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Chromosome numbers in Lomandra> (Dasypogonaceae)

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Barbara G. Briggs at Royal Botanic Gardens
Barbara G. Briggs
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Telopea
2(6):
741-744
(1986)
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN
LOMANDRA
(DASYPOGONACEAE)
BARBARA
G.
BRIGGS
(Accepted for publication 22.3.1985)
ABSTRACT
Briggs, Barbara
G.
(National Herbarium
of
New South Wales, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Sydney, Australia 2000)
1986.
Chromosome numbers
in
Lomandra
(Dasypogonaceae). Telopea 2(6): 741-744 -Chromosome numbers for Sections
Lomandra
(13
species studied) and Typhopsis (one species) are based on x =
8,
but
three species
of
Sect. Cephalogyne have x =
7.
Eight species are reported
as
diploid and
five
as
tetraploid, while four show infraspecific polyploidy.
741
The chromosome numbers
of
17
species have been determined (Table
1).
Several
of
these counts were previously reported (in Lee 1966)
but
without
citation
of
voucher specimens. Preparations were
of
root-tips or pre-meiotic
floral buds, pre-treated with saturated aqueous p-dichlorobenzene for about
21-'4
hours, fixed in
1:3
acetic-alcohol and stained with aceto-orcein
or
alcoholic-
carmine. The
sex
of
many vouchers could not be determined, since they were
collected out
of
the flowering season.
One
of
the counts
of
L. preissii (Waterhouse
NSW
75454),
a diploid, was
cultivated for nine months in Sydney and there produced female and herma-
phrodite flowers and set fruit in isolation from other flowering plants
of
Lomandra. This genus
is
normally dioecious
but
hermaphrodite flowers occur
sporadically in other species
(A.
T. Lee pers. comm.).
Two base numbers are represented: x = 8 in the
13
counted species
of
Sect.
Lomandra and x = 7 in three species
of
Sect. Cephalogyne, following the classi-
fication
of
Stevens (1978). A count
of
2n =
16
has been obtained on L. leuco-
cephala (Sect. Typhopsis),
but
another collection
of
this species (West Spirey
Creek, Warrumbungle Mountains,
Rodd
NSW
72291) gave an approximate
count
of
2n =
c.
24-28, which suggests triploidy.
Despite the extremely restricted sampling, infraspecific polyploidy was
found in L. gracilis, L. glauca, L. longifolia and probably L. leucocephala, i.e. in
over a third of the species sampled from more than a single site. Chromosome
numbers were previously reported for L. gracilis, L. glauca and L. longifolia
(Briggs
in Lee 1966),
but
only one level was known in each species at the time.
Some collections were made from sites designated by Lee for sampling variant
forms, so such karyological diversity may be associated with minor morpholo-
gical differences.
The results for L. obliqua, L. elongata, L. leucocephala, L. laxa, L. preissii,
L.
sericea and
L.
multiflora agree with previous counts (Keighery 1984).
The
finding
of
tetraploidy in L. confertifolia ssp. rubiginosa contrasts with diploidy
in counts by Doley on ssp. confertifolia and ssp. pallida A. Lee, published by
Keighery (op. cit.).
The
positions
of
centromeres were usually discernible (Figs. 1-5) and some
preparations showed heterochromatic bands or constrictions in several chromo-
somes. A distinctive small submedian pair
is
seen in L. leucocephala (Fig.
3)
but
Volume 2(6): 741–744
Publication Date: 24 April 1986
dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19864612
TELOPEA
Journal
of
Plant
Systematics
Til.
Ro
)'a
l
BOTANIC
GARDENS
6 DOPII(liPi Tmst
plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea • escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL·
ISSN
0312-9764 (Print) •
ISSN
2200-4025 (Online)
Telopea
2(6):
741-744
(1986)
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN
LOMANDRA
(DASYPOGONACEAE)
BARBARA
G.
BRIGGS
(Accepted for publication 22.3.1985)
ABSTRACT
Briggs, Barbara
G.
(National Herbarium
of
New South Wales, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Sydney, Australia 2000)
1986.
Chromosome numbers
in
Lomandra
(Dasypogonaceae). Telopea 2(6): 741-744
~
Chromosome numbers for Sections
Lomandra
(13
species studied) and Typhopsis (one species) are based on x =
8,
but
three species
of
Sect. Cephalogyne have x =
7.
Eight species are reported
as
diploid and
five
as
tetraploid, while four show infraspecific polyploidy.
741
The chromosome numbers
of
17
species have been determined (Table
1).
Several
of
these counts were previously reported (in Lee 1966)
but
without
citation
of
voucher specimens. Preparations were
of
root-tips or pre-meiotic
floral buds, pre-treated with saturated aqueous p-dichlorobenzene for about
21-'4
hours, fixed in
1:3
acetic-alcohol and stained with aceto-orcein
or
alcoholic-
carmine. The
sex
of
many vouchers could not be determined, since they were
collected out
of
the flowering season.
One
of
the counts
of
L. preissii (Waterhouse
NSW
75454),
a diploid, was
cultivated for nine months in Sydney and there produced female and herma-
phrodite flowers and set fruit in isolation from other flowering plants
of
Lomandra. This genus
is
normally dioecious
but
hermaphrodite flowers occur
sporadically in other species
(A.
T. Lee pers. comm.).
Two base numbers are represented: x = 8 in the
13
counted species
of
Sect.
Lomandra and x = 7 in three species
of
Sect. Cephalogyne, following the classi-
fication
of
Stevens (1978). A count
of
2n =
16
has been obtained on L. leuco-
cephala (Sect. Typhopsis),
but
another collection
of
this species (West Spirey
Creek, Warrumbungle Mountains,
Rodd
NSW
72291) gave an approximate
count
of
2n =
c.
24-28, which suggests triploidy.
Despite the extremely restricted sampling, infraspecific polyploidy was
found in L. gracilis, L. glauca, L. longifolia and probably L. leucocephala, i.e. in
over a third of the species sampled from more than a single site. Chromosome
numbers were previously reported for L. gracilis, L. glauca and L. longifolia
(Briggs
in Lee 1966),
but
only one level was known in each species at the time.
Some collections were made from sites designated by Lee for sampling variant
forms, so such karyological diversity may be associated with minor morpholo-
gical differences.
The results for L. obliqua, L. elongata, L. leucocephala, L. laxa, L. preissii,
L.
sericea and
L.
multiflora agree with previous counts (Keighery 1984).
The
finding
of
tetraploidy in L. confertifolia ssp. rubiginosa contrasts with diploidy
in counts by Doley on ssp. confertifolia and ssp. pallida A. Lee, published by
Keighery (op. cit.).
The
positions
of
centromeres were usually discernible (Figs. 1-5) and some
preparations showed heterochromatic bands or constrictions in several chromo-
somes. A distinctive small submedian pair is seen in L. leucocephala (Fig.
3)
but
742 Telopea Vo!. 2(6): 1986
TABLE
1.
LOMANDRA
CHROMOSOME
NUMBER
RECORDS
Taxon
2n
Locality* Voucher
Sex
Fig.
Sect. Cephalogyne
L. obliqua (Thunb.) 14 Q Blackdown
Tableland
Gittins
1186
\?
Macbride 14 N
Kulnura
Briggs
NSW
69615
14 N
Wentworth
Falls Briggs
NSW
69621
14 N Lugarno Briggs
NSW
69002
L. glauca (R. Br.) Ewart 14
NNE.
of
Wise
mans
Ferry Briggs
NSW
96401
\?
28 N Berowra Briggs
NSW
69620
28 N Berowra Briggs
NSW
77890
cl'
2
28 N
Wentworth
Falls Briggs
NSW
69620
L. elongata (Benth.)
Ewart
c.28 Q
Noosa
Heads
Harrold
NSW
85309
\?
Sect. Typhopsis
L. leucocephala (R. Br.)
16
Q
'Mt
Playfair', Gittins 1137 3
Ewart
ssp. leucocephala W.
of
Salva
tor
Rosa
National
Park
Sect. Lomandra
L. bracteata A. Lee
16
N
Warrumbungle
Mts
Rodd
NSW
72292
cl'
4
L. fitlindrica A. Lee 32 N
Hornsby
Lee
NSW
49112
cl'
L. Ili/ormis (Thunb.) 36 N Berowra Waters
Britten ssp. fili/ormis Briggs
NSW
69617
ssp. coriacea A. Lee 32
NNE.
of
Mittagong Lee
NSW
65649
32 V
Mt
Cole, Pyrenees
Johnson
NSW 77891
cl'
58 N Lugarno Briggs
NSW
68998
L. fili/ormis
x?
L. gracilis (R. Br.) 16 N Blackheath Briggs
NSW
69619
cl'
A. Lee
L. gracilis (R. Br.) A. Lee
16
N Lugarno Briggs
NSW
68997
32 N Waterfall Briggs
NSW
69610
L. laxa (R. Br.) A. Lee
16
Q Blackdown
Tableland
Gittins
1204
cl'
L. micrantha (End!.) 32 N
Cheltenham
Coveny 1008 5
Ewart ssp. nov. 32
NNE.
of
Wise
mans
Ferry
Briggs
NSW
96400
cl'
L. preissii (End!.) Ewart
16
W.
Porongorup
Waterhouse
NSW 75454 rj
16
W
S.
of
Busselton Briggs 776
cl'
L. sericea End!. 16 W
Albany
Waterhouse
NSW
75455
L. conferti/olia (F. M. Bai!.)
Fahn
ssp.
rubiginosa A. Lee 32 N
Kulnura
Briggs
NSW
75444
L. fluviatilis (R. Br.) A. Lee 32 N Bents Basin Briggs
NSW
73930
\?
L. longi/olia Labil!.
16
N
Mt
Yengo Briggs
NSW
90677
32
NMenai
Briggs
NSW
69001
\?
32
NMenai
Briggs
NSW
68999
cl'
32 N Jacobs R. Briggs
NSW
75446
32
VW.ofOmeo
Briggs
NSW
75447
cl'
L. montana (R. Br.)
L.
16
NMt
Tomah
Rodd
NSW
77834
'i'
Fraser & Vick. 16
NMtHay
Constable
NSW
77823
'i'
L. mUltiflora (R. Br.)
16
Q Blackdown
Tableland
Gittins 1203
\?
Britten ssp. multiflora
16
N nr.
Glenbrook
Constable
NSW
68992
\?
16
N Lugarno Briggs
NSW
68996
16
N Lugarno Briggs
NSW
69616
*The
locality is prefixed by
an
abbreviation for
the
State: Q = Queensland, N = New South Wales,
V = Victoria, W = Western Australia.
not in other species. No attempt has been made to compare karyotypes in detail
or
to identify chromosome pairs, although such a study would be
of
interest.
The procedures, and in particular the duration and temperature
of
the pre-
fixation treatment, were not standarized sufficiently for meaningful size
comparisons between the complements illustrated. Thus Fig. 2,
of
L. glauca,
shows chromosomes relatively over-contracted compared with others and at a
later arrested stage in mitosis.
Briggs, Chromosome numbers in Lomandra 743
1
o 5
10
15
20
3
5
Figs. 1-5. Mitotic chromosomes
of
Lomandra. Fig.
1.
L. obliqua (2n = 14); Fig. 2. L. glauca (2n =
28); Fig.
3.
L. leucocephala
(2n
=
16);
Fig.
4.
L. bracteata (2n = 16); Fig.
5.
L. micrantha (2n = 32).
Lomandra and eight other genera have customarily been included in the
Xanthorrhoeaceae, but Huber (1969), Chanda & Ghosh (1976), Stevens (1978),
Staff & Waterhouse (1981) and others have drawn attention to discordant
features in this assemblage. Xanthorrhoea,
so
far as known, has a karyotype
of
n = 11, uniform except for some differences in total length
of
the complement,
with a single large metacentric
(Briggs
1966, D. Bedford pers. comm.). The
chromosomal differences between Xanthorrhoea and Lomandra add weight to
the already strong case for dividing the Xanthorrhoeaceae. Dahlgren et al.
(1985) placed all genera except Xanthorrhoea and Calectasia in
Dasypogonaceae
but
noted 'great variation in Dasypogonaceae that may
possibly justify division into three families'. Whatever the fate
of
the other
genera, Lomandra and Xanthorrhoea appear to be members
of
independent, but
somewhat convergent, lineages within the Liliiflorae.
.
744 Telopea Vol. 2(6): 1986
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank my colleagues Alma Lee, David Bedford, Lawrie Johnson,
Louisa Murray and Karen Wilson for valuable discussion or assistance in this
study.
The
help
of
others who provided material
is
also greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
Briggs,
B.
G. (1966). Chromosome numbers
of
some Australian monocoty-
ledons. Contr. New South Wales Nat!. Herb.
4:
24-34.
Chandra,
S.
& Ghosh,
K.
(1976). Pollen morphology in Xanthorrhoeaceae. In
Ferguson, I.
K.
& Muller,
J.
(Eds),
'The
Evolutionary Significance
of
the Exine'. Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser.
1.
(Academic Press: London) pp.
527-551.
Dahlgren, R. M. T., Clifford, H. T. & Yeo,
P.
F. (1985).
'The
Families
of
the
Monocotyledons' (Springer-Verlag: Berlin).
Huber, H. (1969). Die Samenmerkmale und Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse der
Liliiflorae. Mitteil. Bot. Staatssamm!' Miinchen
8:
219-538.
Keighery, G. J. (1984). Chromosome numbers in Australian Liliaceae. Feddes
Repert. 95: 523-532.
Lee,
A.
(1966). Xanthorrhoeaceae. Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb.
F!.
Ser.
34: 1-42.
Staff, I. A. & Waterhouse, J. T. (1981).
The
biology of arborescent monocotyle-
dons, with special reference to Australian species. In Pate, J.
S.
&
McComb, A.
J.
(Eds),
'The
Biology
of
Australian Plants'. (Univ.
Western Austral. Press: Nedlands) pp. 216-257.
Stevens
P.
F. (1978). Generic limits in the Xeroteae (Liliaceae sensu lato).
J.
Arnold Arbor.
59:
129-155.
Manuscript received 11.4.1984 .
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... Within Lomandra, two base chromosome numbers are documented: x = 7 for Lomandra section Capitatae (as syn. Lomandra section Cephalogyne Stevens) and x = 8 for Lomandra sections Lomandra and Typhopsis (Briggs 1986). Tetraploids are currently known from three of the four Lomandra sections, excluding section Typhopsis. ...
... A.T. Lee (2n = 16,32), L. glauca (R.Br.) Ewart (2n = 14, 28), L. longifolia (2n = 16, 32), and L. leucocephala (2n = 16, 24-28) (Briggs 1986). ...
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Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
Wang J. (2021). Lomandra altior Jian Wang ter and L. breviscapa Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae), two new species from the Wet Tropics of north Queensland, Australia. Austrobaileya 11: 124-134. Lomandra altior Jian Wang ter and L. breviscapa Jian Wang ter are described, illustrated and compared to the putatively related species L. hystrix (R.Br.) L.R.Fraser & Vickery. Lomandra altior is known from high altitudes of the Thornton Peak-Mt Spurgeon-Mt Lewis areas, while L. breviscapa is restricted to the Mt Edith-Mt Bartle Frere-Mt Bellenden Ker areas. A key for the three closely related species is provided. Notes on the distribution including a map, habitats, phenology and affinities of the two newly described species are provided. Conservation status recommendations are also discussed.
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... Currently, there are 16 recognised species in Queensland (Wang 2019). Lomandra has had various family placements over the past decades, such as Xanthorrhoeaceae (Lee 1966;Lee & Macfarlane 1986), Dasypogonaceae (Briggs 1986;Chase et al. 1995) and Laxmanniaceae (Chase & Stevens 1998). The genus has most recently been placed in a broadly circumscribed Asparagaceae in subfamily Lomandroideae based on corroborating morphological and phylogenetic evidence (Barrett 2018;Govaerts et al. 2020;Gunn et al. 2020). ...
Lomandra phillipsiorum Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae), a new species from south-eastern Queensland
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2021
Wang, J. (2021). Lomandra phillipsiorum Jian Wang ter (Laxmanniaceae), a new species from southeastern Queensland. Austrobaileya 11: 19-25. Lomandra phillipsiorum Jian Wang ter is described, illustrated and compared to putatively related species such as L. filiformis (Thunb.) Britten. The new species is known only from the Mt Glorious-Mt Nebo area, northwest of Brisbane. Notes on its distribution (including a map), habitat, phenology and affinities are provided. A conservation status of Least Concern is recommended.
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Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons
Chapter
  • Jan 1998
Erect, tufted, shrubby or arborescent perennials to about 10 m tall (Cordyline); roots fibrous or thickened and fleshy; vegetative axis elongate or condensed; leaves spiral or distichous, more or less sheathing, sometimes surrounded basally by a scarious sheath of former leaf bases; leaf blades dorsiventral, cylindrical or linear to linear-lanceolate, margins entire, scarious or prickly; ligules rarely present (Sowerbaea, Laxmannia). Inflorescence erect, simple or compound spikes, racemes, bracteate umbels or cymes; flowers hermaphrodite or dioecious, hypogynous, small to medium, white, blue, pink, mauve or purple; perianth of 2 similar trimerous whorls, persistent, marcescent, free or united, petaloid, scarious or fleshy, margins entire or fimbriate. Stamens 3 + 3 or 0 + 3, hypogynous, or all, or the inner 3 sometimes attached to the tepals, the outer 3 sometimes reduced to staminodes. Anthers basifixed, medifixed or dorsifixed, dehiscing introrsely or extrorsely, by slits (most genera) or pores (Eustrephus, Thysanotus), sometimes with hairy filaments or staminal appendages (Arthropodium and Trichopetalum). Ovary syncarpous, 3-locular with several axile ovules per locule. Style single, with 1–3 stigmatic lobes. Ovules anatropous or more or less campylotropous, single to numerous per locule. Fruit a berry, loculicidal capsule or nutlet. Seeds numerous to few, pale yellow to brown or black; testa thin, with or without phytomelan; endosperm copious, without starch; embryo linear, 1/2 to 1/3 the length of the seed, sometimes longer, straight, curved or more or less coiled.
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The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine
  • Jan 1976
  • 527-551
  • S Chandra
  • K Ghosh
Chandra, S. & Ghosh, K. (1976). Pollen morphology in Xanthorrhoeaceae. In Ferguson, I. K. & Muller, J. (Eds), 'The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine'. Linn. Soc. Symp. Ser. 1. (Academic Press: London) pp. 527-551.
The biology of arborescent monocotyledons, with special reference to Australian species
  • Jan 1981
  • 216-257
  • I A Staff
  • J T Waterhouse
Staff, I. A. & Waterhouse, J. T. (1981). The biology of arborescent monocotyledons, with special reference to Australian species. In Pate, J. S. & McComb, A. J. (Eds), 'The Biology of Australian Plants'. (Univ. Western Austral. Press: Nedlands) pp. 216-257.
Chromosome numbers of some Australian monocotyledons
  • Jan 1966
  • 24-34
  • B G Briggs
Briggs, B. G. (1966). Chromosome numbers of some Australian monocotyledons. Contr. New South Wales Nat!. Herb. 4: 24-34.