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La démographie de l'Océanie des années 1950 aux années 2000
Abstract
The Demography of Oceania, from the 1950s to the 2000s
Oceania is made up of 17 independent countries and 6 territories totalling 35 million inhabitants, of which 73% live in Australia and New Zealand. This chronicle describes the major socio-demographic and health trends since the 1950s in the region as a whole, in its four sub-regions (Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and Australia – New Zealand) and, where possible, in each country. The most reliable recent data are given in an statistical appendix. An introductory presentation of the region’s geographical, institutional and economic diversity is followed by a description of demographic growth rates, population size and structure, nuptiality, fertility and its determinants, mortality (overall, infant, maternal), child health, migration, urbanization and access to education. As in the other regions of the world, the demographic regimes in Oceania have diversified over the last two decades. Natural growth is slowing down, but still ranges between 0.6% and more than 2% per year in the different countries. Fertility is declining everywhere, but levels are highly contrasting (around 2 children per woman in six countries, above 4 in seven others). Life expectancy is also increasing, but varies between 61 years in the sub-region of Melanesia and 80 years in Australia – New Zealand. Likewise, infant mortality ranges from 5 to 50 per 1,000. The proportion of urban dwellers is quite small in most of the island countries. Migration has played a major role in the population dynamics of Oceania, and continues to do so, notably through the emigration of young adults. Access to education is practically universal in the vast majority of countries.
... These demographic processes are typical of outer islands in other parts of the Pacific island states (Reenberg et al. 2008, Rallu 2010. Under these conditions, the MIRAB model (Bertram 2006) operates in Fiji generally and in Kadavu particularly. ...
Bora Bora, Raiatea et Tahaa sont trois îles situées en Polynésie française dans les Îles‑Sous-le-Vent, en périphérie du centre tahitien. Elles accueillent des néo‑résidents à la fois venus d’autres îles polynésiennes et de l’extérieur du territoire (essentiellement de France métropolitaine*). Grâce à une méthodologie croisant analyse statistique détaillée du recensement de la population et entretiens qualitatifs menés auprès de ces néo-résidents, cet article dresse leur profil et détermine le rôle de l’insularité dans leurs stratégies migratoires et leur vie quotidienne. Il montre que ces néo‑résidents semblent davantage s’installer pour des raisons économiques et familiales que pour répondre à un « désir d’île », ce qui permet notamment de relativiser l’effet du « mythe polynésien ». Une fois sur place, la vie insulaire apparaît globalement appréciée par les néo-résidents, ce qui ne les empêche pas de souligner la présence de certaines contraintes, dont une partie est néanmoins mieux vécue aujourd’hui grâce aux outils de communication numérique.*. Dans le langage courant les Polynésiens parlent indifféremment de « France », de « Métropole » voire de « France métropolitaine ». Dans un contexte post-colonial, certains chercheurs ont néanmoins questionné ce terme [Gay, 2021 ; Saura 2021], proposant par exemple de parler d’« Hexagone ». Nous privilégierons ce terme, mais pourrons utiliser les autres appellations par souci d’éviter les répétitions.
Le modèle de la corésidence en famille nucléaire s’est imposé comme norme dans les sociétés occidentales modernisées. Avec l’émergence de la seconde transition démographique qui a vu la natalité chuter et les séparations augmenter, d’autres modes de cohabitation ont fait leur apparition dans la nomenclature statistique : couples sans enfant, personnes seules, familles monoparentales. La statistique rassemble aujourd’hui toutes les autres formes de corésidence dans la catégorie « ménages complexes », celle-ci étant présentée comme un reliquat prétransitionnel. En Polynésie française, elle représente pourtant plus d’un quart des ménages, soit 6,5 fois plus qu’en métropole. Au premier abord, cette surreprésentation des ménages complexes en Polynésie pourrait s’expliquer par une position différente dans les transitions démographiques, la Polynésie étant selon cette hypothèse dans une phase antérieure des transformations démographiques, relativement à la France métropolitaine. Cependant, dans un territoire archipélagique où l’offre scolaire, les établissements de santé et les rares opportunités d’emploi sont extrêmement concentrées dans les espaces les plus centraux, la co-résidence des membres de la famille représente une ressource de premier plan. Cet article explore les raisons d’une telle surreprésentation en étudiant l’hypothèse de l’archaïsme pré-transitionnel et celle de l’adaptation aux contraintes du territoire, à partir de données ethnographiques collectées dans les années 1920 et 1960 et de données censitaires collectées au XXIème siècle.
Context: The Pacific region has had a complex human history. It has been subject to multiple major human dispersal and colonisation events, including some of the earliest Out-of-Africa migrations, the so-called Austronesian expansion of people out of Island Southeast Asia, and the more recent arrival of Europeans. Despite models of island isolation, evidence suggests significant levels of interconnectedness that vary in direction and frequency over time. The Pacific Ocean covers a vast area and its islands provide an array of different physical environments with variable pathogen loads and subsistence opportunities. These diverse environments likely caused Pacific peoples to adapt (both genetically and culturally) in unique ways. Differences in genetic background, in combination with adaptation, likely affect their susceptibility to non-communicable diseases.
Objectives: Here we provide an overview of some of the key issues in the natural and human history of the Pacific region which are likely to impact human health. We argue that understanding the evolutionary and cultural history of Pacific peoples is essential for the generation of testable hypotheses surrounding potential causes of elevated disease susceptibility among Pacific peoples.
The demographic window identifies the period during which countries can maximize the benefits of the favourable evolution of the age structure of the population. The work aims to analyse the phenomenon of demographic window in the Mediterranean during the period 1950–2010, with an extension in 2100, based its discussion on the most common approaches.
The first part is devoted to the presentation and analysis of the evolution of the components of population dynamics (fertility, mortality and migration) over the past 60 years. The second part tries to estimate, for each country, the opening and closing of the demographic window periods. The third part will be to identify possible future demographic windows by using high and low variant population projections of the United Nations in 2100 (World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision).
This chapter addresses several aspects of contemporary mobility of Pacific
peoples. The first section sets the scene by introducing general features of Pacific
mobility ‘worlds’ and the debate that has arisen around population growth and
access to formal sector employment in the region.
This is followed by three sections that address dimensions of contemporary population movement between countries in the Pacific and New Zealand:
1) Pathways and circuits of movement, including trans-Tasman migration, as
these can be measured through the arrival and departure statistics.
2) Pathways to residence as these can be assessed through analysis of the data
relating to approvals for study, work, and residence in New Zealand.
3) Circulation between Pacific countries and New Zealand, as this has been
assessed in a new database on subsequent mobility of immigrants, in the wider
context of the debate about role of return migration in contemporary Pacific
transnational societies.
A major review of immigration policy in New Zealand in 1986, and the subsequent introduction of a points-based selection system for skilled migrants in 1990 created the necessary conditions for significant gloibalization of the country's international migration system. This chapter continues an analysis of transformations in migration systems in the Pacific region which were reviewed, at the regional level, in my chapter in Kritz. et al's book "International MIgration Systems: A Global Approach" entitled 'International Migration in the South Pacific Region'. A national rather than a regional focus is adopted in the present chapter in order to show how the globalization of population movement to and from New Zealand became a reality in the 1990s. The first section establishes the context within which an analysis of transformations in New Zealand's recent international migration system might be usefully situated. This is followed by an overview of major changes in international migration to and from New Zealand with reference to two periods: a decade of optimism about immigration per se promoting economic growth and the development of a more diverse, multicultural society (1986-1995); and several years of reflection on the problems of integrating migrants into New Zealand's economy and society (1996-2004). In the final section characteristics of the country's contemporary international migration system are examined with reference to the increasing demand for property and residence in New Zealand, and an intensifying debate about the place of both temporary and permanent migration in social transformation, economic development and national sovereignty.
Australia and New Zealand tend to view development issues in the Pacific, including labor mobility, in different ways. This paper compares the different policies of Australia and New Zealand on the migration of Pacific peoples. Both countries used to have colonies in the Pacific in the 20th century, but while Australia ceased to continue its special relationship with the island countries on immigration matters, New Zealand did the opposite and has become a major destination for Polynesians. New Zealand's recent move to incorporate a seasonal work program to bring in Pacific workers marks another difference with Australia's approach. The impacts of the seasonal work program for the two countries, the broader canvas of demographic and economic differentials between the Pacific Island states and Australia and New Zealand, and prospects for multilateral cooperation are examined in the article.
Acknowledgement: We are grateful toTekena Tiroa (Director of Kiribati Statistics Office) and Iete Rouatu (Director of Planning Office) for allowing to process tables from the 2005 census with NSO staff assistance.
L'età media al primo figlio (MAFB) è stimata dalle proporzioni di donne in parità zero utilizzando il metodo di Hajnal per stimare l'età media al matrimonio (SMAM). Il metodo è applicato alle isole Cook, alle isole Fiji e alla popolazione indiana delle Fiji, e ai Kiribati fornendo per la prima volta stime del MAFB e dell'intervallo protogenesico (mediante confronto con lo SMAM). Le stime intercensuarie basate su una serie di censimenti sono più affidabili. Con l'eccezione delle isole Cook, SMAM e MAFB crescono e convergono. Kiribati e popolazione indiana delle Fiji hanno intervalli positivi. Nelle isole Cook, basso MAFB ed elevato SMAM producono intervalli negativi. Fonti di distorsioni significative sono le migrazioni, le omissioni delle convivenze e le mancate risposte registrate come donne in parità zero. Mean age at first birth (MAFB) is estimated from proportions nulliparous using Hajnal's method for estimating the singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM). The method is applied to Cook Islands, the Fijian and Indian populations of Fiji, and Kiribati providing for the first time estimates of MAFB and the first birth interval (through comparison with SMAM). Intercensal estimates based on a series of censuses are more reliable. Except in Cook Islands, MAFB and SMAM increase and converge. Kiribati and the Indian population of Fiji have positive intervals. In Cook Islands, low MAFB and high SMAM produce a large negative interval. Sources of significant bias are migration and omissions of de facto marriages, which also interact, and non-responses returned as nulliparous. L'âge moyen à la première naissance (MAFB) s'estime à partir des proportions de femmes sans enfant selon la méthode Hajnal d'estimation de l'âge moyen au premier mariage (SMAM). L'application de cette méthode aux îles Cook, Fiji, Kiribati et aux Indiens de Fiji fournit les premières estimations du MAFB et de l'intervalle protogénésique en confrontant MAFB et SMAM. Les estimations intercensitaires basées sur plusieurs recensements sont plus fiables. MAFB et SMAM sont à la hausse et convergent, sauf aux îles Cook. Kiribati et les Indiens de Fiji ont des intervalles positifs. Aux îles Cook, un MAFB faible et un SMAM élevé créent un fort intervalle négatif. Les migrations, omissions d'unions de fait et non-réponses enregistrées comme femmes sans enfant sont des facteurs de distorsion.
The countries of South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) cover less than 4% of the Earth’s surface, but their combined population of some 1.6 billion inhabitants in 2007 represents nearly a quarter of the world total. India, the largest country in the region, alone has 1.17 billion inhabitants. This chronicle charts the main demographic trends since the 1950s, which are explained in part by the countries’ diverse levels of development. Their demographic transitions also exhibit broad diversity. There is no single transition model specific to the region, just as there is no single transition in India, as the comparison of its states makes clear. Except in Sri Lanka, where the process is complete, the fertility transition is ongoing, and the mortality transition is in general very advanced. The potential for demographic growth remains high in South Asia, since the United Nations expects the region’s population to grow by 600 million inhabitants up to 2040. The future course of demographic change has major implications for development, since most of the countries need to reduce poverty and raise educational levels while at the same time coping with rapid urban growth and addressing environmental issues.
All available data for thirteen Pacific Island nations are used in a comparative analysis of suicide levels and characteristics. Age, sex and method of suicide are examined in detail. Global comparison shows Pacific rates are amongst the highest reported. Female youth rates exceed male rates in Western Samoa and amongst Fiji Indians. Method of suicide (paraquat ingestion) is instrumental in determining high rates in Western Samoa, especially in females. The broad causal theme is societal transition. Commonality and diversity are discussed.
"This paper presents an analysis of the 1985 census [of Kiribati] and compares projections made on the basis of that analysis with the 1990 enumeration. Comparison is made throughout with the estimates derived from [the] 1978 census." Information is provided on population growth and structure, child and adult mortality, marriage and first birth, and fertility.
For the past quarter of a century migration has been the most demographic variable in large parts of the South Pacific region. Within the region there is extensive rural-urban migration and beyond the region international migration to the metropolitan states of USA, Australia and New Zealand. The scale of this movement has changed perceptions of development, posed problems for national development and contributed to rapid social and economic change, as island states and islanders have increasingly focused their social and economic aspirations outwards. This collection of papers examines the changing context and impact of migration in eight different states in the region, reviewing such issues as the brain or skill drain, remittances and investment, employment strategies of migrants, the impact of migration on inequality and uneven development and the overall relationship between migration and development. Migration is more closely linked to social issues, including education and suicide, than in many earlier discussions and there is also a strong emphasis on the historical evolution of structures of migration. -from Editor
In the context of preparing population projections for Papua New Guinea up to 2030, two series of projections were prepared; one incorporating the effects of AIDS, the other excluding these effects. Comparison of the two series showed that the impact of the AIDS epidemic was already evident in 2000, with the number of deaths rising and life expectancy being already lower than it otherwise would have been. By the year 2030, the impact of AIDS would potentially be large. The increased deaths would lower the rate of population growth and reduce life expectancy significantly. This article demonstrates that given moderate demographic assumptions, life expectancy would be about eight years lower with AIDS than it might otherwise be in the absence of AIDS. In the worst case scenario, by 2030, life expectancy will return to the levels observed in the 1980s and the number of HIV-positive persons will possibly reach 300,000. The article concludes that Papua New Guinea will face two related challenges over the next decades; sustained population growth and the reduced life expectancy, and lower quality of life as a result of the AIDS epidemic.
La Polynésie Française a connu une importante dépopulation du début du contact avec les Européens, au XVIIIe siècle, jusqu'aux premières décennies du XXe siècle, notamment du fait que les populations océaniennes furent très sensibles aux maladies infectieuses apportées par les Européens. Après la seconde guerre mondiale, une mortalité forte traduisait encore, vu sa répartition par âge, l'importance des maladies infectieuses; une surmortalité féminine importante témoignait des mêmes faits. La mortalité des deux sexes a baissé progressivement à mesure qu'étaient réalisés des programmes d'action sanitaire. Cependant, depuis le milieu des années 1960, cette baisse s'est brusquement arrêtée avant qu'ait été atteint un haut niveau d'espérance de vie à la naissance. L'évolution de la natalité traduit d'abord les mêmes progrès effectués depuis la guerre, dans l'amélioration des conditions sanitaires. Pendant la dernière décennie étudiée, la Polynésie Française a connu un essor économique qui s'est accompagné d'une baisse très nette de la fécondité. /// The population of French Polynesia suffered considerable decline from the beginning of its contact with Europeans during the 18th century, chiefly because of the susceptibility of the natives to the contagious diseases introduced by the Europeans. After the Second World War, mortality from contagious diseases continued to be high, as may be seen from its age distribution. A substantial excess mortality of women confirms this. The mortality of both sexes fell progressively as public health measures were introduced. However, in the middle of the 1960's this fall suddenly ceased before the expectation of life at birth reached a high level. Movements in the birth rate also showed progress since the war on account of the improvement in hygienic conditions. During the last decade however, French Polynesia enjoyed rapid economic growth accompanied by a marked drop in fertility. /// La Polinesia Francesa experimentó una importante disminución de su población desde el comienzo del contacto con los europeos, en el siglo XVIII, hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XX, debido principalmente a que las poblaciones de la Oceanía fueron muy sensibles a las enfermedades infecciosas que Ilevaron consigo los europeos. Depués de la segunda guerra mundial, una fuerte mortalidad mostraba todavía, en relación a la estructura por edades, la importancia de las enfermedades infecciosas; esta situación se reflejaba también en una importante sobre-mortalidad femenina. A medida que se desarrollaban programas de acción sanitaria, la mortalidad de los dos sexos disminuyó sensiblemente. Pero a partir de mediados de la década del 60, la disminución de la mortalidad se detuvo antes de haber alcanzado un alto nivel de esperanza de vida. La evolución de la natalidad refleja también los progresos realizados en el mejoramiento de las condiciones sanitarias después de la guerra. Durante el último decenio estudiado, se ha producido un desarrollo económico en la Polinesia Francesa, que se ha visto acompañado por una clara reducción de la fecundidad.
This article discusses the current status of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) in the Pacific, in view of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). While there has been some decrease in maternal mortality over the past 15 years in some countries, it appears that not all countries in the Pacific will reach their targets. Unless focused interventions are strengthened, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Federated States of Micronesia and Kiribati will continue to have unacceptably high numbers of maternal deaths. The contraceptive prevalence rates are low for the majority of countries and information on unmet need for family planning is unavailable in most countries. Teenage fertility rates in the Marshall Islands, Vanuatu, Kiribati and Solomon Islands are among some of the highest in the world. Papua New Guinea exhibits a generalized HIV epidemic pattern with a relatively high prevalence of HIV among antenatal mothers. In Kiribati and Tuvalu, HIV has been detected among the seafarers and their families. Other Pacific islands countries are at risk of the epidemic given the high levels of unprotected sex in the communities. While the status of sexual and reproductive health differs between countries, it is probable that some countries will not achieve their MDG targets unless concerted national efforts to promote SRH are made and accelerated action to implement strategies, particularly for populations at risk, are undertaken.
The Demography of East and Southeast Asia from the 1950s to the 2000s
With 2.1 billion inhabitants, the region of East and Southeast Asia is home to one-third of the global population, notably thanks to China, the world’s most populated country, which alone has 1.3 billion citizens. This chronicle provides an overview of the major sociodemographic and health trends in the region since the 1950s, along with a statistical assessment of the most reliable recent data on each country. It includes information on population size and structure, fertility and its intermediate variables, nuptiality, mortality and health, international migration, urbanization and access to education. The region is marked by the extremely rapid progress acheived in reducing mortality and controlling fertility over recent years. Life expectancy at birth has risen from 40 to 70 years since the early 1950s and, thanks to vigorous and sometimes interventionist family planning programmes in certain countries, fertility in the region as a whole is now below replacement level. These changes are raising new demographic challenges, the most immediate of which are population ageing, changing migration patterns and, in some countries, a sex-ratio imbalance resulting from massive use of sex-selective abortion.
This book explores the impact of demographic change on economic growth and poverty in developing countries. The papers in this volume present some new themes and reinforce others. It is shown that rapid population growth had a quantitatively negative impact on the pace of aggregate economic growth in developing countries. Rapid fertility decline made a relevant contribution to reducing the incidence and severity of poverty. The impact of rapid demographic change on the rural environment and development was mixed — a minor player against the larger picture of initial conditions and broad policy effects.
Fiji Islanders have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America since Fiji became independent in 1970. Emigration has continued since then with peaks during times of political crises, such as national elections. It has experienced troughs during periods of political stability and economic growth. The trends in Fiji suggest that deficits in huamn development, especially in relation to human security, underlie the emigration of Fiji citizens, particularly the Fiji Indians. The gender dimensions of emigration and its implications for human development are explored in this article.
La population des trois T.O.M. du Pacifique atteint près de 400 000 habitants. La fécondité des Océaniens, sauf les Wallisiens et Futuniens, a connu une baisse rapide au cours des années 1970 qui s'est ralentie depuis 1980 en Polynésie française. La fécondité à Wallis et Futuna n'a baissé que depuis 1980. L'espérance de vie continue d'augmenter avec de fréquents paliers et la surmortalité masculine des jeunes adultes est très importante. Les populations océaniennes des T.O.M. restent jeunes et conservent un accroissement élevé, autour de 2% annuellement. La composition de la population se modifie du fait des métissages et des migrations. Les projections à l'horizon 2010 donnent environ 520 000 habitants dans les T.O.M. du Pacifique. Le problème des toutes prochaines années est de créer des emplois pour les jeunes, les accroissements à 20-24 ans seront surtout importants en Polynésie, pour les Mélanésiens et à Wallis et Futuna. Les migrations vers la Nouvelle-Calédonie devraient donc se poursuivre. Cependant un développement équilibré dans chaque T.O.M. est la meilleure chance d'avenir des T.O.M. /// The population of the three French overseas territories in the Pacific amounts to nearly 400,000 persons. During the 1970s, fertility among the Oceanians (excluding Wallisians and Futunians) fell rapidly, then the rate of decline in French Polynesia slowed during the 1980s. Life expectancy is increasing, although the excess death rate of young males remains high. The Oceanian populations are young, with a high rate of increase of around two per cent per year. The structure of the population is changing as a result of mixed marriage and migration. The population of the French overseas territories in the Pacific is projected to reach around 520,000 by 2010. The immediate problem is the need to create jobs for young people aged 20-24, whose numbers will increase in Polynesia, Melanesia, Wallis and Futuna. Migration to New Caledonia is likely to continue. Only a balanced development in each of the overseas territories would improve their future chances. /// La población de los tres Territorios de Ultramar del Pacífico alcanza cerca de 400 000 habitantes. La fecundidad de esta población de Oceanía, salvo en el caso de los habitantes de Wallis y de Futuna, experimentó una rápida disminución a lo largo de los años setenta, menos acusada desde 1980 en la Polinesia francesa. La fecundidad de Wallis y de Futuna sólo disminuyó a partir de 1980. La esperanza de vida sigue aumentando de forma escalonada y la sobremortalidad masculina de los jóvenes adultos es muy importante. Las poblaciones de estos Territorios de Ultramar son jóvenes y conservan un crecimiento elevado, en torno al 2% anual. La composición de la población se modifica a causa de los mestizajes y de las migraciones. Las proyecciones con horizonte en el 2010 dan alrededor de 520 000 habitantes en los Territorios del Pacífico. El problema que se plantea para los próximos años es el de crear empleos para los jóvenes, ya que el crecimiento del grupo de 20-24 años será importante especialmente en Polinesia, para los melanesios, y en Wallis y Futuna. Las migraciones hacia Nueva Caledonia deberían pues continuar. Sin embargo, un desarrollo equilibrado en cada Territorio de Ultramar es la mejor opción para su futuro.
This article argues that thinking about population movement in the Pacific Islands has reached a scholarly impasse. Images and metaphors being used to capture the essence of a region's mobility are either rooted in the realities of a previous generation (notably from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s) or reflect the persistence of dichotomized thinking and dualistic frames of reference. Three case studies--of movement internal to Viti Levu in Fiji; mobility and socioeconomic change for Manihiki atoll in the Cook Islands; and the constitutional guarantee of free movement in Solomon Islands--demonstrate that metaphors like "rural-urban drift" and "circulation," or technical terms like "emigration" and "depopulation," convey neither the contemporary ebb and flow of Pacific Island movement nor its inherently volatile and ambiguous character. At one level, more attention should be paid to the dynamism of time, culture, and local environment interacting with the social processes of island movement; at another, to incorporating the ambiguity and paradox that lie at the heart of island behavior, especially as imbedded within local conceptions of the movement of people.
Les accords de Matignon devaient préparer la Nouvelle-Calédonie à l'autodétermination en 1998, en réduisant les inégalités régionales et entre les communautés. Les progrès dans le domaine de l'espérance de vie et de la fécondité sont importants. C'est sans doute dans le domaine des niveaux d'études que les écarts se sont le moins réduits en 10 ans, y compris chez les jeunes. L'activité économique du territoire a globalement profité de l'aide liée aux accords de Matignon, mais les déséquilibres se sont plutôt accentués. Les migrants, venus principalement de métropole, en suivant le flux d'aide financière, constituent la seconde vague migratoire en importance après le boom du nickel de 1969. Ils se sont principalement fixés dans la région de Nouméa qui a connu ainsi la plus forte croissance de l'emploi en termes absolus et relatifs dans le cadre d'un marché du travail très dualiste, qui profite plus aux migrants qu'aux locaux. /// The Matignon Agreements were intended to prepare New Caledonia for self-determination in 1998, by reducing the inequalities between the regions and between the communities. Major improvements have occurred in life expectancy and fertility. It is doubtless in educational attainment that the disparities have been reduced the least in ten years, including among young people. The aid which accompanied the Matignon Agreements has on the whole been beneficial to economic activity in the Territory, though the imbalances have tended to increase. Immigrants, mainly from mainland France and drawn in with the flow of financial aid, make up the second largest migratory wave after that of the nickel boom of 1969. They have settled mainly in the region of Noumea, which has experienced the strongest growth in employment in both relative and absolute terms, within a highly dualist labour market which is more favourable to immigrants than to locals. /// Los Acuerdos de Matignon debían establecer las condiciones para que Nueva Caledonia estuviera preparada para la autodeterminación en 1998, contribuyendo a la reducción de las desigualdades regionales y entre municipios. Los progresos observados en términos de esperanza de vida y de fecundidad son importantes. Las diferencias en cuanto a nivel de estudios se han reducido menos durante los últimos 10 años, tanto en general como entre los jóvenes. La actividad económica del Territorio se benefició globalmente de las ayudas derivadas de los Acuerdos, pero los desequilibrios se acentuaron. Los flujos de asistencia financiera generaron la ola migratoria más importante desde el boom del nickel en 1969. Los inmigrantes se asentaron principalmente en la región de Noumea, que como consecuencia experimentó un crecimiento del empleo más fuerte que las demás regiones tanto en términos absolutos como en términos relativos, en un mercado de trabajo fuertemente dual, que ofrece más oportunidades a los inmigrantes que a los autóctonos.
Covering Latin America and the Caribbean (more than fifty states and territories, 564 million inhabitants), this chronicle gives an overview of the main socio-demographic and health developments in the region since the 1950s. It includes a summary of census and survey data on each country, with statistics on population size and structure, fertility, nuptiality, mortality, migration, urbanization and education. For several decades, Latin America and the Caribbean have been engaged in a rapid process of demographic transition, attributable to the fertility decline from the early 1970s and a decrease in mortality which raised average life expectancy by 20 years between 1950 and 2000. It now stands at 68 years for men and 75 years for women. The rate of natural increase has slowed down rapidly (1.4% in 2000-2005), while net migration is affected by more massive emigration to destinations outside the region. Against a backdrop of general fertility decline (2.6 children per woman in 2000-2005), the models of early family formation have persisted. Among the so-called developing regions of the world, Latin America and the Caribbean have the highest level of urbanization (77% in 2005). Another specific feature of the countries in this region is the onset of population ageing, a phenomenon yet to emerge in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Arab World and the Middle East, the regions covered in our two previous chronicles (Population, 5, 2004 and 5-6, 2005).
Modern historical demography using family and genealogy reconstructions has rarely been applied to Oceanian populations.1The main reason for this is that baptism registers are incomplete. At the time of expanding Christianity, the population registered by the missionaries was increasing. Moreover, it was affected by many biases. Young people converted in order to participate in the new way of life and the new economy, but old people rarely changed their religion and they lived and died in the animism of their ancestors. This bias in age structure of the Christian population may be important until all the population was converted. Another bias occurs because not all baptised persons were newly born children, but sometimes older children or adults, and this was not always noted by the missionary. Death registration often began later than baptism registration and is usually less complete (some deaths are registered as baptism ‘in articulo mortis’).
Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys indicate that girls in many developing countries have higher mortality in childhood relative to boys than would be expected given the experience of European-origin populations at similar levels of mortality. This mortality disadvantage is particularly large between the ages of 1 and 5, and in the countries of the Middle East. Surprisingly, girls show no disadvantage for a number of health status indicators. They are reported to suffer less often from respiratory and diaorrheal infections, are less likely to be stunted or wasted, and are as likely as boys to be immunized. Only in use of health services do girls show lower rates than boys. Most of the health status indicators are uncorrelated with the female mortality disadvantage, though high immunization levels relative to boys are associated with low mortality disadvantages. The association with immunization remains significant even when educational differences are controlled. -Authors
Receipt of remittances from migrants decreased the inequality of income in Tonga. Policies that attempt to affect migration or remittance flows, such as policies to improve the administration and collection of taxes, should take into account any undesirable effects on the distribution of income.
The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives
- P V Kirch
- J Rallu
Biocultural Interactions and Human Variations
- J Underwood
), numéro spécial : Regards vers l’outre-mer français à l’aube du 21ème siècle
- L Bar
- G Baudchon
- J.-L Rallu
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