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SOLARIZATION PERIOD AND THICKNESS OF POLYETHYLENE SHEET EFFECTS ON WEED DENSITY AND BIOMASS
Abstract and Figures
To investigate the effect of soil solarization and thickness of plastic on weed characteristic an experiment was carried out in 2013 based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research and education of Islamic Azad University of Karaj. Examined factors include solarization period at seven levels (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks) and polyethylene thickness in two levels (100 and 200 microns). According to the results there were significant effect through solarization duration and thickness plastic on weed density and biomass. Their interaction, however, was statistically insignificant. By increasing the solarization period, weed density as well as biomass is decreased. In this term the highest reduction was dedicated for 6 weeks solarization. Moreover, the density and biomass of treatments with plastic coating thickness of about 100 micron was respectively 30.7 and 33.9% lower than the 200 microns ones due to the greater temperature increase under the plastic with thicker density. So, the weeds reduced by creating unfavorable conditions.
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... Duration of solarization and mulch thickness are among factors influencing the effectiveness to control weeds. An experiment conducted by [14] indicated that reduction of weed density and biomass was observed when the period of solarization increased. Solarization for 4-6 weeks is necessary to reach the high temperature to suppress weed growth and development [11] [15]. ...
... Soil solarization for 45 days was reported to suppress weed growth up to 80% [16]. Polyethylene thickness of 100 microns had higher weed density and biomass than that of 200 microns [14] Soil solarization to suppress weed growth is only effective at surface soil, but not at subsoil, mainly annual weeds and those with hard seeds. Soil solarization leads surface soil temperature to reach 38-50 o C at 10-20 cm depth [17]. ...
Status: PostprintAbstract— Weeds are the major problem in organic crop production. Soil solarization is a method using clear plastic films to increase soil temperature to control pest organisms such as fungi, bacteria, and weed seeds. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different plastic mulch color on weed seed inhibition. The experiment was carried out in CAPS Research Station located in Air Duku Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia at 1054 m above sea level, arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design with 3 replications. Treatments comprised 4 different colors of plastic films, i.e silver-black, black, clear, and red as well as control (without mulch). Plastic mulch was laid on 1 m wide x 2 m long raised soil bed for four weeks from April 20–May 23, 2016. Soil temperature underneath plastic mulch at depth of 5, 10, 15, 20 cm from the surface were measured daily at noon. After incubation, soil sample was collected from 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20 cm depths. Weed seed germination of each soil sample was tested in the greenhouse. A number of weeds were observed after four weeks. The experiment indicated that a month of soil solarization using clear plastic mulch resulted in greatest soil temperature, increasing by 0.54-1.84% as compared to control. Treatment of plastic mulches was effective to suppress seed inhibition at the soil depth of 0-15 cm, as indicated by numbers of germinated weed and its dry matter. Longer soil solarization is necessary to obtain the highest reduction of weed growth in tropical highland organic farming system.
... Duration of solarization and mulch thickness are among factors influencing the effectiveness to control weeds. An experiment conducted by [14] indicated that reduction of weed density and biomass was observed when the period of solarization increased. Solarization for 4-6 weeks is necessary to reach the high temperature to suppress weed growth and development [11] [15]. ...
... Soil solarization for 45 days was reported to suppress weed growth up to 80% [16]. Polyethylene thickness of 100 microns had higher weed density and biomass than that of 200 microns [14] Soil solarization to suppress weed growth is only effective at surface soil, but not at subsoil, mainly annual weeds and those with hard seeds. Soil solarization leads surface soil temperature to reach 38-50 o C at 10-20 cm depth [17]. ...
Weeds are the major problem in organic crop production. Soil solarization is a method using clear plastic films to increase soil temperature to control pest organisms such as fungi, bacteria, and weed seeds. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different plastic mulch color on weed seed inhibition. The experiment was carried out in CAPS Research Station located in Air Duku Village, Bengkulu, Indonesia at 1054 m above sea level, arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design with 3 replications. Treatments comprised 4 different colors of plastic films, i.e silver-black, black, clear, and red as well as control (without mulch). Plastic mulch was laid on 1 m wide x 2 m long raised soil bed for four weeks from April 20-May 23, 2016. Soil temperature underneath plastic mulch at depth of 5, 10, 15, 20 cm from the surface were measured daily at noon. After incubation, soil sample was collected from 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20 cm depths. Weed seed germination of each soil sample was tested in the greenhouse. A number of weeds were observed after four weeks. The experiment indicated that a month of soil solarization using clear plastic mulch resulted in greatest soil temperature, increasing by 0.54-1.84% as compared to control. Treatment of plastic mulches was effective to suppress seed inhibition at the soil depth of 0-15 cm, as indicated by numbers of germinated weed and its dry matter. Longer soil solarization is necessary to obtain the highest reduction of weed growth in the tropical highland organic farming system.
... The duration of solarization is a factor influencing the effectiveness of the mulching to control weeds. Reduction of weed density and biomass was observed when the period of solarization was increased (Golzardi et al., 2014). It was reported that 46 out of 57 weed species were suppressed after 50 days of mulch treatment. ...
Shifting and dominance of weed species following solarization treatment under organic farming system in tropical highland. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 16(2): 393-402. Abstract Weed control is essential to improve plant productivity under an organic farming system. This practice often leads to shifting of weed species. The experiment confirmed that two-month solarization treatment brought about the alteration of weed species, but the number of weed species was not significantly different, approximately fifteen species for each treatment. Solarization treatment led to weed shifting and dominance from grass to broadleaf weeds. Red plastic mulch shifted Blumea lacerna dominance to Ricardia brasiliensis at 0-5 cm depth. Meanwhile, at 10-15 cm soil depth, the dominance of Eleucine indica was shifted into Bidens pilosa. Mulch treatment substantially reduced the number of weed population to the depth of 15 cm from the soil surface. After two months of solarization, clear plastic mulch is the most effective to reduce weed dry weight. Solarization significantly decreased weed dry weight by approximately 30, 60 and 65 % in treatments using silver black, black, and clear plastic mulch respectively in comparison to the control.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Calabar Teaching and Research Farm, Calabar, Nigeria, to assess the impacts of polyethylene film colour and soil solarization duration on weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) field. Factorial combinations of three colors of polyethylene film (white, green, and black) and four pre-plant soil solarization durations (0, 2, 4 and 6 week-periods) were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected on weed density, weed morphological group populations, weed dry matter and one-thousand grain weight of maize were analyzed and significant means separated using Fisher's Least Significant Difference (FLSD) at 5 % probability level. White polyethylene was more effective in weed suppression and resulted in heavier 1000-grain weight of maize compared with the green and black. On the two-year average, soil solarization for 6, 4, and 2 weeks before planting reduced weed density by 81.03, 59.26 and 30.47 %, and weed dry matter by 76.61, 66.21 and 29.97 % respectively, compared with no solarization (control). Polyethylene film colour and solarization duration effects on weed morphological group populations followed similar patterns as weed density. Interactively, the control plots produced the highest combined mean weed density, highest mean weed dry matter, and lightest mean 1000-grain weight (137.81-143.85 g). The 6-week solarization with white polyethylene which produced the least weed density, least weed dry matter, and heaviest mean 1000-grain weight (195.81 g), is recommended for maize growers in the study area as the most effective treatment combination.
Soil solarization is a non-chemical and non-hazardous method known to possess numerous beneficial effects in crop production . It is mainly useful for commercial application in areas with very high air temperatures during the summer; where much of the crop area is kept fallow - due to excessive heat. A review of the available information on soil solarization reveals the numerous advantages of the technique in relation to crop production. Solarization of soil has been reported to manage weeds, control nematodes, soil borne diseases and insects. Besides these, it increases thermo-tolerant micro-fauna in the soil, most of which are beneficial - the bioagents, nutrient solubilizers and nitrifiers, and thus results in higher availability of essential plant nutrients and improvement in soil tilth. The effectiveness of soil solarization as soil-borne pests control method is well demonstrated. In potato, soil solarization is known to increase the potato yield coupled with better quality of tubers through the reduction of several soil borne diseases and weeds.
Background:
Thermal weed control is a viable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly emerging alternative to highly challenged and unsustainable chemical weed control.
Objective:
To find out the most suitable pre-sowing soil solarization durations for effective weed control and soil fertility enhancement in sesame crop.
Methods:
A field study was conducted during the summer season of 2016 and 2017. Different soil solarization treatments were applied, including 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks before sowing (WBS) of sesame by spreading transparent polythene sheets.
Results:
The temperatures of solarized soil at 10 cm depth were 8-10 oC more than the control. The soil NPK and organic matter contents were gradually increased with increasing solarization durations. The highest soil nitrogen (0.71%), phosphorus (9.63 ppm), K (166.2 ppm), and organic matter content (1.12%) were observed with the longest soil solarization for 12 WBS. Different solarization durations provided 23 to 64% weed control efficiency and up to a 34% rise in sesame yield.
Conclusions:
Based on the current findings, soil solarization for 12 WBS by polythene sheets is an effective alternative to the chemical weed control method with additional positive effects on soil fertility and sesame yield.
Our country has provided about 52% of vegetables from domestic production, the rest part imported others from outside. Thus, imports of potatoes and vegetables have been reduced last year, for this reason, main vegetable seeds, were produced domestically and provided over 80 percent of the country’s demand. In the future domestic production demand of vegetable goal set working to provide by 100 percent from government our country in this connection issues urgent need to solve sowing seeds, variety supply, seed production, and plant protection. According to our research, during the growing season, 150-350 weeds growing per 1m2 of rounded onions shows that the amount of crop damage is relatively high. For the purpose of control against weeds in the onion field with 3 repetitions of 7 variants of 2 types of herbicides are conducted experimental research. These include; pre-emergent Estamp (Stomp) herbicide applied in doses 2.5; 3.5 l/ha that controls all types of weeds, but showed results of 65.2-72.4%. The growing season during a selective post-emergent of Gaur herbicide in doses 0.7; 0.9l/ ha used against broadleaf and grassy weeds that became clear of weed species density reduced by 92.7-93.4%. It was tested in this study Pendimethalin, 33% + Oxyfluorfen 24 % mixture herbicides have reduced the number of weeds by 92.4-94.1%.
Organic farmers and limited-resource growers in the San Joaquin Valley and other agricultural
areas in California—many of whom are ethnic minorities—encounter limited options and
environmental constraints when seeking economically viable pest management methods.
Over the past 8 years, we have conducted weed research and implementation projects
on soil solarization at the UC Kearney Research and Extension Center and on farms
in the surrounding San Joaquin Valley. In the Kearney studies, small-scale solarization
in parsley reduced weed biomass 94% to 99% over the untreated control. Furthermore,
in an on-farm study, solarization provided effective weed control for strawberries
at a much lower cost than methyl bromide, with comparable yields. This research has
provided guidelines and technical support for growers wishing to implement solarization
and related techniques for nonchemical soil disinfestation in a wide variety of specialty
crops.
With global revenue surpassing twenty-five billion dollars annually, organic agriculture is a highly visible and rapidly growing component of agricultural production. In Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold, and their international group of contributors scientifically review key aspects of organic agriculture. At the intersection of research, education, and practice, the contributors look at the organic agricultural movement’s successes and limitations. The first half of this book critically evaluates the agricultural production of both plants and livestock in organic farming systems. All major aspects of organic agriculture are explored, including historical background and underlying principles, soil-fertility management, crop and animal production, breeding strategies, and crop protection. This global and comprehensive overview also addresses the economic, social, and political aspects of organic farming. These include economics and marketing; standards and certification; environmental impacts and social responsibility; and research, education, and extension. The book is a unique and timely science-based international work documenting current practices in organic agriculture and evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. For more than two decades, research into organic methods by mainstream scientists has generated a large body of information that can now be integrated and used for assessing the actual impacts of organic farming in a wide range of disciplines. The knowledge of selected international experts has been combined in one volume, providing a comprehensive review of organic farming globally. Researchers, teachers, extensionists, students, primary producers and others around the world who are interested in sustainable agriculture will find this book to be a valuable and reliable resource.
Mulching the soil with polyethylene sheets before sowing during the hot season, increased the soil temperatures, which resulted in the control of soil-borne pathogens and weeds. This method was tested in a field heavily infested with Egyptian broomrape ( Orobanche aegyptiaca L.). Soil was irrigated and mulched for 36 days during August–September 1977, prior to sowing carrot ( Daucus carota L. ‘Nantes Tip Top’) seeds. Mulching increased soil temperatures by 8 to 12 C, up to 56 C in the top 5 cm. In the non-mulched plots the carrot plants became stunted due to heavy parasitization with broomrape and they were completely destroyed by the end of the season. In contrast, broomrape and other weeds were controlled in the mulched plots and the carrot plants grew normally. This effect was less pronounced in the border rows of the mulched plots. Mulching also greatly reduced the infestation of other weeds. Egyptian broomrape was also controlled in two other field experiments with carrots and eggplants ( Solanum melongena L. ‘Black oval’). As compared with fumigation, this new method of control is economical, simple, nonhazardous, and does not employ toxic materials.
Solarization is a method of heating moist soil by covering it with plastic sheets to trap solar radiation. In field experiments in Israel during the summer, maximum soil temperature under plastic cover at the 5-cm depth averaged 46 to 49C. No weeds emerged under the plastic cover during solarization and weed emergence was reduced after its removal. The heating effect from solarization decreased with soil depth. Concentration of O 2 in soil under plastic was similar to that in uncovered controls, but the concentration of CO 2 was markedly higher than in control soil, rising up to 2.4%. Higher temperatures and better residual weed control were produced by transparent than by black plastic, with best results from thin (0.03 mm), transparent polyethylene. Under Israeli summer conditions, 2 to 4 weeks of solarization produced effective control of annual weeds that was still appreciable after 1 yr. Narrow sheets of 20 to 50 cm produced effective weed control in bands. on soil irrigated once before placing the plastic sheets, there was no need to irrigate during solarization. The response of weed species to solarization differed. Many annual weeds, both summer species such as pigweed ( Amaranthus spp.) and common purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) and winter species as henbit ( Lamium amplexicaule L.) were well controlled by solarization. Broomrape ( Orobanche crenata Forsk.) was controlled in one experiment. on the other hand, horseweed [ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] and bull mallow ( Malva niceaensis All.) were relatively resistant, and established perennials escaped the treatment.
For centuries horticulturists have attempted to modify the environment in which vegetable crops are grown. A wide variety of techniques, such as glass cloches, hotcaps, cold frames, hotbeds, and various types of glass greenhouses, have been used to extend the production season. The discovery and development of the polyethylene polymer in the late 1930s, and its subsequent introduction in the early 1950s in the form of plastic films, mulches, and drip-irrigation tubing and tape, revolutionized the commercial production of selected vegetable crops and gave rise to a system of production known as plasticulture. Simply defined, plasticulture is a system of growing vegetable crops where significant benefit is derived from using products derived from polyethylene (plastic) polymers. The later discovery of other polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, and polyesters, and their use in microirrigation systems, pipes, fertigation equipment, filters, fittings and connectors, containers for growing transplants, picking and packaging containers, and row covers further extended the use of plastic components in this production system. The complete plasticulture system consists of plastic and non-plastic components: plastic mulches, drip-irrigation, fertigation/chemigation, soil sanitation (fumigation and solarization), windbreaks, stand establishment technology, season-extension technology, integrated pest management, cropping strategies, and postharvest handling and marketing. In the plasticulture system, plastic-covered greenhouses, plastic mulches, row covers, high tunnels, and windbreaks both permanent and annual are the major contributors to modifying the cropping environment of vegetable crops, thus enhancing crop growth, yield, and quality. In addition to modifying the soil and air temperatures, there are also the benefits of protection from the wind and in some instances rain, insects, diseases, and vertebrate pests.