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Waste Management: Challenges, Threats and Opportunities

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Abstract

Over the last couple of decades, rapid urbanization, unplanned industrialization, and a rising population jointly created several issues worldwide, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. One such issue that requires urgent attention is the ever-increasing waste problem which has become an exasperation for regional and local governments and an issue of both national and international importance. Waste in any form and character are the byproduct of anthropogenic activities. To move forward towards a cleaner and greener future, we need to deduce sustainable technologies - to reduce, reuse and recycle our waste. This book includes important information and views on new developments of waste management technologies, especially from developing and underdeveloped countries. In this book, there are contributions of experts from different countries. Each one of them shows interesting research outputs on waste management technologies which are both economical and eco-friendly; and if applied properly, can lead us towards a 'zero-waste' world.
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WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CHALLENGES, THREATS
AND OPPORTUNITIES
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WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
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WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CHALLENGES, THREATS
AND OPPORTUNITIES
RAJEEV PRATAP SINGH
AND
ABHIJIT SARKAR
EDITORS
New York
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Recycling of Agricultural and Municipal Solid Wastes in Ghana:
Challenges, Threats and Opportunities 1
K. G. Ofosu-Budu, J. N. Hogarh and N. Adamtey
Chapter 2 Environmental Applications of Enzymes 37
Koula Doukani
Chapter 3 Resource Management: An Indian Earthworm‘s Eye
View for Composting Organic Wastes 55
Sultan Ahmed Ismail
Chapter 4 Management of Agricultural Wastes Using Microbial Agents 65
Shubhransu Nayak and Arup Kumar Mukherjee
Chapter 5 Sewage Fed Aquaculture: A Viable Proposition for Fish
Production through Nutrients Recovery and Water
Conservation, in Effect of Abating Aquatic Pollution 93
R. N. Mandal, P. P. Chakrabarti and P. Jayasankar
Chapter 6 Waste to Energy Technology 115
R. N. Singh and Shaishav Sharma
Chapter 7 Urban Solid Waste Management Processes, Implications,
Threats and Opportunities: An Overview on Related Issues
and Mitigation Measures 159
Monojit Chakraborty, Chhemendra Sharma
and Jitendra Pandey
Chapter 8 Sustainable Approach to Waste Management -
Vermicomposting Technology 183
Renuka Gupta and V. K. Garg
Chapter 9 Sustainable Utilization of Oil Palm Wastes:
Opportunities and Challenges 217
Asha Embrandiri, Shlrene Quaik, Praveen Rupani,
Vaibhav Srivastava and Pooja Singh
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Contents
viii
Chapter 10 Vermiculture Technology for Recycling of Solid
Wastes and Wastewater by Earthworms into Valuable
Resources for THEIR Reuse in Agriculture
(ORGANIC FARMING) While Saving
Water and Fertilizer 233
Rajiv K. Sinha, Nirmal K. Misra, Pancham K. Singh
Ashok Ghosh, Upendra Patel, Jainendra Kumar,
George Hahn, Brijal K. Soni and Mandar Prabhune
Chapter 11 e-Waste: Science, Society, Management 257
Anirban Biswas and Saroni Biswas
Index 269
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... Para poder cumplir con lo anterior, la GIRS requiere de la intervención de la ingeniería por medio de procesos tecnificados, lo que puede convertirla en una propuesta costosa y poco viable. Por lo que es ideal generar procesos tecnificados adecuados bajo una inversión llamativa y accesible, lo que se ha demostrado que se puede lograr utilizando los principios de degradación biológica, como una alternativa económica y ecológica para el tratamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos y otros (Sarkar & Singh, 2015;Jiménez, 2017). ...
... En el caso de los países en desarrollo, la contaminación generalizada por desechos orgánicos se debe a su mala administración, la cual, a su vez, es consecuencia de diferentes falencias, como deficiencias técnicas y presupuestales, y la falta de infraestructura adecuada para la gestión de estos residuos, lo que, sumado al incremento de la generación de residuos, conduce a alteraciones en la salud pública y el ambiente (Sarkar & Singh, 2015). ...
... De otra parte, al ser producto de la actividad antropogénica, el volumen y concentración de los residuos incrementa cada año en función de las características de consumo de la humanidad; además, en su composición tiende a prevalecer, e incluso incrementarse, el uso de sustancias xenobióticas, lo que dificulta su gestión y tratamiento, generando grandes impactos negativos en los ecosistemas (Gazzo & Librandi, s. f;Sarkar & Singh, 2015). ...
Chapter
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La sostenibilidad ambiental cada vez cobra un papel más importante en la sociedad, lo que ha generado que diferentes sectores se comprometan en implementar estrategias que les permitan extender un impacto positivo en su entorno. Por esto, la Aviación del Ejército fomenta una cultura de conciencia ecológica y coordinada gestión ambiental entre el personal militar y civil. Este libro permite evidenciar como la Aviación del Ejército se afianza como una institución encaminada a ser amigable con el planeta; actuando como agente activo del desarrollo sostenible, promoviendo el respeto por el medio ambiente con todos sus componentes fauna, flora, tierra, agua y aire, para la conservación, protección y bienestar de los ecosistemas en todo el país. Es así como este ejemplar se convierte en un espacio para analizar la actualidad de los fenómenos ambientales terrestres, los protocolos basados en las normativas existentes en el manejo de residuos, las investigaciones y las nuevas alternativas sostenibles, con el fin de evidenciar posibles oportunidades y estrategias de mejora para contribuir hacia una cultura de responsabilidad y sostenibilidad ambiental en todo el ejército Nacional.
... According to the calculations performed after the hydrothermal and solvothermal treatment in the present work, the TSP composition is cellulose 38%, hemicellulose 58%, lignin 6%, and nonstructural components 1%. This is a typical composition for some plant species, especially for the parts that are discarded as waste [54,55]. ...
Article
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Agricultural waste is a renewable source of lignocellulosic components, which can be processed in a variety of ways to yield added-value materials for various applications, e.g., polymer composites. However, most lignocellulosic biomass is incinerated for energy. Typically, agricultural waste is left to decompose in the fields, causing problems such as greenhouse gas release, attracting insects and rodents, and impacting soil fertility. This study aims to valorise nonedible tomato waste with no commercial value in Additive Manufacturing (AM) to create sustainable, cost-effective and added-value PLA composites. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) filaments with 5 and 10 wt.% tomato stem powder (TSP) were developed, and 3D-printed specimens were tested. Mechanical testing showed consistent tensile properties with 5% TSP addition, while flexural strength decreased, possibly due to void formation. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated changes in storage modulus and damping factor with TSP addition. Notably, the composites exhibited antioxidant activity, increasing with higher TSP content. These findings underscore the potential of agricultural waste utilization in FFF, offering insights into greener waste management practices and addressing challenges in mechanical performance and material compatibility. This research highlights the viability of integrating agricultural waste into filament-based AM, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and promoting circular economy initiatives.
... Solid waste management (SWM) is a critical infrastructural service which is integral to urban and environmental management worldwide (Sarkar and Singh, 2015). Like most other infrastructural services, it has come into sharp focus, since people are affected by the adverse impacts such as water and air pollution or overflowing landfills, forcing the responsible parties to address the problems of increased waste generation (Seadon 2010). ...
Article
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Solid waste management which entails the generation, storage, collection, transportation, processing, treatment and disposal of waste products is regarded as a challenge to many countries worldwide. The focus and methods vary in all territories given the wide range of factors which influence waste management. Small Island Developing States face unique challenges which are influenced by their peculiar physical, economic, social, political and institutional characteristic. Consequently, they require a solid waste management system tailored to their unique requirements. CONCLUSION: A solid waste management system must be unique to each area, given that there are many dynamic variables which affect the system. Consequently, the system derived from this study can only be applied in its entirety to the study area. Other areas with similar characteristics can lend examples from the study area.
Article
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Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm mushrooms are cultivated on diverse by-products based on substrates that hold promise for mitigating antibiotic usage in the poultry industry and reducing environmental pollution. By incorporating agricultural by-products into mushroom cultivation, the functionality of the mushroom products can be increased, then the final product can be a more effective feed supplement. After mushroom cultivation, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) can be valorized, due to the presence of huge amounts of bioactive compounds like β-glucan, chitin, polyphenols, and flavonoids related to mycelia. As a prebiotic and antimicrobial feed supplement, these mushrooms positively influence gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, and thus overall poultry well-being. This article underscores the potential of solid-state fermentation (SSF) to enhance the bioactivity of oyster mushrooms and their derivatives, offering a cost-effective and efficient strategy for transforming unconventional feeding materials. Moreover, it emphasizes broader implications, including the reduction of antibiotic dependence in poultry farming, highlighting the promising integration of oyster mushrooms and their derivatives for sustainable and environmentally conscious poultry production.
Chapter
This chapter reviews the state of art and potential of environmental biotechnology, as well as the challenges and considerations that go along with it. Given the wide range of issues that the industry and country face in the discipline of environmental biotechnology, the functions of some biological processes as well as biosystems to control environmental safety and health based on the use of living organisms have been investigated. The success as well as the possibilities in the advancement of technology is considered while evaluating environmental remediation pollution control monitoring and detection. To demonstrate each of the major areas of environmental biotechnology, such as wastewater treatment, many related topics have been chosen. Dealing with both process engineering and microbiological elements of waste gas treatment, soiltreatment, and solid waste treatment. The specific significance of environmental biotechnology in the time ahead is stressed due to the possibility to offer up-to-date solutions and directions in the repair of damaged environments while avoiding future waste discharge and creating pollution control alternatives. To capitalize on these opportunities, creative and new techniques advancing the use of genetic engineering technology and molecular biochemical processes are being investigated. This strategy would improve knowledge of present biological processes to boost their productivity, adaptability, and efficiency. There is an example of the implementation and development of such strategies. The contribution of environmental biotechnology to the creation of a truly sustainable future is indeed made clear. By fusing biotechnology alongside related technologies and making sure that safety procedures are an essential part for the project, environmental biotechnology has served as one of the opportunities for avoiding, stopping, and restoring environmental damage. Biotechnological methods and commodities could be employed with the aim of long-term ecological safety to protect environmental safety.
Chapter
Rapid urbanization, over-population, and industrialization induce rise in freshwater scarcity considerably and are responsible for the generation of wastewater in larger amounts. Disposal of untreated wastewater causes eutrophication, and water pollution, disturbing the aquatic ecosystem beyond repair. On the other hand, growing global food demand increases the usage of chemical fertilizers. Although chemical fertilizer enhances plant growth, development, and productivity efficiently, it degrades the soil quality and nutritional food value, destroys soilbiota thus becomes a life-threatening factor. The adverse effects of these have lead to the search for cost-efficient, eco-friendly alternative options. The generation of biofertilizer from wastewater is a promising approach that can be used as a replacement for “chemical fertilizer” for wastewater disposal and also helps to mitigate eutrophication, improve soil quality and give a future roadmap for better possibilities for environmental sustainability. Proper treatments, can turn wastewater into a resource to alleviate water scarcity and for the betterment of the environment.
Article
Full-text available
The generation of urban waste is obvious due to the rapid increase in urbanization. The increase in consumption led to a corresponding increase in waste generation as well. This study used already existing literature to identify the various types of waste generated in urban settings. Besides, the study has also identified the various waste management strategies and methods adopted across the globe to manage urban waste effectively. The outcome of the study revealed that wastes are classified in terms of their physical state (solid, liquid, and gaseous states), bio-degradability (bio-degradable waste and non-biodegradable waste), and in terms of classification based on effects on human health. These include hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste. The study found that among the various waste management methods and strategies, landfilling, compositing, 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), incineration or combustion, and bioremediation are the most widely used waste management methods across the globe.
Article
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The innovativeness of logistics companies depends on the quality of management staff. Logistics is an area where innovation largely determines the competitiveness of the company and its position on the market. Managers can have a strong influence on the level of innovation, but the way they interact can vary. The paper presents the results of the study of 200 managers working in small and medium-sized enterprises from the Podlaskie Voivodeship responsible for logistics activities and their subordinates. The aim of the research was to assess the impact of SME sector managers working in the area of logistics on the innovation of the enterprise in the context of management style and their relations with subordinates. The research shows that managers characterized by a democratic style of management and having better relationships with subordinates have a greater impact on innovation in the area of logistics. Sharing your own knowledge with subordinates is the most frequently indicated method of influencing the company’s innovativeness by managers.
Article
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The study presents the waste management system in force in Poland and the related methods of calculating fees. Based on the analysis, we should assume that the implementation of the fee for waste through the principle of the pay-as-you- -throw seems the most appropriate option to ensure reliability in paying for waste management services. Based on the analysis, we should assume that the implementation of the fee for waste through the principle of the pay-as-you-throw seems the most appropriate option to ensure reliability in paying for waste management services. Moreover, the experience of other regions in the world has shown that the system effectively supports the reduction of disposable packaging and creates incentives for at source segregation and composting.
Article
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The article shows the methods and tools used by the surveyed company in the transport process. Transport exchanges and GPS monitoring system play a key role here. A process map is presented, which shows the individual stages of transport tasks realization using the exchanges and other tools. On the basis of the examined entity, the transport exchanges were also compared and evaluated against various criteria. The research took into account three stock exchange platforms used by the company: TimoCom, Trans and Teleroute. As a result of the research, it was found that TimoCom exchange received the highest evaluation for the selected company – 4.74, Trans with a score of 3.84 and Teleroute 3.6. For the audited entity, TimoCom platform turned out to be the best in terms of the criteria compared.
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