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The seventeen Jurassic species of Textulariacea which had been named by Redmond (1965), placed by him in his new genera Riyadhella and Pseudomarssonella, and which had been used by Aramco for biostratigraphy in Saudi Arabia, have been redescribed and are re-illustrated. The Chrysalidininae are not older than Cretaceous. Both the Paravalvulininae and the Chrysalidininae are referred to the Chrysalidinidae Neagu. They both contain specimens in which the micritic microgranules of the calcareous wall become aligned and may even be canaliculate. The taxonomic significance of canaliculi is discussed and it is concluded that the development of canaliculation is gradational and that their presence or absence cannot always be used to define supraspecific differences. The probable phylogenetic histories of the Chrysalidininae and the Paravalvulininae, and the biostratigraphic value of their genera, are discussed. -from Authors
The Jurassic sequence stratigraphic scheme for Central Saudi Arabia is extrapolated to the formations of the western and southern Arabian Gulf region resulting in a tentative chronostratigraphic framework. The framework is tentatively constrained as follows: (1) Upper Triassic-?Lower Jurassic continental clastics (Minjur and equivalents) and the subsequent pre-Toarcian unconformity indicate regional erosion and non-deposition over the Arabian platform. (2) A Toarcian sequence (Marrat and equivalents) provides a basal Jurassic regional datum, except in Oman. (3) The late Toarcian and Aalenian correspond to a substantial sea-level lowstand and a regional depositional hiatus. (4) The Middle Jurassic Dhruma Formation corresponds to four different sequences with a major intervening hiatus. The Upper Dhurma Member, together with the Tuwaiq Mountain form the topomost sequence. The correlation between the Dhruma, Tuwaiq Mountain, Hanifa and Jubaila formations, to their equivalents in other Arabian Gulf countries, requires clearer definitions. (5) The Arab and Hith Anhydrite formations are Tithonian based on their sequence assignment, while the Sulaiy Formation is Berriasian and straddles the Jurassic-Cretaceous bondary. (6) The four Tithonian Arab carbonates may have been deposited as transgressive and early highstand deposits. The Tithonian Arab, Gotnia and Hith anhydrites may be late highstand deposits which overstep inland 'salinas' (Gotnia and western Rub' Al-Khali). Each carbonate and overlying anhydrite sequence appear to correspond to a complete third-order cycle. (7) The equivalents to the Kimmeridgian Jubaila Formation and Tithonian Arab carbonates are absent by non-deposition in Kuwait. In Oman, the Arab and Hith Anhydrite formations are absent by erosion. (8) The Tithonian Hith Anhydrite provides a final Jurassic regional, stratigraphic datum, except in Oman and eastern United Arab Emirates.
Saudi Arabian Jurassic carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs were first examined stratigraphically using microfauna. Current microfaunal studies concentrate on the identification and constraint of palaeoenvironmental variations and determination of high-resolution depositional cyclicity of the reservoir carbonates. It is apparent that the environmental sensitivity of benthonic foraminifera provides a potentially valuable technique for the determining subtle variations in the depositional environment and also providing a proxy for sea-level fluctuations.
Calcareous agglutinating foraminifera and other larger benthic foraminifera from two formations in central Lebanon confirm the presence of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age carbonates below the continental Lower Cretaceous "basal sandstone". The lowermost formation, the Bikfaya Formation, is characterized by the presence of Buccicrenata sp., Alveosepta (Redmondellina) powersi (REDMOND), A. (A) jaccardi (SCHRODT), Pseudospirocyclina maynci HOTTINGER and Rectocyclammina chouberti HOTTINGER of Kimmeridgian age; while the overlying Salima Formation is characterized by Everticyclammina kelleri (HENSON), E. contorta REDMOND, Bramkampella arabica REDMOND and Riyadhella regularis REDMOND of Berriasian age. Trocholina alpina (LEUPOLD) and Nautiloculina oolithica Muhler and REICHEL are long-ranging species which occur throughout the Salima Formation, whereas Neotrocholina valdensis REICHEL of Berriasian - Valanginian age appears in the upper beds of the formation below the "basal sandstone". The resulting assemblage compares closely with taxa described from Iraq, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, and confirms for the first time in central Lebanon a Kimmeridgian age for the basal 25 m of the Bikfaya Formation and a Berriasian-Valanginian age for the Salima Formation.
The oil producer Arab "D" unit in Qatar as well as in eastern Arabian Peninsula is composed of limestone and dolomitic limestone assigned to the Kimmeridgian age. In Qatar, this member reveals the presence of six rhythmic microfacies of mudstone (micrite), wackestone, dolomitic wackestone, packstone, grainstone and anhydrite. These sediments are believed to be deposited in numerous short-term transgressive-regressive cycles, but generally the Arab D member represents a regressive cycle. The grainstone facies in the middle part of the unit is rich in benthic foraminifera belonging to Kurnubia and Pfenderina. Palynological analysis yielded ecologically and biostratigraphically significant dinoflagellate cyst species such as Cribroperidinium globatum, C. longicorne, Dichadogonyaulax chondra, D. pannea, Epiploshaera bireticulata, Geochteodinia antennata, Systematophora areolata and S. penicillata, giving evidence for a late Kimmeridgian age of the Arab D member. Amorphous organic matter is the dominant element of the particulate organic matter. The Arab D member may have been deposited in shallow water of the middle shelf depth (30-50 m) under arid to semiarid climatic conditions as deduced from the presence of Classopollis pollen and the capping anhydrite.
Low-latitude carbonate platforms dominated the southern and northern margins and microplates of western Tethys during the
Early Jurassic. However, these have proved difficult to date in the past partly due to a lack of study but also a perception
of low biotic diversity following the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Detailed logging and sampling of seven continuously
exposed sections of Lower Jurassic shallow-marine carbonates in Gibraltar, Morocco, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, and in Spain reveals
the occurrence of 12 benthic foraminifera species. These taxa are described and illustrated, and include: one new speciesTextulariopsis sinemurensis, new records for the Early Jurassic, and new records for this region. Five new biozones for the late Hettangian to early
Pliensbachian time interval are erected from the consecutive appearance of benthic foraminifera within these sections, from
top to base:Lituosepta compressa, Lituosepta recoarensis, Everticyclammina praevirguliana, Siphovalvulina colomi andSiphovalvulina gibraltarensis. This has enabled the correlation of these sections for the first time from the northern and southern Tethys margins and
from the Apuleian and Pelagonian microplates within Tethys. The foraminiferal occurrences indicate a similarity of associations
from the southern and northern shallow carbonate shelves of Tethys, whilst reflecting the relative isolation of the Apuleian
and Pelagonian microplates within Tethys. The foraminifera show a progressive diversification of forms through the late Hettangian
to early Pliensbachian interval that is interpreted to reflect the evolutionary recovery and diversification of these biotas
following the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.
The Arabian Gulf Middle Jurassic foraminiferal assemblage in Qatar and Saudi Arabia is compared with the known Middle Jurassic foraminiferal assemblages in Jordan and Egypt. In general, these faunas can be grouped into three broad assemblages, which can be related to three different palaeoenvironments. The three assemblages are recognized by variation of genera and species of the suborders Textulariina and Lagenina. The first assemblage is a carbonate platform assemblage which is distributed in the Arabian Gulf areas and is composed of 35 foraminiferal species, and restricted to an open platform environment. The second assemblage is of shallow to deep inner to middle clastic shelf environments that are located in north Egypt (Sinai and north Western Desert) and is composed of 89 foraminiferal species. The third assemblage represents a shoreline to shallow marine environment and has been recognized in Jordan and is composed of 42 foraminiferal species and considered to have been deposited in a shore environment shallower than that of north Egypt.
The Upper Jurassic sequence of the Aydincik (Içel) area consists of platform limestones which were deposited in a subtidal, restricted lagoon environment. Stratigraphic distribution of benthic foraminifera and calcareous algae, examined in thin-sections, is shown in a range-chart. The microfossil assemblage indicates the Salpingoporella sellii subzone of the Kurnubia palastiniensis cenozone, corresponding approximately to the lower part of the Malm. Some benthic foraminifera with considerable stratigraphic value within the Mesozoic Tethys are described. Among the benthic foraminifera, taxa of the family Pfenderinidae, especially the subfamily Kurnubiinae, are dominant and frequent throughout the sequence. The planispirally coiled taxa are represented by the families Nautiloculinidae, Charentiidae and Cyclamminidae (subfamily Bucciccrenatinae).
The primary location of this publication on ResearchGate is: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279778628_Arabian_Plate_Sequence_Stratigraphy_GeoArabia
See linked data here for various chapters: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279778628_Arabian_Plate_Sequence_Stratigraphy_GeoArabia
The Ar Riyad quadrangle is underlaid by Mesozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the Arabian shelf, covered to a large extent by Quaternary deposits. Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks cropping out in the Ar Riyad area are assigned to the newly defined informal Dir'iyah supergroup, which consists of: 1) the Buraydah group, (Late Permian to Triassic) that crops out to the west of the quadrangle boundaries; 2) the informal Shaqra group and 3) the Thamama Group, comprising Early Cretaceous rocks. The Dir'yah supergroup is disconformably overlain by Late Cretaceous to Tertiary rocks. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic succession is characteristic of continental, littoral margin, or inner-shelf deposition, comprising transgressive and regressive phases alternating upward in the sequence. It is contained in a homocline dipping gently to the northeast and east. Mesozoic oil reservoirs are exploited in the Abu Jifan oil field in the northeast of the quadrangle. -from Authors
The earliest development of coral-bearing strata in Central Saudi Arabia took place during deposition of the Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone (upper Middle-Upper Callovian). It does not appear to constitute a major barrier reef, but rather a series of isolated corals and coral bioherms; coral heads (20-50 cm in diameter) are scattered in life position within an extensive sheet of pure limestone (20-40 m thick) stretching for more than 1000 km along strike in Central Saudi Arabia. This sheet could be described as an extensive biostrome. A striking feature of the Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone coral fauna is the low diversity of species that persisted throughout the development of the formation. A possible explanation for the low diversity of the fauna is inimical ecological conditions or palaeobiogeographical barriers which could have prevented the historical accumulation of species from neighbouring areas. Similar factors are responsible also for the endemism of the Jurassic Arabian fauna including ammonites, foraminifers, algae, ostracods, nautiloids, brachiopods and echinoids. -from Author
Volume 1 contains the text of the treatise, and volume 2, 847 plates. Of the 3620 validly proposed generic taxa of Foraminiferida considered 2455 genera are recognised, described and illustrated, 960 regarded as synonyms, 208 considered systematically unrecognisable, 16 too late for detailed inclusion. They are placed in 12 suborders, 74 superfamilies, 296 families, 302 subfamilies. A systematic index is included. The systematic arrangement of genera is alphabetical within the various subfamily or family categories, and the family group taxa within the suborders are arranged in order of presumed evolutionary sequence or increasing complexity. Descriptions are generally focused on test morphology, both external and internal, but some information concerning the living organism is summarized for the few that are known. Geologic range is given to the level of the geologic series of epoch, and known geographic occurrence and a limited amount of ecologic information is included. In view of the very large number of taxa considered, morphologic descriptions are as concise as possible, consistent with the inclusion of the available information. Morphologic terms used are defined in a glossary, in which reference also is given to other terms proposed by various writers. -from Authors
As early as 1959, Jan Muller appreciated that the distribution patterns of palynomorphs and other particulate organic matter (POM) could be used for facies recognition and palaeogeographic reconstruction (Muller 1959). Such applications, and the increasing use of palynological methods for assessing hydrocarbon source rock potential led to the development of the palynofacies concept. The term palynofacies was first introduced by Combaz in 1964 to describe the quantitative and qualitative palynological study of the total particulate organic matter assemblage. Palynofacies analysis involves the identification of individual palynomorph, plant debris, and amorphous components, their absolute and relative proportions, size spectra, and preservation states (Combaz 1964, 1980). Palynomorph colour estimation of the level of organic maturation was also included in the original concept, although this is now usually regarded as a somewhat separate and distinct field of study.
The study of the organic matter in sediments and sedimentary rocks focuses on the interaction between the biosphere and geosphere. A proper appreciation of the subject requires an understanding of the environmental controls which govern the production of organic matter in the biosphere, the ecological and sedimentological processes which control its deposition and distribution, the biogeochemical, and geomicrobiological factors which influence its preservation, and the geochemical and physical processes which determine its modification during its incorporation in the geosphere. This makes the study of sedimentary organic matter one of the most multidisciplinary pursuits within the whole field of earth sciences.
Three new genera and eighteen new species of foraminifera are described from the Jurassic of Saudi Arabia. Two of the genera, Pseudomarssonella and Riyadhella, are tentatively placed in Cushman's subfamily Globotextulariinae. The third, Dhrumella, can not be more closely placed than somewhere within the superfamily Rotaliacea.
Two new genera and eight new species of lituolid foraminifera from the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic of Saudi Arabia are described and figured. Two species of Pseudocyclammina occurring here develop Choffatella-like chambers in the microspheric generation. The term "minimal chamber" is suggested as a designation for such chambers, and the application of the concept to other genera is briefly discussed.
In this paper, 128 species of foraminifera and twelve species of holothuroid sclerites from Jurassic rocks out-crapping at Gebel Maghara, northern Sinai, are described and illustrated. Thirty-five species and two genera of foraminifera, and five holothuroid sclerites, are believed to be new. Sponge spicules from the Kimmeridgian are also illustrated but are not described. This study is primarily paleontological, but the stratigraphic value of these fossils is discussed, and the results of microfacies analyses of a number of indurated rocks in the succession are presented.
Investigation of well-preserved material from Saudi Arabia shows that the interior labyrinthine passages in the family Pfenderinidae Smout and Sugden, 1962, fall outside of rather than inside of the chamber cavities. The secondary infilling of the labyrinthine passages during the life of the individual, noted by Smout and Sugden as occurring among some members of the Pfenderinidae, is coupled with secondary deposition of shell material within the chamber cavities, and the presence or absence of these joint effects is taken as the basis for recognition of two-new subfamilies, the Pfenderininae and the Kurnubiinae. The formation of subcameral tunnels is discussed, and four new genera and ten new species of the Pfenderinidae are described from the Jurassic of Saudi Arabia.
While studying foraminefera from the Tertiary of Iraq and Iran, which had been referred to in literature under the name of Archaias aduncus (Fichtel and Moll), the author concluded that the structure of these organisms does not conform to the description of Archaias [ Orbiculina ] given by W. B. Carpenter ( Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. , Vol. 146, 1856, part II, pp. 547–52, pl. xxviii, figs. 1-16; pl. xxix, figs. 1-3) and generally accepted in standard text-books on the Foraminefera (Galloway 1933; Cushman 1940; Glaessner 1945). According to these authors, Archaias may be described as a large, compressed Peneroplis sometimes becoming cyclical in the later stages, and with the primary chambers sub-divided into rectangular chamberlets by transverse secondary septa. In specimens from Iraq and Iran, however, sections parallel to the equatorial plane but very near the lateral surfaces of the test showed no subdivision of the primary chambers.
Following up this observation, sections were cut through the primary chambers in directions normal to given radii of the discoidal shell; and these preparations showed clearly that the internal structures traversing the primary chambers are not secondary septa, but pillars normal to the primary septa. The pillars are numerous and alternate in position with small perforations (apertures) through the primary septa
The question immediately arose whether these Middle Eastern forms should be assigned to a new genus or whether Carpenter's description is erroneous.
It was thought that a distinction might be found between Recent and Tertiary forms attributed from localities in the Caribbean region and
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