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Trends in Theory Building and Theory Testing: A Five-Decade Study of the Academy of Management Journal
Abstract
We introduce a taxonomy that reflects the theoretical contribution of empirical articles along two dimensions: theory building and theory testing. We used that taxonomy to track trends in the theoretical contributions offered by articles over the past five decades. Results based on data from a sample of 74 issues of the Academy of Management Journal reveal upward trends in theory building and testing over time. In addition, the levels of theory building and testing within articles are significant predictors of citation rates. In particular, articles rated moderate to high on both dimensions enjoyed the highest levels of citations.
... Furthermore, Indonesia has encountered competition from neighboring nations in its efforts to attract foreign investors dedicated to achieving sustainable development goals. In their research [14], Sachs provided a ranking of 167 countries based on their overall performance regarding sustainable development goal indicators, highlighting the positions of Southeast Asian countries: Thailand (45), Vietnam (54), Singapore (65), Indonesia (78), Malaysia (79), and the Philippines (92). This information underscores the critical need for both government and private sector commitment to sustainability in developing countries. ...
... This paper encompasses the development and evaluation of theoretical frameworks [79][80][81][82]. The establishment of a sustainable operations strategy is grounded in positivist philosophy, which is defined by a deductive reasoning approach [49,83]. ...
... • This research is based on an individual case study utilizing a qualitative approach, which naturally limits its ability to be generalized [15,55,56]. To improve its theoretical relevance, future investigations should prioritize both the advancement of theory and empirical testing [79]. This could be achieved, for example, through the implementation of multiple case studies that allow for comparisons among various cases, thus revealing shared elements in essential concepts or notable themes that may aid in the development of a robust middle-range theory [55,56]. ...
The increasing global consciousness and collective recognition of the importance of sustainability, coupled with initiatives focused on sustainable development, have resulted in a heightened commitment and transformation among organizations and corporations in their endeavors to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals through their corporate sustainability initiatives. Prior studies have underscored the effects of corporate sustainability on various strategic levels, such as corporate, business, and operations, paving the way for further investigation. This paper seeks to establish a theoretical framework for sustainable operations strategy through six propositions and subsequently validate this framework via a qualitative case study analysis of a production and processing special economic zone in an emerging nation, specifically Indonesia. The findings from the empirical testing indicate that the proposed theoretical framework has been validated with minor adjustments, through the inclusion of good corporate governance and the adoption of local core values. The paper also presents theoretical and managerial implications, along with suggestions for future research avenues.
... In doing so, it broadens the scope of SCRM to include the critical dimension of cybersecurity, specifically by examining the extent to which targeted risk mitigation strategies and integration decisions-both individually and in collaboration with SC partners-can prepare SCs to navigate the rapidly evolving terrain of cyber risks. As such, this research fits into the "theory expanders" category (Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan, 2007), as it departs from SCRM to build new constructs that address SC cyber risks while also testing the premises of DCV and RV in the underexplored context of SC cybersecurity. Industry practitioners may utilize the findings to adapt their risk management and integration strategies on both the firm and SC levels to improve the cybersecurity status of their SCs, enabling them to survive and thrive amid the ever-evolving landscape of cyberthreats. ...
... While we test established theories (DCV and RV), our constructs are newly adapted to address the uniqueness of SC cyber risks, making our model exploratory in nature. This aligns with our stance as theory expanders, where theory building and testing intersect (Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan, 2007). We applied variance-based PLS-SEM (using SmartPLS, v. 4.0.9.1) for data analysis, given its suitability for models with (1) exploratory (theory building) purposes, (2) predictive reasoning, and (3) complex structures (Hair et al., 2019). ...
... In doing so, it moves the investigation of SC cybersecurity a vital step beyond mere conceptualization or description, thus responding to urgent calls from the SCM community (Barbieri et al., 2021;Friday et al., 2024;Melnyk et al., 2022). Further, our work falls into the "theory expanders" category-where theory testing and building intersect (Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan, 2007)-as it introduces new constructs to SCRM while grounding its predictions in established DCV and RV theories. ...
Purpose
Despite the proliferation of cyberthreats upon the supply chain (SC) at large, knowledge on SC cybersecurity is scarce and predominantly conceptual or descriptive. Addressing this gap, this research examines the effect of SC cyber risk management strategies on integration decisions for cybersecurity (with suppliers, customers, and internally) to enhance the SC’s cyber resilience and robustness.
Design/methodology/approach
A research model grounded in the supply chain risk management (SCRM) literature, with roots in the Dynamic Capabilities View and the Relational View, was developed. Survey responses of 388 SC managers at US manufacturers were obtained to test the model.
Findings
An impact of SC cyber risk management strategies on internal cyber integration was detected, which in turn impacted external cyber integration with both suppliers and customers. Further, a positive effect of internal and customer cyber integration on both cyber resilience and robustness was found, while cyber integration with suppliers impacted neither.
Practical implications
Industry practitioners may adapt certain risk management and integration strategies to enhance the cybersecurity posture of their SCs.
Originality/value
This research bridges between the established domain of SCRM and the emergent field of SC cybersecurity by forming and testing novel relationships between SCRM-rooted constructs tailored to an SC cyber risks context.
... The purpose, scope, positioning and contribution of the review section will also vary for quantitative and qualitative papers. Quantitative papers using a deductive approach set out to explore, clarify or supplement theory, by examining effects, exploring new moderators/mediators, examining new relationships/processes or introducing a new construct (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). To achieve these goals, the literature review sets the background for the development of hypotheses (Bansal & Corley, 2012). ...
... On the other hand, qualitative papers using an inductive approach do not have apriori hypotheses (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007), but instead use the review to expose a gap in a current theoretical conversation (Pratt, 2009). The scope of the review should not reveal too much as to undermine the need for the study, but instead situate research questions in that conversation (Bansal & Corley, 2012). ...
HRMJ is a business and management journal: we seek to publish excellent work that deals not simply with people and organisations, but with the management of people and the issues and tensions around the latter. As such, the journal is broadly multidisciplinary, the key focus being on advancing theory through empirical evidence, through consolidations and extensions of conceptual knowledge, through revisiting and extending existing theory, literature reviews, as well as the development of salient research methods. This extended editorial brings together a range of perspectives from and beyond the editorial team to advance understanding around developing work for publication. As such, it is intended not only to guide authors interested in publishing in HRMJ, but all with an interest in advancing their scholarly work.
... Following this premise, an essential criterion for evaluating the papers is their contribution to knowledge, which is ultimately one of the central objectives of science. However, we understand that an article contributes theoretically when it develops new theories or concepts and tests already established theories or concepts, thereby achieving a better understanding of their nature, scope, and limitations (Colquitt & Zapata-Helan, 2007). Similarly, the journal has sought to publish papers that reflect on management, accounting, and organizational studies, examining their theoretical and methodological tradition, their implications, and the context and circumstances in which research and teaching occur in these fields. ...
... v 3 4 n 9 2 . 1 1 5 2 1 0 3 evaluación de los trabajos es su aporte al conocimiento, que es, finalmente, uno de los objetivos centrales de la ciencia. Comprendemos, no obstante, que un artículo no solamente hace un aporte teórico cuando desarrolla nuevas teorías o conceptos, sino también cuando pone a prueba teorías o conceptos ya establecidos, de modo que se logre una mejor comprensión de su naturaleza, alcances y limitaciones(Colquitt & Zapata-Helan, 2007). En la misma línea, la revista ha buscado publicar trabajos que reflexionen sobre la administración, la contabilidad y los estudios organizacionales, estudiando su tradición teórica y metodológica, pero también sus implicaciones, así como el contexto y las circunstancias en las que tiene lugar la investigación y la enseñanza en estos campos.Innovar, finalmente, ha privilegiado la publicación de trabajos que aborden los desafíos y problemáticas de la realidad organizacional colombiana y latinoamericana. ...
A partir de este número se produce un relevo en la dirección de Innovar: Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, la cual hasta el número pasado fue ocupada por el profesor Víctor Mauricio Castañeda. Asumo con entusiasmo y compromiso una labor que ha sido realizada por académicos como Francisco Rodríguez Vargas (1991-1993, 1998), Luis Alberto Cabuya Montaño (1993, 2000-2001), Eduardo Sáenz Rovner (1994-1997), Bernardo Parra Restrepo (1998, 1999), Carlos Eduardo Martínez Fajardo (2002-2004), Gerardo Ernesto Mejía Alfaro (2004-2006), Edison Jair Duque Oliva (2005-2012), Gloria Isabel Rodríguez Lozano (2014-2018), Mauricio Gómez Villegas (2014-2018) y Víctor Mauricio Castañeda (2018-2024), algunos de quienes figuran entre los autores más notables de la historia de la administración, la contabilidad y el estudio de las organizaciones en Colombia. Al profesor Víctor, quien realizó un trabajo destacado al frente de la revista, todo mi reconocimiento por su labor y por los importantes logros obtenidos a lo largo de los últimos seis años (Castañeda-Rodríguez, 2024), y a las directivas de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, mi agradecimiento por el encargo de continuar el legado de tan ilustres antecesores.
... The present study helps to unravel the intricacies of this relationship by unraveling the connecting pathways between empowering leadership and job role performance. Such clarity is critical for robustly developing and empirically testing theory in organizational settings (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). Our study responds to recent academic calls (for reviews, see Cheong et al., 2016;Yam et al., 2021), emphasizing the need to explore different mechanisms to capture the unexpected second repercussions of empowered leadership fully, thus advancing the knowledge base on its impact. ...
... Theoretical contributions are pivotal in advancing the body of knowledge in any field, regardless of whether it is informed by DS or not . Various studies have been conducted to map what constitutes a theoretical contribution (e.g., Alegre et al., 2023;Bacharach, 1989;Boer et al., 2015;Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan, 2007;Corley and Gioia, 2011;Rynes, 2002). In this respect, originality and utility together give rise to the four types of contributions distinguished earlier in this paper (Corley and Gioia, 2011): revelatory and incremental theoretical contributions; and revelatory and incremental practical contributions. ...
The application of design science (DS) in the field of operations management (OM) is believed to be lopsided, with most studies pursuing theory-to-practice rather than practice-to-theory applications of DS. However, this belief has remained untested at the level of the entire body of DS applications in OM. This paper therefore reviews and synthesizes 66 peer-reviewed DS-based publications (2003-2024) and presents a novel configurational framework. We analyse the DS applications through the lens of this framework to conclude that most of these applications contribute incrementally to extant theories but make a rather revelatory contribution to practice. This analysis points at four main reasons: DS is still an emerging research methodology, which is not labelled as such in many applications; OM researchers often assume that problem-solving is the primary purpose of DS, which inhibits the delivery of more theoretical research outcomes; the lack of methodological guidelines to support the transition from specific to generalized knowledge; and the rather fragmented body of knowledge on DS, which is dispersed across multiple sources and different domains. This paper offers a configurational framework for DS to guide OM scholars in their efforts to explore scientific discoveries beyond problem-solving.
... boundary conditions) HR practices relate to creative task performance. Investigating both mediation and moderation in HR-performance outcomes linkage is also a critical element of theory construction that aids researchers in discovering why a certain process happens under which conditions (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). Therefore, we aim to investigate the mediating mechanism through which HR practices are linked to employees' creative performance by employing a three-wave lagged study. ...
... In doing so, we highlight under-researched constructs, organize disparate concepts, and generate new research directions, and components that are important in building theory (Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan 2007). ...
Even if individuals are in a job or organization that is generally a good fit for them, they can still experience misfit with specific work demands. This study examines the proximal experiences of trait‐incongruent work demands among highly introverted individuals, offering a novel episodic and trait‐specific perspective on workplace misfit. Through narrative surveys and semi‐structured interviews, we identify four broad trait‐incongruent work demands that spur episodic misfit at work for introverts. We introduce an integrated process model that reveals how individuals’ reactions to introversion‐incongruent work demands evolve in the time proximal to the work demand. We build theory about (1) how individuals navigate and cope with introversion‐incongruent work demands before, during, and after they occur (and how these adaptations affect immediate and subsequent reactions); (2) why reactions of individuals are sometimes amplified or attenuated across various experiences of trait‐incongruent work demands; and (3) how subsequent exposure to these work demands (i.e., experience) plays a role in repeating this cycle. We offer new insights into how and why individual reactions to episodic misfit evolve before, during, and after a specific situation, and factors that may moderate these reactions—a topic that has received scant attention in the person‐environment fit literature. We provide propositions for future research and practice‐related implications.
... In the social sciences, theory is oftentimes said to explain (or predict) an outcome by specifying the underlying causal mechanisms through which A causes B, perhaps mediated or moderated by C (e.g., [1,2]). Developing explanations (or predictions) of an outcome, however, is particularly challenging for complex phenomena where many theories offer a large variety of explanations, but where the outcome still has a lot of its variance unexplained. ...
Recent calls to take up data science either revolve around the superior predictive performance associated with machine learning or the potential of data science techniques for exploratory data analysis. Many believe that these strengths come at the cost of explanatory insights, which form the basis for theorization. In this paper, we show that this trade-off is false. When used as a part of a full research process, including inductive, deductive and abductive steps, machine learning can offer explanatory insights and provide a solid basis for theorization. We present a systematic five-step theory-building and theory-testing cycle that consists of: 1. Element identification (reduction); 2. Exploratory analysis (induction); 3. Hypothesis development (retroduction); 4. Hypothesis testing (deduction); and 5. Theorization (abduction). We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, which we refer to as co-duction, in a vignette where we study firm growth with real-world observational data.
... theoretical development of research areas (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007;Gok et al., 2023;Kenny, 2008). Against this backdrop, drawing on COR theory, we contribute by shedding light on the inner workings of EL and the work-to-life interface relationship by examining new potential mediating mechanisms. ...
Given the strongly held consensus that empowering leadership is beneficial, leadership scholars have overstated its benefits and overlooked its costs. In response to increasing calls for investigation of empowering leadership's double-edged effects, we uncover the enabling and burdening effects of empowering leadership on employees' work-life interface by positioning job demands and work passion as important underlying mechanisms. Based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, we contend that via serial mediating roles of learning demands and harmonious passion, empowering leadership may positively relate to employee work enhancement of personal life. Empowering leadership can also predict employee work interference with personal life via serial mediating roles of outcome responsibility and obsessive passion. Four-wave data based on the Indian managerial employees (n = 251) supported our serial mediation hypotheses. Our study provides researchers and practitioners with new insights into the mechanisms explaining the double-edged effects of empowering leadership on employees' work-life interface.
... Bu sonuç kapsamında aşırı rol yükü ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkide iş stresinin aracılık rolü vardır şeklinde ileri sürülen H4 kabul edilmiştir. (Colquitt ve Zapata-Phelan, 2007: 1284. Bu sebeple çalışma literatüre ve teoriye katkı sağlamaktadır. ...
Bu çalışmanın amacı aşırı rol yükünün iş tatmini üzerine etkisinde iş stresinin aracı rolünün araştırılmasıdır. Bu araştırmanın yapılabilmesi için Türkiye’nin çeşitli illerinde görev yapan 508 öğretmene anket uygulanmıştır. Ankete kamu ve özel sektörde çalışan öğretmenler katılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS 24 ve Process Makro (4.2) programları aracılığıyla analize tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışmada yer alan hipotezler İş Talepleri ve Kaynakları Teorisine dayanılarak geliştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda aşırı rol yükünün iş stresi üzerindeki etkisinin pozitif ve anlamlı, iş tatmini üzerindeki etkisinin negatif ve anlamsız olduğu; iş stresinin ise iş tatmini üzerinde negatif ve anlamlı etkisinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Aşırı rol yükünün iş tatmini üzerine etkisinde iş stresinin tam aracı etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, eğitim politikası yapıcılarının ve eğitim sektöründe görev alan yöneticilerin, öğretmenlerin verimliliklerini ve iş tatminlerini artırmalarına, iş streslerini ise azaltmalarına imkân sağlayacak politikalar üretmeleri gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.
... The present study helps to unravel the intricacies of this relationship by unraveling the connecting pathways between empowering leadership and job role performance. Such clarity is critical for robustly developing and empirically testing theory in organizational settings (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). Our study responds to recent academic calls (for reviews, see Cheong et al., 2016;Yam et al., 2021), emphasizing the need to explore different mechanisms to capture the unexpected second repercussions of empowered leadership fully, thus advancing the knowledge base on its impact. ...
While empowering leadership has been widely recognized for positive organizational outcomes, its potential drawbacks on performance remain underexplored. This research investigates the potential negative effects of empowering leadership while using the job demand-control-support model. Our study, based on data from 235 pairs, reveals that the relationship between empowering leadership and job demands follows a U-shaped pattern. Initially, empowering leadership reduces job demands, enhancing employee role performance. Nevertheless, as a leader’s empowerment increases, individuals perceive higher demands, resulting in decreased role performance. Therefore, the association between leaders’ empowerment and employees’ role performance via job demands follows an inverted U-shape, where moderated empowerment improves role performance, but excessive empowerment has a detrimental effect. Furthermore, the strength of this relationship was moderated by task complexity and leader support in distinct ways. Finally, the study provides novel theoretical and practical implications for empowering leadership literature.
... Specifically, our findings indicate that coworker's AI symbolization affects employee outcomes through employee admiration. Exploring the mechanism by which coworker's AI symbolization relates to downstream employee outcomes is critical, as it is a crucial component of testing organizational theory (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). Furthermore, our research also explores the boundary conditions of the mechanism. ...
Amid the rise of AI-related research in the management field, existing research has predominately focused on the impacts of employees being exposed to AI and the AI symbolization behavior by leaders. However, no research has examined how employees react to AI symbolization from their coworkers. Drawing upon the appraisal theory of emotion, we explore employees’ emotional and behavioral reactions to coworker’s AI symbolization. This study involved a two-wave study with a two-week interval, conducted with 345 Chinese full-time employees, to validate the theoretical model. The results showed that coworker’s AI symbolization was positively related to employee admiration, which, in turn, promoted employee AI usage behavior. Furthermore, employee positive attitude towards AI moderated both the relationship between coworker’s AI symbolization and employee admiration and the indirect effect of coworker’s AI symbolization on employee AI usage behavior via admiration. This study contributes to the growing body of research on AI symbolization, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Theoretical implications, practical implications, and future research directions are also discussed.
... We seek to build theory on medicine supply systems' responses to shifting forms of uncertainty. We followed an abductive approach to incorporate foundational theories in theory-building research (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). After considering various lenses, we adopted strategic agility as a sensitizing lens. ...
We investigate how organizations embedded in a supply system collectively respond to risks and seize opportunities arising from crisis events under shifting forms of uncertainty. Using the United Kingdom (UK) medicine supply system as the research context, we explore how decision‐makers navigated the effects of an event with knowable implications (UK's European Union exit, 2016–2020) followed by an event with unknowable implications (COVID‐19 global pandemic, 2020–2021). We adopt a longitudinal case research design that incorporates causal loop diagramming, to understand the system's responses. We find that learning evolves as crisis events unfold, changing from surface (know‐what) to deep (know‐why and ‐how) and at the highest level, it is transcendent. Transcendent learning entails understanding system effects into the future (i.e., beyond the past and present) and in relation to other supply systems (i.e., beyond the UK system). Capabilities to absorb, avoid, and accelerate away from shocks are developed sequentially as learning changes. We contribute to prior research by developing a theory of system‐level strategic agility and the adaptation processes that underpin it. The latter hinge on dynamic resource (re)allocation and the continuous (re)configuration of processes, protocols, regulations, and structures.
... Developing a variegated literature and a nuanced understanding of team functioning requires researchers to build, refine, extend, and, importantly, question understanding (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007) both within and across philosophies of inquiry. Returning to our psychological safety example, a recent meta-analytic review helped to increase precision in effect size estimates, across 21 samples the mean correlation with learning behaviors was found to be .52, ...
The large increase in the average sample size of team studies published in premier management journals over the past decade is concerning. A strict focus on large samples suppresses the study of many teams, particularly less prominent ones; for example, teams in small or medium-sized enterprises, teams in unique contexts, teams containing underrepresented minorities, and teams adopting new technologies. It also impedes our collective understanding of teams by devaluing work relying on philosophies of science that do not prioritize large samples. Large samples allow positivists to establish relationships between constructs. Yet, contextualized, rich data from as few as just one team can help constructivists uncover lived experiences or could be studied by critical realists to identify mechanisms underlying social systems of active agents. In this paper, we review how these three philosophies of science view sample size, addressing how and when small samples are beneficial. Importantly, research from all three traditions is necessary to build an in-depth, practical understanding of teams. We also describe five specific ways small sample research can contribute to team science and lay out four general recommendations for assessing the value of sample size in team research. Throughout, we maintain that scientific progress is collective and pluralistic. A sole reliance on large samples threatens this goal.
... With these questions orienting our purpose, this research proceeds with a literature review to synthesize the relevant literature to build a questionnaire to explore our research focus in an embedded case analysis (Stake, 2010). The researchers considered the trade-off between the value of having an unstructured inductive approach with very little theoretic influence or a more structured approach based on previously existing theoretic constructs (Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan, 2007). A semi-structured approach with a more robust theoretical influence, rather than a succinct approach, was determined to be appropriate due to the maturity of the field of collaboration in order to establish a consistent predominance of theoretical views. ...
Purpose
Considering the size and intricate nature of defense supply chains (DSC), there exists a need for a conceptual understanding regarding the precise dynamics of collaboration among the various participants engaged in these chains. This paper seeks to address the gap by investigating the practices that enable or inhibit collaborations and the development of new competencies to effectively employ a flexible response to temporary or more sustained surges in demand. Ultimately, the study aims to develop a theoretical framework relevant to the practical implementation and scholarly examination of contemporary military supply chains.
Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 51 DSC professionals in 7 embedded cases within an enterprise framework. The resulting transcripts were analyzed using constructs and concepts from a supply chain logistics (SC/L) literature analysis and synthesis relevant to our research purpose. Finally, the results were validated by an industry focus group with 12 participants representing the government, military, industry, and academia.
Findings
This research produced empirical generalizations that provide in-depth and systematic exploratory insights into collaboration’s meaning and characteristics within the DSC context. This study culminates by introducing a conceptual model and definition of defense supply chain collaboration (DSCC) and concludes by proposing future research directions.
Originality/value
This study makes a novel and empirical contribution to the SC/L body of knowledge by investigating embedded cases through unique access to informants within an enterprise framework that focuses on the antecedent influencing factors of collaboration within the contextual domain of the DSC and positions a future research agenda.
... The empirical evidence on the relationship between customer incivility and anger has been highlighted in previous studies Agnihotri & Bhattacharya, 2022), indicating that our study introduce novel concepts or unique relationships. However, according to Colquitt and Zapata-Phelan (2007), our study is categorized as a replication with the main contribution being the cross-validation of findings from earlier empirical studies. ...
Purpose
The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of customer incivility on employees' negative emotions (i.e. anger, fear and sadness) considering the moderating role of organizational power distance.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey sample comprising 312 service employees was collected from 51 Taiwanese and Vietnamese companies spanning different industries. Given the multilevel characteristics of the data structure, hierarchical linear modeling was used to rigorously test the proposed hypotheses.
Findings
The results indicate a significant contribution of customer incivility to employees' negative emotions. Notably, this impact is more pronounced among employees in organizations characterized by low power distance compared to those in organizations with high power distance.
Originality/value
This research significantly advances our understanding of the emotional repercussions of customer incivility on employees by integrating cognitive–motivational–relational theory and organizational culture perspectives. The findings not only provide valuable theoretical insights but also offer practical implications for effectively managing employee well-being in culturally diverse contexts. The study recognizes certain limitations and puts forth suggestions for future research directions.
... Huber, 2004Brix, 2023 9. Carayannis andMorawska-Jancelewicz, 2022;Klitgaard, 2023 10. Nielsen and 11. E.g., Colquitt andZapata-Phelan, 2007 12. E.g., O'Connor et al., 2018;Taran et al., 202113. Bovaird et al., 2019Brix et al., 2021;McMullin, 202214. ...
Purpose: Society 5.0 is attracting attention as a new societal paradigm boasting a human-centric approach to innovation and development. The logic is that many decades of priority on technological innovation and less on social innovation have created grand challenges for societal, social, and ecological perspectives. This paper discusses how a city, a region, or a group of organisations can initiate and elaborate a collaboration built on the premises of Society 5.0, and what would be important for them to consider regarding the collaboration. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is conceptual. Therefore, we approach our research as a discussion of how and why theory on inter-organisational learning would need additional analysis if the political ambition of Society 5.0 is to be realised in practice. To enable this discussion, we utilise inter-organisational and multi-level learning theories as theoretical backgrounds, specifically, the 4i and 5i frameworks. Findings: Our conceptual discussion adds a new learning level to the existing literature: ‘extra-organisational learning’. This new level is recognised by a new sub-process – a new i – which stands for ‘inspiring’. This implies that Society 5.0 would require a move towards a 6i framework in the theory of organisational learning to achieve its full value-creation potential. Originality: To our knowledge, we are the first to suggest a new level of learning to the multi-level strand of literature in organisational learning: the 6i framework
... The present studies contribute to both theory testing and theory building (Colquitt & Phelan, 2007). First, the existing theory about gender stereotypes emerging in resumes, particularly on gender differences in agentic and communal language, features two competing perspectives, which we tested using the mechanism of job-type. ...
Although significant advancements have been made, gender disparity in the form of unequal pay and underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and STEM fields still exists today. Research has shown that gender stereotypes can act as barriers for women aspiring to prototypically masculine-typed or leadership positions, and the way women are portrayed by others (i.e., in line with gender stereotypes during the hiring process) can result in negative career-related consequences (e.g., Madera et al., 2009). However, we know little about how men and women portray themselves during the hiring process. That is, do men and women describe themselves in line with gender stereotypes? If so, how does this impact career-related outcomes? To address these questions, these studies (1) examine if differences exist in the communal and agentic language that men and women use on their resumes and (2) determine if language differences result in consequences for applicants. Findings suggest that women use more communal language than do men when writing about themselves on their resumes. Furthermore, communal language use can negatively impact perceived leadership ability and hireability for women applying to prototypically masculine-typed jobs.
... Drawing upon the role theory, our research found that UPFB promotes both work withdrawal behavior and family emotional exhaustion through its effect on role conflict. Given exploring mechanisms capable of linking UPFB to downstream outcomes is crucial in developing organizational theory (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007), the examination of the role conflict perspective in this research makes a significant contribution in this respect. Moreover, our research also provides new insights on boundary condition that helps to alleviate or amplify the consequences of UPFB. ...
The existing literature on unethical pro-family behavior has mainly focused on its precursors, the outcomes of unethical pro-family behavior remain largely unknown. Building on the role theory, the current study presents an integrative model examining the effects of unethical pro-family behavior on actors’ work and life. Across an experiment and a multi-source, multi-wave field study, we found that employees who engage in unethical pro-family behavior experience role conflict, which further triggers their work withdrawal behavior and family emotional exhaustion. Moreover, we identify work role expansion as an essential boundary condition of the effect of unethical pro-family behavior on employees’ work and life. Specifically, the positive correlation between unethical pro-family behavior and role conflict and the indirect impact of unethical pro-family behavior on work withdrawal behavior as well as family emotional exhaustion via role conflict were weaker when work role expansion was high. Overall, this study provides insights into the consequences, mechanism, and boundary condition pertinent to employees’ unethical pro-family behavior.
... It is, however, substantially important to note that although social identity theory studies investigate collective identity, it can also be a prism through which to investigate individual identity, as is the case with the experience of the individual participants in this study. Correspondingly, management literature has been described as being "interdisciplinary in nature" (Colquitt et al., 2007(Colquitt et al., , p. 1287) and is therefore enhanced and supplemented by not only accommodating but also utilising social identity theory extensively (Cannella et al., 2015;Fitzsimmons, 2013;Pan et al., 2019). Further discovery and application of the social identity theoretical paradigm, especially in the workplace context (instead of sociological contexts), allows for additional perspectives. ...
Purpose: This research explored the in-depth meaning of how multicultural employees perceive diversity in South African formal sector firms. In doing so, it extracted the lived experiences of multicultural employees about the cultural differences perceived within the country. South Africa is characterised by cultural and linguistic heterogeneity and a relatively large formal sector economy by African standards. Methodology: For this cross-sectional study, data were gathered through a homogeneous purposive sampling of nine participants and conducting semi-structured interviews. This small sample size allows for a thorough investigation into each participant's lived experience to gather qualitative data. The specific phenomenological method used in this study is a novel interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), which seeks to extract data and discern meaning in the participants' narratives. Results: The findings were interpreted through the lens of social identity theory within an interpretative philosophical paradigm. These interpretations were leveraged to extract a central narrative that is grouped thematically. The main finding was identifying several factors that contribute to the spanning of cultural boundaries in South African formal sector firms. Practical Implications: The study identified how participants make meaning of their experiences within the formal sector of South Africa and how their interpretations shape their behaviour and attitudes. Originality/Value: The findings indicate that a significant amount of intra-country cultural diversity is perceived in the South African formal sector workplace, which can cause friction and reinforce cultural stereotypes.
... Theory building can take many forms, such as propositional theorizing, configurational theorizing, process theorizing, perspectival theorizing, or meta-theorizing (Cornelissen, 2017;Cornelissen et al., 2021). In this paper we focus on propositional theorizing, defined as "a style of theorizing that elaborates basic contingencies (as propositions) that explain a topic" (Cornelissen et al., 2021, p. 7), which facilitates an answer to the posed research question by theorizing "a previously unexplored process or relationship" (Colquitt andZapata-Phela, 2007: p. 1283) [1]. This process involved three steps. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this research is to develop theory, thereby attending to the existing knowledge gap regarding the impact of family firms on entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). Reducing such a gap is both timely and relevant given the ubiquity of family firms across the globe and the lack of theoretical development at the intersection of EE and family firm literatures. By employing social capital theory in a propositional theorizing approach, this article presents unique propositions that enrich current understanding of the EE phenomenon.
Design/methodology/approach
Our method adopts a three-step propositional theorizing approach. The first step outlines our conceptualization, drawing on social capital theory and identifying multiple levels of analysis pertaining to EEs and family firms. The second step precisely identifies the constructs used for the theorization process, drawing upon relevant literature. The third step involves proposition building, which produces our findings.
Findings
As a result of our propositional theorizing method, we developed 10 theoretical propositions to explain interactions between family members, nonfamily entrepreneurs, family firms and new ventures in the EE, thereby focusing on the social elements of the EE and reducing its conceptual complexity while extending the explanatory power of family social capital in the EE.
Research limitations/implications
Despite being increasingly relevant in research, policy and practice discourse, EEs remain under theorized. By theorizing in this context, we provide explanations of the mechanisms to explain social interactions between family members, nonfamily entrepreneurs, family firms and new ventures and how such interactions are likely to provide better access to the untapped resources in the EE. Furthermore, our theorization also identifies underexplored research areas paving the way for future scholars.
Practical implications
This article is relevant to practitioners and policymakers interested in creating balanced, inclusive and effective EE policies and interventions. Our theorization generates insights that complement a bottom-up approach where the state assumes a facilitating role for actors such as family firms to positively impact their EE. This research is both timely and necessary because, if unaddressed, it will lead to ineffective and potentially exclusionary policies and EE interventions.
Originality/value
We contribute to the literature by synthesizing the two domains and thereby advancing knowledge at the intersection of EE and family firm literatures. We strengthen the link between two burgeoning research areas through a propositional theorizing mode of theory development. Under the assumptions of a grand theory, social capital theory, we highlight the benefits that derive from social interactions in the EE between family firms and other EE actors.
... Individuals' ardent monetary values help us understand and predict their spending and saving across genders (Smith et al., 2018). This notion deserves future researchers' theory development and testing (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Squandering lottery winners spend their money, leading to bankruptcy, murder, and suicide—a lottery curse. With a fixed amount of money, saving and spending are mutually exclusive. To study ordinary citizens’ behavioral decision-making, we follow Nobel Laureate Daniel Kahneman’s advice, incorporate ardent monetary aspirations—Rich, Motivator, Budget, Make, and Success as yoked antecedents of the latent construct—Monetary Wisdom (MW), frame MW in the context of income (Time 1), and explore individuals’ 1 million lottery money to 20 options (sum = 100%). Our results support our theory. Men have significantly higher incomes than women. The Paths from Factors Rich and Budget to MW are significantly stronger for men than women. With higher income, thoughts on becoming Rich and Budgeting money cause men to Spend more and Save less. Vigorous Budgeting thoughts may cause the depletion of self-control power, leading to self-control failure and Spending. Wanting to become Rich incites Spending. With lower income, thinking about Making money causes women to Save more and Spend less. Interestingly, women spend significantly more money on experiential and material consumptions and family, and less on investments (business and education) than men. The differences in Saving and Donating money to charity are non-significant across genders. Monetary Wisdom is not significantly related to income. We help people make happy, healthy, wealthy, ethical decisions, and mental accounting and avoid the lottery curse. The life you save may be your own.
... Studying a firm's expenditures portrays an organization's commitment to spending finite resources to harness strategic Intent's velocity and direction (Brown, 2015). The proposed measurement method allows future researchers to measure strategic Intent utilizing readily available financial data (Colquitt & Zapata-Phelan, 2007). Environmental uncertainty requires the summing of Net Sales (M. A. Carpenter & Fredrickson, 2001), and then to assess environmental uncertainty, the previous year's net sales would be regressed utilizing the equation = 0 + 1 * + , where is industry sales, t is the year, and e is the residual (Cannella et al., 2008). ...
Strategic Intent is an active management process representing an organization’s succinct and cohesive vision of its aspired direction of growth. Firms may have one central vision but many multiple intents. Intense competition and rapid technological changes require managers to continually review and refine the nature of their strategic intentions. The proposed conceptual model seeks to generate robust avenues and directions for researchers to improve the theory and inform practice. The research propositions integrate the top management team with intrapersonal and dominant functional diversity to examine Strategic Intent from multiple perspectives.
In this editorial we examine theory testing within the work-family literature. We identified three highly cited theoretical articles ( Ashforth et al., 2000 ; Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985 ; Greenhaus & Powell, 2006 ) and examined the extent that the propositions posed in these articles had been tested. Results indicated that the majority of the propositions posed in these three influential theoretical articles have not been tested. We discuss possible reasons for the lack of testing and offer potential paths forward for improving work-family theory.
Purpose
Although coworkers’ workplace interpersonal capitalization occurs every day in the workplace, we know little about how it affects employees’ well-being or why and when this impact occurs. To address these questions, we theorized and tested a model that links coworkers’ capitalization to well-being outcomes via perceived relatedness and anxiety and the boundary condition of learning goal orientation.
Design/methodology/approach
Time-lagged survey data were collected ( N = 304) from a range of organizations in mainland China. Path modeling was used to examine the hypotheses.
Findings
The results indicated that coworkers’ capitalization drives an employee to experience either relatedness or anxiety, depending on the employee’s learning goal orientation. Furthermore, responses to relatedness and anxiety trigger autonomous motivation and psychological detachment, respectively.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the capitalization literature by comprehensively explaining the negative and positive effects of coworkers’ capitalization on employees’ well-being.
Plain English Summary
What factors influence entrepreneurs to venture into multiple businesses, while some remain dedicated to a single enterprise? Our study, based on a sample of over 5000 entrepreneurs, reveals that those who repeatedly start new ventures—habitual founders—often have higher education levels, more diverse professional experiences, and greater international exposure than those who stick to a single enterprise—one-time founders. These diverse experiences help habitual entrepreneurs identify new opportunities and navigate the complexities of starting multiple businesses. Promoting educational diversity, varied career experiences, and international exposure can thus support the growth of habitual entrepreneurship. This has important implications for both research and practice, suggesting that fostering a broad-based education and encouraging diverse professional experiences can be key strategies in nurturing habitual entrepreneurs and understanding the factors that drive them.
To overcome the problem of low learning outcomes and student activity in learning, it is necessary to conduct research on the application of learning that can increase student activity and learning outcomes, one of which is by applying STAD (Student Teams Achievement Divisions) cooperative learning with a contextual approach. Through the application of this learning it is hoped that it can increase the activity and results of Physics learning for class IX students at MTs Negeri 5 Bojonegoro. This research is a class action research carried out in 2 cycles of action, each cycle consisting of one meeting for 2 hours of lessons. The research subjects were 32 students in class IX A in the odd semester of the 2022/2023 academic year at MTs Negeri 5 Bojonegoro. The instruments used were test questions, student and teacher activity observation sheets, and field notes. The results showed that the application of STAD cooperative learning could increase the activity and learning outcomes of Physics students in class IXA MTs Negeri 5 Bojonegoro. The increase in student learning activity was indicated by an increase in the average percentage of student learning activity and the success rate of action in the first cycle of 63.52% (enough) increased to 71.34% (good) in the second cycle. The increase in student learning outcomes can be seen from the average difference in score between the pre-test and post-test of 32.92 in cycle I and increased again to 34.65 in cycle II, while student learning completeness in cycle I increased by 77.78% to 86.11% in cycle II Abstrak Untuk mengatasi permasalahan rendahnya hasil belajar dan aktivitas siswa dalam pembelajaran, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang penerapan pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar siswa, salah satunya dengan penerapan pembelajaran kooperatif STAD (Student Teams Achievement Divisions) dengan pendekatan kontekstual. Melalui penerapan pembelajaran tersebut diharapkan dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar Fisika siswa kelas IX di MTs Negeri 5 Bojonegoro.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus tindakan, setiap siklus terdiri atas satu kali pertemuan selama 2 jam pelajaran. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IX A semester gasal tahun ajaran 2022/2023 MTs Negeri 5 Bojonegoro yang berjumlah 32 siswa. Instrumen yang digunakan soal tes, lembar observasi aktivitas siswa dan guru, dan catatan lapangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan pembelajaran kooperatif STAD dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar Fisika siswa kelas IXA MTs Negeri 5 Bojonegoro. Peningkatan aktivitas belajar siswa ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan rata-rata persentase aktivitas belajar siswa dan taraf keberhasilan tindakan pada siklus I 63,52% (cukup) meningkat menjadi 71,34% (baik) pada siklus II. Peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dapat diketahui dari rata-rata selisih skor antara pre-test dan post test sebesar 32,92 pada siklus I dan meningkat lagi menjadi 34,65 pada siklus II, sedangkan ketuntasan belajar siswa pada siklus I sebesar 77,78% meningkat menjadi 86,11% pada siklus II.
The frequency and richness of the theories developed, tested, and used by researchers in an academic discipline exemplify several pertinent factors, namely, the growth, the maturity, the independence, the legitimacy, and the influence of the discipline. Although organizations have been working on projects for centuries, Project Management (PM) is a considerably new academic discipline with emerging research themes, models, methodologies, frameworks, and paradigms. These PM concepts are anchored on or reinforced by new or existing theories. This exploratory study aims to add to the existing PM body of knowledge by investigating the prevalence of theory use in PM research. A systematic content analysis of 9200 PM research articles published from 2000 to 2019 (20 years) in the leading PM journals identified 248 unique theories. These results reveal that the PM discipline is increasingly embracing the use of theories with game theory, fuzzy theory, agency theory, contingency theory, and stakeholder theory emerging as the most dominant theories in the reviewed research articles. Also, although PM is developing its theories, the results revealed that PM researchers continue to heavily use theories borrowed from other academic disciplines such as psychology, sociology, mathematics, and economics.
This study investigates the synergistic effects of circular economy (CE) practices, Industry 4.0 technology, and green human resource management (HRM) practices on sustainability and performance in Indian companies. CE focuses on resource efficiency, waste minimization, and material recyclability. Industry 4.0 incorporates modern digital technologies into manufacturing, resulting in smart factories that are more efficient and flexible. Green HRM practices include implementing human resource rules that promote environmental sustainability. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) on data from 213 respondents across various Indian firms, our research reveals several novel insights, such as CE practices significantly enhancing sustainability, demonstrating their critical role in minimizing waste and improving resource management; moderating the role of Industry 4.0: Industry 4.0 technology moderates the relationship between CE practices and sustainability, and green HRM practices positively affect CE practices and sustainable performance. Moreover, the study's uniqueness stems from its comprehensive approach, which reveals that combining these three elements CE practices, Industry 4.0 technology, and green HRM creates a powerful synergy that significantly improves both sustainability efforts and overall company performance, providing actionable insights for business looking to implement more effective and integrated sustainability strategies. These findings offer a valuable roadmap for companies aiming to achieve more impactful and cohesive sustainability initiatives.
The terms theory and theoretical contributions evoke mixed reactions in the information systems discipline, especially among empirical researchers in the economics of information systems (Econ-IS) area. Although some see such contributions as the raison d’etre for academic scholars engaged in research, others feel that the discipline has developed a fetish for theory, with reviewers and editors often demanding an unreasonable level of theoretical contributions for empirical manuscripts to succeed in the review process. Moreover, there exists a great deal of diversity in the conception of what constitutes a reasonable theoretical contribution, especially within empirical work, across editors and reviewers, leading to frustration with the review process and disappointment with editorial decisions. Given the different types of theoretical contributions that may be suitable for a given manuscript and recognizing the changing nature of empirical work within Econ-IS, we attempt to shed some light on theoretical contributions within empirical Econ-IS research, paying attention to their nature, types, and impact. Specifically, we start by reflecting on the typical theory-related comments we have seen in review packets that we generalize to a set of critiques often related to empirical papers. Subsequently, we provide a working definition of a theoretical contribution and the components that make up such a contribution. We then propose a taxonomy of theoretical contributions typically observed in Information Systems Research (ISR). Based on this taxonomy of contributions, the typical critiques observed in empirical Econ-IS papers, and a set of published papers, we provide some broad guidelines for how authors may craft an effective theoretical contribution for submission to ISR. We also discuss a pathway for manuscripts that do not (seek to) offer significant theoretical contributions. Such manuscripts are welcome, but we believe that a very high bar of practical impact must be met for them to succeed in the review process. Based on the guidelines and suggestions made here, our hope is that authors and evaluators will participate in the review process with a shared understanding of the elusive notion of theoretical contributions.
Extant research falls short of explaining and predicting business model innovation (BMI) in emerging futuristic technology contexts. Building on next-generation mobile communications technology (6G), this research develops and explicates a forward-looking business model theory. It explains and theorizes BMI by systematically linking opportunity with scalability, value with sustainability, and advantage with replicability as antecedents and outcomes. The developed business model theory shifts the focus from the firm towards an ecosystem level of analysis and expands the time continuum from retrospection to forward-looking prediction. The business model theory allows researching BMI not only as an adaptation in a context but also by explaining and understanding the development of a firm and its future ecosystem.
Computational modeling holds significant promise as a tool for improving how theory is developed, expressed, and used to inform empirical research and evaluation efforts. However, the knowledge and skillsets needed to build computational models are rarely developed in the training received by social and organizational scientists. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an accessible introduction to and reference for building computational models to represent theory. We first discuss important principles and recommendations for “thinking about” theory and developing explanatory accounts in ways that facilitate translating their core assumptions, specifications, and ideas into a computational model. Next, we address some frequently asked questions related to building computational models that introduce several fundamental tasks/concepts involved in building models to represent theory and demonstrate how they can be implemented in the R programming language to produce executable model code. The accompanying supplemental materials describes additional considerations relevant to building and using computational models, provides multiple examples of complete computational model code written in R, and an interactive application offering guided practice on key model-building tasks/concepts in R.
The authors reflect on the opportunities for diversity in supply chain research by examining the prevalent modes of theorizing in the field. This examination focuses on identifying common styles of theorizing in supply chain management research, which are defined as specific modes of reasoning to make inferences about supply chain phenomena. Armed with this definition, the authors elaborate how research in the field has for the most part hinged on a propositional style as a common base for theorizing and theoretical contributions. The analysis that is provided emphasizes the limits of this style, particularly when it is considered as the preferred form for all theoretical contributions. The authors, in turn, make the case for a pluralistic system of knowledge production that supports the use of multiple theorizing styles that, when used alongside one another in a coordinated or co-oriented manner, will lead to a better understanding of supply chain management phenomena.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explicate how the processual third context learning approach provides new understandings and dimensions to the well-established terminology within the fields of inter-organizational learning and university–industry collaboration. These understandings and dimensions are empirically informed by an analysis of a collaboration between Aalborg University and Bang & Olufsen, a Danish loudspeaker manufacturer.
Design/methodology/approach
To fulfill the research purpose, a case study based on a participatory data collection strategy was applied in the collaboration between Aalborg University and Bang & Olufsen. Data were collected through a qualitative multimethod approach, comprising semi-structured interviews, field observations and field notes. Phenomenologically inspired content analysis revealed the themes outlined and discussed.
Findings
The third context framework was useful in outlining the complexity of a bidirectional collaboration. The inter-organizational learning processes were, for example, influenced by the actors’ recurrent inquiry of perplexities regarding the purpose and content of the collaboration. The extracted empirical findings are discussed and related to the fields of inter-organizational learning and university–industry collaboration, thereby explicating how a processual learning perspective provides new understandings and dimensions to collaboration across organizations.
Originality/value
The paper contributes empirically informed processual-learning dimensions to the literature on inter-organizational learning and university–industry collaboration.
Purpose
Being clear and specific on what moderating and/or mediating variables are included and what effects are observed in academic research helps the reader to better understand the academic research context and results. But in terms of managerial relevance, it is also important to do this in a way that it provides descriptive, goal and operational relevance to decision makers in practice, depending on the type of intended research. This article wants to provide “a question-based step-by-step guide” on how to make the analysis of moderating/mediating variables and their observed effects more managerially relevant.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on a critical review of the literature, important criteria of managerial relevance are confronted with important aspects of theory building with respect to mediating and moderating effects, leading to best-practice insights and recommendations. Moreover, exemplary articles are used to illustrate these findings.
Findings
The insights and step-by-step recommendations assist the academic researcher in making choices when analyzing moderators and mediators, by not only taking a theoretical perspective, but also a managerial (relevance) perspective. Adding moderators/mediators may for instance challenge the “core logic of managerial practice” (in terms of thinking and decision making), even if it does not change the “core logic of a theory” as such. In the other direction, academics (and their theory) may be challenged by practitioners, in the way they define moderators/mediators and their levels. The steps in this article relate to aspects such as measurability, controllability and role of moderators and mediators in managerial problem and decision contexts. In case of multiple moderating and/or mediating variables, the decision architecture for managers becomes more complex, especially when the effects are countervailing/opposite. Multiple studies in this article illustrate that in that case, making optimal decisions becomes a “balancing” act for managers/decision makers and may even challenge their common beliefs (e.g. linear thinking).
Originality/value
The guidelines on managerial relevance of moderating and/or mediating variables and their effects can be used by academic researchers and editors of academic journals, pursuing not only academic rigor, but also managerial relevance. Besides being a guide for managerially relevant output, it also helps in determining for which questions in the research process, input from practitioners or at least insights from practice (e.g. through sources such as business magazines and portals) may be needed. The guidelines may also be used for teaching purposes, complementing more theoretical articles that mainly focus on methodological/statistical issues of moderating/mediating variables and their effects.
ÖZET / ABSTRACT (Birinci Dilde) Sosyal Mübadele Kuramı ile ilişkili çalışmaları, bibliyometrik ya da sistematik analizlerle inceleyen araştırmalarda bir artış yaşandığı gözlenmektedir. Fakat bilindiği kadarıyla, işletme ve yönetim yazınındaki kuramla ilişkili çalışmaları, bibliyometrik yöntemle ele alan bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla mevcut araştırma bu boşluğu doldurmayı ve ilgili yazında çalışma tasarlamak isteyen araştırmacıların başvurabileceği bir kaynak olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda Web of Science (WoS) veri tabanına dayalı olarak, 1981-2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan 3992 çalışma, R ve VOSviewer yazılımları aracılığıyla incelenmiştir. Özellikle 2020’li yıllarla birlikte, yayımlanan çalışma sayısında çok büyük bir artış yaşandığı, ilgili yazındaki en etkili yazarın “Robert Eisenberger”, en etkili derginin “Journal of Applied Psychology”, en etkili üniversitenin “University of Illinois” ve en etkili ülkenin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ortak alıntı analizi sonucunda, örgütsel adalet ve lider-üye mübadelesi gibi örgütsel davranış konularının, kuramın gelişimine önemli katkıda bulundukları tespit edilmiştir. Bibliyografik eşleştirme ağı, son zamanlarda kuramın, bazı örgütsel davranış konuları haricinde turizm, pazarlama ve yönetim konularında da sıklıkla ele alındığını göstermiştir. Ortak kelime analiziyle, kuramla birlikte en sık ortaya çıkan anahtar kelimenin “güven” olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sosyal Mübadele Kuramı’nın, özellikle örgütsel davranış konularıyla birlikte gelişim gösterdiği, ancak son zamanlarda turizm, pazarlama ve yönetim konularıyla birlikte uygulanabilirliğini genişleterek disiplinler arası bir kuram haline geldiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Are abstracts or titles a good proxy for what an article contains? The majority of scientometric studies have used easily accessible representations of publications such as reference and author lists, citations, keywords, titles, and abstracts, rather than full-texts. However, better accessibility to full-text databases is on the rise. First studies employing full-texts are promising, yet the extent to which scientometric exploration of papers beyond title and abstract is beneficial to gain further insights is still under discussion. In this paper, we analyse the similarity between a paper’s title, abstract and full-text and examine whether scientometric analyses should better rely on full-texts. Our dataset includes 66,392 articles published in 27 leading journals in the business administration and economics literature. We examine the use of these representations in textual analysis, topic modelling and research evaluation. The results suggest that, unlike titles, abstracts and full-texts exhibit significant similarities and can be used interchangeably. While, abstracts contain less extraneous information and approximately 30% less noise compared to full-texts in topic modelling, full-text-based models to explain future number of citations yield a 5% higher explanatory power. Additionally, we recommend considering the influence of diverse writing styles as a textual and rhetorical property, as our analysis demonstrates its significant explanatory power for future publication success.
Purpose
Rigorous applications of analytical tools in information systems (IS) research are important for developing new knowledge and innovations in the field. Emerging tools provide building blocks for future inquiry, practice and innovation. This article summarizes the findings of an analysis of the adoption and reporting of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analytical tools by Industrial Management & Data Systems authors in the most recent five-year period.
Design/methodology/approach
Selected emerging advanced PLS-SEM analytical tools that have experienced limited adoption are highlighted to broaden awareness of their value to IS researchers.
Findings
PLS-SEM analytical tools that facilitate understanding increasingly complex theoretical models and deliver improved prediction assessment are now available. IS researchers should explore the opportunities to apply these new tools to more fully describe the contributions of their research.
Research limitations/implications
Findings demonstrate the increasing acceptance of PLS-SEM as a useful alternative research methodology within IS. PLS-SEM is a preferred structural equation modeling (SEM) method in many research settings and will become even more widely applied when IS researchers are aware of and apply the new analytical tools.
Practical implications
Emerging PLS-SEM methodological developments will help IS researchers examine new theoretical concepts and relationships and publish their work. Researchers are encouraged to engage in more complete analyses by applying the applicable emerging tools.
Originality/value
Applications of PLS-SEM for prediction, theory testing and confirmation have increased in recent years. Information system scholars should continue to exercise sound practice by applying these new analytical tools where applicable. Recommended guidelines following Hair et al . (2019; 2022) are included.
Following from research on firms' upper echelons, this article examines the previously unstudied issue of how technological dynamism moderates the relationship between a CEO's time in office and company inventive activities. We evaluate this relationship in the biopharmaceutical industry, a technology- and invention-intensive context. As would be expected from notions of a CEO life cycle, our results indicate a curvilinear, inverted U-shaped overall relationship between CEO tenure and invention. But technological dynamism shifts this curve in such a way that short-tenured CEOs engender more invention under highly dynamic technological environments, while long-tenured CEOs spur greater invention under more stable technologies.
The article introduces the construct "organization-based self-esteem" and its measurement. We developed a partial nomological network resulting in a set of hypotheses that guided efforts lo validate the construct and its measurement. Homogeneity of scale items, test-retest and internal consistency reliability, and convergent, discriminant, incremental, concurrent, and predictive validity estimates were all in inspected through conducting field studies and a laboratory experiment. We present results from a validation effort involving seven studies that draw on data from over 2,000 individuals, representing diverse organizations and occupations. Results support the construct validity of the measurement and most of the hypotheses.
The organization-based self-esteem scale has been used in 100s of published studies since its validation, and a well-developed organization-based self-esteem theory now exists.
An organization's identity, symbolized by its corporate name, is rooted in institutional fields. We advance the construct of symbolic isomorphism, or the resemblance of an organization's symbolic attributes to those of others within its institutional field, and examine its effects on the homogenization of names and legitimacy. We review historical naming patterns and present two studies that examine the antecedents and outcomes of name conformity: The first analyzes 1,600 name changes to demonstrate how institutional conformity shapes organizational identities, and the second surveys public audiences and delineates how symbolic isomorphism serves as a touchstone for legitimacy.
In this article, I offer theoretical and empirical groundwork for the study of intergenerational issues and highlight the relevance of,intergenlerational behavior to organizations. I focus on situations involving conflict between generations in which a present generation must give up benefits or take on burdens to act on the behalf of future generations. I introduce the notion of intergenerational reciprocity and, in four studies, found that the behavior of previous generations influences how a present generation treats future generations.
This article discusses management research and what makes it interesting. In a well-known paper, “That’s Interesting!” Murray Davis argued that what most makes scholarly work interesting is that it disconfirms some (but not all) of the assumptions held by its audience. Davis’ arguments about what constitutes interesting research are summarized, including something that engages readers’ attention, something that stands out for readers “in contrast to the web of routinely taken-for-granted propositions which make up the structure of their everyday life.” Some perspectives from a Brazilian scholarly journal, “Revisita de Administracao de Empresas,” are also presented.
In this study, we investigated a neglected form of extrarole behavior called taking charge and sought to understand factors that motivate employees to engage in this activity. Taking charge is discretionary behavior intended to effect organizationally functional change. We obtained both self-report and coworker data for 275 white-collar employees from different organizations. Taking charge, as reported by coworkers, related to felt responsibility, self-efficacy, and perceptions of top management openness. These results expand current understanding of extrarole behavior and suggest ways in which organizations can motivate employees to go beyond the boundaries of their jobs to bring about positive change.
To examine social interdependence theory dynamically, we develop a theory of structural adaptation based on "asymmetric adaptability." We suggest that it is more difficult for teams to shift from competitive to cooperative reward structures than from cooperative to competitive structures. We show that teams that switch from competitive to cooperative reward structures demonstrate "cutthroat cooperation." In their performance, marked by lower team decision accuracy and higher speed, they resemble competitive teams more than cooperative teams. Information sharing, also lower for cutthroat cooperation teams than for other cooperative teams, partially mediates the relationship between reward structure and accuracy.
An interactive model of social undermining and social support in the workplace was developed and tested among police officers in the Republic of Slovenia. As predicted, social undermining was significantly associated with employee outcomes, in most cases more strongly than was social support. High levels of undermining and support from the same source were associated with negative outcomes. However, support from one source appeared to only modestly attenuate the negative effects of social undermining from another source.
Supply chains are increasingly important, yet little is known about the determinants of their success and failure. Drawing on the resource-based view and research on "adhocracy," in this study we examined the effects of cultural competitiveness within supply chains on order fulfillment cycle time. The results indicate that entrepreneurship, innovativeness, and learning function as first-order indicators of a higher-order latent construct we label "cultural competitiveness" that, in turn, has a positive effect on cycle time reduction.
Personal initiative, a concept akin to entrepreneurship and organizational spontaneity, was compared in East and West Germany, Differences were hypothesized to be the results of occupational socialization, particularly of work control and complexity, rather than of a selection effect. A representative longitudinal study was conducted in the East and a cross-sectional study in the West. Lower initiative at work was found in the East; control and complexity affected changes in initiative, The results speak for socialization and against selection.
This article examines the influence of citation impact on scholarship. Citation analysis allows authors to determine how often their work has been cited by others. It has become a performance metric for scholars of the influence and relevance of their work. However, the authors contends there is very little research to understand citation rates. They conclude that the pressure from journals and universities for prestige is the key element driving citation rates. Increased information technology is expected to continue this trend into the future.
The article discusses the “Academy of Management Journal” as it moves from its third to fourth editor. The article states that the magazine has done well, citing that from 1958 to 1967, journal readership has increased to approximately 1,700. The author gives commendation to the first three editors and to host universities who have provided significant support to the journal. The author states that the journal has committed to continue encouraging investigation and scientific documentation.
This analysis considers the impact of the top managers in an organization on the organization's outcomes, specifically strategic choices and performance levels. The focus is not on the chief executive alone, but rather on the entire top management team. Using a macro view, these organizational outcomes are perceived to be related to the values and cognitive bases of those high-power individuals in the organization. In developing the model, emphasis is on the background characteristics of the top managers as opposed to the psychological dimensions. A series of propositions that should be tested to support the upper echelons theory are presented. The topics of these propositions include age, functional track, other career experiences, education, socioeconomic roots, financial position, and group characteristics. The creation of this model is just the beginning of the work that is necessary to evaluate and understand the upper echelons theory. Further input is needed from areas such as the executive recruiting industry. Additionally, clinical and statistical studies are both necessary to fully develop this theory. (SRD)
In this article the editor discusses the “Academy of Management Journal's” approach to publishing qualitative research. He notes that the journal is committed to publishing the best management research available and that the journal holds no biases against certain forms of research. He asserts that qualitative research has a significant history in the journal and discusses several more well known examples that received a great deal of attention upon publication.
This section provides information on the international management research history of the Academy of Management Journal (AMJ). Several trends evident in past international management research are discussed, and the successful transition of AMJ from being primarily North American in focus to being a truly international journal is described. This transition is evident by the dramatic increase in international management research in the 1990s and the continuing growth in international management research in the first half-decade of the 21st century.
I analyze rated importance, extent of recognition, validity, and usefulness of 73 established organizational behavior theories, differentiating between the views of judges with expertise in organizational behavior and in strategic management. The results indicate an increasingly mature science with many more positive relationships among the variables considered than existed previously. The findings have major implications for learning and education activities, such as textbook writing and organizational behavior course design in that they indicate which theories should be stressed and which should be given minimal if any, attention at different levels of the educational process.
Four perspectives on the review processes of scientific journals were employed heuristically to examine the AMJ review process from 1984 through 1987. Results indicated modest support for hypotheses derived from accumulative advantage and particularism perspectives and more substantial support for hypotheses derived from gatekeeping and reviewer style perspectives. Testing a new perspective that combined predictors of gatekeeping and of coaching styles yielded the strongest results. In effect, the AMJ review process selectively amplified what reviewers and editors considered desirable in submitted manuscripts.
We employed a qualitative interview technique to develop an inductive model of punishment from a managerial perspective. Findings suggest that managers feel pressure from a variety of sources - organizations, work groups, punished subordinates, and themselves. Managers are also aware that punishment is a highly charged cognitive and emotional event with broad and far-reaching effects that range well beyond punished subordinates and simply changing their attitudes and behaviors.
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This study began with the premise that people can use varying degrees of their selves. physically. cognitively. and emotionally. in work role performances. which has implications for both their work and experi ences. Two qualitative. theory-generating studies of summer camp counselors and members of an architecture firm were conducted to explore the conditions at work in which people personally engage. or express and employ their personal selves. and disengage. or withdraw and defend their personal selves. This article describes and illustrates three psychological conditions-meaningfulness. safety. and availabil ity-and their individual and contextual sources. These psychological conditions are linked to existing theoretical concepts. and directions for future research are described. People occupy roles at work; they are the occupants of the houses that roles provide. These events are relatively well understood; researchers have focused on "role sending" and "receiving" (Katz & Kahn. 1978). role sets (Merton. 1957). role taking and socialization (Van Maanen. 1976), and on how people and their roles shape each other (Graen. 1976). Researchers have given less attention to how people occupy roles to varying degrees-to how fully they are psychologically present during particular moments of role performances. People can use varying degrees of their selves. physically, cognitively, and emotionally. in the roles they perform. even as they main tain the integrity of the boundaries between who they are and the roles they occupy. Presumably, the more people draw on their selves to perform their roles within those boundaries. the more stirring are their performances and the more content they are with the fit of the costumes they don. The research reported here was designed to generate a theoretical frame work within which to understand these "self-in-role" processes and to sug gest directions for future research. My specific concern was the moments in which people bring themselves into or remove themselves from particular task behaviors, My guiding assumption was that people are constantly bring ing in and leaving out various depths of their selves during the course of The guidance and support of David Berg, Richard Hackman, and Seymour Sarason in the research described here are gratefully acknowledged. I also greatly appreciated the personal engagements of this journal's two anonymous reviewers in their roles, as well as the comments on an earlier draft of Tim Hall, Kathy Kram, and Vicky Parker.
The construct of social embeddedness has helped explain some of the ways in which individuals and organizations form and sustain alliances. We introduce the construct of ecological embeddedness, or the extent to which a manager is rooted in the land. Ecological embeddedness is illustrated by an ethnographic study of a Cree tallyman, or beaver trapper, in James Bay, northern Québec. To be ecologically embedded as a manager is to personally identify with the land, to adhere to beliefs of ecological respect, reciprocity, and caretaking, to actively gather ecological information, and to be physically located in the ecosystem. We conclude by drawing some implications for sustainability.
QUESTION: How do theories which are generally considered interesting differ from theories which are generally considered non-interesting ? ANSWER: Interesting theories are those which deny certain assumptions of their audience, while noninteresting theories are those which arm certain assumptions of their audience. This answer was arrived at through the examination of a number of famous social, and especially sociological, theories. That examination also generated a systematic index of the variety of propositional forms which interesting and non-interesting theories may take. The fertility of this approach suggested a new field be established called the Sociology of the Interesting, which is intended to supplement the Sociology of Knowledge. This new field will be phenomenologically oriented in so far as it will focus on the movement of the audience's mind from one accepted theory to another. It will be sociologically oriented in so far as it will focus on the dissimilar base-line theories of the various sociological categories which compose the audience. In addition to its value in interpreting the social impact of theories, the Sociology of the Interesting can contribute to our understanding of both the common sense and scientific perspectives on reality.
Using data from two different firms, this study tested a new construct, creative selfefficacy, tapping employees' beliefs that they can be creative in their work roles. Results support the discriminant validity of the construct and indicate that job tenure, job self-efficacy, supervisor behavior, and job complexity contribute to creative efficacy beliefs. Creative self-efficacy also predicted creative performance beyond the predictive effects of job self-efficacy. Differences in results between white-collar and blue-collar samples suggest considerations for both theory and practice.
The 1998 volume of the Academy of Management Journal (AMJ) marks the 40th anniversary of its publication. This special section was commissioned by the current editor, Anne Tsui, to commemorate the journal’s anniversary. Because the early years of the journal have been described elsewhere (Adams & Davis, 1986), no attempt will be made to provide a detailed history. Instead, the goal of this special section is to provide readers with an appreciation of what the journal was like in its early years, its tremendous growth and development over the first 40 years, and some of the challenges it may face in the future. As a way to recognize the important role that contributors have played in the development of the journal, the ten most often cited articles in the journal’s history are identified. Finally, the past editors of the journal who are still living have been commissioned to reflect on their terms as editor and on the state of the field of management at that time. Their contributions follow a discussion of the evolution, contributions, and evaluation of the journal.
A letter from the editor is presented which discusses the role of meta-analysis and replication research in the articles submitted to the periodical for review. The author points out that the journal uses the idea of articles having an important contribution to the field of management as a basis for review. This leads many of the articles to contain information on relatively new ideas, even though some of those ideas contain information of little importance. For this reason, the periodical accepts articles containing replication research and meta-analysis.
This article develops and tests a multilevel theory of the intragroup dynamics and performance outcomes associated with diversity in levels of member expertise"expertness diversity"-in task-oriented teams. Drawing from theories of power and dependence, we argue that in groups where members differ in their perceived expertness, members will be more committed to and more likely to help those seen as more expert, a dynamic that frustrates intragroup learning and compromises group performance. These hypotheses were strongly supported in a multiperiod, multilevel analysis of social relations and performance outcomes in a sample of student research teams.
In this study, we (1) clarify and distinguish the concept of status, (2) identify and analyze the institutional and organizational factors that can lead to differences in organizational status over time, and (3) empirically assess the privileges implied by such differences. Using extensive longitudinal data on competitive intercollegiate athletics, we found that status was a significant predictor of whether a college was invited to participate in the NCAA postseason basketball tournament, independently of performance considerations.
For 200 years it has been assumed that the sciences are arranged in a hierarchy, with developed natural sciences like physics at the top and social sciences like sociology at the bottom. Sciences at the top of the hierarchy presumably display higher levels of consensus and more rapid rates of advancement than those at the bottom. A distinction is made between two classes of knowledge: the core, or fully evaluated and universally accepted ideas which serve as the starting points for graduate education, and the research frontier, or all research currently being conducted. Data are presented from a set of empirical studies which show that, at the top and at the bottom of the hierarchy in either cognitive consensus or the rate at which new ideas are incorporated. It is concluded that in all sciences knowledge at the research frontier is a loosely woven web characterized by substantial levels of disagreement and difficulty in determining which contributions will turn out to be significant. Even at the research...
A letter from one of the associate editors is presented. The editor discusses the importance of the social contributions of articles submitted for review by the editors of the periodical. She examines several reasons why some articles are rejected, such as low incremental contribution, overly narrow contribution, and unclear importance, and mentions some ways that authors can enhance their potential contribution.
This essay describes differences between papers that contain some theory rather than no theory. There is little agreement about what constitutes strong versus weak theory in the social sciences, but there is more consensus that references, data, variables, diagrams, and hypotheses are not theory. Despite this consensus, however, authors routinely use these five elements in lieu of theory. We explain how each of these five elements can be confused with theory and how to avoid such confusion. By making this consensus explicit, we hope to help authors avoid some of the most common and easily averted problems that lead readers to view papers as having inadequate theory. We then discuss how journals might facilitate the publication of stronger theory. We suggest that if the field is serious about producing stronger theory, journals need to reconsider their empirical requirements. We argue that journals ought to be more receptive to papers that test part rather than all of a theory and use illustrative rather than definitive data.
Kuhn's concept of paradigm suggests that academic disciplines could be viewed as technologies involving degrees of task predictability. A series of hypotheses were developed in which relatively high paradigm development in a discipline was predicted to facilitate research and teaching through improved processes of communication and access to stored information. Using questionnaire data collected from 80 university graduate departments, physicists and chemists were found to exhibit more agreement over field content, and to be more willing and satisfied to spend time with graduate students than sociologists and political scientists. In addition, chemists were found to collaborate with larger numbers of graduate students in research than scientists in the other fields. Two other aspects of scientific structure are discussed: the level of innovation being pursued within a field at a given time, and the degree of institutionalized differentiation of the field into subdisciplines.
This study addressed the problem of task revision, a virtually unresearched issue in the work performance literature. We defined task revision as action taken to correct a faulty procedure, an inaccurate job description, or a role expectation that is dysfunctional for an organization. Two experiments were constructed to measure task revision and test for its determinants. Results showed that goal setting inhibited task revision: instructions to "do your best" were superior to a specific goal. Facilitators of task revision were the salience of alternatives and being in a supervisory position with accountability pressures. We discuss the implications of these results in terms of the functions of counter-role behavior for organizations and the need to broaden the construct of work performance. Work performance has long occupied a central role in organizational research. It was the primary issue during the beginnings of industrial psychology (e.g., Munsterberg, 1913), of major concern during the human relations movement (e.g., Likert, 1961), and at center stage as empirical research blossomed in organizational behavior (e.g., Vroom, 1964). Now voluminous, the literature on work performance ranges from the extensive study of organizational and social factors that influence work behavior to the analysis of cognitive processes underlying task effort. In recent years, the most common form of performance research has translated the issue into a cognitive question. The aim has not only been to find conditions under which people will work harder, but to explain the mental processes underlying task activity. For example, early versions of need theory, which emphasized stages and growth in human desires, have gradually given way to expectancy models in which valued outcomes are a part of a cognitive calculus hypothesized to precede behavior. Likewise, reinforcement theory, with its emphasis on external incentives and behavioral learning, has been overtaken by goal-setting approaches in which salient outcomes serve as mental targets for behavior. Though we do not yet know exactly how individuals process information in performance contexts,
Skarlicki and Folger (1997) found that distributive, procedural, and interactional justice interacted to predict workplace retaliation. In this follow-up and extension of that study, we investigated whether a person-by-situation interaction explained variance in workplace retaliation beyond what could be attributed to fairness perceptions alone. Negative affectivity and agreeableness were found to moderate the relationship between fairness perceptions and retaliation.
The incoming editor shares current and evolving thinking on the following: (1) the mission of the Journal of Applied Psychology, (2) the review process, (3) preparation of the manuscript and the submission process, and (4) acknowledgements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The use of structural-equation modeling (SEM) in strategic-management research has grown dramatically during recent years. Although this statistical technique offers researchers a valuable tool for testing hypothesized models, certain challenges accompany the use of SEM. The current article examines one of these challenges, equivalent models, and its prevalence in strategy research. An equivalent model is an alternative model that fits the data equally well, thus producing the same covariance or correlation matrix but often differing significantly in theoretical interpretation. We examined the application of SEM in 109 strategic-management studies and found that equivalent models are a cause for concern in most strategic-management studies. Using a published article, we also provide a statistical demonstration of the potential effect of equivalent models. This article highlights both the extent of potential equivalent models in strategy research and the possible effect of such models on strategic-management theory.
Editor's Note. Three years ago, I invited Robert (Bob) Gephart to write a "From the Editors" column designed to help authors improve their chances of success when submitting qualitative research to AMJ. Judging from the increasing number of quali- tative studies that have been accepted and pub- lished in AMJ since that time, I would like to think that his article, "Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal," has had a pos- itive impact. Continuing in this tradition, I asked Roy Sud- daby—an excellent reviewer (and author) of quali- tative research—to tackle another "big issue" that the editorial team has noticed with respect to qual- itative submissions to AMJ: overly generic use of the term "grounded theory" and confusion regard- ing alternative epistemological approaches to qual- itative research. Like Bob before him, Roy has, I believe, produced an analysis that will greatly ben- efit those who are relatively new to qualitative re- search or who have not yet had much success in getting their qualitative research published. Hope- fully, Roy's analysis will help even more authors to succeed, thus allowing AMJ and other journals to continue to increase the quality of insights pro- vided by rich qualitative studies of individual, or- ganizational, and institutional phenomena. Sara L. Rynes
This paper investigates competitive tension, or the strain between a focal firm and a given rival that is likely to result in the firm taking action against the rival. Drawing on the awareness-motivation-capability perspective, we show how perceived compet- itive tension, as constructed from managers' and industry stakeholders' competitor assessments, is influenced by the independent and interactive effects of three factors: relative scale, rival's attack volume, and rival's capability to contest. Our results provide a new avenue for studying competitors and the relationship between compet- itor analysis and interfirm rivalry. In science, there is a steady state in which op- posing forces hold each other in check until the build-up of tension turns the static relationship into dynamic interplay—the point when the steel cable snaps, the steam chamber's pressure valve opens, or one psychological force overwhelms the other. In business practice, a similar phenomenon exists: when tension that one opponent imposes on another triggers rivalrous actions. Competitor analysis is central to strategy and or- ganization research (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 2005; Porter, 1980). Previous research has explored a number of important issues, including conjecture variation (Amit, Domowitz, & Fershtman, 1988), competitor identification (Porac & Thomas, 1990), and blind spots (Zajac & Bazerman, 1991), and has made advances in such areas as theoretical integra- tion of competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry (Chen, 1996). Fundamental questions—such as who a focal firm's competitors are, and how much competition the firm faces from each rival—have been implicitly or explicitly addressed by a variety
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