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Exploring motivations for adventure recreation events: a New Zealand study
Abstract
Adventure recreation events are a relatively new form of leisure that have become increasingly popular since the 1990s, yet little is known about motivations for participation. In this study, participant motivations were investigated through an interpretive methodology and the theoretical framework of self-determination theory (SDT). Exploratory, in-depth interviews with 22 participants in six different New Zealand events revealed intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, some of which overlap with motivations previously found for endurance sports and others which are also associated with outdoor recreation. In addition, two sets of dynamic relationships between motivations appear to exist: one set is competence, challenge and self-responsibility and the other is adventure, place and identity. These relationships need closer investigation. There is wide scope for further research that extends understanding of motivation for adventure recreation events beyond the context studied.
... There is existing support within the literature for grounding research examining non-elite event participants within active leisure. Numerous researchers in this space have deployed the concept of leisure (e.g., Early & Corcoran, 2013;Lynch & Dibben, 2016;Rundio et al., 2014), and some have specifically distinguished active leisure events from passive modes of leisure by positioning them as forms of 'physically active leisure' (Sato et al., 2015, p. 348). For example, McCarville (2007) describes Ironman triathlon events as 'leisure events intended to test the limits of their participants' (p. ...
... They also help underpin our position that active leisure events fundamentally encourage participation, whereas interpersonal competition may or may not be overtly promoted. We further contend that interpersonal competition will be a higher-order motive which is not shared by all participants in active leisure events, a position supported by numerous scholars active in this field (Hindley, 2020;Lynch & Dibben, 2016;Sheehan, 2006). ...
... Active leisure events differ from sport participation or sport events conducted in traditional sport spaces such as stadia. Notwithstanding the recent emergence of virtual event spaces, which we shall address later, active leisure events take place almost exclusively in re-ordered settings and may be exposed to the natural elements (e.g., Lynch & Dibben, 2016). The widespread use of re-ordered public space also facilitates participants' embodied, self-propelled mobility. ...
This paper proposes the term ‘active leisure events’ to ameliorate fragmentation of research concerned with ‘mass-participation’ events primarily aimed at non-elite participants. This literature is characterised by semantically diverse terminology despite such events sharing a range of unifying characteristics centring around an ethos of being open to all; fundamentally encouraging participation in physical activity; embodied, self-propelled mobility; use of re-ordered space; and providing a meeting place for nuanced social worlds. Despite their commonalities, active leisure events may also exhibit considerable inter-event variability. This paper presents an integrative review of existing literature, augmented by practice examples, to support more coherent theoretical and applied research efforts in this space. Based on this integrative review, the ‘active leisure events framework’ is proposed as a conceptual reference point to facilitate coherent and informed discourse, allowing tourism and leisure researchers and practitioners to clearly identify key characteristics of the events they engage with.
... Balish et al., 2016), others appear to be directly related to the adventure context and/or the unique interactions with nature inherent in this form of tourism (e.g. Krein, 2007;Lynch & Dibben, 2016;Nisbet et al., 2011;Ryan et al., 2010;Willig, 2008). Within the larger discipline of sport tourism, travel involving observation or participation in a sporting event (Gammon & Robinson, 2003), the psychological experiences of adventure sport tourism participants have become the focus of increasing research attention (e.g. ...
... Within the larger discipline of sport tourism, travel involving observation or participation in a sporting event (Gammon & Robinson, 2003), the psychological experiences of adventure sport tourism participants have become the focus of increasing research attention (e.g. Filo & Coghlan, 2016;Hungenberg et al., 2016;Lynch & Dibben, 2016). ...
... Adventure sport events include endurance competitions across a range of challenging adventure disciplines (e.g. kayaking or rafting, mountain biking, mountain running, orienteering, rock climbing, surfing), which can be completed by individuals or teams (Lynch & Dibben, 2016). Consequently, adventure sport events may have skill and training prerequisites for entrants and often attract groups of visitors (e.g. ...
Sport tourism literature has paid limited attention to the psychological well-being benefits derived from participating in this form of tourism. This is especially the case for adventure sport tourism, which is characterised by travel to a destination to participate in an adventure sport event, such as competitive surfing or mountain biking. Through an analysis of the contemporary literature regarding adventure sport, tourism, and psychological well-being, we propose a conceptual model of the psychological processes underlying well-being outcomes for adventure sport tourists. The conceptual model explains how adventure sport tourism participation affects hedonic and eudaimonic psychological well-being via the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) and nature connectedness. We argue that this conceptual model has the potential to advance knowledge in relation to the theory, practice, and design of adventure sport tourism. We outline research propositions emanating from the conceptual model and directions for future research on adventure sport tourism and psychological well-being.
... Athletes can be motivated to participate in a sport event for several reasons, including the unique qualities of the event that differentiate it from others in the marketplace, or the event's image and reputation (Aicher & Brenner, 2015;Buning & Gibson, 2016a;Lamont & Kennelly, 2012;Lough et al., 2016). While others choose events for the challenge of the course or competitive field (Buning & Gibson, 2016b;Getz & McConnell, 2014;Lough et al., 2016), to improve skill or fitness (Lynch & Dibben, 2016), the prize money or gifts, and the cost of the event (|Buning & Gibson, 2016aGibson, , 2016b. Many could be pulled to the destination/environment because of the scenery, culture, entertainment, and the natural conditions associated with the location (Aicher & Newland, 2017;Bourdeau, Corneloup, & Mao, 2002;Crompton, 1979;Kaplanidou & Vogt, 2010), or the overall destination's attractiveness to the sport tourist (Uysal & Jurowski, 1994;Yoon & Uysal, 2005). ...
... These identities may form stronger, more valued social identities than other demographic characteristics (Buning & Gibson, 2016a;Green & Jones, 2005). In some, competition is the motive (Lamont & Kennelly, 2012;Lynch & Dibben, 2016). McDonald, Milne, and Hong (2002) defined the competition motive as the desire to enter a rivalry or event to determine one's ability compared to others. ...
... As a framework for understanding sport tourist destination and event choices, this study uses a combination of the push and pull theory of motivation (Crompton, 1979;Dann, 1977), and draws on both the sport participation motivation (Aicher & Brenner, 2015;Beard & Ragheb, 1983;Buning & Gibson, 2016a, 2016bGetz & McConnell, 2014;Lamont & Kennelly, 2012) literatures, as well as that from the destination (Crompton, 1979;Dann, 1977;Yoon & Uysal, 2005) and event element research (Aicher & Newland, 2017;Buning & Gibson, 2016a;Getz & McConnell, 2011Lough et al., 2016;Lynch & Dibben, 2016). In doing so, we explore two key areas. ...
... Participation in high-risk activities does not necessarily equate to overestimation of abilities, or impulsive, irresponsible behavior Brymer, 2010). Rather, it is argued that hazards are usually mediated by the participant through a process of building competence and skill through experience; as opposed to taking risks for risk's sake Taylor, 2010;Lynch and Dibben, 2016;Frühauf et al., 2017). Participants may still experience fear as they test their mental and physical capabilities in challenging situations (Dodson, 1996;Lyng, 2005); but the fear could be understood as a sign that one is "pushing up against limitations and breaking throughboundaries" (Willig, 2008, p. 696), as opposed to recklessness. ...
... There is also evidence to suggest that thrill-seeking may play a bigger part in initial motivation to engage in such activities, but that a desire to master skills and maintain health and well-being soon becomes more dominant (Willig, 2008;Cycling UK, 2017). Evidence is building to suggest that mountain biking participants are also motivated by intense positive emotions and fulfilling experiences (Dodson, 1996); challenge; opportunities for selfresponsibility; development of identity; the aesthetics of the natural environment (Lynch and Dibben, 2016;Moularde and Weaver, 2016). ...
... The evidence supporting positive physical and psychosocial health outcomes in relation to nature-based activities and experiences is substantial Ryan et al., 2010;Scheinfeld et al., 2011;Mitchell, 2013;Martyn and Brymer, 2016;Yeh et al., 2016;Lawton et al., 2017). The natural environment is an integral part of the mountain biking experience, offering participants a unique way to connect with nature (Siderelis et al., 2010), and acts as an important motivational factor (Taylor, 2010;Davidson and Stebbins, 2011;Lynch and Dibben, 2016). Despite this, mainstream health interventions rarely include outdoor adventure activities or extreme sports (Clough et al., 2016). ...
Mountain biking is an increasingly popular outdoor activity on the extreme sport continuum. Extreme and high-risk sports have been investigated using a variety of motivational theories with sensation seeking a dominant theme; however, behavioral and motivational homogeneity within these types of populations should not be assumed. Recent studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of extreme sports and similar outdoor activities. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of mountain biking participants, their engagement methods, and perceived benefits to mental health and well-being. This was a cross-sectional survey and participants were recruited via social media. An online questionnaire specific to the domain of mountain biking was developed. Analysis of the full sample (n = 1,484) and of three independent paired sub-samples was conducted using SPSS. The sub-samples compared the results of males and females; younger and older riders; and those who have recently engaged in downhill mountain biking and those who have not. The results have succeeded in identifying some disparities in mountain biker characteristics and engagement methods. The results suggest that some riders found pleasure in higher risk engagement. The study proposes various explanations for the disproportion of women in mountain biking. Irrespective of the confounding factors related to rider characteristics or engagement methods, mountain bikers reported copious benefits to mental health and well-being related to their engagement. There was a high reported usage of mountain biking as a coping strategy. As such, this study provides insights that could inform the development of outdoor activities as interventions for mental health.
... Athletes can be motivated to participate in a sport event for several reasons, including the unique qualities of the event that differentiate it from others in the marketplace, or the event's image and reputation (Aicher & Brenner, 2015;Buning & Gibson, 2016a;Lamont & Kennelly, 2012;Lough et al., 2016). While others choose events for the challenge of the course or competitive field (Buning & Gibson, 2016b;Getz & McConnell, 2014;Lough et al., 2016), to improve skill or fitness (Lynch & Dibben, 2016), the prize money or gifts, and the cost of the event (|Buning & Gibson, 2016aGibson, , 2016b. Many could be pulled to the destination/environment because of the scenery, culture, entertainment, and the natural conditions associated with the location (Aicher & Newland, 2017;Bourdeau, Corneloup, & Mao, 2002;Crompton, 1979;Kaplanidou & Vogt, 2010), or the overall destination's attractiveness to the sport tourist (Uysal & Jurowski, 1994;Yoon & Uysal, 2005). ...
... These identities may form stronger, more valued social identities than other demographic characteristics (Buning & Gibson, 2016a;Green & Jones, 2005). In some, competition is the motive (Lamont & Kennelly, 2012;Lynch & Dibben, 2016). McDonald, Milne, and Hong (2002) defined the competition motive as the desire to enter a rivalry or event to determine one's ability compared to others. ...
... As a framework for understanding sport tourist destination and event choices, this study uses a combination of the push and pull theory of motivation (Crompton, 1979;Dann, 1977), and draws on both the sport participation motivation (Aicher & Brenner, 2015;Beard & Ragheb, 1983;Buning & Gibson, 2016a, 2016bGetz & McConnell, 2014;Lamont & Kennelly, 2012) literatures, as well as that from the destination (Crompton, 1979;Dann, 1977;Yoon & Uysal, 2005) and event element research (Aicher & Newland, 2017;Buning & Gibson, 2016a;Getz & McConnell, 2011Lough et al., 2016;Lynch & Dibben, 2016). In doing so, we explore two key areas. ...
This study explored the relationship between destination and event elements and an individual’s motivation to travel for sport events. Investigators surveyed participants who were planning to travel or had recently travelled to at least one running, cycling, or triathlon event in the current competitive race season. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, regression, cross-tabulation, and ANOVA. The findings provide empirical evidence that travel behaviours vary by athlete type (runner, triathlete, and cyclist). The results of this study not only add to the push/pull theoretical framework but also provide strong practical implications for both event managers and destination marketers to better package destination attributes and event elements specific to athlete type.
... While mainly autonomous motivation has been found to be important for exercising, controlled motivation tends to be either unrelated or negatively associated with a higher exercise frequency (Teixeira et al., 2012;Strachan et al., 2013). Nevertheless, it is important to note that different types of motivations may underly sport and outdoor participation (Lynch and Dibben, 2016;Calogiuri and Elliott, 2017). ...
Introduction
Sport and outdoor activities have benefits on people’s health and well-being but may also increase the frequency of unsustainable behaviors. The present study explores drivers of travel mode choice and consumption of material (clothes and equipment) associated with physical activity to clarify the extent to which an active and sustainable lifestyle is compatible. The role of identity and varying levels of internalized motivation for pro-environmental behaviors (autonomous and controlled environmental motivation) and engagement in physical activity (autonomous and controlled activity motivation) was examined. In addition, socio-demographic, physical context, and life situation correlates of environmentally significant behaviors associated with physical activity were analyzed.
Methods
A survey of a random sample of the general public in Sweden (n = 1013) was conducted.
Results
After controlling for hours of physical activity, the study showed that environmental self-identity was related to a lower likelihood of using the car alone via autonomous environmental motivation and to a higher likelihood of buying and selling used material via controlled environmental motivation. Physical activity drivers displayed diverse impacts on environmentally significant behaviors, e.g., athlete identity was associated with a higher likelihood of using the car alone and buying new material, but also selling used material. Being a member of a sport or outdoor organization was related to a higher likelihood of using the car alone and buying new material, but also using active travel modes as well as buying and selling used material.
Discussion
With a better understanding of the drivers of environmentally significant behaviors in this domain, strategies to encourage sustainable transport and circular flows of material in sports and outdoors can be outlined.
... Today, nature hikes and walks are still the most frequent type of outdoor activity across different age groups in Germany (Wilson, 2019). Lastly, outdoor participants in New Zealand often experience a fusion of different cultural understandings of what it means to have a meaningful relationship with nature (Lynch & Dibben, 2016). On the one hand, adventure and personal development-inspired outdoor approaches from the United Kingdom, the United States, and the educational tradition surrounding Kurt Hahn appear to have inspired Kiwis to enjoy tramping in the bush, along with a range of other activities, which suggests an understanding of nature as arena for personal joy and challenge. ...
Across cultures, the relationship between humans and nature affects both the well-being of humans and the natural environment. While the concept of nature connectedness is recognized as an important topic in this regard, little is known about the psychological processes that establish and foster it. Positioned at the intersection of environmental psychology and outdoor studies, this article-based thesis adopts a critical realism perspective to explore how social relational emotions, such as kama muta (≈ being moved) and awe, are specifically significant to the process of connecting in and to nature.
... Adventure recreation events are relatively new form of leisure that has grown in popularity since then, but little is known about what motivates people to participate. Lynch and Dibben (2016) stress on physical exertion as requirement for participation in adventure recreation events. People are motivated to get away from urban environments and regain a sense of freedom in 'wilderness' areas. ...
This study was conducted to determine patronage and benefits of the hospitality management students on recreational activities. This specifically assessed the preference and constraints on the land, water, and air outdoor recreational activities. Through descriptive-correlational research design and researcher-made questionnaire, it identified significant relationship between the demographic profile and their preference on outdoor recreational activities. The survey tool was distributed through Google Forms via messenger. Results showed that camping, swimming and parasailing are the most preferred outdoor recreational activities. Majority of the respondents preferred participating in outdoor activities with their families. Majority of them have joined activities inside the campus while others wanted to experience it in local parks, trails or playgrounds. Furthermore, the statistical results for motivation are much higher than the constraints implying higher benefits than the experienced constraints. The test of relationship proved that the demographic profile of the participants is irrelevant to their preferences, motivation and constraints.
... Variables 2, 3 and 15 (Table 2), namely, had the least factor loadings . This confirms the findings of previous studies (Caro and Garcia, 2007;Derom and Taks, 2011;Lynch and Dibben, 2015;Okayasu, 2016;Perić et al., 2016 andRauter, 2014) in which intangible (psycho-social) elements influenced participants' satisfaction more than material conditions (facilities and equipment). ...
Regular physical activity is one of the most important factors for maintaining health and quality of life. Mass recreational sports events is a good way to promote physical activity. In this research, the Sports Olympics of Vojvodian Workers (SOVW) was evaluated as an example. The main aim of the study is to analyze a recreational sports event as a mass activity significant for public health. The secondary aim is the development of a valid questionnaire which is applicable in practice. On a sample of 205 participants of the 12 th SOVW, of different age and gender, an instrument was applied that showed a good metric. The factor analysis gave a stable one-factor model with a unique scale for assessing the quality of mass recreational sports events. It is a simple and understandable questionnaire, easily applicable in practice. The results of this study showed that the ratings of respondents of different age and gender did not differ significantly. The SOVW was evaluated as an event of medium quality (total score amounts to 66.19% of the maximum).
... Ayrıca araştırma sonuçları sayesinde, rekreasyon hizmet sunan işletmeler müşteri ilgilenim profillerini daha iyi tanımlayarak ve bu yönde müşteri tatmin ve sadakatini sağlamak için yeni yöntemler geliştirmelerine fırsat sağlayacağı ifade edilebilir. Macera rekreasyonu her ne kadar bir süredir serbest zaman alanyazında yer alsa da, araştırmacıların bireylerin bu tür etkinliklere duyduğu ilgi nedeni açıklamak ve etkinlikten doğan memnuniyet düzeyini tespit etmek için serbest zaman motivasyonu (Lynch & Dibben, 2015;Wang & Wang, 2018) ve serbest zaman tatmini (Haworth, 1983) gibi diğer kavramları da incelediği görülmektedir. Serbest zaman ilgilenimi ve etkinlikten doğan memnuniyeti anlama konusunda dolaylı yollardan tahmin yapmamıza neden olan bu durum, kavram üzerinde doğrudan araştırma yaparak net bilgiler elde etmemiz gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. ...
... Dolayısıyla, macera turistlerinin sayısı, kitle turistlerine göre küçük ölçekte olmakla birlikte, katılım gruplarının sayısı her geçen yıl hızla artmaktadır. Konu ile ilgili çalışmalar incelendiğinde, (Chen, Ou ve Lin, 2001;Pizam vd., 2004;Sung, 2004;Hsieh, 2007;Buckley, 2012;Ewert vd., 2013;Gilbertson ve Ewert, 2015;Lynch ve Dibben, 2016;Mason vd., 2017) kişilerin doğa ile bütünleşme, yenilik, uyarılma, tehlike ve risk, kaçış, duyusal arayış, kendini gerçekleştirme ve sosyalleşme gibi konularla motive oldukları görülmektedir. Ayrıca, macera turistlerinin motivasyonları ve psikolojik yönleri ile ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalarda, kişilik kuramları, yüksek düzey deneyim kuramı, akış kuramı, duyusal arayış kuramı ve optimal düzeyde uyarılma kuramından yararlanıldığı görülmektedir (Hebb, 1955;Leuba, 1955;Berlyne, 1960;Fiske ve Maddi, 1961;Eysenck 1970;Zuckerman, 1979;Plog 1987;Csikszentmihalyi, 1990;Jackson vd., 2001). ...
Adventure tourists are tourists, whose behaviors are constantly changing as part of the adventure tourism experience and are constantly seeking for more risky travel experiences. The relation between adventure tourist’s sensation seeking with their activity preferences which are paragliding, scuba diving, surfing, rafting, canoeing, camping, skiing/snowboarding, rock climbing, trekking and tour bike in Turkey were examined. Thus, sensation seeking, level of arousal, recreational behavior characteristics and demographic
characteristics of adventure tourists participating in adventure activities were revealed. Quantitative research method was preferred in the research, and the data were collected by survey technique. 1246 data were obtained from adventure tourists who were selected by convenience sampling method using sensation seeking scale. As a result, it has been revealed that adventure tourists differ in sensation seeking according to their preferred activities, recreational behavior characteristics, and demographic characteristics.
... As a macrotheory of human motivation, SDT has been widely adopted to understand human motivation, affect, behavior, and well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2008b). It has proven effective in explaining sport motivation, mass participant event motivation, and adventure recreation event motivation (Lynch & Dibben, 2016;Zach et al., 2017). The self-determination continuum ranges from amotivation (no intention to act), to extrinsic motivation (driven by external regulation), and intrinsic motivation (driven by self-motivation) and forms a useful frame for conceptualizing festive sport event motives. ...
Festive sport events provide an opportunity for people to engage in leisure in an atmosphere of celebration. It has become increasingly popular in China. Although motivations have been explored thoroughly in the context of participant and recreational sport, events, and festivals, no research has yet focused on the overlap among these domains. To address the gap, this study is an investigation of what motivates people to participate in festive sport events as an emerging subcategory of more traditional events and festivals. After the development of a new motives scale, a questionnaire was administered to 894 participants in a festive sport event for hikers in China. The sample was split in three to validate the scale using factor analysis. Six participant motives in the context of a festive sport event emerged including Physical Health, Achievement, Socialization, Mental Health, Novelty/Excitement, and Culture/Event. Important implications of this study are also discussed.
... Individuals may possess the motivation to take part in a semi-marathon for a number of reasons, which include, for some, the unique characteristics of the semi-marathons events which distinguish them from other sports events in the market, or the semi-marathon's image as well as the reputation of the event (Aicher and Brenner, 2015;Buning and Gibson, 2016;Lamont and Kennelly, 2012;Lough et al., 2016;Newland and Aicher, 2018). Others, on the other hand, opt for semi-marathons because of the difficulty of the course or because of the competitiveness of the event (Buning and Gibson, 2016;Getz and McConnell, 2014;Lough et al., 2016) or to hone their skills or improve their physical condition (Lynch and Dibben, 2016), or for the monetary award or giveaways, or because of the expenditures of the race (Buning and Gibson, 2016). In addition, many individuals could be attracted to the event's setting owing to the surroundings, culture, amusement and the natural environment linked to the specific place (Aicher and Newland, 2017;Kaplanidou and Vogt, 2007) or to the general appeal of the destination's sportscape attractiveness to the individual (Newland and Aicher, 2018;Yoon and Uysal, 2005). ...
... Individuals may possess the motivation to take part in a semi-marathon for a number of reasons, which include, for some, the unique characteristics of the semi-marathons events which distinguish them from other sports events in the market, or the semi-marathon's image as well as the reputation of the event (Aicher and Brenner, 2015;Buning and Gibson, 2016;Lamont and Kennelly, 2012;Lough et al., 2016;Newland and Aicher, 2018). Others, on the other hand, opt for semi-marathons because of the difficulty of the course or because of the competitiveness of the event (Buning and Gibson, 2016;Getz and McConnell, 2014;Lough et al., 2016) or to hone their skills or improve their physical condition (Lynch and Dibben, 2016), or for the monetary award or giveaways, or because of the expenditures of the race (Buning and Gibson, 2016). In addition, many individuals could be attracted to the event's setting owing to the surroundings, culture, amusement and the natural environment linked to the specific place (Aicher and Newland, 2017;Kaplanidou and Vogt, 2007) or to the general appeal of the destination's sportscape attractiveness to the individual (Newland and Aicher, 2018;Yoon and Uysal, 2005). ...
... According to Ewert and Hollenhorst [15], although both involved natural surroundings, adventure recreation refers to the desire to find risks and uncertainty of what will happen. Adventure recreation is an organized outdoor recreation activity that involves the element of risk and occurs at specific time and place which has a purpose decided by someone such as operators or organizers of the activity [16]. Activities that are typically described in most literature as adventure activities such as white water rafting, mountaineering, rock climbing and sea kayaking [12]. ...
This study aimed to identify the level of perceived risk and perceived competence in white water rafting activity. Dimension of an Adventure Experience (DAE) was used to measure the level of perceived risk and perceived competence. 404 sample of white water rafting participant in Kampar River, Perak, Malaysia have participated in this study. The result indicated a significant increase in perceived competence and a significant decrease in perceived risk, after the participant engaged in the activity. The comparison between groups revealed a significant difference on measure of perceived risk and perceived competence.
... In addition, with increasing urbanization more and more people want to experience the natural landscape, and even try their endurance in the wild (e.g. Lynch & Dibben, 2015;Newsome, Moore, & Dowling, 2013). Consequently, the value for such a playground for the tourism industry, both local and international tourists, will undoubtedly increase in the near future. ...
To counteract the threat of global warming, many nations have resorted to increasing their use of renewable energy sources, wind farms being among the most popular. The greatest obstacle when it comes to the acceptance of wind farms is their visual impact. Recently, tourism has become Iceland's largest export sector, the country's natural landscape being the main attraction for visitors. This paper attempts to compare the perception of residents and tourists towards wind energy production in general and towards Iceland's first proposed wind farm, to be located at the edge of the country's uninhabited interior Central Highlands. The study is based on a questionnaire survey conducted among residents living adjacent to the proposed wind farm and among tourists travelling through the proposed area. The results indicate that residents are more positive than tourists towards wind turbines and consider them less intrusive in the landscape. Hence, the location of Iceland's first wind farm at the main gateway into the country's Central Highlands is problematic and likely to disturb the experience of tourists passing through the area. Despite the wealth of wind in Iceland it might be challenging to utilize it for energy production due to the importance of nature-based tourism for the economy. If Iceland becomes a physical exporter of renewable energy, it may be expected that more pressure will be set on the construction of wind farms. Thereby nature-based tourism and wind energy would be in direct competition over land use.
... Individualisation also appears highly pertinent because of the impact of the hyper-dynamic, constantly changing environment (Collins & Collins, 2016a). In addition, the personalised nature of adventure (Houge Mackenzie & Brymer, 2018;Humberstone, 2009;Kerr & Houge Mackenzie, 2012;Lynch & Dibben, 2016) adds an extra dimension that could be individualised. Coaches must pitch each activity to align with individuals' personal construct for 'adventure'. ...
Individualisation is a key aspect of coaching practice. This is particularly important for adventure sport coaches, given the demands of the hyper-dynamic coaching environment and the various motivations to participate in adventure sports. However, the literature on individualisation is limited. As a logical beginning, the aim of this study is to understand why individuals seek coaching in the context of adventure sports. Semi-structured interviews with adventure sport clients (N = 15) were thematically analysed, revealing that clients seek three different but not mutually exclusive experiences: holistic, authentic, and developmental. Importantly, the extent to which each experience was desired varied between individuals. These differences in individual desires place a fundamental emphasis on coaches’ understanding of why an individual seeks coaching as well as their longer-term participation goals, and then having the adaptive expertise to meet those expectations. Further research is required to understand how aspects of the developmental experience are achieved, specifically in the desired contexts.
... While it is plausible that a certain personality profile may predict one's involvement in high-risk sport, several other factors beyond the scope of personality may also be responsible for participation in high-risk sports. For example, the development of mastery (Celsi et al., 1993) and/or an identity associated with high-risk sport (Lynch & Dibben, 2015) may increase an individual's desire to continue participating in these types of sport. It is also possible that other variables beyond those considered within the moderator analyses covary with participation in high-risk sport and, therefore, may impact the relationship between participation and personality. ...
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the relationships between personality traits and participation in high-risk sport. A total of 149 effect sizes from 39 eligible articles were obtained wherein the personality traits of high-risk sport participants were compared with either low-risk sport participants or individuals not engaged in any sport. Results revealed significant effect sizes in favor of the high-risk participants for sensation seeking, extraversion, and impulsivity. Significant effect sizes in favor of the comparator groups were found for neuroticism, telic dominance, and sensitivity to punishment. No significant differences were observed in psychoticism, sensitivity to reward, socialization, agreeableness, conscientiousness, or openness. The implications of these results and potential avenues of future research are highlighted.
... Adventure education with adolescent girls has also enhanced their social connectedness and self-efficacy in leadership competencies (Richmond, Sibthorp, Gookin, Annarella, & Ferri, 2018). Building competence and relationships with others have been explicitly identified as motives for participating in adventure recreation events (Lynch & Dibben, 2016). In research with over 801 participants across four adventure activities (rock climbing, whitewater kayaking, sea kayaking, canoeing), social motives emerged as the best predictor of group membership (Ewert, Gilbertson, Luo, & Voight, 2013). ...
Despite the documented positive outcomes of adventure experiences, subjective well-being (SWB) frameworks have been largely absent from discourse and analyses in adventure studies. This conceptual paper proposes a framework for understanding how adventure recreation experiences promote eudaemonic SWB. In our framework, we propose that adventure recreation fosters eudaemonic aspects of SWB by supporting the satisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness and beneficence. The framework also integrates ‘contact with nature’ as an important mechanism through which adventure recreation fosters eudaemonic SWB. Analysis of research and practice across diverse aspects of adventure recreation (leisure, tourism, and education contexts) is used to support the proposed framework and to critically evaluate how psychological models, such as self-determination theory (SDT) and SWB, can advance theory and practice in adventure recreation. We conclude by offering a number of suggestions for future research directions and practical implications.
... Adventure education with adolescent girls has also enhanced their social connectedness and self-efficacy in leadership competencies (Richmond, Sibthorp, Gookin, Annarella, & Ferri, 2018). Building competence and relationships with others have been explicitly identified as motives for participating in adventure recreation events (Lynch & Dibben, 2016). In research with over 801 participants across four adventure activities (rock climbing, whitewater kayaking, sea kayaking, canoeing), social motives emerged as the best predictor of group membership (Ewert, Gilbertson, Luo, & Voight, 2013). ...
Despite the documented positive outcomes of adventure experiences, subjective well-being (SWB) frameworks have been largely absent from discourse and analyses in adventure studies. This conceptual paper proposes a framework for understanding how adventure recreation experiences promote eudaimonic SWB. In our framework we propose that adventure recreation fosters eudaimonic aspects of SWB by supporting satisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness and beneficence. The framework also integrates contact with nature as an important mechanism through which adventure recreation fosters eudaimonic SWB. Analysis of research and practice across diverse aspects of adventure recreation (leisure, tourism, and education contexts) is used to support the proposed framework and to critically evaluate how psychological models, such as SDT and SWB, can advance theory and practice in adventure recreation. We conclude by offering a number of suggestions for future research directions and practical implications.
... The principal attraction of tourism that has an adventure sports aspect inherent within it, is outdoor activity that relies on unique features of the terrain and deliberate seeking of risk, danger and uncertainty by participants, or the thrill of closely watching the spectacle from a visitors' perspective (Lynch and Dibben 2015). This chapter focuses on one such 'adventure sports event', called the Festival of Motorcycling, held annually on the Isle of Man. ...
This collection brings together perspectives drawn from a range of international scholars who have conducted research into the applications of neo-tribal theory. The concept of the neo-tribe was first introduced by the French sociologist Michel Mafessoli (1996) to describe new forms of social bonds in the context of late modernity. This book critically explores the concepts that underpin neo-tribal theory, using perspectives from different disciplines, through a series of theoretically informed and empirically rich chapters. This innovative approach draws together a recently emergent body of work in cultural consumption, tourism and recreation studies. In doing so, the book critically progresses the concept of neo-tribe and highlights the strengths, weaknesses and the opportunities for the application of neo-tribal theory in an interdisciplinary way.
... The principal attraction of tourism that has an adventure sports aspect inherent within it, is outdoor activity that relies on unique features of the terrain and deliberate seeking of risk, danger and uncertainty by participants, or the thrill of closely watching the spectacle from a visitors' perspective (Lynch and Dibben, 2015). This chapter focusses on one such an 'adventure sports event', called the Festival of Motorcycling, held annually on the Isle of Man. ...
The motorcycle road races held annually on the Isle of Man provide a suitable case for investigating a specific event, its spectators and its facilitators. Racing at the Isle of Man is labelled madness, yet participating and spectating are also reported to be about camaraderie, family and community experiences. The research is based upon observations and qualitative interviews with participants and facilitators of the Manx GP and Classic TT races. The research explores why motorcycle enthusiasts from all over the world make the pilgrimage to the Isle of Man to be part of the Isle of Man motor sport culture. It also considers whether and to what extent the commercial, cultural and recreational success of the event is based upon neo-tribal rituals.
... Led outdoor activities (LOA) are a popular means of providing educational and recreational experiences to people who may not have the skills, experience or equipment to undertake such activities themselves (Dickson, Gray, & Mann, 2008). A common feature of LOAs is that they rely on deliberate engagement of participants with risk in order to achieve their objectives (Lynch & Dibben, 2016). Like all service providers, LOA practitioners hold a legal and a moral obligation to keep activity participants safe (Australian Government, 2011). ...
In 2003, adventure activity providers in Victoria, Australia, began to develop a set of common operating standards. The resulting Victorian Adventure Activity Standards became a model for similar standards in other Australian states. However, the development process lacked systematic rigour. This article argues that sociotechnical systems theory methods are suited to safety standard design and evaluation. A Work Domain Analysis revealed system weaknesses along with potential avenues for modifying and optimising the standards. Potential improvements and broader implications are discussed.
... While the motivations and goals of participation in adventure activities are diverse, a feature they tend to share -and indeed the basis of much of their value -is that they pose a risk of harm to participants. In adventure recreation, engaging with risk is a key motivation for participation and provides participants with a sense of autonomy and enjoyment (Lynch & Dibben, 2016). In outdoor education and adventure therapy, participant perception of risk is used as a means of facilitating learning and developmental aims (Mortlock, 1994;Russell, 2001) When people depend on the support of a leader to undertake adventure activities, there is generally an expectation on their part and under the law that they can depend on the activity provider to mitigate the risk of serious harm that might result from participation. ...
Like most work systems, the domain of adventure activities has seen a series of serious incidents and subsequent calls to improve regulation. Safety regulation systems aim to promote safety and reduce accidents. However, there is scant evidence they have led to improved safety outcomes. In fact there is some evidence that the poor integration of regulatory system components has led to adverse safety outcomes in some contexts. Despite this, there is an absence of methods for evaluating regulatory and compliance systems. This article argues that sociotechnical systems theory and methods provide a suitable framework for evaluating regulatory systems. This is demonstrated through an analysis of a recently introduced set of adventure activity regulations. Work Domain Analysis (WDA) was used to describe the regulatory system in terms of its functional purposes, values and priority measures, purpose-related functions, object-related processes and cognitive objects. This allowed judgement to be made on the nature of the new regulatory system and on the constraints that may impact its efficacy following implementation. Importantly, the analysis suggests that the new system's functional purpose of ensuring safe activities is not fully supported in terms of the functions and objects available to fulfil them. Potential improvements to the design of the system are discussed along with the implications for regulatory system design and evaluation across the safety critical domains generally.
Background:Heavy backpacks are carried by hikers for prolonged walking periods. Backpack designs impact a hiker’s biomechanics.
Methods:We assessed the impact of different backpacks on lumbar extension (LE) and centre of pressure (COP) among hikers. Regular hikers (n=8; age = 23.4±1.9, years; weight = 85.1±7.9, kgs; height = 185.3±3.8, cm) who met the eligibility criteria attended testing sessions to test a traditional backpack (TBP) and a balance backpack (BBP), against a no backpack control (NBP) on three different gradient conditions (flat, 0°; incline, 12°; decline, -12°). Walking tests (1.1m/s) were performed on a force plate-embedded treadmill with a surrounding marker-based motion capture system. Multiple separate two-way ANOVA tests assessed the backpack effect on LE and COP.
Results: Dunnett’s multiple comparison Post Hoc test revealed significant variance (p < 0.05) for TBP and an insignificant variance for BBP for LE values. A consistent degree of forward trunk lean across all conditions was observed, with a pronounced LE observed when using the TBP. Insignificant variance in the hiker’s COP between the NBP and BBP across all gradients was observed.
Conclusions: This suggests that hikers using a BBP might find their walking posture quite like their normal gait kinematics in comparison to using a TBP.
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between serious leisure, event satisfaction and perceived health outcomes from recreation for individuals interested in outdoor sports and to determine whether these parameters differed in terms of some variables. The research included 293 volunteer outdoor sports participants (mean age 29.23±8.47 years). The participants answered the Serious Leisure Inventory-Short Form (SLI-SF), Event Satisfaction Scale (ESS) and Perceived Health Outcomes in Recreation Scale (PHORS). The analysis results found that the mean points for the SLI-SF, ESS and PHORS were not significantly different according to gender (p>0.05). According to the frequency of event participation, statistically significant differences were identified for all subscales of the SLI-SF, the ESS and all other subscales of PHORS apart from the prevention of a worse condition subscale (p<0.05). Additionally, there were statistically significant correlations identified between the mean SLI-SF, ESS and PHORS scores with the number of years of involvement in outdoor sports (p<0.05). In conclusion, individuals participating more frequently in outdoor sports activities were observed to have increases in serious leisure, event satisfaction and perceived health levels. At the same time, with the increase in the number of years of involvement of participants in outdoor sports, it can be said that there are increases in serious leisure, event satisfaction and health perception levels related to realization of a psychological experience.
This study aims to examine the effect of social media influencers on fashion counterfeit purchase intention among the young generation. Social Media Influencer (SMI) has been a dominant marketing trend and businesses heavily invest in SMIs to carry out promotional activities. However, the dimensions of SMI have not been examined widely on fashion counterfeit purchase intention among the young generation. A total of six dimensions of SMI namely, inspiring, technical skills, enjoyability, similarity, informativeness and credibility were used for this study. Data was collected from 389 young generations via online techniques. The findings show that technical skills and informativeness significantly influence counterfeit purchase intention among the young generation. The findings of the study are useful for policymakers to control social media influencers.
Adventure recreation participants, such as rock-climbers, skydivers, and free-style skiers have reported that one of the most important reasons for continued participation in adventure recreation is a state of mind focused on the present moment. Most psychologists have referred to this state as flow. More recently, sport and exercise psychology researchers have proposed another optimal state called clutch. However, the majority of optimal psychological states research in adventure recreation contexts has generally made use of flow models that treat optimal psychological states as a singular state. Thus, there is a need to better understand if and how distinct optimal psychological states, such as flow and clutch, function in adventure recreation contexts. This project is an investigation of flow and clutch states with a focus on the adventure recreation context. To understand the antecedents, characteristics, and consequences of flow and clutch states, the following three studies were completed: a systematic review of flow states in adventure recreation (Study One), a mixed method study with advanced rock-climbers in outdoor and indoor settings (Study Two), and a qualitative study with a diverse group of adventure recreation participants (Study Three).
Makale Kategorisi: Araştırma Makalesi Macera rekreasyonu, katılımcıların macera aktivitelerine katılma arzularını karşılamak için çeşitli ekipmanlar yardımıyla yapılan, heyecanlı ve tehlike içeren aktiviteleri kapsamaktadır. Macera rekreasyonu aktivitelerine yönelik algılanan zorluklar ise bu aktivitelere katılımı etkileyen zorluk kaynaklarıdır. Araştırmanın amacı, macera aktivitelerine katılımdaki algılanan zorluk boyutları ile algılanan zorlukların aktivite türü, deneyim düzeyi ve cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Fenomenolojik yaklaşım ile ele alınan çalışmada, macera rekreasyon aktivitelerinden olan doğa yürüyüşü ve kaya tırmanışında algılanan zorluklara odaklanmıştır. Bu aktivitelere katılan katılımcılarının algılanan zorluk kaynaklarını belirlemede, nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Doğa yürüyüşü ve kaya tırmanışı yapan katılımcıların öznel deneyimlerinden yararlanmak için yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile veriler elde edilmiştir. Katılımcılardan elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesi için ise içerik analizi ve betimsel analiz teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucu, macera aktivitelerinin zorluk kaynakları, beş boyutta ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak katılımcıların macera aktivitelerine katılmadaki algılanan zorluk kaynakları; içsel zorluklar, bireyler arası zorluklar, aktivitelerin zorluk düzeyi, çevresel zorluklar ve ekipman eksikliği olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, algılanan zorluklar, aktivite türü, cinsiyet ve deneyim düzeyi bakımından kısmen farklılık göstermiştir. ABSTRACT Article History Adventure recreation contains exciting and dangerous activities with the help of various equipment to meet the desire of the participants to participate in adventure activities. Perceived challenges in adventure recreation activities are an important factor to participate in these activities. The study aims to reveal whether the dimensions of perceived challenges in participating in adventure activities and perceived challenges differ according to activities, experience level, and gender. The study, which was handled with a phenomenological approach, focused on the perceived challenges in trekking and rock climbing, which are among the adventure recreation activities. Qualitative research method was used to determine the perceived challenges of the participants who participated in these activities. To benefit from the subjective experiences of the trekking and rock climbing participants, data were obtained using the semi-structured interview technique. Content analysis and descriptive analysis techniques were used to analyze the data obtained from the participants. As a result of the analysis, the perceived challenges of adventure activities emerged in five dimensions. Consequently, perceived challenges of participants to participate in adventure activities are internal challenges, interpersonal challenges, difficulty level of activities, environmental challenges, and lack of equipment. In addition, according to results, perceived challenges partially differed in terms of activities, experience level, and gender.
Determining the reasons why people attend events, as well characterizing visitors’ attitudes and factors influencing their choices of particular events, are of key importance for event managers and destination management organizations. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the factors influencing visitors’ behavioural intention towards attending events. Theoretically, this study offers a reconceptualized model positing optimum stimulation and needs for variety as antecedents of motivation, going beyond the more classical approaches of focusing on attitude and behavioural intention. The proposed model was empirically tested in the context of a mountain sport event hosted in Norway, one in which participants were deemed to engage in both exploratory and non-exploratory behaviours. The results show a valid relationship between visitors’ optimum stimulation level and their variety-seeking tendencies; these factors, in turn, influence motivation and have an indirect effect upon visitors’ attitudes and behavioural intentions towards event participation.
Is leisure still a ‘luxury’ in the globalizing world? On the one hand, the number of hours and days that can be allocated to non-compulsory sports, recreation, cultural or tourist activities increases. However, the issue of rationality and seriousness in managing leisure is still difficult to assess. On the other hand, due to socio-demographic and climate changes, people migrate massively (to large cities or other countries) in search of a better life and opportunities to improve their material status and thus often neglect leisure. Those who can afford it, transfer their own leisure models to new communities, while maintaining their cultural identity, customs and habits. However, numerous people adopt new patterns. The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encompass the key social, environmental, and economic dimensions in sustainable development. SDG 3 focuses on ensuring health and promoting the well-being of all people, at all ages. It seems that the role and functions of leisure in people’s lives in many communities are important. We need to bear in mind not just the health of people, but also their integration, compensation and use of nature for serious leisure.
The purpose of this chapter is to identify leading trends in the leisure market, including sustainable development. It is important to refer to the ongoing changes from the perspective of this issue’s key dimensions, i.e. social, business and environmental responsibility.
The authors’ critical view is not an essential element of argument, but only a voice in the discussion on the need to promote and disseminate information on sustainable development in the scope of leisure management in communities, and the reactions of enterprises to the communities’ needs.
Türkiye’deki yüksek riskli aktivitelere katılan macera turistlerini keşfetmek için yola çıkılan bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de en çok tercih edilen macera aktiviteleri olan yamaç paraşütü, tüplü dalış, sörf, rafting, kano, kamp, kayak/snowboard, kaya tırmanışı, trekking ve tur bisikleti aktivitelerine katılan macera turistleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, macera turistlerinin demografik özellikleri, rekreasyonel davranışları, kişilik özellikleri ve tercih ettikleri aktiviteler değerlendirilerek, macera turisti tipolojisinin oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, turist kişilik özelliklerini ortaya koymak için geliştirilen dışadönüklük kişilik ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçekle birlikte, macera turistlerinin rekreasyonel davranışları ile demografik özelliklerine yönelik ifadelerin de yer aldığı anket soru formu oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında veriler, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Belirlenen 10 macera aktivitesine katılan macera turistleri, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak seçilmiş ve bu turistlerden toplam 1246 veri elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, macera turistlerinin kişilik tipleri ortaya konmuş ve macera turistlerinin tercih ettikleri aktivite türlerine göre kişilik tipleri, rekreasyonel davranışları ile demografik özellikleri belirlenmiştir.
Türkiye’deki yüksek riskli aktivitelere katılan macera turistlerini keşfetmek için yola çıkılan bu
çalışmada, Türkiye’de en çok tercih edilen macera aktiviteleri olan yamaç paraşütü, tüplü dalış,
sörf, rafting, kano, kamp, kayak/snowboard, kaya tırmanışı, trekking ve tur bisikleti aktivitelerine
katılan macera turistleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, macera turistlerinin demografik özellikleri,
rekreasyonel davranışları, kişilik özellikleri ve tercih ettikleri aktiviteler değerlendirilerek,
macera turisti tipolojisinin oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, turist kişilik özelliklerini
ortaya koymak için geliştirilen dışadönüklük kişilik ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçekle birlikte,
macera turistlerinin rekreasyonel davranışları ile demografik özelliklerine yönelik ifadelerin de
yer aldığı anket soru formu oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında veriler, nicel araştırma
yöntemlerinden anket tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Belirlenen 10 macera aktivitesine katılan
macera turistleri, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak seçilmiş ve bu turistlerden toplam
1246 veri elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, macera turistlerinin kişilik tipleri ortaya konmuş
ve macera turistlerinin tercih ettikleri aktivite türlerine göre kişilik tipleri, rekreasyonel
davranışları ile demografik özellikleri belirlenmiştir.
Fellowship and friendly social relations during free time, referred to here as leisure-based sociability, is a prominent reward of participation in many groups based on volunteer membership, consisting for this review mainly of amateurs, hobbyists, altruistically oriented volunteers, and the associations of these three. This benefit is analyzed according to two subtypes: sociable nonprofit associations and social clubs. The goal of this issue of the Voluntaristics Review is to examine the leisure component of these two subtypes as framed in the serious leisure perspective (SLP) as set out in Stebbins (2007/2015; Stebbins, in press, see also www.seriousleisure.net), put nonprofit sociability in organizational context, and then review the empirical literature bearing on it. Studies and theoretic treatises approaching nonprofit groups from another angle (eg, organizational structure, management issues, funding sources, governmental regulation, type of employment) are not be reviewed. Specifically, this review centers on the relevant books, articles, and chapters listed in the SLP website, which centers on amateurs, hobbyists, and career volunteers (the serious pursuits), casual leisure, and project-based interests and includes its extensions in the theory and research on the leisure-related aspects of aging and retirement, arts and science administration, library and information science, positive psychology, therapeutic recreation and disability studies, and tourism and event analysis. Compared with the various specialties in leisure studies, the SLP casts by far the broadest theoretical and empirical net in that interdisciplinary field. The research reviewed shows that such talk – generically known as socializing -- reflects one or more of 14 themes. In general, members find sociability in these clubs and associations in and around the core activities they pursue there and on which the two subtypes have formed. The studies reviewed here, taken together, provide considerable validation of the proposition that leisure-based sociability is a prominent reward of participation evident in a multitude of volunteer groups. Leisure-based sociability is itself micro-analytic in scope, but viewed through the lens of the SLP, it can be further understood using meso- and macro levels of analysis.
Led outdoor activities such as rock climbing, canoeing, and hiking, involve intentional engagement with risk. Organizations that provide these activities are obliged to manage risk by eliminating or minimizing health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable. Regulating safety across this industry sector therefore presents special challenges. The current regulatory environment for led outdoor activity safety in Victoria, Australia consists of multiple, loosely connected instruments and agencies. This study used Work Domain Analysis to develop a model of the functional structure of the regulatory system. The model was then used in interviews with domain experts to identify problems with the structure, efficiency and effectiveness of the regulatory system. A model of the functional structure of the system was developed and system weaknesses identified. Next steps toward reform of this system and implications for other regulatory regimes are discussed.
Adventure Races are competitions of great physical and psychological toughness, therefore, raiders must have a strong motivation to participate in these races. However, today there are no instruments to assess these reasons, therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a scale reasons for participation in Adventure Races. The sample consisted of 272 competitors in the Spanish League of Adventure Races, who completed a questionnaire before each competition. Exploration, psychometrics and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed using SPSS and Lisrel program. The results show that can be extracted 4 factors of that scale, although the model presented in the correct settings confirmatory analysis, is the model of a factor, based on the reasons for adventure races practices. The data support the validity and reliability of this scale in this population.
RESUMEN: Los Raids de Aventura son pruebas de gran dureza física y psicológica, por eso, los deportistas deben tener una motivación importante para participar en estas pruebas. A pesar de ello, a día de hoy no hay instrumentos que evalúen estos motivos, por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido validar una Escala de Motivos de participación en Raids de Aventura. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 272 competidores de la Liga Española de Raids de Aventura, que rellenaron un cuestionario antes de una de las pruebas de la Liga. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios, psicométricos y confirmatorios usando el programa SPSS y Lisrel. Los resultados muestran que se pueden extraer 4 factores de dicha escala, aunque el modelo que presenta ajustes correctos en el análisis confirmatorio, es el modelo de un factor, referido a los motivos de prácticas en raids de aventura. Los datos avalan la validez y fiabilidad de dicha escala, en esta población.
PALABRAS CLAVE: motivación, raids, carreras de aventura, confirmatorio.
ABSTRACT: Adventure Races are competitions of great physical and psychological toughness, therefore, raiders must have a strong motivation to participate in these races. However, today there are no instruments to assess these reasons, therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a scale reasons for participation in Adventure Races. The sample consisted of 272 competitors in the Spanish League of Adventure Races, who completed a questionnaire before each competition. Exploration, psychometrics and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed using SPSS and Lisrel program. The results show that can be extracted 4 factors of that scale, although the model presented in the correct settings confirmatory analysis, is the model of a factor, based on the reasons for adventure races practices. The data support the validity and reliability of this scale in this population.
KEYWORDS: motivation, raids, adventure races, confirmatory.
Adventure is an industry, an attitude, an addiction, a behaviour, a therapy. Adoption of adventure differs between individuals, activities, and life stages. I propose that we could analyse trajectories through time, in the social, physical and mental contexts for individual adventure participation, a ‘leisure-lifepsychle’ approach.
New Zealand has long claimed itself as ‘adventure capital of the world’, a place to engage in a wide range of adventurous activities. The backdrop: extensive areas of grand landscape. A new form of access to this landscape has been developed with the extensive new cycle trails. To date 19 dedicated routes in diverse scenic locations constitute Nga Haerenga, the national cycleway system. The $60 million enterprise, co-sponsored by national and local government, is a strategy to encourage both domestic and international tourism. Through riding these trails, cyclists of every level of experience and skill expand their own mobility capital. New Zealand’s well-established brand as a place of glorious landscape is the significant motif in this project. These Great Rides are the newest agents in this ongoing promotion exercise. The seduction of pretty landscape and the sheer joy of cycling over-ride concerns about local eco-politics.
This study explored the relationships that adventure motivations have with adventure experiences (i.e. emotional response and place attachment) and behavioral outcomes (i.e. revisit intention and word-of-mouth). Based on 690 surveys collected from whitewater rafters at the Ocoee River in Tennessee, structural equation modeling revealed that thrill and nature motivations led to a positive affective response towards the adventure activity, which led to an attachment to the adventure destination and positive behavioral outcomes and that perceived risk was a significant moderator between thrill and affective response. These findings will assist marketers in promoting the activities and locations to attract more adventure tourists. Copyright
Purpose: In this study, we use a self-determination theory (SDT) approach to understand farmers’ attitudes toward, and intentions for, participation in competence development projects (CDP).
Design/methodology/approach: By applying SDT, we developed two measures. The first one assessed the degree to which the three basic human psychological needs motivate farmers to engage in CDP, and the second concerned farmers’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to seek knowledge through participation in CDP. Using data from two samples of farmers, we examined the effect of SDT needs and the influence of the different regulatory styles on individuals’ decision to participate in CDP.
Findings: Our findings indicated that participation inCDP is guided by the most internal forms of human motivation (identified, integrated, and intrinsic motivation), and that deficits in the needs for autonomy and competence predict farmers’ decision to participate in CDP.
Practical implications: These results stress the importance of designing CDP that promote self-directedness, emphasise choice rather than rewards, and generate the conditions that support farmers’ autonomy.
Theoretical implications: Our work suggests that the integration of social psychology into extension/education research can paint a more detailed picture of the way farmers interact with extension/education services.
Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that uses an SDT framework to examine farmers’ motivation toward participation in CDP. Hence, this research opens a new realm for extension/education research, while it also contributes to the SDT literature by examining the role of self-determined motivation in a different life domain.
This study explores the relationship between self-cognitions and running behavior in a group of female recreational runners. Consistent with theories of self-esteem and exerciser self-schemata, it aims to identify how running can impact on the self, and how self-cognitions can influence motivation and adherence to running. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 women of varying age, ability, and running experience who had entered a major women’s 10K race. Inductive data analysis revealed that there was a bi-directional relationship between running involvement and self-cognitions. Running provided experiences which led to enhanced self-esteem, notably through perceived improvements to the physical self, but also through increases in mastery/achievement and physical competence. These changes contributed to the value of running for the women, strengthened their exercise self-schema, and increased the likelihood of adherence to running. However, family responsibilities constrained the women in their ability to run, impacting on the exercise-self relationship outlined.
Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of field, this paper explores the particular stakes and struggles that animate both the relationships among adventure racing (AR) participants and the competition among race organizers in order to highlight the social dynamic and power structure of this new “lifestyle” sport. Our investigation relies on a diversity of qualitative data, namely semi-structured interviews with 37 AR participants. Adventure Racing Association Listserve discussion, and participant observation of Eco-Challenge Argentina 1999. Our analysis demonstrates that what is at stake in the AR field is both the definition of the sport practice’s legitimate form as well as its orientation with respect to two dominant delineating forces: “authenticity” and “spectacularization” of the adventure. These two forces currently constitute the specific forms of capital (sources of prestige) that define the AR field.
The place attachment construct has been used by leisure researchers and practitioners to refine our understanding of certain leisure behaviors for over two decades. Despite the construct's importance to natural resource-based leisure, little empirical work has appeared in the leisure literature examining the construct's antecedent processes; that is, the processes that lead to recreationists' attachment to settings. This study examined one antecedent, activity involvement, using covariance structure analysis. The authors examined a model suggesting that place attachment (i.e., place identity and place dependence) would be predicted by activity involvement (i.e., attraction, centrality, and self expression) among four groups of hikers along the Appalachian Trail (i.e., day hikers, overnight hikers, section hikers and through hikers). Using LISREL's multigroup procedure, results indicated that the place identity dimension of place attachment was best predicted by the self expression and attraction dimensions of activity involvement, whereas the only predictor of place dependence was self expression. These relations were consistent for all hikers. Type of use (i.e., day hiker, overnight hiker, section hiker and through hiker), however, was shown only to moderate the correlation between activity involvement dimensions, attraction and self-expression, and place attachment's place identity and place dependence. As hikers' activity involvement and attachment grew, the correlations between these constructs declined. This result indicates that these scales' discriminant validity improves as respondents more readily identify with the attitude object used in the item wording.
Events draw large crowds of people together within defined spaces and as such have the potential to have significant impacts. Occupational health and safety requirements, legal duty of care, and the capacity of organizations to deal with risks and crisis are important considerations for the sustainability of event organizations and events themselves. To date there has been a paucity of research analyzing the adoption and implementation of event risk management by event organizers, and in particular the influence that managerial attitudes and beliefs may have on the implementation of risk planning behavior. This article aims to identify event managers' attitude and beliefs concerning risk management as well as explore social influencers and perceived constraints to implementing risk management planning. The research adopts a qualitative methodology to address the research aim and uses Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework for exploring event managers' risk, attitudes, beliefs, and perceived constraints. Semistructured interviews with 11 event managers were undertaken, drawn from South East Queensland, Australia. Respondents had positive event risk planning attitudes, which were influenced by beliefs relating to safety, compliance, decision making, and professionalism. However, seven perceived constraints were also identified as important in influencing risk planning in an event context. The findings suggest event managers' attitudes, beliefs, and perceived constraints vary considerably based on previous experience, size of event organization, and level of professionalism. The article discusses these findings and recommends future research to inform more sustainable event practices in the future.
There has been little research concerning the association between “place
meanings” and “place attachment.” An understanding of the association between
these constructs is important because they do not stand alone, but rather, complement
one another. We documented the meanings ascribed to a national forest in
California by five groups of respondents that varied in their mode and attachment
intensity to the setting. For example, respondents with high-attachment intensity
ascribed meanings related to memories of shared experiences and sense of comfort;
whereas the low-attachment respondents were distinguished by the brevity
of their narratives. The findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how
individuals’ level of place attachment is manifested in the way in which they understand
and experience the setting.
This study explored motivations of amateur triathletes using an interpretive approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 triathletes in two Australian east coast states. Data were interpreted through the theoretical lenses of self-determination theory and flow. Nine motivation themes emerged. The triathletes were motivated to participate in triathlon partly for intrinsic reasons, though extrinsic motives were also extensively prevalent. Different motivations were found to be cyclical in directing behavior contingent upon individual goals, event schedules, and personal circumstances. There is a need for further inquiry into endurance sport participants’ endorsement of intrinsic versus extrinsic motives.
Whitewater rafting is examined as an example of the adventure tourism market. Separately, the needs, motivations, and expectations of whitewater rafting participants are surveyed before and after rafting. An analysis that compares these participants with and without prior rafting experience recommends a different form of marketing strategy for each group.
We propose a new theoretical framework for understanding simultaneous trust and distrust within relationships. grounded in assumptions of multidimensionality and the inherent tensions of relationships. and we separate this research from prior work grounded in assumptions of unidimensionality and balance. Drawing foundational support for this new framework from recent research on simultaneous positive and negative sentiments and ambivalence. we explore the theoretical and practical sig- nificance of the framework for future work on trust and distrust relationships within organizations.
If we want to empower and re-enchant social scientific research, we need to do three things. First, we must drop all pretence, however indirect, at emulating the success of the natural sciences in producing cumulative and predictive theory, for their approach simply does not work in any of the social sciences. (For the full argument see Flyvbjerg, 2001.) Second, we must address problems that matter to groups in the local, national and global communities in which we live, and we must do it in ways that matter; we must focus on issues of context, values and power, as advocated by great social scientists from Aristotle and Machiavelli to Max Weber and Pierre Bourdieu. Finally, we must effectively and dialogically communicate the results of our research to our fellow citizens, the ‘public’, and carefully listen to their feedback. If we do this – focus on specific values and interests in the context of particular power relations – we may successfully transform social scientific research into an activity performed in public for publics, sometimes to clarify, sometimes to intervene, sometimes to generate new perspectives, and always to serve as eyes and ears in ongoing efforts to understand the present and to deliberate about the future. We may, in short, arrive at social research that matters.
Events and Festivals have an increasingly vital role in our leisure lifestyles. We recognise them as part of our lives. For some, of they are a very significant part of our lives.
The network of festivals and events that either adorn the world now, or are planned for the future, can both serve to motivate new visits as well as enhance the lives of the people who live in – or near – the host area. They are also dynamos of cultural development, of sport knowledge and excellence and sophisticated consumption. Such dynamic outputs require dynamic inputs. This book looks at different event and festival cases and forwards separate and current managerial implications and responses to these, with reference to the UK, America and Australia.
Both up-to-date and forward thinking, the managerial themes addressed are: Creative Management, Festival and Event audience development, Culture and Community, Event and Festival evaluation. Festival and event types include sport events, art festivals, community events, live music and culinary extravaganza.
This book was previously published as a special issue of Managing Leisure: An International Journal.
Offering readers the most complete and authoritative critical introduction to Leisure Theory and written by one of the major figures in the field, the book provides an exciting and reliable guide to leisure forms, leisure practice and the representation of leisure. It demonstrates how power relations influence leisure choices and introduces students to the primary functions and regulative mechanisms of leisure, providing a thought provoking account of the central problems confronting students of leisure today. Written with the needs of students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in mind, the book will quickly be recognized as the bible for Leisure Theory.
While triathletes have seen new forms of the classic long-distance endurance race over the past decade, so, too, have adventurers seen new elaborations on outdoor pursuits. For example, twenty years ago road cycling produced mountain biking, which may now appear alongside a road cycle section or even displace it in triathlon events. Mountain biking has its own World Championships and was included as a sport for the first time in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, and a professional race circuit serves as a training ground for world-level athletes and a means of attracting international sponsorship. For their part, early mountain biking enthusiasts originated the activity as a recreational pursuit. They could reach higher vistas off road more quickly in the backcountry than by more conventional means, backpacking (or tramping). 1 The sport of orienteering is another example. It has spawned rogaine, a 24-hour navigational race in the mountains. From Australia, this new sport also has its own World Championships, first held in New Zealand in 2000.2 A unique offshoot of this is mountain bike orienteering in which riders strategize to reach control flags located at remote destinations over two days carrying everything they need on their mountain bikes.3 When combined in an elaborate mixture of terrain, travel, and time, mountain biking, backcountry running and twenty-four-hour navigation together form the backbone of adventure racing.
Research into the informal venture capital market is characterized by a focus on empirical research into the characteristics of the market and on the development and analysis of the public policy Implications of this empirical research. There has, however, been little systematic application or development of theoretical models and frameworks appropriate to the informal venture capital market. Nor, with a few recent exceptions, has the empirical analysis of the market moved on to examine issues surrounding the process of Informal investment rather than the outcomes of that process. In this paper we seek to rectify both of these deficiencies. First, we develop a framework for the elucidation of the concepts of swift trust and swift cooperation, and in so doing formalize and expand on the generally passing references to trust in the entrepreneurship and venture capital literatures. Second, we derive from this an operationable framework for analyzing trust and cooperation, which we apply to the informal Investment decision-making process. Using verbal protocol analysis of Investor reactions In real time to one particular investment opportunity, we empirically examine the role of trust and cooperation in the investors’ Initial screening of potential investment opportunities, and the investors’ assessment of the intermediary responsible for providing the initial referral of the Investment opportunity.
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The strategies that Russian and American banks use to evaluate the creditworthiness of prospective credit card holders are compared. Drawing on Knight's theory of risk and uncertainty, the authors argue that uncertainty, inherent in any credit transaction, can only be reduced to measurable risk if there are institutions that create stability over time, categorize events properly, and allow for verification and accumulation of information. In the United States, the gradual evolution of institutions underpinning rational calculation permits the transformation of uncertainty into risk. In Russia, however, such institutions are absent, and a great degree of uncertainty prevails in consumer credit. Using data from original fieldwork in Moscow, this study demonstrates that when actors face uncertainty and are unable to calculate risk, they rely on trust. Russian banks use and extend their existing social ties, or in some cases build new ties. They also exploit cardholders' own networks, unrelated to the bank, to increase their accountability through anchoring. These strategies, however, keep the market embedded, limited in size, and uninsurable. The authors conclude that calculation of probabilities (and economic rationality in its formal sense) is not an innate human ability but a social capacity that exists courtesy of institutional arrangements.
Journal of Democracy 6.1 (1995) 65-78
As featured on National Public Radio, The New York Times, and in other major media, we offer this sold-out, much-discussed Journal of Democracy article by Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone." You can also find information at DemocracyNet about the Journal of Democracy and its sponsor, the National Endowment for Democracy.
Many students of the new democracies that have emerged over the past decade and a half have emphasized the importance of a strong and active civil society to the consolidation of democracy. Especially with regard to the postcommunist countries, scholars and democratic activists alike have lamented the absence or obliteration of traditions of independent civic engagement and a widespread tendency toward passive reliance on the state. To those concerned with the weakness of civil societies in the developing or postcommunist world, the advanced Western democracies and above all the United States have typically been taken as models to be emulated. There is striking evidence, however, that the vibrancy of American civil society has notably declined over the past several decades.
Ever since the publication of Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, the United States has played a central role in systematic studies of the links between democracy and civil society. Although this is in part because trends in American life are often regarded as harbingers of social modernization, it is also because America has traditionally been considered unusually "civic" (a reputation that, as we shall later see, has not been entirely unjustified).
When Tocqueville visited the United States in the 1830s, it was the Americans' propensity for civic association that most impressed him as the key to their unprecedented ability to make democracy work. "Americans of all ages, all stations in life, and all types of disposition," he observed, "are forever forming associations. There are not only commercial and industrial associations in which all take part, but others of a thousand different types -- religious, moral, serious, futile, very general and very limited, immensely large and very minute. . . . Nothing, in my view, deserves more attention than the intellectual and moral associations in America."
Recently, American social scientists of a neo-Tocquevillean bent have unearthed a wide range of empirical evidence that the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions (and not only in America) are indeed powerfully influenced by norms and networks of civic engagement. Researchers in such fields as education, urban poverty, unemployment, the control of crime and drug abuse, and even health have discovered that successful outcomes are more likely in civically engaged communities. Similarly, research on the varying economic attainments of different ethnic groups in the United States has demonstrated the importance of social bonds within each group. These results are consistent with research in a wide range of settings that demonstrates the vital importance of social networks for job placement and many other economic outcomes.
Meanwhile, a seemingly unrelated body of research on the sociology of economic development has also focused attention on the role of social networks. Some of this work is situated in the developing countries, and some of it elucidates the peculiarly successful "network capitalism" of East Asia. Even in less exotic Western economies, however, researchers have discovered highly efficient, highly flexible "industrial districts" based on networks of collaboration among workers and small entrepreneurs. Far from being paleoindustrial anachronisms, these dense interpersonal and interorganizational networks undergird ultramodern industries, from the high tech of Silicon Valley to the high fashion of Benetton.
The norms and networks of civic engagement also powerfully affect the performance of representative government. That, at least, was the central conclusion of my own 20-year, quasi-experimental study of subnational governments in different regions of Italy. Although all these regional governments seemed identical on paper, their levels of effectiveness varied dramatically. Systematic inquiry showed that the quality of governance was determined by longstanding traditions of civic engagement (or its absence). Voter turnout, newspaper readership, membership in choral societies and football clubs -- these were the hallmarks of a successful region. In fact, historical analysis suggested that these networks of organized reciprocity and civic solidarity...
This study aims to explore the central success factors behind the growth and prosperity of festivals. In line with resource dependency theory and the model of competitive strategies, it was assumed that successful festivals both adapt to, and influence, their contexts to their own advantage while also providing benefits for their environment. A capital framework was employed to examine the relationships between a successful festival and its context, employing a case study design and multiple methods. The case chosen was Extreme Sports Week, an annual extreme sports festival at Voss, Norway, which has become the largest extreme sports event worldwide during its 10 years of existence. It brings together sports and forms of cultural expression concentrating mainly on new trends in advanced sports activities and street culture music, combined with local food traditions. Factors in its success are the six “capitals” of the region: natural, human, social, cultural, physical, and financial. The festival balances the exploitation of these capitals, although indirectly with respect to natural capital, hence constituting an example of sustainability in festival management. Interestingly, the festival was successful in spite of very limited access to local financial capital. The analysis also revealed that a seventh capital construct - administrative capital - is relevant to the understanding of festival development. However, this form of capital was the only one where investments were perceived as problematic, and the festival repaid far more than the authorities had invested in the event.
New Zealand's adventure recreation culture is well recognized in leisure research. In organized adventure events, the leisure value of freedom can be preserved through relationships of trust between recreation organizers and participants, yet there is little research on trust as a two-way relationship, trust in recreational settings and in voluntary risk-taking contexts. This paper responds to these knowledge gaps by reporting qualitative data from a study of trust relationships between outdoor adventure recreation event organizers and participants. The data confirms the trust relationship, finding it to be two-way and unequal. Leisure values are maintained by a combination of risk management, trust, participant competence and judgement and the force of law represented by disclaimers. Implications for event organization, outdoor recreation policy and the application of law to recreation settings are discussed.
Charity challenges are an increasingly popular form of alternative tourism, drawing upon charity events, sports and tourism. This study adopts a thematic/analytic autoethnographic approach to explore some of the themes present in the author's experience of a 3-day cycling charity challenge event in Queensland, Australia. The aim of the research was specifically to draw forth both the manifest and latent aspects of the experience using diary entries recorded during the event. Using an emic, inductive approach, eight manifest themes that could be analysed with respect to the broader literature on tourism, sports and charity events were identified. An additional two latent themes that had not been examined previously within this context also appeared in the analysis. The first was the notion of creative expression as a result of fundraising for the event, and the second was related to overcoming a fear of cycling in traffic. The findings raise questions about how we might understand the unspoken facets of the tourism experience as topics such as fear and anxiety are not easy to discuss with external researchers or to capture in their entirety through more prescriptive research methods, such as surveys and structured or semi-structured interviews. This paper provides insights into one event that occurs at the boundaries of cycling tourism, sports and charity events whilst advocating for an understanding of the nuances that permeate participants' experiences of such events. Failure to recognise and acknowledge these nuances may lead to misleading managerial suggestions, poor policy design and unsuccessful new initiatives.
A figurational framework is employed to analyze aspects of the phenomenon of mass nonelite road running in Britain, using data derived primarily from a series of 48 in-depth interviews with a range of participants. More particularly, the article explores the motivations of nonelite runners in the context of social change over their life course. It argues that many changes in Britain since the 1950s have involved shifts in power ratios to the relative disadvantage of the middle-class men in their thirties and forties, who dominate the entry at many events and have undermined traditional bases of masculine identity in work and the home. The data indicate that many nonelite runners, male and female, believe they enjoy the respect and admiration of nonparticipants through a demonstration of physical prowess that running long distances involves, a capacity traditionally more closely associated with the male.
Place attachment and recreation experience preferences (REP) have received increasing attention in natural resource management, with previous literature (Anderson & Fulton, 2008; Kyle, Mowen, & Tarrant, 2004) indicating that REP predicts place attachment development. This study expands current insight into the relationship between the two concepts. Specifically, we tested two predictive models: the first explored the influence of REP dimensions on place attachment dimensions as tested in previous research; the second explored the influence of place attachment dimensions on REP dimensions alluded to, but not tested, previously. Contrary to expectations, our results did not support the model in which REP predicts place attachment development. Interestingly, our results support the second model and indicate that select place attachment dimensions predict REP dimensions. This positive influence of place attachment on REP dimensions empirically supports the notion that attachment to a setting may influence motivations to visit that setting. Specifically, findings suggest that meaningful social relationships nurtured within the resource encourage visitors to learn, be more knowledgeable, or teach about the resource, and experience quiet, solitude and personal growth. Additionally, respondents' dependence on the resource motivates them to be among others like themselves. Overall, our findings suggest the complexity of REP-place attachment relationships.
An examination of the outdoor hobbies and amateur activities from the serious leisure perspective
1. Leisure and the politics of the environment 2. Politics, research and the natural environment: the lifeworlds of water-based sport and recreation in Wales 3. Leisure, nature and environmental movements in the mass media: comparing Jumbo Pass and the Tobeatic Wilderness Area, Canada 4. The politics of the environment, and noisy sports: two totally different outcomes in the Lake District National Park for powerboating and off-road motoring 5. Leisure and sustainable development in Norway: part of the solution and the problem 6. Recreational activism: politics, nature, and the rise of neoliberalism 7. Embodiment and social and environmental action in nature-based sport: spiritual spaces 8. In search of belonging: immigrant experiences of outdoor nature-based settings in New Zealand
Using the concepts of serious leisure and social identification, this paper explores the experiences of ‘serious’ participants travelling to take part in the 2007 Flora London Marathon (FLM). An ethnographic research design was utilised using a combination of interviews, observation and participant observation. Data collection commenced four months prior to the Marathon and involved monitoring the experiences of participants, all of whom viewed their activity as a ‘serious leisure’ pursuit (Stebbins, 199231.
Stebbins , R. 1992. Amateurs, Professionals and Serious Leisure, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. View all references). This was followed up with a number of semi-structured interviews with participants in the two-week period after the event. The key finding was the strength of identification that participants had with the activity of running. The salience of this identity was heightened by the act of travel to, and residence in, London both before and after the marathon. A number of themes emerged from the data that were seen as consequences of this sense of identification, these being the unique ethos, language and behaviours of participants, the need for significant personal effort to complete the event, the perseverance of participants in the activity, both in terms of training and competing, the durable benefits obtained by the runners through participation, and the ‘career structure’ associated with distance running. Participants also followed behaviours prescribed by a particular prototype associated with the running subculture, resulting in homogeneity of dress, behaviour and values amongst the group.
The essay attempts to provide a theoretical framework for leisure research by concentrating on the conception of adventure as a form of leisure. Adventure is presented as a multidimensional field of experience and investigation. Six dimensions of adventurous activity and experience are introduced: territoriality; duration; transcendence; risk; coping; and routinization. Routinization is a critical dimension which, in contrast to the romantic idealization of adventure, makes it impossible to see adventure as a sphere independent of society.
Edited by three well-known analysts of risk and its communication, this volume brings together contributions from a group of international experts in risk perception and risk communication. Key conceptual issues are discussed as well as a range of recent case studies that span BSE and food safety, AIDS/HIV, nuclear power, child protection, Y2K, electromagnetic fields, and waste incineration. The volume also draws attention to issues in public policy, risk management and risk communication practice.
This paper examines the joint role of constraints (structural, intrapersonal, and interpersonal) and motivations (place attachment and activity commitment) to understand why people visit the Swedish mountains. A national survey of the Swedish population shows that income and distance act as constraints to mountain visits, but that place attachment plays a stronger role than constraints. We argue that motivation should be more explicitly taken into account in constraint studies. Participating friends, perceived self‐skill and activity commitment are important for downhill skiers but not so much for backpackers. Like several other constraint studies, we find that those who are most active in visiting other places and participating in other leisure activities are most likely to visit the mountains. Rather than acting as a constraint, participation in one leisure sector is associated with participation in another sector. We believe this reflects a sort of recreational career and should be considered in future research. We also discuss the results of this study with regard to the future development of tourism in the Swedish mountain region.
The doctor–patient relationship has come under considerable scrutiny in recent research as a ‘site’ for the analysis of consumerism in medical encounters. The research reported in this article examines consumerism in obstetric encounters through an analysis of the birthing narratives of 50 women. The analyses reveal that there are clear, socially patterned variations in the character of the relationships between birthing women and their doctors. There is considerable evidence to support the notion of childbearing women as both consumers and as ‘patients’ in a medicalized encounter. There is also strong evidence that women’s use of maternity services is highly reflexive, and characterized by conscious ‘risk assessment’. These findings have important implications for the analysis of trust, risk and medical dominance in obstetric encounters.
