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Creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine
... Creatine monohydrate is a widely used nutritional ergogenic aid among athletes, primarily to enhance muscular power [25]. Predominantly stored in muscles, especially type II fibers [26], and typically sourced from animal foods, creatine supplementation has consistently been shown to increase intramuscular PCr stores [25,27]. This increase in PCr is considered the main mechanism for elevating anaerobic energy capacity [25]. ...
... Despite the strong scientific consensus on its efficacy as an ergogenic aid, so far no adverse health risks have been identified with creatine supplementation [25]. However, a common side effect of short-term creatine loading protocols is transient BM gain because of water retention [27,28]. This increase in FFM resulting from creatine supplementation also affects lactate distribution space [4,22]. ...
... Bundle and Weyand [2] argue that, unlike endurance exercise, sprint performance is not limited by metabolic factors but by the ability to apply musculoskeletal force. However, creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine stores [25,27,28], hereby enhancing the availability of anaerobic phosphagen energy reserves. This mechanism offers a metabolic explanation for the observed increase in 15-s work output associated with creatine supplementation, which provides a contrasting perspective to the previously mentioned viewpoint. ...
Background
Sprint performance may be crucial for athletes in sprint and endurance sports. In this regard, the maximal glycolytic rate (νLamax) is a variable within Mader’s model of metabolism that is commonly tested in a 15-s all-out sprint test. The product of lactate accumulation (ΔLa) and lactate distribution space approximated by fat-free mass (FFM) is strongly linked to sprint performance. Creatine monohydrate is a widely-used ergogenic aid known for increasing anaerobic performance and fat-free mass (FFM) and the phosphagenic system contributes most to a 15s all-out sprint
Objective
The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of creatine supplementation of 15s-work, FFM and ΔLa.
Methods
Twenty male and five female cyclists underwent a placebo-controlled, crossover design with four laboratory visits. After a familiarization trial, baseline measurements were performed. Placebo (4 x 5 g/day maltodextrin) and creatine monohydrate (4 x 5 g/day) were administered for five days before the respective trials. All participants underwent this order of trials and performed a 15-s all-out sprint test on a Cyclus2-ergometer. Capillary blood was sampled before and every minute (for 8 minutes) after the sprint to determine ΔLa. Body composition was determined employing bioelectric impedance analysis.
Results
Creatine supplementation significantly increased 15-second work output and FFM compared to baseline and placebo conditions. However, no significant differences were found in capillary blood lactate accumulation (ΔLa) or glycolytic contribution.
Conclusion
The results indicate potential differences in limitations of sprint performance of participants. Responders to creatine supplementation are potentially limited by mechanical or metabolic factors. The findings of this study highlight the importance of considering supplementation of creatine monohydrate when undergoing testing for the maximal glycolytic rate.
... It is stored entirely in the muscles and is also found in the brain and testicles in small quantities. 1,2 The creatine was studied intensively at the end of the last century. The motivation for this came from a discovery in studies of the muscles of wild animals in comparison with muscles from the same animals in captivity. ...
Healthy people: myths and truths in creatine supplementation.
... It is stored entirely in the muscles and is also found in the brain and testicles in small quantities. 1,2 The creatine was studied intensively at the end of the last century. The motivation for this came from a discovery in studies of the muscles of wild animals in comparison with muscles from the same animals in captivity. ...
... And as an energy source to promote cell metabolism [2]. Creatine in the human body is divided into endogenous creatine and exogenous creatine, which is widely distributed in various organs of the human body, of which the highest content is about 95% in skeletal muscle, and a small amount exists in brain and testis (5%) [3]. ...
With the development of sports nutrition, creatine, as a sports nutrition supplement, has shown remarkable effects in improving sports performance, strengthening muscle strength and endurance. In this paper, creatine's physiological effects and the mechanism of use, side effects and safety studies, the impact on sports performance, the application in athletes and the collocation of daily nutrition intake were reviewed. Studies have shown that creatine supplements improve athletes' performance in short bursts of high-intensity exercise by increasing creatine phosphate storage in muscles. Although creatine supplements are considered safe in most cases, further research is needed on the effects of side effects and dosages. Future research is needed to explore the optimal use of creatine, its use in specific populations, and its combination and intake with other nutrients.
... To ensure a continuous supply of ATP during exercise, the energy released by creatine phosphate can be utilized for ATP synthesis. Creatinine is the byproduct of creatine phosphate metabolism [32]. The creatine phosphate content in mice could be indirectly assessed by measuring the creatinine concentration in their blood. ...
In this study, a compound sugar (CS) with different glycemic index sugars was formulated via hydrolysis characteristics and postprandial glycemic response, and the impact of CS and creatine emulsion on exercise-related fatigue in mice was investigated. Thirty-five C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups to supply different emulsions for 4 weeks: initial emulsion (Con), glucose emulsion (62 mg/10 g MW glucose; Glu), CS emulsion (62 mg/10 g MW compound sugar; CS), creatine emulsion (6 mg/10 g MW creatine; Cr), and CS and creatine emulsion (62 mg/10 g MW compound sugar, 6 mg/10 g MW creatine, CS-Cr). Then, the exhaustion time of weight-bearing swimming and forelimb grip strength were measured to evaluate the exercise capacity of mice, and some fatigue-related biochemical indexes of blood were determined. The results demonstrated that the ingestion of CS significantly reduced the peak of postprandial blood glucose levels and prolonged the energy supply of mice compared to ingesting an equal amount of glucose. Mouse exhaustion time was 1.22-fold longer in the CS group than in the glucose group. Additionally, the supplementation of CS increased the liver glycogen content and total antioxidant capacity of mice. Moreover, the combined supplementation of CS and creatine increased relative forelimb grip strength and decreased blood creatine kinase activity. The findings suggested that the intake of CS could enhance exercise capacity, and the combined supplementation of CS and creatine has a synergistic effect in improving performance.
... Actualmente se conoce que la creatina (ácido metilguanidina-acético) es un ácido orgánico nitrogenado natural o aminoácido proteico natural (Terjung et al., 2000) y uno de los suplementos dietéticos más populares y consumidos por los deportistas y/o atletas en diferentes modalidades (Kreider & Jung, 2011;Kreider et al., 2017), debido a las más de 80 revisiones que reportan beneficios sobre su consumo terapéutico y ergogénico (De Guingand et al.,2020). Se conoce también que el consumo de creatina a modo de suplemento dietético genera un aumento de sus concentraciones a nivel intramuscular y en las reservas de fosfocreatina, mejorando el metabolismo de los fosfágenos (Baker et al., 2010), lo que da como resultante una mejora significativa y valiosa en el rendimiento físico ante actividades de alta intensidad. ...
El futbol es un deporte colectivo, uno de los deportes más populares a lo largo del mundo. Por lo cual, se requiere el aporte de estrategias nutricionales para el óptimo rendimiento del deportista. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es analizar y describir a través de la literatura científica los efectos del consumo de creatina en futbolistas. A través de las bases de datos Scopus, WoS, Pubmed y SciELO, se identificaron un total de 6 artículos científicos, que fueron encontrados mediante el uso de las palabras claves “Soccer” OR “Football”, AND “Creatine” AND" physical condition" OR "performance". Se encontraron resultados relacionados con “Dosis de creatina y periodo de intervención”, “Efectos en las vías respiratorias y volumen respiratorio”, “Altura de salto”, “Resistencia aeróbica”, “Potencia anaeróbica”, “Habilidad deportiva”, y “Velocidad y cambios de dirección”. Finalmente, la efectividad del consumo de creatina se encuentra orientado a la presencia de una fase de mantenimiento o a una fase de carga adicionado a una de mantenimiento, permitiendo mejoras en las vías respiratorias, potencia muscular, la velocidad y el rendimiento físico en los futbolistas. Palabras claves: Fútbol; Creatina; Rendimiento; Condición física Abstract. Soccer is a collective sport, one of the most popular sports throughout the world. Therefore, the contribution of nutritional strategies is required for the optimal performance of the athlete. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze and describe through the scientific literature the effects of creatine consumption in soccer players. Through the Scopus, WoS, Pubmed and SciELO databases, a total of 6 scientific articles were identified, which were found using the keywords "Soccer" OR "Football", AND "Creatine" AND "physical condition". " OR "performance". Results related to "Creatine dose and intervention period", "Effects on the respiratory tract and respiratory volume", "Jump height", "Aerobic resistance", "Anaerobic power", "Sportsmanship", and "Speed" were found. and address changes. Finally, the effectiveness of creatine consumption depends on the inclusion of a maintenance phase or not, allowing improvements in muscle power, speed and physical performance in soccer players. Keywords: Soccer; Creatine; Performance; Physical condition
... Creatine was discovered in 1832 in beef muscle by the French chemist Michel Chevreul, and since then it has been extensively studied in different aspects in human and animal biology, being described as a pleotropic molecule (Wyss and Kaddurah-Daouk 2000;Shao and Hathcock 2006;Wallimann et al. 2011). In vertebrate's, most of the creatine is stored primarily in skeletal muscle, while the remining pool of creatine is found in the liver, heart, brain, the retina, macrophages, and spermatozoa (Burger 1919;Meador et al. 1968;Hultman et al. 1996;Wyss and Kaddurah-Daouk 2000;Ipsiroglu et al. 2001;Kreider and Jung 2011). From different experimental approaches, the beneficial effects of supplementing creatine in livestock species (Stahl et al. 2001;Berg and Allee 2001;Berg 2003;Young et al. 2004;Ringel et al. 2007;Young et al. 2007;Carvalho et al. 2013;Janicki and Buzala 2013;Zhang et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2015;Zhang et al. 2017;Dinesh et al. 2018;Li et al. 2018;Ibrahim et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2020;Mao et al. 2022), mammalian models (Stefani et al. 2014;McBreairty et al. 2015) and human (Buford et al. 2007;Tarnopolsky et al. 2007;Kreider et al. 2017) have extensively been explored in the past. ...
Creatine is a popular ergogenic sport supplement used to improve exercise performance and muscle growth in athletes. Further, studies suggest protective effects of creatine in neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, aging and fatty liver disease in humans. Similarly, the versatility of creatine, as a supplement or feed additive, has been evaluated in different animal production systems, including terrestrial livestock, poultry and aquaculture fish species. Some of the observed effects are increased antioxidant activity and flesh quality, improved lipid homeostasis as well as enhanced overall productive performance. Despite creatine being synthesized endogenously, this capacity might be insufficient to adequately cover the creatine needs in fish fed diets formulated with ingredients devoid of this nutrient, notably plant protein feedstuffs. As aquaculture industry moves toward sustainability, removal of creatine-rich dietary ingredients, such as fishmeal, in aquafeeds will likely further increase in coming decades. Thus, under this scenario it might be necessary for dietary supplementation of creatine to support optimal fish productive performance and product quality. This review describes the current knowledge of creatine physiology and metabolism in fish, and highlights possible parallels with metabolism in livestock species, mammalian models and human as well as the benefits obtained from creatine supplementation.
Plant-based diets have gained popularity among athletes in recent years. Some believe that plant-based diets will improve performance owing to higher intakes of carbohydrates and antioxidants. Some believe it that will harm performance due to lower intakes of complete protein and creatine. This systemic review was conducted using Covidence software. A literature search of PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), and Web of Science was completed on 22 March 2022. Following the development of clear objectives and a research question that identified the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes, initial search criteria and keywords were identified. Extracted results totaled 2249, including 797 duplicates. The initial screening resulted in 1437 articles being excluded. The remaining 15 articles proceeded to full-text screening. A final 8 articles were included in the review, with 7 excluded. This paper will review the impact plant-based diets have on athletic performance and body composition in healthy young adults aged 18 to 45 years.
ÖZ: Bu çalışmanın amacı glutamin ve kreatin kombine tüketiminin bisikletçilerin
performansına akut etkisinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmaya lisanslı, aktif ve antrenmanlı 8 erkek bisikletçi (yaş: 25,85 ± 9,75 yıl; boy uzunluğu: 174,71 ± 5,18 cm;
vücut ağırlığı: 69,81 ± 7,16 kg; beden kütle indeksi (BKİ): 22,95 ± 2,97 kg/m2
; sporcu yaşı: 5,28 ± 2,28) gönüllü olarak katıldı. Randomize, tek kör ve çapraz döngü
çalışmada, bisikletçiler rastgele 2 gruba ayrıldı ve 48 saat ara ile glutamin&kreatin (SUP) veya plasebo (PLA) alarak fonksiyonel eşik güç (FTP) testini uyguladı.
Testlerin ardından Borg Skalası, Görsel Analog Skala (GAS) ve Gastrointestinal
Semptom Derecelendirme Ölçeği (GSDÖ) uygulandı. Gruplar arası karşılaştırma
bağımlı örneklem t-test ile analiz edildi. Ayrıca etki büyüklüğünün hesaplanması
için Cohen’s d formülü uygulandı. Testler sonucunda kalp atım hızı (KAH), kadans, FTP (ortalama güç, W, W/kg), algılanan zorluk derecesi (AZD) ve GAS değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmadığı tespit edildi (p>0,05). Ayrıca,
SUP grubu lehine kadans değerlerinde düşük (0,34) ve GAS değerlerinde yüksek
etki büyüklüğü (0,83) bulunurken, AZD değerlerinde PLA grubu lehine orta etki
büyüklüğü (0,61) tespit edildi. GSDÖ bulgularında gruplar arasında anlamlı bir
fark olmadığı tespit edildi (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızda glutamin&kreatin
kombine tüketiminin fonksiyonel eşik güç (FTP) ve performans üzerine akut etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, glutamin&kreatin tüketiminin kas
ağrılarına olumlu etki ettiği söylenebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ergojenik Destek, Fonksiyonel Eşik Güç, Glutamin, Kreatin, Sporcu Beslenmesi. ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of the combined consumption of glutamine and creatine on the performance of cyclists. Eight licensed,
active, and trained male cyclists (age: 25.85 ± 9.75 years; height: 174.71 ± 5.18
cm; body weight: 69.81 ± 7.16 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.95 ± 2.97 kg/m2; sports age: 5.28 ± 2.28 years) voluntarily participated in this study. In a randomized, single-blind, and cross-over design, the cyclists were randomly divided into 2
groups and performed the functional threshold power (FTP) test by taking glutamine&creatine (SUP) or placebo (PLA) at a 48-hour interval. The Borg Scale, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) were
utilized at the end of the tests. Between-group comparisons were analyzed with
paired sample t-tests. Cohen’s d formula was applied to calculate the effect size. No
statistical significance was found in heart rate (HR), cadence, FTP (average power,
W, W/kg), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and VAS values (p>0.05). Also, while there was a small effect size in cadence (0.34) and a large effect size in VAS (0.83)
in favor of the SUP group, a medium effect size (0.61) was observed in RPE in
favor of the PLA group. In GSRS results, no significant difference was observed
between the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that glutamine&creatine coingestion had no acute effect on functional threshold power (FTP) and performance. However, it can be said that glutamine & creatine consumption has a positive effect on muscle pain. Keywords: Creatine, Ergogenic Aid, Functional Threshold Power, Glutamine, Sports Nutrition.
Bu çalışmanın amacı glutamin ve kreatin kombine tüketiminin bisikletçilerin performansına akut etkisinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmaya lisanslı, aktif ve antrenmanlı 8 erkek bisikletçi (yaş: 25,85 ± 9,75 yıl; boy uzunluğu: 174,71 ± 5,18 cm; vücut ağırlığı: 69,81 ± 7,16 kg; beden kütle indeksi (BKİ): 22,95 ± 2,97 kg/m2; sporcu yaşı: 5,28 ± 2,28) gönüllü olarak katıldı. Randomize, tek kör ve çapraz döngü çalışmada, bisikletçiler rastgele 2 gruba ayrıldı ve 48 saat ara ile glutamin&kreatin (SUP) veya plasebo (PLA) alarak fonksiyonel eşik güç (FTP) testini uyguladı. Testlerin ardından Borg Skalası, Görsel Analog Skala (GAS) ve Gastrointestinal Semptom Derecelendirme Ölçeği (GSDÖ) uygulandı. Gruplar arası karşılaştırma bağımlı örneklem t-test ile analiz edildi. Ayrıca etki büyüklüğünün hesaplanması için Cohen’s d formülü uygulandı. Testler sonucunda kalp atım hızı (KAH), kadans, FTP (ortalama güç, W, W/kg), algılanan zorluk derecesi (AZD) ve GAS değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmadığı tespit edildi (p>0,05). Ayrıca, SUP grubu lehine kadans değerlerinde düşük (0,34) ve GAS değerlerinde yüksek etki büyüklüğü (0,83) bulunurken, AZD değerlerinde PLA grubu lehine orta etki büyüklüğü (0,61) tespit edildi. GSDÖ bulgularında gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı tespit edildi (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızda glutamin&kreatin kombine tüketiminin fonksiyonel eşik güç (FTP) ve performans üzerine akut etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, glutamin&kreatin tüketiminin kas ağrılarına olumlu etki ettiği söylenebilir.
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