced delirium may have hyperactive, hypoactive or mixed clinical presentation. Treatment of delirium induced by psychoactive substances is carried out with antipsychotics, anxiolytics, and sedatives, but each of the listed abused psychoactive substances has its own treatment peculiarities. This narrative literature review describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of delirium induced by intoxication and withdrawal from GABAergic psychoactive substances. The paper summarizes well-known knowledge with the latest research in psychoactive substances-induced delirium.
... Dengan kata lain, hasil penelitian ini khususnya dilihat dari kategori subjek jenis kelamin yaitu perempuan lebih cenderung narsis dan melakukan pengungkapan diri secara online di media sosial sehingga mempengaruhi harga diri yang dimilikinya daripada lakilaki yang memiliki hasil nilai presentasi kecenderungan narsistik dan mediated self-disclosure lebih rendah mempengaruhi harga diri pada penggunaan media sosial. Hal ini juga didukung oleh penelitian yang melihat perilaku mengungkapkan diri lebih banyak terjadi dikalangan perempuan dalam melakukan posting selfie, penelitian dilakukan oleh Sorokowski et al. (2015) bahwa perilaku postingan selfie lebih kuat di kalangan pria daripada wanita, kemudian di tahun 2016 penelitian kembali dilakukan oleh Sorokowski et al. (2015) dan kawankawan mengenai Perilaku Posting Selfie dikalangan perempuan usia 12 -24 tahun. Penelitian tersebut menghasilkan adanya korelasi positif yang kuat antara perilaku selfie pada perempuan, sehingga mempengaruhi harga diri yang dimiliki oleh tiap individu yang melakukan posting selfie. ...
... Dengan kata lain, hasil penelitian ini khususnya dilihat dari kategori subjek jenis kelamin yaitu perempuan lebih cenderung narsis dan melakukan pengungkapan diri secara online di media sosial sehingga mempengaruhi harga diri yang dimilikinya daripada lakilaki yang memiliki hasil nilai presentasi kecenderungan narsistik dan mediated self-disclosure lebih rendah mempengaruhi harga diri pada penggunaan media sosial. Hal ini juga didukung oleh penelitian yang melihat perilaku mengungkapkan diri lebih banyak terjadi dikalangan perempuan dalam melakukan posting selfie, penelitian dilakukan oleh Sorokowski et al. (2015) bahwa perilaku postingan selfie lebih kuat di kalangan pria daripada wanita, kemudian di tahun 2016 penelitian kembali dilakukan oleh Sorokowski et al. (2015) dan kawankawan mengenai Perilaku Posting Selfie dikalangan perempuan usia 12 -24 tahun. Penelitian tersebut menghasilkan adanya korelasi positif yang kuat antara perilaku selfie pada perempuan, sehingga mempengaruhi harga diri yang dimiliki oleh tiap individu yang melakukan posting selfie. ...
Peralihan diri individu memasuki masa remaja dapat menentukan harga diri individu tersebut. Pembentukan harga diri dapat dipengaruhi oleh dukungan keluarga dan lingkungan masyrakat, saat ini lingkungan masyarakat tidak terlepas dengan perkembangan teknologi, internet dan penggunaan media sosial di Indonesia yang semakin meningkat setiap tahun. Hal tersebut memunculkan cara berkomunikasi baru dengan tujuan untuk eksistensi dan aktualisasi diri remaja pengguna media sosial seperti potret diri atau Selfie. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh mediated–self disclosure terhadap harga diri pelaku selfie pada remaja pengguna instagram. Alat pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner, berupa skala self disclosure berdasarkan aspek The Development of the Self-disclosure Scale dan skala harga diri yang dikemukakan oleh Coopersmith. Responden dalam penelitian berjumlah 152 orang remaja pelaku selfie dan menggunakan instagram yang kemudian peneliti bagi kedalam karakteristik usia 12 sampai 22 tahun, memiliki akun instagram, pernah posting foto atau video selfie di instagram. Teknik pengambilan sample yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdepat kontribusi mediated – self disclosure sebesar 11,7% terhadap harga diri. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Pengungkapan diri termediasi komputer memiliki pengaruh pada harga diri. Pengungkapan diri termediasi komputer sebagai salah satu cara komunikasi individu melalui internet memiliki peran penting dalam membentuk dan menentukan harga diri pengguna media sosial.
... Due to the anonymity and virtual aspects of social network services, diverse marriage conceptions that deviate from traditional notions have diffused rapidly. As argued by Manago et al. (2012) and Sorokowski et al. (2015), online services are accelerating the change in people's selfawareness and conception of life, and perceptions regarding marriage may be altered by continuous exposure to modern marriage notions [33,34]. The Internet has led society to become open and tolerant with regard to the concept of marriage [35]. ...
... Due to the anonymity and virtual aspects of social network services, diverse marriage conceptions that deviate from traditional notions have diffused rapidly. As argued by Manago et al. (2012) and Sorokowski et al. (2015), online services are accelerating the change in people's selfawareness and conception of life, and perceptions regarding marriage may be altered by continuous exposure to modern marriage notions [33,34]. The Internet has led society to become open and tolerant with regard to the concept of marriage [35]. ...
China has witnessed a rapid expansion in Internet penetration in recent years, with profound impacts on people’s family life and marital relationships. This paper aims to examine the causal effects and functionary of information access through Internet on marital stability. This paper identifies a robust association between Internet use and increasing divorce rates in China by using nationally representative, individual-level survey data and province-level aggregate data. Various regression techniques and specifications demonstrated the statistical and economic significance of the association. Given the ever-expanding role of the Internet and the serious consequences of divorce on families and society, it is imperative that we study the underlying mechanisms as the first step toward socially responsible policymaking. Our analysis revealed a significant mediating effect of the self-reported importance of Internet information acquisition, the frequency of chatting with online friends, the frequency of meeting with online friends, and the intensity of Internet use. These findings are consistent with the theory that the increase in divorce decisions is due to better information access and is, therefore, rational and that policies such as a mandatory cooling-off period for divorce may lower societal welfare. We also conducted a series of heterogeneity analyses that showed, among other findings, that the Internet effect is stronger for women.
... Second, the study adds to the academic understanding of the tourist behaviour relevant to selfie practises by empirically exploring the embodied preferences, motivations, and intentions for selfie practise, thereby adding to existing tourism literature on understanding tourist behaviour in vacations (Pearce and Wang, 2019). Third, the study addresses the identified gaps in the literature surrounding selfies storytelling and extends the current understanding of one form of conspicuous production in the context of tourism and hospitality marketing (Sorokowski et al., 2015;Taylor, 2020), i.e., taking and sharing of vacation selfies on SMPs. ...
... The study was conducted in Egypt, a prominent tourist destination with a wide range of tourism activities and locations attracting millions of visitors, making tourism the country's most important industry (Marzouk, 2021). Contrary to academic research that theorises the meaning and reasons for the travel selfie within a certain community (Chen et al., 2017;Sorokowski et al., 2015;Uchinaka et al., 2019), this study seeks to comprehend the storytelling of tourist selfies through the use of a qualitative and inductive approach that allows for in-depth knowledge. ...
Photography has recently received significant academic interest as a popular tourist activity. However, tourist selfie practises have not yet been thoroughly examined by tourism scholars. This study aimed to investigate tourist selfies storytelling and to determine if tourists'selfies at tourist destinations reveal specific aspects of the host destination, implying an embodiment of particular preferences, intentions, and motivations. In this study, an exploratory analysis employing a two-step qualitative approach was conducted. A semiotic analysis of 317 tourist selfie photos and two phases of in-depth interviews with eleven tourists visiting Egypt on a 7-day packaged tour were used. The findings reveal that tourists prefer to capture host communities’ appearance and attributes in their selfies for different motivations and intentions. Intentions regarding impressions, advertisements, suggestions, and descriptions for these attributes were the intentions that shaped the tourists’ selfie practise. This study contributes to our understanding of the content of travel-related selfies and tourist behaviour at destinations. It proposes management implications to assist tourism and hospitality professionals in engaging with and profiting from tourists’ selfies practise.
... Selfies refer to selfportraits that a person takes using a smartphone or webcam [67], and groupfies refer to group selfies [68]. Across disciplines, recent studies examined the psychological effects of posting SNS selfies/groupfies [68], the effects of selfies on self-esteem and social sensitivity [69], romantic selfie-posting behavior and love levels [70], selfie-editing frequency and social comparison [67], marketing implications of consumers' selfie-taking [71], association between narcissism and selfies [72,73], relationship between social exhibitionism and frequency of selfie-posting [74], and more. Veldhuis et al. [49] suggest that body image not only serves as an outcome of selfie-behaviors but also as a motive preceding selfiebehaviors. ...
... Selfies refer to self-portraits that a person takes using a smartphone or webcam [67], and groupfies refer to group selfies [68]. Across disciplines, recent studies examined the psychological effects of posting SNS selfies/groupfies [68], the effects of selfies on self-esteem and social sensitivity [69], romantic selfie-posting behavior and love levels [70], selfie-editing frequency and social comparison [67], marketing implications of consumers' selfie-taking [71], association between narcissism and selfies [72,73], relationship between social exhibitionism and frequency of selfie-posting [74], and more. Veldhuis et al. [49] suggest that body image not only serves as an outcome of selfie-behaviors but also as a motive preceding selfie-behaviors. ...
Instagram not only offers an arena for the fulfillment of basic human desires but also cultivates new types of multifaceted desires and consumptions in Web 2.0 environments. This study aims to examine a wide variety of dispositional, psychological, and attitudinal predictors of Instagram consumption and selfie-and-groupfie cultures. Three cross-sectional surveys (Study 1 (N = 108); Study 2 (N = 140); Study 3 (N = 557)) were conducted, and empirical data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Mplus 8.0. Study 1 shows associations among appearance-related self-confidence, appearance-related actual–ideal self-discrepancy, materialism, and Instagram consumption. Study 2 confirms relationships among weight status perception, self-esteem, eating disorder, malicious envy, and Instagram consumption intensity. Study 3 further demonstrates dynamic associations among eating disorders, perceived mate value, narcissistic grandiosity, envy, social comparison, intrasexual competition for mates, and frequency of posting selfies/groupfies on Instagram. Theoretical contributions to the psychosocial and human aspects of the Web 2.0 digital culture, managerial implications for online dating cultures, and practical implications for consumption markets including social media-based health communication, cultural communication, and marketing communication are discussed.
... Modern research widely presents the problem of predicting various personal and behavioral characteristics of users through the features of their virtual activity in social networks. Among them: Narcissism [2][3][4][5], loneliness [4,[6][7][8], anxiety and neuroticism [4,6,9,10], cognitive abilities [11], selfesteem [12,13], extraversion [3,9,10,14], subjective well-being [15], Big Five personality traits [11,16,17], communication motivation [18], sexual orientation [19], antisocial or violent behavioral tendencies [20], work performance and academic achievement [11,21]. ...
The emergence of the social networking phenomenon and the sudden spread of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) around the world have significantly affected the transformation of the system of interpersonal relations, partly shifting them towards virtual reality. Online social networks have greatly expanded the boundaries of human interpersonal interaction and initiated processes of integration of different cultures. As a result, research into the possibilities of predicting human behavior through the characteristics of virtual communication in social networks has become more relevant. The aim of the study is: to explore the possibilities of machine learning model interpretability methods for interpreting the success of social network users based on their profile data. This paper uses a specific method of explainable artificial intelligence, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), to analyze and interpret trained machine learning models. The research is based on Social Network Analysis (SNA), a modern line of research conducted to understand different aspects of the social network as a whole as well as its individual nodes (users). User accounts on social networks provide detailed information that characterizes a user's personality, interests, and hobbies and reflects their current status. Characteristics of a personal profile also make it possible to identify social graphs - mathematical models reflecting the characteristics of interpersonal relationships of social network users. An important tool for social network analysis is various machine learning algorithms that make different predictions based on sets of characteristics (social network data). However, most of today's powerful machine learning methods are "black boxes," and therefore the challenge of interpreting and explaining their results arises. The study trained RandomForestClassifier and XGBClassifier models and showed the nature and degree of influence of the personal profile metrics of VKontakte social network users and indicators of their interpersonal relationship characteristics (graph metrics).
... On the other hand, a lack of self-cohesion can manifest as negative narcissistic symptoms, including a sense of grandiosity and entitlement, wherein such individuals seek to compensate for their deficits in self-esteem with excessive self-promotion and self-presentation (29). Thus, it has been found that individuals with low self-cohesion tend to upload self-promoting and attractive pictures of themselves and update their social media status more frequently for the purpose of selfpresentation (30)(31)(32)(33). Gleason (27) further identified two dimensions of self-cohesion, presence and consistency. ...
Background
The increasing use of smartphones with attractive applications has yielded concerns over problematic overuse, also called smartphone addiction, thus creating a need to investigate the antecedents and pathways of this addiction.
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the self-cohesion dimensions of presence and consistency and smartphone addiction, and the potentially mediating role of rejection sensitivity.
Methods
A total sample of 910 respondents (58% females, mean age = 34.9, SD = 13.6) participated in the study. They completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and queries about frequency and duration of smartphone use, as well as the Self-Cohesion Scale, the Short Version of Smartphone Addiction Scale, and the Rejection Sensitivity RS-Adult Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships in question.
Results
The findings indicated that smartphone addiction was positively correlated with rejection sensitivity and negatively correlated with the self-cohesion dimensions of presence and consistency. Further, both presence and consistency were negatively associated with smartphone addiction and rejection sensitivity negatively mediated these relationships.
Conclusion
Self-cohesion and rejection sensitivity appear to be important predictors of smartphone addiction. Efforts to counteract smartphone addiction should, therefore, endeavor to increase smartphone users’ self-cohesion and reduce their rejection sensitivity.
... For instance, scholars have identified that frequent online sharing relates positively to narcissism (Brailovskaia et al., 2019) and negatively to psychological wellbeing (Ponnusamy et al., 2020). Further, and more critical to the current research, consumers tend to ascribe unfavorable motives to those who post regularly on social media, often associating such behavior with self-serving, ego-driven attempts to receive positive validation and affirmation (Brailovskaia et al., 2019;Sorokowski et al., 2015). For instance, the term "sadfishing" pejoratively describes the act of sharing emotional content to attract attention (Hand, 2019). ...
Purpose
Research emphasizes the motivations underlying and potential harmful consequences of social media use, but there is little understanding of stigmas faced by individual social media users, particularly as they pertain to gender. The purpose of this study is to examine a unique stereotype related to men’s social media use.
Design/methodology/approach
Four experiments examine judgments of men based on how often they post on social media (frequently vs infrequently).
Findings
The authors find that posting frequently (vs infrequently) affects the perceived gender of men but not women. This frequent-posting femininity stereotype is explained by perceived neediness and holds regardless of whether posts are about others (vs the self) or whether posts are shared by influencers (vs ordinary users).
Research limitations/implications
Future research should examine other stereotypes of social media users – including those pertaining to gender – and ways to mitigate such negative attributions. Researchers should examine how the frequent-posting femininity stereotype and other social media use stereotypes affect social media consumption and consumer well-being.
Practical implications
Managers should adjust consumer engagement strategies and restructure platforms to address the unique stigmas facing different consumer groups.
Originality/value
Providing insights into the dark side of social media, the authors investigate a unique domain – stereotypes about individual social media users. The findings of this study uncover an emasculating stigma against men who post often on social media, which may discourage men from online participation.
... Literatures are merely updated with the information on selfies in general, as a form of narcissistic self-behavior, personality and psychology, user gender and behaviour, clinical and medical use of selfies, forensic and cyber politics, privacy concern, business and branding, illegal hunting and Paris and Pietschnig, (2015) seemed to be the pioneers to introduce travel selfie as a form of digital tourist photography. Selfies are defined as a photograph that an individual captures of himself or herself alone or with others, typically with a smartphone held at arm's length or pointed at a mirror, and is uploaded to a social media website (Sorokowski et al., 2015). Precisely, this paper considers travel selfies as a form of travel photography taken by Malaysian tourists and aimed to be shared with next others in social media, to which photos taken are not confined to any limited genre but primarily as a form of self-expression. ...
Exhibition industry is known as the barometer and weathervane of economic development. It can promote economic and trade exchanges，and promote industrial innovation and upgrading. Exhibition industry has become an important economic activity in many cities in China, which has been written into the 14th five-year plan and government work report. Exhibition industry can improve the city’s infrastructure construction, it will also put forward high requirements for the host city and organizer’s service. Exhibitors are the most important participants in the exhibition industry. The number of exhibitors and the scale of their companies directly determine whether the exhibition activities can be held successfully. At the same time, the satisfaction of the exhibitors determines whether the exhibitors will participate in the exhibition again, also affects the word-of-mouth publicity of the exhibitors to a city, and affects the evaluation of the investment and business environment of a city. This paper analyzes the influencing factors of exhibitor satisfaction through the specific case and obtains the influencing factors of exhibitor satisfaction, to improve the service quality of the host city and organizer. Based on the data collected by questionnaire and structural equation model analysis, this paper concludes that the geographical location of the host city, environment, transportation, accommodation and the friendly degree of on-site service of the exhibition organizers are the main factors affecting the satisfaction of exhibitors.
... Literatures are merely updated with the information on selfies in general, as a form of narcissistic self-behavior, personality and psychology, user gender and behaviour, clinical and medical use of selfies, forensic and cyber politics, privacy concern, business and branding, illegal hunting and Paris and Pietschnig, (2015) seemed to be the pioneers to introduce travel selfie as a form of digital tourist photography. Selfies are defined as a photograph that an individual captures of himself or herself alone or with others, typically with a smartphone held at arm's length or pointed at a mirror, and is uploaded to a social media website (Sorokowski et al., 2015). Precisely, this paper considers travel selfies as a form of travel photography taken by Malaysian tourists and aimed to be shared with next others in social media, to which photos taken are not confined to any limited genre but primarily as a form of self-expression. ...
In recent years, the State has vigorously promoted quality-oriented education and thoroughly improved the comprehensive quality of primary and middle school students’ learning. Study travel is an important way to promote quality-oriented education in primary and middle schools and has received wide attention from all sectors of the community. At the end of 2016, the Ministry of Education and 11 other departments officially issued the Opinions on Promoting Primary and Middle School Students Study Travel, which was officially included in the primary and secondary school education and teaching plan. As a new teaching form, how does study travel develop, and does it achieve the goal of quality-oriented education? This paper takes the junior high schools in Handan city, Hebei province, as examples to analyse the relationship between study travel and quality-oriented education, using interviews. At the same time, it points out the problems existing in the development process of study travel and provides some suggestions.
... Narcissism is a personality trait characterized by an inflated view of the self (Twenge et al., 2008). It is associated with selfie-taking (McCain et al., 2016), editing (Fox & Rooney, 2015;Kim & Chock, 2017), and posting (Fox & Rooney, 2015;Kim & Chock, 2017;Sorokowski et al., 2015;Weiser, 2015). Narcissists also more frequently (1) monitor how others comment on their selfies and (2) observe others' selfies (Lee & Sung, 2016). ...
This pre-registered study assesses selfie editing and self-photo investment as outcome variables among young Chinese women from the perspective of the expanded version of self-objectification. Two hundred Chinese women aged 18–30 completed the survey. Results of hierarchical multiple regression show that neither self-objectification nor the culture-specific face surveillance is associated with selfie-editing or self-photo investment. Internalization of cultural beauty ideals and body surveillance are associated with composition-editing (but not subject editing) and self-photo investment. Body dissatisfaction is correlated with self-photo investment but not selfie-editing. Narcissism is correlated with only subject editing. The results also show that subject-editing, which concerns more with modifying facial features, is more popular among young Chinese women than composition editing, which involves altering non-appearance factors. The reversed model where self-objectification is the outcome variable shows that selfie-editing is not a significant predictor. Together, these results suggest that self-objectification may have little to do with selfie-editing among young Chinese women, and therefore we may need to understand both the drive and the consequences of selfie-editing among them from other perspectives. Reproducible data and codes are available at https://osf.io/c78z3/.
... Among the innumerable pictures, taken, posted, and shared online, selfphotographs or selfies are the most popular on social media (Sung et al., 2016). Photographic images or "selfies" posted by users is the most popular way of self-disclosure on SNS (Sorokowski et al., 2015). ...
The study investigated the moderating role of exhibitionism in the relationship between psychological needs (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and selfie-posting behavior. The study proposed a research model by extending the "self-determination theory" with exhibitionism to better explain selfie-posting behavior. Structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to test the proposed model based on data obtained from 316 social media users in New Delhi, India. Results indicated that psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy significantly predict selfie-posting behavior. Further, results of the multi-group analysis indicated that level of exhibitionism plays a moderating role in the relationship between psychological needs and selfie-posting behavior. The findings suggested that individuals with a higher level of exhibitionism more tend to post selfies on social media to satisfy their needs for competence and relatedness.
... Their results indicated individuals having a high level of narcissism were more favor of the selfie-posting, interested in feedbacks provided by peers, and followers of others' selfie-postings. In another study, Sorokowski et al. (2015) suggested that selfie-posting behavior is positively correlated with narcissism among men. Similarly, Weiser (2015) suggested a significant correlation between the frequency of selfie posting on SNS and narcissism. ...
This study contributes to the cyberpsychology literature by investigating the moderating effect of gender in the relationship between narcissism and selfie posting behavior. A demographic questionnaire, 13-item selfie-posting scale developed and validated in the present study, and Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) were used to collect data. An EFA was conducted to test the factor structure of scales based on data collected from 179 young adults (age 18-27 years). A CFA was then conducted using data from 269 university students (age 18-32 years) to test construct validity of the scales. A correlation analysis was employed to test the correlations between narcissism and selfie posting behavior. The results indicated that the correlations between attitudes, intentions, behaviors, and narcissism are significant for men, but not for women. The results also indicated gender differences in online behavior with women spending more time on social media and selfie-posting.
... 12) Nenhuma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso problemático da internet e narcisismo, solidão ou autopercepção(Odacı & Çelik, 2013). 13) Ligação entre narcisismo e comportamento de postar selfies é, comparativamente, mais fraca entre as mulheres do que entre os homens(Sorokowski et al., 2015).Três artigos abordaram o narcisismo entre os usuários do Facebook: vício no uso do Facebook está relacionado a maior extroversão, narcisismo, solidão, ansiedade social e baixa auto eficácia geral (Atroszko et al., 2018); usuários frequentes do Facebook pontuaram mais alto em narcisismo evidente e relataram amizades mais íntimas do que não-usuários (Ljepava et al., 2013); e usuários doFacebook tendem a ser mais extrovertidos e narcisistas, mas menos conscienciosos e socialmente solitários, do que os não usuários(Ryan & Xenos, 2011).Nesse contexto, Montag e Hegelich (2020) citaram que a literatura produziu trabalhos com as percepções de que certos traços de personalidade, tais como ser mais neurótico / narcisista, estão associados a tendências mais elevadas para o uso problemático de mídias sociais ou transtorno pelo uso de redes sociais.Esses resultados são corroborados por Di Gangi e Wasko(2016)que citaram que dada a natureza social do Facebook, não é surpreendente que as relações sociais entre os usuários influenciem fortemente o engajamento e uso do usuário, pois as motivações por trás do uso se concentram no significado pessoal obtido ao se envolverem nessas estruturas sociais. Enquanto Burrow e Rainone (2017), levantaram a dúvida sobre qual o impacto da proliferação de curtidas tem sobre aqueles que as recebem. ...
A obra intitulada “Estudos sobre o funcionamento, desenvolvimento e organização das sociedades vol.02”, publicada pela Brazilian Journals Publicações de Periódicos e Editora, apresenta um conjunto de treze capítulos com diversas temáticas do conhecimento da área de ciências sociais. Dentre os artigos discorridos, é apresentado um estudo do desenvolvimento de redes de valor global e ecossistemas digitais a partir do contexto global, e depois compara-o com a América Latina e em particular a Colômbia, analisando a sua vulnerabilidade no contexto da COVID-19, considerando factores tecnológicos, sociais, financeiros e ambientais, o que levanta a discussão sobre as perspectivas futuras das redes de valor global, no contexto da COVID-19. Outro assunto abordado, é um estudo que busca determinar a relação entre os principais impactos econômicos, ambientais e sociais da construção de usinas hidrelétricas. Aborda os diferentes métodos não participativos, como dados secundários, documentos, registros e bancos de dados foram revisados. Ainda um trabalho que visa definir os motivos de afastamento laboral dos policiais pertencentes ao 6º batalhão de polícia militar do Pará, onde foi realizado um estudo de caráter retrospectivo, descritivo, do tipo transversal e de análise quantitativa, no qual através de cálculo amostral foram definidos 165 policiais militares, da ativa, de ambos os gêneros. Também é retratada uma proposta de analisar a relevância de defesa técnica em processos administrativos disciplinares. Trazendo uma leitura da súmula vinculante nº 5 do STF e observando os princípios constitucionais da ampla defesa e contraditório, os quais garantem o devido processo legal e como é aplicado nas defesas técnicas de servidores públicos no processo administrativo disciplinar. Por fim, gostaríamos de agradecer os autores que colaboraram para a construção desse livro, com tanto empenho e capricho. Esperamos que está obra possa orientar pesquisadores, docentes, estudantes e gestores na compreensão e debate dos temas relevantes para a área de ciências sociais.
... 12) Nenhuma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso problemático da internet e narcisismo, solidão ou autopercepção(Odacı & Çelik, 2013). 13) Ligação entre narcisismo e comportamento de postar selfies é, comparativamente, mais fraca entre as mulheres do que entre os homens(Sorokowski et al., 2015).Três artigos abordaram o narcisismo entre os usuários do Facebook: vício no uso do Facebook está relacionado a maior extroversão, narcisismo, solidão, ansiedade social e baixa auto eficácia geral (Atroszko et al., 2018); usuários frequentes do Facebook pontuaram mais alto em narcisismo evidente e relataram amizades mais íntimas do que não-usuários (Ljepava et al., 2013); e usuários doFacebook tendem a ser mais extrovertidos e narcisistas, mas menos conscienciosos e socialmente solitários, do que os não usuários(Ryan & Xenos, 2011).Nesse contexto, Montag e Hegelich (2020) citaram que a literatura produziu trabalhos com as percepções de que certos traços de personalidade, tais como ser mais neurótico / narcisista, estão associados a tendências mais elevadas para o uso problemático de mídias sociais ou transtorno pelo uso de redes sociais.Esses resultados são corroborados por Di Gangi e Wasko(2016)que citaram que dada a natureza social do Facebook, não é surpreendente que as relações sociais entre os usuários influenciem fortemente o engajamento e uso do usuário, pois as motivações por trás do uso se concentram no significado pessoal obtido ao se envolverem nessas estruturas sociais. Enquanto Burrow e Rainone (2017), levantaram a dúvida sobre qual o impacto da proliferação de curtidas tem sobre aqueles que as recebem. ...
Hydroelectric power plants have been a growth tool to supply communities with water resources and electricity. In the last seven decades, large dams increased their environmental and social impacts, which caused the fragmentation and transformation of rivers. It is estimated that around 80 million people are displaced by its construction and operation; and its greatest impact comes from reservoirs by flooding large tracts of land permanently. In this sense, this study seeks to determine the relationship between the main economic, environmental and social impacts of the construction of hydroelectric power plants. It addresses the different nonparticipatory methods, such as secondary data, documents, records and databases were reviewed. From this information, principal component analysis, simple regression, correlations, multivariate and 3D dispersion graphs were performed. Once the different methods were applied, a significant correlation was identified between the variables of installed capacity and number of displaced people. The study concludes that natural resources are a source of attraction for people to settle around them, the water resource is of special interest, therefore, it is not strange that when establishing a hydroelectric project, there is invariably displacement of people in order to benefit a greater number of them through the generation of energy, prevent floods and droughts among other benefits, depending on the category that the dam have, as there are single purpose and multiple purpose. It is undeniable that there is a very strong correlation between the construction of dams and the economic development of a region, however, the correlation that exists between the construction of dams and the displacement of people is also undeniable, hence the importance of this study that is presented, since it allows having clearer economic, environmental and social perspectives that allow identify whether large hydroelectric project construction projects succeed or fail in their purpose of sustainable regional development.The results indicate that by increasing the installed capacity, there is a social impact as it will increase the displacement of people due to the construction or operation of hydroelectric power plants
... 12) Nenhuma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o uso problemático da internet e narcisismo, solidão ou autopercepção(Odacı & Çelik, 2013). 13) Ligação entre narcisismo e comportamento de postar selfies é, comparativamente, mais fraca entre as mulheres do que entre os homens(Sorokowski et al., 2015).Três artigos abordaram o narcisismo entre os usuários do Facebook: vício no uso do Facebook está relacionado a maior extroversão, narcisismo, solidão, ansiedade social e baixa auto eficácia geral (Atroszko et al., 2018); usuários frequentes do Facebook pontuaram mais alto em narcisismo evidente e relataram amizades mais íntimas do que não-usuários (Ljepava et al., 2013); e usuários doFacebook tendem a ser mais extrovertidos e narcisistas, mas menos conscienciosos e socialmente solitários, do que os não usuários(Ryan & Xenos, 2011).Nesse contexto, Montag e Hegelich (2020) citaram que a literatura produziu trabalhos com as percepções de que certos traços de personalidade, tais como ser mais neurótico / narcisista, estão associados a tendências mais elevadas para o uso problemático de mídias sociais ou transtorno pelo uso de redes sociais.Esses resultados são corroborados por Di Gangi e Wasko(2016)que citaram que dada a natureza social do Facebook, não é surpreendente que as relações sociais entre os usuários influenciem fortemente o engajamento e uso do usuário, pois as motivações por trás do uso se concentram no significado pessoal obtido ao se envolverem nessas estruturas sociais. Enquanto Burrow e Rainone (2017), levantaram a dúvida sobre qual o impacto da proliferação de curtidas tem sobre aqueles que as recebem. ...
A obra intitulada “Estudos sobre o funcionamento, desenvolvimento e organização das sociedades vol.02”, publicada pela Brazilian Journals Publicações de Periódicos e Editora, apresenta um conjunto de treze capítulos com diversas temáticas do conhecimento da área de ciências sociais. Dentre os artigos discorridos, é apresentado um estudo do desenvolvimento de redes de valor global e ecossistemas digitais a partir do contexto global, e depois compara-o com a América Latina e em particular a Colômbia, analisando a sua vulnerabilidade no contexto da COVID-19, considerando factores tecnológicos, sociais, financeiros e ambientais, o que levanta a discussão sobre as perspectivas futuras das redes de valor global, no contexto da COVID-19. Outro assunto abordado, é um estudo que busca determinar a relação entre os principais impactos econômicos, ambientais e sociais da construção de usinas hidrelétricas. Aborda os diferentes métodos não participativos, como dados secundários, documentos, registros e bancos de dados foram revisados. Ainda um trabalho que visa definir os motivos de afastamento laboral dos policiais pertencentes ao 6º batalhão de polícia militar do Pará, onde foi realizado um estudo de caráter retrospectivo, descritivo, do tipo transversal e de análise quantitativa, no qual através de cálculo amostral foram definidos 165 policiais militares, da ativa, de ambos os gêneros. Também é retratada uma proposta de analisar a relevância de defesa técnica em processos administrativos disciplinares. Trazendo uma leitura da súmula vinculante nº 5 do STF e observando os princípios constitucionais da ampla defesa e contraditório, os quais garantem o devido processo legal e como é aplicado nas defesas técnicas de servidores públicos no processo administrativo disciplinar. Por fim, gostaríamos de agradecer os autores que colaboraram para a construção desse livro, com tanto empenho e capricho. Esperamos que está obra possa orientar pesquisadores, docentes, estudantes e gestores na compreensão e debate dos temas relevantes para a área de ciências sociais.
... Istraživanje procesa self-prezentacije nam pomaže u razumevanju agresivnog ponašanja (Tedeschi & Felson, 1994), kognitivne disonance (Tedeschi & Rosenfeld, 1981, prema Lee et al.,1999, predstavljanju u poslovnim intervjuima (Stevens & Kristof, 1995), ponašanja u vezi sa zdravljem i socijalne anksioznosti (Leary, Tchividjian & Kraxberger, 1994). Self-prezentacija se navodi kao važna za razumevanje onlajn ponašanja (Sorokowski et al., 2015), a upravljanje utiscima kao neizostavna činjenica prilikom razmatranja ponašanja u vezi sa pravljenjem i objavljivanja selfija (Pounders et al., 2016). Rezultati studija govore u prilog činjenici da koreni specifičnog ponašanja u vezi sa praktikovanjem self-prezentacijskog ponašanja pronalazimo u detinjstvu osobe (Banerjee & Watling, 2010). ...
Self-presentation is an omnipresent form of behaviour that involves building a self-image in front of other people. This form of behaviour aims at structuring the impression of a person. Self-presentation explains numerous social relations and situations, but it also depends on numerous factors, primarily personality factors, as well as a number of situational factors. The main goal of this research is to examine the relationship between broad personality dimensions, operationalized by the Big Five + 2 personality model (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Aggression, Conscientiousness, Openness, Positive Valence and Negative Valence) and self-presentation. The possibility of predicting self-presentation in total, as well as some of its individual tactics, based on broad personality dimensions, is also examined. The survey uses the Big Five + 2 Personality Questionnaire and the Self-Presentation Tactics Scale. The sample included 526 respondents, average age 21.6 years (SD=2.88). Of all the examined personality dimensions, Neuroticism and Negative Self-Image have the strongest correlations with overall self-presentation. The Conscientiousness dimension records the highest number of negative correlations, while the Openness dimension records the lowest number of statistically significant correlations with the overall self-presentation and individual self-presentation tactics. As for the prediction of self-presentation, all dimensions of personality, except Openness, are important predictors, but their constellation is different in relation to the content of self-presentation tactics. The obtained findings make it possible to predict the direction of the presentation of self-image. Namely, knowing the personality traits, we can assume which self-presentation tactics will be used, especially in a situation when people are motivated to do so.
... A growing body of research has documented that the use of social networking sites is linked to women's selfsexualization and self-objectification (e.g., Boursier et al., 2020;Lee & Lee, 2021;Seekis et al., 2020). Studies examining people's self-presentation on social networking sites have found that, compared to men, women experience more social pressure about their physical appearance, report more selfpresentational concerns (Haferkamp et al., 2012;Kapidzic & Herring, 2015;Sorokowski et al., 2015), and feel a stronger need to conform to the gender and beauty norms that are related to being seen as attractive (Chua & Chang, 2016;Manago et al., 2008). ...
In four studies, we tested whether higher trait self-objectification was associated with more strategic and less authentic self-presentation on social media among cisgender women, and whether these links could be attributed to heightened approval motivation among those having higher levels of self-objectification. Study 1 ( N = 167, M age = 27.05) and Study 2 ( N = 149, M age = 29.87), using self-reported measures, found that self-objectification was positively associated with strategic self-presentation on Tinder and Facebook. Study 3 ( N = 202, M age = 28.07) replicated and extended the first two studies, using self-reported behavioral indicators of strategic self-presentation. The first three studies were conducted on Prolific with a nationwide sample of female participants. Study 4 ( M age = 21.87) was a real-time behavioral study conducted on Zoom with 102 female U.K. university students using a tool by which actual photo editing was measured. The results confirmed a positive association between trait self-objectification and strategic self-presentation. Mediation analyses suggest that this relation may be attributed to a heightened approval motivation among those who self-objectify. Social media users and policy makers should be made aware of the potential downstream consequences associated with the frequent use of social media self-presentational techniques discussed in this research.
... One of the trendiest uses of technology as a communication, entertainment, and economic gadget is selfie-taking [15,16]. A selfie is a picture taken of oneself for personal use or to post on social media usually using a smartphone [17]. The incidence of selfie-taking is high, especially among young adults with a prevalence of dangerous selfies being 8.74% [18] and overall selfie addiction being 13.88% (22.5% for females and 11.4% for males) [19]. ...
Selfie-related activities have become pervasive to the point that they may affect the mental health of people who engage in them. To ascertain this mechanism, this study examined the mediating role of selfitis in the associations between self-esteem, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, body-self appearance, and psychological distress among young Ghanaian adults. A total of 651 participants completed a questionnaire with measures on self-esteem, body-self appearance, problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, depression, anxiety, stress, coping skills, and selfitis. There were direct associations between all the variables except between self-esteem and selfitis. In addition, selfitis mediated the associations between problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, body-self appearance, and psychological distress except between self-esteem and psychological distress. These findings suggest that selfitis can serve as a pathway by which people who overly engage in problematic social media use, problematic smartphone use, and have poor body-self appearance may experience psychological distress. Hence, there is a need for health communicators, school authorities, and opinion leaders to educate young adults on the consequences of the problematic use of technology, especially for selfitis behaviour. Future studies can examine the factors that predict selfitis behaviour among adults.
... They also observed the emotional meaning of selfie posting through personality traits. For instance a number of investigations proposed that narcissism considerably forecasted the frequency of selfie posting (Sorokowski et al., 2015). Though selfies are used to show uniqueness and community associations, there may be other possible emotional elements that could describe different kinds of selfie behaviours (Oliver and Krakowiak, 2009). ...
The current study tries to find out the relationship between various characteristics of students personality and selfies posting behaviour among the students of University of Science and Technology Bannu (USTB) and National University of Modern Languages (NUML). The reason of selecting two universities from deferent culture is to validate the concept of the moderating role of culture. For this purpose data was collected from 220 students of both universities. It was analysed through SPSS via regression and correlation, while moderating role of culture was assessed through Preacher and Hayes (2008) macros. Results indicate that extraversion and openness to experience is significantly associated with selfies posting, while culture did not show any moderating effect between personality traits and selfie posting behaviour. Based on the results of the current study it is recommended to assess students personality through social media and be investigated through more detailed list of variables.
... Selfies are the medium of promotion for people. Some scholars exclaimed that excessive selfie taking and posting behavior can result in harmful demeanors for example narcissism, egotism and rapaciousness (Sorokowski, et al., 2015). ...
This studyexaminedtherelationship betweenselfieaddiction, narcissism and psychological well-being as well as the predictive role of narcissism and selfie addiction in young adults. Using correlational research design, a sample of 250 young adults with age range 19-35 (M = 23.51, SD = 3.63) was approached using non probability purposive sampling. Participants completedSelfie Addiction Scale (Aruguman, 2018), Narcissism Personality Inventory-16 (NPI-16; Ames, Rose & Anderson, 2006) and Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1995). Selfie addiction had positive relationshipwith narcissism and negative relationshipwith one dimension “environmental mastery” of psychological well-being. Narcissism was found to be negatively related with psychological well-being. Regression analysis showedthat narcissism was a significant negative predictor of psychological well-being. Furthermore,results of independent sample t-test revealed that scores on selfie addiction was higher in boys butnarcissism andpsychological well-being was high in girls. The findings of the current study may provide important information to young adults, parents, counselors and therapists regarding selfie addiction
... First, high levels of narcissism are related with the tendency to apply attractiveness and appearance as the main criteria to post pictures [20,23,26,31,[39][40][41][42][43]. Particularly, studies have found a correlation between narcissism (self-sufficiency, vanity, leadership, admiration demand or grandiose exhibitionism) and the frequency of posting selfies based on attractiveness [40,[44][45][46] or valuing pictures for their physical attractiveness [24,26]. Siibak [47] found that the profile picture is used by youngsters between 11 and 18 to construct their ideal attractive self or the ought-self, and that girls tended to prioritize their aesthetic, emotional and self-reflecting dimensions in these images. ...
The use of social networking sites (SNS or social media) often comes with strong self-centered behaviors to promote self-appearance. The relationship between narcissism and social media use has intensively occupied scholars in the last decade, yet not much research has focused on, first, how the intensity of social media use (SNS use) is associated with narcissism through a self-centered appearance focused use of these SNS; and second, whether these associations are moderated or not by cultural differences of the country of origin in such a critical age of personality formation and (global) culturalization as the transition from pre-adolescence to adolescence. We performed a correlation and mediation analysis on a cross-sectional survey among Austrian, Belgian, Spanish, and South Korean adolescents ( n = 1,983; M age 14.41, 50.3% boys) examining the adolescents’ daily usage of social media, their self-centered appearance focused behavior, and the reported narcissism. Findings show that a self-centered appearance focused use of SNS (SCA) moderates the association between SNS use and narcissism, especially for males from the three European countries. We have also particularly found that the years of use, number of friends and time spent in FB are associated with narcissism. Since SCA is defined in the study as narcissistic behavior in SNS, we argue that social media are part of the socialization process as both reinforcers and catalyzers of narcissism.
... In line with the empirical evidence that narcissism appears to be positively related to physical attractiveness (Holtzman & Strube, 2010;Weber et al., 2021;Wurst et al., 2017) and primarily attributable to appeal in early stages of acquaintance Wurst et al., 2017), we hypothesize that bodily attractiveness, BUR, physical strength, SHR and upper arm girth are positively, whereas BMI and WHR are inversely related to self-reported and judged narcissistic admiration (Hypothesis 1). Furthermore, we predict that these effects are larger in men compared to women (Hypothesis 2), since narcissism was found to be associated more strongly with male self-presentation (Sorokowski et al., 2015). Narcissistic rivalry will be investigated in an exploratory manner, because narcissistic rivalry is moderately intercorrelated with narcissistic admiration (rs = .30 ...
Narcissistic people are exceedingly successful in conveying positive first impressions to their social surrounding, yet, they appear to be the driving force behind unfavorable long-term social and romantic relationships. Hence, a quick identification of narcissistic people may be of adaptive value for their social partners. Narcissism perception research, however, is lacking evidence on human body morphology. In this study, N = 110 raters evaluated natural 3D body scans of unacquainted N = 307 target participants (152 men and 155 women) regarding narcissistic admiration and rivalry. Based on the Brunswikian lens model, multiple regression models revealed that bodily attractiveness (β = .54, 95% CI = [0.41; 0.66]), BMI (β = .32, 95% CI = [0.13; 0.51]), shoulder-to-hip ratio (β = .33, 95% CI = [0.20; 0.47]) and physical strength (β = .23, 95% CI = [0.07; 0.39]) were utilized in judging narcissistic admiration and rivalry. Shoulder-hip ratio showed small relationships with self-reported narcissistic admiration (β = .21, 95% CI = [0.03; 0.38]) and rivalry (β = .23, 95% CI = [0.07; 0.39]) that were not robust across all analyses. Correlations between self-reported and judged narcissism showed a significant positive association for narcissistic admiration (r = .17, 95% CI = [0.06; 0.28]). Results indicate a perceptual bias when judging narcissism, as perceivers used body cues to draw inferences about target’s levels of narcissism that were not significantly related to self-reported narcissistic admiration and rivalry (and can thus be seen as invalid). However, perceivers were able to somewhat accurately judge target’s levels of narcissistic admiration and rivalry, based on body morphology alone. Thus, people’s bodies might disclose social information at zero acquaintance, but different stimuli material with more information on the targets may lead to more accurate judgments.
... Although both men and women take selfies for self-presentation reasons (Chua & Chang, 2016;Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011), the literature has reported gender differences in selfie-related behaviors. For example, women post more selfies than men (Sorokowski et al., 2015). This difference can be explained considering that self-objectification is more frequent among women than men. ...
Since social networks have become an essential part of young people’s lives, the present study examined the relationship between sharing and manipulating selfies on Instagram and related outcomes on body image. A total of 350 young adults from Italy and Portugal participated in the study. They completed measures on selfie-sharing, selfie-manipulation, appearance-based comparison, internalization of beauty ideals, and shame for their bodies. Gender, nationality, and type of account (public/private) were hypothesized to moderate the examined relationships. The results partially confirmed the hypothesized model, indicating that sharing selfies was positively associated with body shame through appearance-based comparison, which was also positively associated with beauty-ideal internalization. In contrast with the hypotheses, selfie manipulation was negatively associated with body shame. Gender and type of social networks account moderated these relationships, whereas no moderation role was found with regard to nationality. Findings showed that there are specific behaviors on Instagram associated with the feeling of shame about one’s own body. Limitations of the present study and implications for future research are discussed from a sociocultural perspective.
... Thus, self-presentation seems to be a significant moderate relationship between the 2subscale of dark triad (Machiavellianism and psychopath) and selfie addiction. Figure 3. Graphical presentation of Narcissism*self-presentation predicting selfie addiction Lastly, as prior studies" findings that the personality characteristics associated with selfie behavior tended to be stronger for males than for females (Fox & Rooney, 2015;Sorokowski et al., 2015). The present study findings show that men scored high on all the dark triad personalities, selfie addiction and selfpresentation as compared to women. ...
The current research scrutinized the relationship in dark triad and selfie addiction it further investigated the moderating role of self-presentation on facebook. The sample of study comprised of 300 students (18 to 30 years) drawn from various Public universities of Punjab, Pakistan. Selfities scale by Amjad and Adil (2017), Revised Self-Disclosure Scale (to measure presentation on facebook) by Young and Brown, (2016) and Short Dark Triad scale (Jones & Paulhus, 2013) were used to measure study variables. Result indicated significant relationship in all subscale of dark triad, selfie addiction and self-presentation. Moreover, it was found that Machiavellianism significantly positively predict intimacy while psychopathy significantly positively predict obsession whereas Narcissism was significant positive predictor of self-esteem, taking and posting selfies, intimacy and obsession. Results further showed that self-presentation moderated the relationship between Machiavellianism, Psychopathy and selfie addiction.
... There are many subgenres of selfies, aside from cute faces and grimaces, there are also performances: tourist selfies, funeral selfies, or extreme selfies competing in risky performances on Selfie Olympics . . . Yet, although not all selfie genres are reporting on the author's psychological condition, but can also chronicle the landscape or the action, selfies were in the beginning often analyzed in the framework of personality disorder of narcissism (Sorokowski 2015, Berry 2015Wang 2018). However, also due to more frequent appearances of selfcentered reporting, predominantly in the visual genre of selfies, narcissism was recently proposed to be taken out from the list of personality disorders. ...
Although mental illnesses and personality disorders are largely destigmatized in the contemporary age, some genres, such as self-portraiture and consequently selfies, are still framed in interpretation by diagnostic labeling. One of the disorders that was often taken into reference when approaching self-picturing is narcissism. However, such an approach to the visual genre is limiting its interpretation. This article analyses two sets of self-portrait photographs of a Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, who spent some time in psychiatric asylums. This episode divides his work into two phases. In the first period, Munch self-records his various actions in space, while in the second one, he focuses on his face and a static half-a-figure. While the first one is actively reinterpreting the world through the self-image, the second one is centering the self as the world itself. Rather than defining which sets are more narcissistic, this article proposes distinguishing between performative/extravert and contemplative/introvert definitions of self-pictures by defining anthropocentric and solipsistic self-portraits. Distinguishing between anthropocentric and solipsistic self-portraiture may have impact not only on analysis of Munch’s photographic and painterly self-portraits but also on the interpretation of contemporary genre of selfies as well.
The problem of inadequate media representation of disabled people has been changed in recent years by social media, owing to which disabled people can gain at least partial control over their image in public space and thus influence how non-disabled people see them. The article aims to discuss the results of the research on how disabled people use social media to create their image and how this image is different from the one present in traditional media. The study used a qualitative content analysis of the most popular Instagram profiles created by disabled people and addressing disability-related issues. The analysis shows that disabled Instagram users create their image effectively and actively, and the portrayal that emerges from their narratives differs significantly from the dominant ways of presenting disabled people in the mass media, i.e. as “victims” and “supercrips”.
ÖZET
Kişilik, bireyleri birbirinden farklı kılan ve bireylerin davranışlarına yön veren bir
olgudur. Bu çalışmada kişiliğin karanlık tarafı olarak ifade edilen karanlık üçlü
kişilik özellikleri ele alınmıştır. Literatürde psikopati, narsisizm ve Makyavelizm
karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri olarak adlandırılır. Girişimcilik ise bir toplumun
refahına ve gelişmişlik düzeyine doğrudan etkisi olan faaliyetlerin bütünüdür. Bu
çalışmada bireylerin yeni girişimlerde bulunma isteği olarak girişimcilik niyeti
kavramı incelenmiştir. Araştırmada karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri ile girişimcilik
niyeti arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 527 İktisadi ve
İdari Bilimler Fakültesi öğrencisi ve 517 Eğitim Fakültesi öğrencisi katılmıştır.
Toplamda 1044 üniversite öğrencisinden elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir.
Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği ve Girişimcilik Niyeti
Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmeden önce güvenirlilik ve
geçerlilik analizi ve normallik testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya ilişkin verilerin
farklılık testleri için t-testi ve anova, ilişki testleri için korelasyon analizleri
kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak araştırmanın ana konusunu oluşturan karanlık üçlü
kişilik özellikleri ile girişimcilik niyeti arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki
ortaya çıkmıştır.
ABSTRACT
Personality is a phenomenon that differentiates individuals and directs the
behavior of individuals. In this study, dark triad personality traits that are
expressed as the dark side of personality are discussed. In the literature,
psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavelism are called dark triad personality traits.
Entrepreneurship is the whole of activities that have a direct impact on the welfare
and development level of a society. In this study, the concept of entrepreneurship
intention was investigated as individuals' desire to make new ventures. In the
study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between dark triad personality
traits and entrepreneurship intention. 527 Faculty of Economics and
Administrative Sciences students and 517 Faculty of Education students
participated in the study. The data obtained from 1044 university students in total
were evaluated. In the research, Dark Triad Scale and Entrepreneurship Intention
Scale were used as data collection tools. Before evaluating the obtained data,
reliability and validity analysis and normality test were applied. T-test and anova
were used for the difference tests of the data related to the research, and
correlation analysis was used for the relationship tests. As a result, a significant
positive relationship has emerged between the dark triad personality traits and
entrepreneurship intention that constitute the main subject of the research.
The prevalence of smartphones and social networking sites (SNSs) has given rise to the popularity of selfie posting, presenting one’s own photograph on SNSs. While previous studies have mainly investigated the effects of personal characteristics (e.g. demographics, personality traits and motivational needs) on selfie posting, the impacts exerted by individuals’ social networks have been largely neglected. Drawing on the Actor-Network Theory, this study explores besides personal traits (i.e. personalities and demographics), how relational characteristics of one’s ego networks (i.e. gender heterogeneity, age homophily, average tie strength, and network density) and SNSs affordances (i.e. connectivity and interactivity) affect selfie posting behavior. Based on a survey sample in which the respondents’ ego network data were collected, individuals’ ego-network metrics were calculated and analyzed. Our analyses show that those whose ego network having a higher proportion of opposite sex (measured by gender heterogeneity) or/and having alters more connected with one another (measured by network density) are more likely to post selfie on SNSs, while those embedded in a strong-tie network (measured by average tie strength) are less likely to post selfie on SNSs. The findings suggest that characteristics of one’s ego network exert important influences on selfie posting on SNSs.
Das Bedürfnis nach sozialer Anerkennung ist in unserem Alltag allgegenwärtig. Wir machen Überstunden, um Lob vom Chef zu bekommen, strengen uns beim Sport an, um Pokale zu gewinnen, und kaufen Statussymbole, um von anderen bewundert zu werden. Warum wir diese und viele weitere Bräuche durchführen, welche Rituale es früher gab und welche psychologischen Mechanismen hinter der Suche nach Anerkennung stecken, erfahren Sie in diesem Kapitel.
Jiugong grid is one of the most used forms of multiple images posting in social media, with nine images arranged in three rows and three columns to present a related topic story from one microblog. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between the big five personality traits and the sequence position of Jiugong grid images. Two hundred thirty-seven volunteers completed a survey on the big five personality traits, and their 4,671 Jiugong grid microblogs with 42,039 photos were also obtained and analyzed. The results showed that users with varied kinds of personality traits could apply the significant position of Jiugong grid to emphasize certain content among multiple photos for a more attractable "story telling" in microblog. Compared with the image sequence position from the perspective of reading order, user personality traits had more relationship with that from the perspective of attention. This study is one of the first investigating the Jiugong grid image sharing behavior, which could theoretically enrich the social media image research from cognitive view and practically reveal the motivation of multiple images usage in social media, such as interface design and marketing purpose.
Background: Selfie’ means “A photograph that one has taken of oneself or a self portrait photograph typically taken with a smart phone or digital camera and shared via social media”. Considering the dependency on Internet and selfie taking behavior among professional students, the study was undertaken. Aims and Objective- to determine the demographic profile of selfie users and different variables related to selfie taking and posting and its association with risky dangerous selfie. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among 220 undergraduate medical students were using smartphone. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: Male students of middle class family of urban areas were more involved in taking selfie. Females were comparatively spending more time (2-3 hrs) on Internet (X2 =19.494 and p = .001).Total 14% students were taking 3-5 selfie and posted on social media(Statistically significant,X2 =7.882,p =0.019). 19(8.63%) participants admitted of taking dangerous selfie of which male 13(14.0%) more than female 06(8.4%). Conclusion: Age and gender affects the number of selfies one clicks. This is developing a new mental disorder ‘selfitis’ as well as desire to take dangerous selfie. There is need of health awareness programme, IEC regarding importance of healthy life style.
Purpose – Relying on social influence and sociomateriality theories, this research provides new insights about
the social and material drivers relating to the sexualisation of online behaviour of social media influencers.
Design/methodology/approach – Using a netnographic approach, observation data were gathered from the Instagram accounts of 20 influencers dedicated to beauty and fashion. In addition, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with women adopting sexualisation practices online. The data were analysed using an abductive strategy; all materials were coded according to thematic analysis principles.
Findings – The authors observe that sexualisation is a result of a complex system of social interactions encouraged and reinforced by multiple factors and actors. In particular, the authors outline the major influence of technology that has become a non-human authority defining implicit norms and shaping the beliefs and behaviours of women influencers.
Originality/value – In contrast to existing literature which mainly focuses on the negative consequences of sexualisation, this work sheds some light on social constructs in social media. The authors contribute to the growing literature on social media influencers. Although many works focus on their persuasiveness, this work helps to better understand the social setting, motivations and pressures that are contained in social and technological contexts
Previous research (Ophir et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(37):15583-15587, 10.1073/pnas.0903620106, 2009; Uncapher and Wagner in Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(40):9889-9896, 10.1073/pnas.1611612115, 2018; Wiradhany and Koerts in Media Psychol 24(2):276-303, 10.1080/15213269.2019.1685393, 2021) suggested that different groups (high, low, and moderate) of habitual media multitaskers process information differently. Most of these studies focused on comprehending the cognitive differences among them. But there is considerably less information on their differences in processing emotional stimuli. In this article, using self-referential emotional stimuli ('positive/likeable' and 'negative/dislikeable' words), we aim to examine whether there is any difference in the self-referential emotional memory among different groups of media multitaskers (HMM, MMM, and LMM) using a recall and recognition paradigm. We also investigate whether HMM, MMM, and LMM vary in an emotional categorization task. A total of 120 students (mean age = 20.9 years; males = 84) voluntarily participated and self-reported their preferences for media multitasking using a questionnaire (Ophir et al. 2009). A total of 50 self-referenced words (positive/likeable and negative/dislikeable) were presented to them on a computerized screen for an emotional categorization task. Afterward, they performed a surprise free recall and a recognition task of the same words. Results suggested that HMM were faster in liking 'positive/likeable' words over 'negative/dislikeable' words in emotional categorization tasks in comparison with LMM and MMM. HMM and MMM performed poorly in both the recall and recognition of 'positive/likeable' emotional words compared to LMM. No significant difference was observed in recall and recognition between HMM and MMM. The three groups did not differ significantly in the recall and recognition tasks related to 'negative/dislikeable' emotional words. These findings help understand the differences in processing self-related emotional stimuli among different groups of media multitaskers.
Ugandans are being engaged in diverse participatory marketing projects in which they are asked to creatively promote brands to their friends and neighbours. This article compares two scenes of participatory marketing: a rural beer-branding campaign which took the form of a traditional dance competition, and the emergent field of digital influencers, who do freelance social media marketing. Both scenes strikingly demonstrate new modes and intensities of commercialization, the insertion of profit logics into formerly non-profit-oriented domains. The beer-branding competition represents a new phase in the commercialization of Ugandan cultural heritage, the influencer scene showcases the commercialization of diverse kinds of online sociality. An ideology of entrepreneurship-for-all shapes both projects, yet their prescribed entrepreneurial subjectivities are shown to be stratified in keeping with historical class divisions.
The paper focuses on the structure of an advertising image for a 2010s computer company in the neo-capitalist Moscow, Russia. The analysis looks back to the pioneering studies of advertising as a commercial “applied art” by Sergei Eisenstein, Leo Spitzer and Roland Barthes. The picture’s plot and composition are shown to be a consistent and sophisticated near-artistic design that uses textual puns, poetic topoi and visual stereotypes (in particular, sex appeal) for the promotion of the advertised merchandise (a smartphone). The psychological naturalization of the design is clarified with references to the insights of Sigmund Freud, Heinz Kohut and Gerard Genette into the dynamics of narcissism. In a widening circle, the contextualization of the design involves: the literary topos of using birds in love poetry (made famous by its treatment in the lyrics of the Roman poet Catullus) and in painterly variations on the theme; the narcissist discourse of a modern Russian poet (Eduard Limonov); and the grand pictorial tradition of portraying a nude (Venus) before the mirror (relevant classical canvases are considered briefly).
استهدفت الدراسة الحالية معرفة مستوى حب التقاط صور السيلفي لدى طلبة جامعة بغداد، وقياسه على وفق متغير الجنس. وايجاد العلاقة بين حب التقاط صور السيلفي وبعض سمات الشخصية (النرجسية، الوحدة النفسية، سلوك البحث عن الانتباه، وسلوك التمركز حول الذات) واختيرت عينة عشوائية مكونة من(135) طالب وطالبة بواقع(64) ذكورو(71) اناث، وتم تبني وترجمة واستعمال مقياس حب التقاط صور السيلفي Selfie- liking scale ومقاييس سمات الشخصية المتمثلة بالنرجسية، وسلوك البحث عن الانتباه، ومقياس السلوك المتمركز حول الذات، ومقياس الوحدة النفسية، الذي تم اعدادها من قبل (Charoensukmongkol,2016)، يتألف مقياس حب التقاط صور السيلفي من(6) فقرات، ومقياس النرجسية من(8) فقرات، والاستجابة على وفق تدرج خماسي يتراوح ما بين (اتفق تماما(5)- لا اتفق تماما(1))، اما مقياس الوحدة النفسية فيتكون من(6) فقرات، ومقياس البحث عن الانتباه (4) فقرات، ومقياس سلوك التمركز حول الذات(5) فقرات، والاستجابة على وفق تدرج خماسي يتراوح ما بين(دائما(5)- ابدا(1))، وتوصلت النتائج الى حب التقاط صور السيلفي هو عال لدى عينة البحث، وانه هناك فروق ذات دلالة في حب التقاط صور السيلفي، يعزى الى متغير الجنس، ولصالح الاناث، والتوصل الى وجود علاقة ارتباطية بين حب التقاط صور السيلفي وسمات الشخصية المحددة في الدراسة، وبعد اجراء تحليل الانحدار بين متغيرات الدراسة تبين ان لسمة الشخصية النرجسية والسلوك المتمركز حول الذات الاسهام الاكبر في حب التقاط صور السيلفي لدى طلبة جامعة بغداد
Research on selfies frequently focuses on motivational antecedents to the practice. To date, however, little scholarship has examined national and cultural differences in selfie motivations. The present study undertakes an identification and exploration of selfie motivations across nationalities by surveying 350 individuals from both China and the United States (the U.S.) who engage in the practice of taking and sharing selfies. Through factor analysis, analyses of variance, and moderation analysis, this study identifies both unique and shared cross-national motivations between China and U.S. individuals, examines how the identified mutual motivations differ between countries, and investigates how the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism influence selfie motivations. Implications for a modern, global selfie culture are discussed as well as what the identified results may indicate about cultural dimensions within a contemporary digital culture.
RESUMO A internet tem se mostrado como um meio de se fazer contatos múltiplos, sejam eles pessoais ou profissionais. Embora o uso das mídias sociais não seja problemático, um pequeno número de usuários parece se envolver nas mídias sociais excessivamente e / ou compulsivamente, isto é, vício pelo uso. Alguns traços de personalidade, tal como narcisismo entre outros, são conhecidos por prever comportamentos anômalos, portanto é importante entender como essas características se relacionam com os comportamentos online. O objetivo foi verificar na literatura recente como está sendo avaliada a relação narcisismo e internet. Foram realizadas pesquisas na base de dados ScienceDirect utilizando-se as palavras "narcissism and the internet". Foram encontrados 26 artigos e selecionados 21. Entre os artigos avaliados, treze abordaram diretamente o tema narcisismo; três, abordaram o narcisismo entre os usuários do Facebook; cinco, mencionaram narcisismo somente como um dos aspectos da pesquisa ou do comportamento sem avaliarem diretamente e três, abordaram os temas sexting, comportamento e selfie. O que se pode inferir é que não há uma opinião formada sobre se o uso da internet impacta as relações sociais, mas alguns pesquisadores sugeriram que mídia social tem o potencial de unir a aprendizagem formal e informal e compartilhar novas informações e conhecimentos pode beneficiar os estudantes e melhorar suas vidas no campus.
Speculation that social networking sites (SNSs) breed narcissism has produced research with mixed results (e.g., Bergman, Fearrington, Davenport, & Bergman, 20113.
Bergman , S. M. ,
Fearrington , M. E. ,
Davenport , S. W. , &
Bergman , J. Z. ( 2011 ). Millennials, narcissism, and social networking: What narcissists do on social networking sites and why . Personality and Individual Differences , 50 , 706 – 711 . doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.022 [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®]View all references; Buffardi & Campbell, 20084.
Buffardi , L. E. , &
Campbell , W. K. ( 2008 ). Narcissism and social networking Web sites . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 , 1303 – 1314 . [CrossRef], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®]View all references). This study viewed SNSs as tools for communication and maintaining relationships, examining whether providing information about oneself reflects a positive attitude about sharing such information with one's social network, rather than reflecting narcissism. A questionnaire was completed by 233 undergraduate students. Results indicated that attitude toward being open about sharing information about oneself was significantly related to frequency of using Facebook® and Twitter to provide self-focused updates. Higher levels of narcissism were associated with a larger number of Facebook friends and with the number of self-focused “tweets” an individual sends.
In recent years, Facebook has become the most popular of social networking sites (SNSs). Due to its increasing popularity and rising number of its users, the phenomenon of Facebook has aroused academic interest as well. There has been a growing number of studies on this subject. The aim of this article is to present the main trends in Facebook research and to provide an overview of major empirical findings. Among the most intensively explored topics in Facebook research, studies that concentrate on personality and individual differences among users, the role of self-efficacy, and motivation for using that specific SNS were identified. There is also a growing trend in empirical studies that focuses on testing advanced theoretical models of Facebook usage determinants. Technology acceptance model, presented in this article, is one of the most often used among them. This kind of approach may serve as a suggestion for a methodological conceptualization in the future confirmatory research on Facebook.
With the growth of the Internet comes a growth in a ubiquitous networked society. Common Web 2.0 applications include a rapidly growing trend for social network sites. Social network sites typically converged different relationship types into one group of “friends.” However, with such vast interconnectivity, convergence of relationships, and information sharing by individual users comes an increased risk of privacy violations. We asked a small sample of participants to discuss what friendship and privacy meant to them and to give examples of a privacy violation they had experienced. A thematic analysis was conducted on the interviews to determine the issues discussed by the participants. Many participants experienced privacy issues using the social network site Facebook. The results are presented here and discussed in relation to online privacy concerns, notably social network site privacy concerns and managing such information.
The social networking site, Facebook, has gained an enormous amount of popularity. In this article, we review the literature on the factors contributing to Facebook use. We propose a model suggesting that Facebook use is motivated by two primary needs: (1) The need to belong and (2) the need for self-presentation. Demographic and cultural factors contribute to the need to belong, whereas neuroticism, narcissism, shyness, self-esteem and self-worth contribute to the need for self presentation. Areas for future research are discussed.
The present investigation examined associations among narcissism, age, ethnicity, world region, and gender, using a large (n=3445) sample of participants representing several different world regions and ethnicities. The results suggest that (1) reported narcissism declines in older participants, (2) consistent with previous findings, males report being more narcissistic than females, (3) that ethnic differences in reported narcissism are generally comparable to those found in the self-esteem literature, and (4) that world region appears to exert influence on narcissism, with participants from more individualistic societies reporting more narcissism. The results are discussed in terms of how age and culture might impact narcissism and how future research might address this topic.
Narcissism is characterized in part by an acute concern for one’s appearance. Despite this fundamental aspect of narcissism, little is known about whether narcissism is manifested in features of physical appearance. Can you tell if someone is narcissistic just by looking at them? Our results indicate that snap judgments of narcissism based on full-body photographs are at least as accurate as snap judgments of any of the big five personality traits. Narcissists are more likely to wear expensive, flashy clothing, have an organized, neat appearance requiring a lot of preparation, and (in females) wear makeup and show cleavage. Furthermore, observers’ judgments correlate with the presence of these cues, suggesting that they are drawing on the correct information when making their judgments. Finally, observers’ judgments are associated with three of the four facets of narcissism and capture the unique constellation of personality traits typical of narcissists (i.e., high extraversion and low agreeableness). These findings suggest that physical appearance reflects narcissists’ personality, preoccupation with good looks, and desire to be the center of attention, and serves as a vehicle with which to promote their status.
Within the cultural context of MySpace, this study explores the ways emerging adults experience social networking. Through focus group methodology, the role of virtual peer interaction in the development of personal, social, and gender identities was investigated. Findings suggest that college students utilize MySpace for identity exploration, engaging in social comparison and expressing idealized aspects of the selves they wish to become. The public nature of self and relationship displays introduce feedback mechanisms by which emerging adults can legitimize images as associated with the self. Also, male–female differences in self-presentation parallel, and possibly intensify, gender norms offline. Our study suggests that social networking sites provide valuable opportunities for emerging adults to realize possible selves; however, increased pressure for female sexual objectification and intensified social comparison may also negatively impact identity development. A balanced view, presenting both opportunities and drawbacks, should be encouraged in policies regarding youth participation in social networking sites.
The concept of Social Media is top of the agenda for many business executives today. Decision makers, as well as consultants, try to identify ways in which firms can make profitable use of applications such as Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, Second Life, and Twitter. Yet despite this interest, there seems to be very limited understanding of what the term “Social Media” exactly means; this article intends to provide some clarification. We begin by describing the concept of Social Media, and discuss how it differs from related concepts such as Web 2.0 and User Generated Content. Based on this definition, we then provide a classification of Social Media which groups applications currently subsumed under the generalized term into more specific categories by characteristic: collaborative projects, blogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual game worlds, and virtual social worlds. Finally, we present 10 pieces of advice for companies which decide to utilize Social Media.
The aim of this research was to investigate age differences and similarities in the use of the social networking website MySpace, to explore potential differences in social capital among older people (users over 60 years of age) compared to teenagers (users between 13 and 19 years of age). We used locally developed web crawlers to collect data from MySpace’s user profile pages, and to quantify any differences that exist in the networks of friends of older people and teenagers. Content analysis was applied to investigate differences in social activities between the two age groups on MySpace, and the way they represent themselves on their profile pages. Our findings show a social capital divide: teenagers have larger networks of friends compared to older users of MySpace. On the other hand, we found that the majority of teenage users’ friends are in their own age range (age ± 2 years), whilst older people’s networks of friends tend to have a more diverse age distribution. In addition, our results show that teenagers tend to make more use of different media (e.g. video, music) within MySpace and use more self-references and negative emotions when describing themselves on their profile compared to older people.
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is a widely used measure of narcissism. However, debates persist about its exact factor structure with researchers proposing solutions ranging from two to seven factors. The present research aimed to clarify the factor structure of the NPI and further illuminate its nomological network. Four studies provided support for a three-factor model consisting of the dimensions of Leadership/Authority, Grandiose Exhibitionism, and Entitlement/Exploitativeness. The Leadership/Authority dimension was generally linked to adaptive outcomes whereas the other two dimensions, particularly Entitlement/Exploitativeness, were generally linked to maladaptive outcomes. These results suggest that researchers interested in the psychological and behavioral outcomes associated with the NPI should examine correlates at the facet level. In light of the findings, we propose a hierarchical model for the structure of the NPI and provide researchers with a scoring scheme for this commonly used instrument.
Given the rapid changes in the communication landscape brought about by participative Internet use and social media, it is important to develop a better understanding of these technologies and their impact on health communication. The first step in this effort is to identify the characteristics of current social media users. Up-to-date reporting of current social media use will help monitor the growth of social media and inform health promotion/communication efforts aiming to effectively utilize social media.
The purpose of the study is to identify the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with current adult social media users in the United States.
Data came from the 2007 iteration of the Health Information National Trends Study (HINTS, N = 7674). HINTS is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey on health-related communication trends and practices. Survey respondents who reported having accessed the Internet (N = 5078) were asked whether, over the past year, they had (1) participated in an online support group, (2) written in a blog, (3) visited a social networking site. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of each type of social media use.
Approximately 69% of US adults reported having access to the Internet in 2007. Among Internet users, 5% participated in an online support group, 7% reported blogging, and 23% used a social networking site. Multivariate analysis found that younger age was the only significant predictor of blogging and social networking site participation; a statistically significant linear relationship was observed, with younger categories reporting more frequent use. Younger age, poorer subjective health, and a personal cancer experience predicted support group participation. In general, social media are penetrating the US population independent of education, race/ethnicity, or health care access.
Recent growth of social media is not uniformly distributed across age groups; therefore, health communication programs utilizing social media must first consider the age of the targeted population to help ensure that messages reach the intended audience. While racial/ethnic and health status-related disparities exist in Internet access, among those with Internet access, these characteristics do not affect social media use. This finding suggests that the new technologies, represented by social media, may be changing the communication pattern throughout the United States.
Research comparing the leadership styles of women and men is reviewed, and evidence is found for both the presence and the absence of differences between the sexes. In contrast to the gender-stereotypic expectation that women lead in an interpersonally oriented style and men in a task-oriented style, female and male leaders did not differ in these two styles in organizational studies. However, these aspects of leadership style were somewhat gender stereotypic in the two other classes of leadership studies investigated, namely (a) laboratory experiments and (b) assessment studies, which were defined as research that assessed the leadership styles of people not selected for occupancy of leadership roles. Consistent with stereotypic expectations about a different aspect of leadership style, the tendency to lead democratically or autocratically, women tended to adopt a more democratic or participative style and a less autocratic or directive style than did men. This sex difference appeared in all three classes of leadership studies, including those conducted in organizations. These and other findings are interpreted in terms of a social role theory of sex differences in social behavior.
The social network site Facebook is a rapidly expanding phenomenon that is changing the nature of social relationships. Anecdotal evidence, including information described in the popular media, suggests that Facebook may be responsible for creating jealousy and suspicion in romantic relationships. The objectives of the present study were to explore the role of Facebook in the experience of jealousy and to determine if increased Facebook exposure predicts jealousy above and beyond personal and relationship factors. Three hundred eight undergraduate students completed an online survey that assessed demographic and personality factors and explored respondents' Facebook use. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis, controlling for individual, personality, and relationship factors, revealed that increased Facebook use significantly predicts Facebook-related jealousy. We argue that this effect may be the result of a feedback loop whereby using Facebook exposes people to often ambiguous information about their partner that they may not otherwise have access to and that this new information incites further Facebook use. Our study provides evidence of Facebook's unique contributions to the experience of jealousy in romantic relationships.
This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions that are not part of mainstream theory. First, leading and following are strategies that evolved for solving social coordination problems in ancestral environments, including in particular the problems of group movement, intragroup peacekeeping, and intergroup competition. Second, the relationship between leaders and followers is inherently ambivalent because of the potential for exploitation of followers by leaders. Third, modern organizational structures are sometimes inconsistent with aspects of our evolved leadership psychology, which might explain the alienation and frustration of many citizens and employees. The authors draw several implications of this evolutionary analysis for leadership theory, research, and practice.
The present research examined how narcissism is manifested on a social networking Web site (i.e., Facebook.com). Narcissistic personality self-reports were collected from social networking Web page owners. Then their Web pages were coded for both objective and subjective content features. Finally, strangers viewed the Web pages and rated their impression of the owner on agentic traits, communal traits, and narcissism. Narcissism predicted (a) higher levels of social activity in the online community and (b) more self-promoting content in several aspects of the social networking Web pages. Strangers who viewed the Web pages judged more narcissistic Web page owners to be more narcissistic. Finally, mediational analyses revealed several Web page content features that were influential in raters' narcissistic impressions of the owners, including quantity of social interaction, main photo self-promotion, and main photo attractiveness. Implications of the expression of narcissism in social networking communities are discussed.
An online survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. men aged 18-40 assessed trait predictors of social networking site use as well as two forms of visual self-presentation: editing one’s image in photographs posted on social networking sites (SNSs) and posting “selfies,” or pictures users take of themselves. We examined the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and trait self-objectification as predictors. Self-objectification and narcissism predicted time spent on SNSs. Narcissism and psychopathy predicted the number of selfies posted, whereas narcissism and self-objectification predicted editing photographs of oneself posted on SNSs. We discuss selective self-presentation processes on social media and how these traits may influence interpersonal relationship development in computer-mediated communication.
The pervasiveness of social networking sites and the popularity of status updates have prompted the question whether excessive online self-presentation is motivated by narcissism. The present studies assessed (1) whether this concern is shared by users of social networking sites, and (2) the actual relationship between narcissism and frequency of status updates using self- and informant reports of narcissism and an observational measure of status updating activity. Results confirmed that users of social networking sites believe that narcissism strongly predicts status updating activity. However, analyses of the actual relationship in a German and US sample yielded null-results. Using the equivalence testing approach allowed us to conclude that the effect of narcissism on status updating activity is not substantial.
The current study explores the relationship between personality traits and self-presentation at Facebook. An online survey of Facebook users was conducted. The results suggest that extraversion was positively related to self-presentation both on Wall and at News Feed. Extraverts uploaded photos and updated status more frequently, and had more friends displayed on Wall than introverts. Besides, extraverts clicked Like, wrote Comment and clicked Share at News Feed more frequently than introverts. Moreover, narcissists with high rivalry frequently updated their Status on Wall. In addition, neuroticism and conscientiousness were negatively related to writing Comment at News Feed. Lastly, openness to experience was negatively related to clicking Share at News Feed. The results and implications are discussed in conjunction with previous research. Suggestions for future research are provided.
This study examined the relationship between three of the “Big Five” traits (neuroticism, extraversion, and openness), self-esteem, loneliness and narcissism, and Facebook use. Participants were 393 first year undergraduate psychology students from a medium-sized Australian university who completed an online questionnaire. Negative binomial regression models showed that students with higher openness levels reported spending more time on Facebook and having more friends on Facebook. Interestingly, students with higher levels of loneliness reported having more Facebook friends. Extraversion, neuroticism, self-esteem and narcissism did not have significant associations with Facebook use. It was concluded that students who are high in openness use Facebook to connect with others in order to discuss a wide range of interests, whereas students who are high in loneliness use the site to compensate for their lack of offline relationships.
It has been suggested that personality factors are related to an individuals’ use of social networking sites (SNSs). The present research explores the relationships between the Big Five Personality factors, narcissism, self-esteem, and sensation seeking and individuals’ use of specific features of SNS. Self-reports were collected from 265 SNS users from a university in China. Regression analyses revealed that personality factors play an important role in how SNS are used. Specifically, extraverts are more likely to use the communicative function of SNS including status update, comment, and adding more friends. Neurotic are more likely to use the feature of status update as a way of self-expression. Agreeable individuals tend to make more comments on others’ profiles. Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to comment on others’ profiles. Users scoring high on openness and sensation seeking are more likely to play online games on SNS. Narcissistic users are more likely to upload their attractive photos on SNS and tend to use update status more frequently for self-presentation. Gender also played an important role in predicting types of SNS use. Males reported more SNS friends and were more likely to play online games than were females, who were more likely to upload self-photos and update their status.
Social Networking Sites (e.g. Facebook), which afford self-presentation, are gaining popularity amongst adolescents. This study examined the relationship of narcissism and extraversion on adolescents’ self-presentation in four Facebook profile features (profile picture, status updates, social network size, photo count), as reported by Grade 7–Grade 9 adolescents. After accounting for extraversion, narcissism predicted features presenting self-generated content (profile picture rating, status update frequency), but not features presenting system-generated content (social network size, photo count).
Abstract The rising popularity of social networking sites raises the question of whether and how personality differences are manifested on them. The present study explores this topic through an analysis of the relationship between narcissism and motivations behind Facebook profile picture selection. A survey that assesses motivations emphasizing physical attractiveness, personality, and social ties was conducted with 288 undergraduate students. The study found narcissism to be a significant predictor of the motivation for selecting profile pictures that emphasize attractiveness and personality for both men and women. The findings are discussed in terms of the dynamic self-regulatory processing model of narcissism.
Examined the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on dyadic social interaction. Conceptual analysis suggests that a perceiver's actions based upon stereotype-generated attributions about a specific target individual may cause the behavior of that individual to confirm the perceiver's initially erroneous attributions. A paradigmatic investigation of the behavioral confirmation of stereotypes involving physical attractiveness (e.g., "beautiful people are good people") is presented. 51 male "perceivers" interacted with 51 female "targets" (all undergraduates) whom they believed to be physically attractive or physically unattractive. Tape recordings of each participant's conversational behavior were analyzed by naive observer judges for evidence of behavioral confirmation. Results reveal that targets who were perceived (unknown to them) to be physically attractive came to behave in a friendly, likeable, and sociable manner in comparison with targets whose perceivers regarded them as unattractive. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A survey (N = 292) was conducted that measured self-promoting Facebook behaviors (e.g. posting status updates and photos of oneself, updating profile information) and several anti-social behaviors (e.g. seeking social support more than one provides it, getting angry when people do not comment on one's status updates, retaliating against negative comments). The grandiose exhibitionism subscale of the narcissistic personality inventory was hypothesized to predict the self-promoting behaviors. The entitlement/explo-itativeness subscale was hypothesized to predict the anti-social behaviors. Results were largely consistent with the hypothesis for the self-promoting behaviors but mixed concerning the anti-social behaviors. Trait self-esteem was also related in the opposite manner as the Narcissism scales to some Facebook behaviors.
Facebook is quickly becoming one of the most popular tools for social communication. However, Facebook is somewhat different from other Social Networking Sites as it demonstrates an offline-to-online trend; that is, the majority of Facebook Friends are met offline and then added later. The present research investigated how the Five-Factor Model of personality relates to Facebook use. Despite some expected trends regarding Extraversion and Openness to Experience, results indicated that personality factors were not as influential as previous literature would suggest. The results also indicated that a motivation to communicate was influential in terms of Facebook use. It is suggested that different motivations may be influential in the decision to use tools such as Facebook, especially when individual functions of Facebook are being considered.
Online social networking sites have revealed an entirely new method of self-presentation. This cyber social tool provides a new site of analysis to examine personality and identity. The current study examines how narcissism and self-esteem are manifested on the social networking Web site Facebook.com . Self-esteem and narcissistic personality self-reports were collected from 100 Facebook users at York University. Participant Web pages were also coded based on self-promotional content features. Correlation analyses revealed that individuals higher in narcissism and lower in self-esteem were related to greater online activity as well as some self-promotional content. Gender differences were found to influence the type of self-promotional content presented by individual Facebook users. Implications and future research directions of narcissism and self-esteem on social networking Web sites are discussed.
We examined the internal and external validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Study 1 explored the internal structure of the NPI responses of 1,018 subjects. Using principal-components analysis, we analyzed the tetrachoric correlations among the NPI item responses and found evidence for a general construct of narcissism as well as seven first-order components, identified as Authority, Exhibitionism, Superiority, Vanity, Exploitativeness, Entitlement, and Self-Sufficiency. Study 2 explored the NPI's construct validity with respect to a variety of indexes derived from observational and self-report data in a sample of 57 subjects. Study 3 investigated the NPI's construct validity with respect to 128 subject's self and ideal self-descriptions, and their congruency, on the Leary Interpersonal Check List. The results from Studies 2 and 3 tend to support the construct validity of the full-scale NPI and its component scales.
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