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Foetometrics and Economic Impact Analysis of
Reproductive Wastages in Ruminant Species
Slaughtered in North-Eastern Nigeria
Mshelia G. D., Maina V. A. and Aminu M. D.
J Anim Pro Adv 2015, 5(4): 645-653
DOI: 10.5455/japa.20150216024050
Journal of Animal Production Advances
Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com
MSHELIA ET AL.
645
J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2015, 5(4): 645-653
Foetometrics and Economic Impact Analysis of
Reproductive Wastages in Ruminant Species
Slaughtered in North-Eastern Nigeria
Mshelia G. D., Maina V. A. and Aminu M. D.
1 Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069,
Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the foetometric characteristics and reproductive wastages in ruminant
livestock slaughtered in Maiduguri. The volume of animals slaughtered and the corresponding rates of
pregnancy wastages were recorded. The gestational stages of the foetuses wasted were determined by the
measures of their respective Crown Rump Length (CRL) and Weights (W). There were 420 and 28 pregnant
does and cows slaughtered respectively. The CRL and weights of both caprine and bovine foetuses recovered
were 7 to 37 cm and 1 to 4 Kg; and 10 to 83 cm and 2 to 10 kg respectively. The rate of pregnancy wastage was
higher (21%) among the does than the cows (15%) with the highest (p<0.05) occurrences recorded during the
2nd trimester. There were also more caprine female foetuses wasted (55.5%) than the bovine (47.5%), but the
difference was not significant statistically (p>0.05). The economic cost of the total foetal wastages in the
present study was estimated at US$ 559,440 annually, suggesting that the impact of such wastages could be
worrisome nationwide. It is therefore critical that remedial measures should be put in place to forestall the
occurrence of this ugly situation in the Nigerian livestock economy.
Keywords: Bovine, caprine, foetus, foetometrics, Nigeria, reproductive wastages.
Corresponding author: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri,
Nigeria.
Received on: 11 Mar 2015
Revised on: 21 Mar 2015
Accepted on: 26 Mar 2015
Online Published on: 21 Apr 2015
Original Article
ISSN: 2251-7677
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J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2015, 5(4): 645-653
Introduction
The protein requirement for healthy human
development is inadequate in most developing
countries. The situation in Nigeria has largely been
associated with poor development of the livestock
sub sector, exacerbated by the indiscriminate
slaughter of pregnant animals (Abdulkadir, 2008).
The animals commonly slaughtered for meat in this
country include cattle, goat, sheep, camel, pig and
poultry. In the 1980s, economic indicators have
shown a decrease in the annual growth rate of the
Nigerian livestock population. However, marginal
increases were recorded in the absolute worth of the
livestock subsector between 1993 and 1995. If the
rate of growth in the Nigerian human population of
2.1% per annum in the phase of the current
dwindling disposable income, is compared against
an average growth rate of 1.6% per annum in the
indices of livestock production, the prospects for
animal protein supply may be unpleasant
(Abdulkadir, 2008).
The increased demand for animal protein in
Nigeria has led to the slaughtering of not only prime
breeding males but also pregnant animals resulting
in marked fetal wastages in most abattoirs across
the country (Oyekunle et al., 1992). This
indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant livestock has
been observed in Nigeria (Nwakpu and Osakwe,
2007; Ademola, 2010; Cadmus and Adesokan,
2010; Bokko, 2011), widely associated with farmers
financial needs and/or incompetence in determining
pregnant animals (Sanusi et al., 2006; Gregory and
Grandin, 2007; Muhammad et al., 2007, Cadmus
and Adesokan, 2010; Fayemi and Muchenje, 2013)
or that pregnancy diagnosis are not routinely carried
out in the slaughterhouses (Alhaji and Odetokun,
2013). This practice will not only worsen the
already precarious supply of animal protein to the
populace, but also threatens the development of the
Nigeria livestock industry through the massive loss
of potential breeding replacement stocks (Cadmus
and Adesokan, 2010, Fayemi and Muchenje, 2013).
The rate of foetal wastages could be high in
north-eastern Nigeria (Bokko, 2011) and is
probably one of the major setbacks to the
improvement of livestock reproductive efficiency.
The inability to compare losses from the slaughter
of pregnant food animals in other slaughterhouses
across Nigeria has created a gap in the information
required for policy interventions in the country as
well as the sub-Saharan Africa (Alhaji and
Odetokun, 2013). This study was therefore designed
to characterize the foetuses wasted in this part of
Nigeria and to assess the economic impact of such
foetal wastages to the Nigerian livestock economy.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
The study was carried out between March and
April, 2012 in Maiduguri, an arid zone of
slaughterhouse Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria.
This area is located by latitude 11.51°N and
longitude 30.05°E at an altitude of 354 meters
above sea level. Maiduguri falls within the Sahel
region and has a very short wet period (3-4 month)
with average rainfall of 645.9mm/ annum followed
by long dry season of about 8-9 months starting
from September/October to May/June. Daily
environmental temperature could range from 23°C
to 43°C. The relative humidity is 45% during the
peak of the wet season (August) dropping low to
about 5% in the drier season (December to
January).
Animals and Foetometric Indices
The animals used for this study were sourced
from the Maiduguri metropolitan abattoir which
receives a large number of goats and cattle daily for
slaughter. These animals come from semi-
intensively managed stocks raised within the city
and from agro-pastoralist stocks in neighbouring
villages within 200 km radius of Maiduguri as well
as trade animals brought in from neighbouring
countries in the Lake Chad Commission. Visits
were made to the abattoir three times weekly for
data and sample collection. On every visit, the
number of animals slaughtered, their sexes, the
number pregnant and the foetuses wasted were
recorded. A total of 3814 of these species were
slaughtered out of which 3252 were goats and 562
cattle, with 1998 and 188 does and cows
respectively. Of the number of females, 420 does
and 28 cows were pregnant. For all the foetuses
recovered, their crown-rump lengths (CRL, in cm)
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J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2015, 5(4): 645-653
and their weights (in Kg) were measured; and their
sexes were also determined. The CRL values
obtained were then applied to the formula:
Y=2.74X+ 30.15 (Banan-Khojasteh et al., 2011;
Khan and Khan, 1989) to estimate the age of the
caprine foetuses (Y, in days), where X is the CRL;
while estimates of the bovine foetal age was based
on the measurements of the CRL and weights of the
foetuses according to Njaa (2012). On the bases of
these age estimates, foetuses were then classified
into the three gestational stages. The results were
then analysed and presented in tabular and graphical
forms. The economic impact analysis of the total
foetal wastages was determined based on indices of
current market prices (Mshelia, personal
communication).
Statistical Analysis
The data generated on foetal wastages were
subjected to analysis based on sex and specie
variation. Simple descriptive statistics were used to
analyze the foetometric characters of the foetuses
recovered. The chi-square test was used to test the
difference between the numbers of foetuses and the
number of animals slaughtered. P value was
considered significant at 0.05.
Results and Discussion
The result of this study showed that a total of
3814 cattle and goats were slaughtered at the
Maiduguri abattoir out of which 3252 (85%) and
562 (15%) were goats and cattle respectively. Of
the number of goats slaughtered, 1254 (39%) were
males and1998 (61%) were females. Similarly, of
the 562 cattle slaughtered, 374 (66.5%) were males
and 188 (33.5%) were females. The proportion of
pregnant cows and does were 21% and 15%
respectively, while the combined rate for both
species was 20.5%. Of the total number of animals
presented to slaughter, the proportions of pregnant
females in that population were 13% and 5% for
caprine and bovine species respectively (Table 1).
Table 1: Distribution of animal slaughtered at different gestational stage.
Animal Specie Slaughtered
Total
Male
Female (NP)
%PF
%PFPS
Caprine
3252
1254
1998 (420)
21a
13
Bovine
562
374
188 (28)
15b
5
Total
3814
1628
2186 (448)
20.5
11.7
NP = Number pregnant, PF = Proportion of pregnant females of the female population presented to slaughter,
PFPS = Proportion of pregnant females of the total population presented for slaughter.
Values with different Superscripts (a, b) are statistically significant (P<0.05).
A total of 313 (74.5%) and 103 (24.5%)
caprine foetuses were wasted during the 2nd and 3rd
trimesters respectively; while 37.5% and 45% of the
total bovine foetuses were wasted during similar
gestational stages. Figure 1 shows the distribution
of the rates of foetal wastages during the different
gestational stages in these species.
Fig. 1: Distribution of the rates of bovine and caprine foetal wastages at different gestational stages.
FOETOMETRICS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE …
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J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2015, 5(4): 645-653
The findings in the present study showed that
the slaughtering of pregnant livestock is common
practice in north-eastern Nigeria. The rates
observed in the present study agree with some
reports from previous studies which showed that 34
% ewes (Muhammad et al., 2007) and 26 % does
(Sanusi et al., 2006) were found pregnant at the
point of slaughter. Similarly, a study involving the
Ethiopian Highland sheep showed that 70 % ewes
were found pregnant in the process of slaughter
(Mukasa-Mugerwa and Tekelye, 2003). In
Germany, approximately 15% of the heifers in 53
slaughterhouses were also found pregnant at the
point of slaughter (Riehn et al., 2010). This
suggests that the problem of presenting pregnant
animals to slaughter is a pandemic issue, and it calls
for a robust remedial measure to be put in place in
order to scale down on this menace.
In Nigeria, a law regulating meat inspection has
been in existence which was amended post-
independence (in 1966) to conform to W.H.O.
directives of 1962, that vets the over world should
be in control of meat inspection and that such duty
be transferred to vet department. This law (the meat
edict, 1968) took effect in 1968 in the northern
states but was amended in 1975 (in Borno state) due
to the fact that many pregnant animals were being
slaughtered. However, despite the provision of this
law, which legally outlawed the slaughter of
pregnant animals nearly 4 decades now, the practice
with its overt colossal foetal wastages has continued
to thrive unabated in this country. Although, this
problem is a global phenomenon (Fayemi and
Munchenje, 2013), in some countries, the
magnitude is minimized by strict laws (Riehn et al.,
2010; Singleton, 2010; Lavi, 2007). In the USA,
slaughter of pregnant cow is not allowed by law, the
only condition being emergencies associated with
infertility, where the cow is expected to be
euthanized (Butterworth, 2000; Biggs and
Blackwell, 2005). Anything short of this is
considered as cruelty to the animal (Singleton,
2010) and the culprits must pay fines (Perera, 2006;
Laura, 2010). For example, in the USA, fines of
US$ 1,000 to US$ 10,000 may be charged, with the
chances of suspension or revocation of the
offending abattoir operator’s license for cruelty on
livestock as well as maternal slaughter of animals at
slaughterhouses (Laura, 2010). In Sri Lanka, a sum
of one hundred thousand Sri Lankan Rupee (Rs
100,000.00) approximately US$ 900 is paid as fine
for similar offenses (Perera, 2006), however in
Nigeria the level of enforcement of this law is low,
associated with low levels of penalties fixed for
such offenses (Olukole, 2008). It is therefore high
time that these issues are addressed by the
appropriate regulatory authorities in order to
forestall such incidences and boost the development
of the livestock sector in this country.
From the result of the present study, 42.7% of
the total cattle and goats slaughtered during the
study period were males, compared to 57.3% of
females. These figures are similar to the
observations made in cattle in Niger state (Adama et
al., 2011) where rates of 62% and 38% were
reported for females and males respectively. Out of
the total number of cattle and goats slaughtered in
the present study, 20% were pregnant with
concurrent foetal wastages; a huge proportion
(55.5%) of the caprine foetuses wasted was female.
This figure represents the percentage of potential
breeding doe replacement stock that would have
boosted the reproductive capacity of this specie in
Nigeria. Going by the present rate of foetal
wastages, the losses in terms of costs of
replacement heifers as well as accruable income to
most production units in Nigeria could be huge, and
is comparable with reports from other tropical
countries (Gall et al., 1994; Ndi et al., 1993).
From the present study, the rate of foetal
wastage was highest in goats rather than the cattle.
Previous reports in the country indicated that high
volumes of sheep and goats were being slaughtered
with the goats being more in number (Nwapku and
Osakwe, 2007; Ahemen and Zahraddeen, 2010;
Alhaji and Odetokun, 2013). These reports
corroborate the pattern observed in the present
study, suggesting the higher consumption of goats
compared to the other ruminant species, especially
during festive periods. There were higher rates
(p<0.05) of occurrence of foetal wastages observed
during the second trimester compared to the third in
the caprine, whereas the rate of bovine foetal
wastages was higher during the third rather than the
second trimester, but the difference was not
significant statistically (p>0.05). These findings
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J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2015, 5(4): 645-653
were contrary to those reported by Bokko (2011)
and Ngbede et al., (2012) in does and cows
respectively, who observed more foetuses wasted
during the first trimester. This may be
understandable, probably due to the lack of overt
signs of pregnancy; but the reasons for the high
occurrence during the second trimester will need to
be ascertained in future studies.
The foetometric characters of the caprine and
bovine foetuses recovered in this study are
presented in Tables 2 and 3 respectively. The crown
rump lengths (CRL) and weights of foetuses from
goats slaughtered ranged between 7 to 37cm and 1
to 4 kg respectively with means of 30.38 ± 0.4876
cm and 8.44± 1.247 Kg respectively during the 3rd
trimester (Table 2).
Table 2: The Distribution of Mean Crown Rump Lengths and Weights of caprine fetuses
recovered at different gestational stages.
Gestational stages
Number of fetuses
Mean CRL±SD
Mean Weight±SD
First trimester
4
7±0.000
1±0.000
Second trimester
313
17.74±4.415
2.024±0.648
Third trimester
103
30.38±0.4876
3.68±0.548
CRL: Crown Rump Length, SD: Standard Deviation.
Whereas in the cattle, the CRL and Weights of
the foetuses ranged from 10 to 83cm and 2 to 10kg
respectively, with means of 45.78 ±10.674 cm and
6.06 ± 0.961 Kg respectively during the 2nd
trimester (Table 3). The sex distributions of caprine
and bovine foetuses recovered at different
gestational stages are presented in Figures 2 and
3respectively.
Table 3: The Distribution of Mean Crown Rump Lengths and Weights of bovine foetuses
recovered at different gestational stages.
Gestational stages
Number of fetuses
Mean CRL±SD
Mean Weight±SD
First trimester
5
16.87±3.564
3.14±0.899
Second trimester
10
45.78±10.674
6.06±0.961
Third trimester
13
70.33±7.859
8.44±1.247
CRL: Crown Rump Length, SD: Standard Deviation.
The result showed that the female caprine
foetuses wasted were higher (55.5%) compared to
the males, occurring more during the 2nd trimester
than either of the other trimesters (Fig. 2). However,
for the bovine foetuses wasted, the males were
higher (52.5%) compared to the females (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2: Sex distribution of caprine foetuses recovered at different gestational stages.
FOETOMETRICS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE …
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Fig. 3: Sex Distribution of bovine foetuses recovered at different gestational stages.
The representative bovine and caprine foetuses
recovered during the different gestational stages are
shown in Plate 1. The economic impact of such
foetal wastages is presented in Table 4. From the
total of 3522 and 562 caprine and bovine
slaughtered, there were 420 and 28 foetuses wasted
respectively.
A
Plate 1: A: Bovine foetus during the 1st trimester. Note the absence of hair on the body, closed eyes and soft hoofs.
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B
B: Caprine foetuses wasted during the 3rd Trimester. Note: Triplets recovered from one doe, foetuses have developed
hairs and hoofs.
Table 4: The economic impact of fetal wastages in does and cows slaughtered during one month study in Maiduguri,
north-eastern Nigeria.
Species
Study population
Number of foetuses
wasted (%)
Sex of fetuses
Average unit market
price (US$)
Economic impact
(US$)
Male
Female
Does
3252
420 (13)
187
233
51
21, 420
Cows
562
28 (5)
15
13
900
25, 200
Total
3814
448 (12)
202
246
46, 620
From the result of the present study, the
economic impact of the slaughter of pregnant
ruminant species could be enormous on the
Nigerian livestock economy. Ruminant livestock
contribute to the Nigerian Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). For example, the value of cattle alone
within the Nigerian economy is in the order of US$
3,000 million annually (Bourn et al., 1994). At the
prevailing rate, the average market price of matured
goat and cattle stands in the border of N8,000:00
(US$ 51) and N140,000:00 (US$ 900) at the point
of production in Maiduguri, Nigeria (Mshelia,
FOETOMETRICS AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE …
652
J. Anim. Pro. Adv., 2015, 5(4): 645-653
personal communication). In the present study, the
rates of pregnancy wastages for goats and cattle
were 21 and 15 % respectively. The result also
showed that the proportion of pregnant females in
the population presented to slaughter (PFPS) for
both cattle and goats during this study were 5 and
13 % respectively. These figures could be quite
significant in economic terms when examined on
the national scale.
It would be very interesting to determine the
PFPS in other abattoirs across the country in order
to evaluate its usefulness as an index of assessment
of foetal wastages from the number of animals
slaughtered in this country. Out of the caprine foetal
losses recorded during this one month study, the
economic value of such losses at the current market
price stands at US$ 21,420, which translates to US$
257,040) annually. Similarly, the impact of the
bovine foetal losses was US$ 25,200 per month
which translates to US$ 302,400 annually.
The overall weight of such reproductive
wastages for both species stands in the border of
US$ 559,440 annually, which is similar to the US$
823, 881 recently reported by Alhaji and Odetokun
(2013) as a direct consequence of lambs and kids
wasted in one abattoir study in the middle-belt of
the country.
Also recently, an analysis in another study in
north-western Nigeria indicates that about
US$236,590 - US$337,986 is lost annually due to
the magnitude of bovine foetal wastages
encountered in one abattoir (Ngbede et al., 2012).
Certainly, the slaughtering of pregnant food animal
species poses a serious economic and food security
concerns to livestock farmers and the Nigerian
livestock economy (Alhaji and Odetokun, 2013).
Considering that the Nigerian livestock
population (Bourn et al., 1994) and the PFPS
remain relatively stable across the country, the
annual impact of such wastages on the Nigerian
livestock economy could be quite worrisome
nationwide. It is therefore very critical for policy
measures to be put in place to remedy this ugly
trend in order to boost the reproductive efficiency of
these species in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa.
Conclusion
From the findings in the present study, foetal
wastages were observed to be rampart among both
caprine and bovine species and the rate was higher
in goats than cattle. Such wastages are tantamount
to huge economic wastages and portend to lowered
reproductive efficiency in these livestock species. In
order to forestall such occurrences, is it suggested
that critical remedial measures should be put in
place. Law enforcement agents should be deployed
to re-enforce the laws prohibiting the slaughter of
pregnant animals in the abattoirs. Also,
veterinarians and butchers working in the abattoirs
should be more vigilant in their assessment of
animals before their entry to slaughter. These,
hopefully will forestall avoidable slaughter of
pregnant females and increase the reproductive
efficiency in these species.
Acknowledgements
Goni Mohammed assisted with the
measurement of foetal Characteristics. We are
grateful to the personnel of the Maiduguri
Municipal abattoir for their kind assistance with the
collection of foetuses for this study.
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