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Dua Anita et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014, 5 (3)
Page 220
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY
www.irjponline.com
ISSN 2230 – 8407
Research Article
ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM METHANOLIC EXTRACT
Dua Anita1*, Agrawal Sharad2, Kaur Amanjot2, Mahajan Ritu2
1Department of Biochemistry, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
2Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
*Corresponding Author Email: anitadua2012@gmail.com
Article Received on: 10/02/14 Revised on: 21/02/14 Approved for publication: 07/03/14
DOI: 10.7897/2230-8407.050347
ABSTRACT
Methanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) seeds was analyzed for the presence of various antioxidants; ascorbate, riboflavin, tocopherol,
polyphenols a nd in vitro antioxidant potential. The extract, rich in polyphenolic compounds (18.696 ± 0.12 mg/g dry seeds) was subjected to HPLC analysis
for identification and quantificati on of phenolics. Gallic acid (173.656 µg), caffeic acid (80.185 µg), ellagic acid (162.861 µg), quercetin (608.903 µg) and
kaempferol (233.70 µg)/g dry seeds were identified. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by various mechanisms including DPPH free radical
scavenging, metal induced protein and lipid oxidation inhibition and protection of DNA against H2O2 induced damage. Coriander had excellent free radical
scavenging act ivity with IC50 value 0.4 mg dry seed weight, whereas comparatively higher IC50 was observed with metal ion chelating assays (7.2-8 .0 mg dry
seed weight). The results suggest t hat polyphenols including gallic acid, caffei c acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and kaempferol are the principle component
responsible for high antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of coriander seeds. This is the first report on detailed analysis of antioxidant composition and
antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of coriander seeds.
Keywords: coriander seeds, methanol extract, polyphenols, antioxidant properties
INTRODUCTION
The survival on oxygen has presented a serious challenge to
the aerobes, since ROS are the normal by-products of cell
respiration and metabolism. Biological systems are especially
sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the reactive
forms of oxygen which arise either as by-products of
oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, or as the
result of exposure to environmental chemicals and toxins.
The biological macromolecules including proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids, are vulnerable to oxidative attack. ROS can
disturb homeostasis of cells and tissues, which ultimately
threatens the integrity of the organism. Acute stress responses
are characterized by the cessation of cell division,
degradation of irreparably damaged proteins or organelles by
proteasomal and autophagic mechanisms. Oxidative stress is
reported to play an important role in ageing and various
clinical disorders such as diabetes, atherosclerosis,
reperfusion injury, cancer1 etc. Humans and other mammals
possess a multitude of cytoprotective mechanisms against
environmental and biochemical damage. One general
mechanism that cells employ to protect themselves against
the oxidative damage is to maintain a reducing intracellular
milieu, by keeping a significant concentration of reducing
equivalents in the form of reduced glutathione, thioredoxin,
and other redox buffers2,3. Dietary intake of naturally
occurring antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, Vitamin E and
phenolic compounds have ability to reduce oxidative damage
associated with many diseases including cancer,
cardiovascular diseases, cataract, arthritis, diabetes4. Due to
several side effects of synthetic antioxidants, such as risk of
liver damage and carcinogenesis in laboratory animal, there is
a need for more effective, less toxic and cost effective natural
antioxidants. Medicinal plants appear to have these desired
comparative advantages and are rich source of bioactive
principles that form the ingredients in traditional systems of
medicine, modern medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates,
neutraceuticals and food supplements. Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum) is an annual herb of the family
Apiaceae. The herb is cultivated and used extensively in
Russia, Europe, India, Turkey, Argentina and United States
of America. The leaves and dry fruits of coriander are used as
spice in various food preparations. Traditionally coriander
seeds (dry fruits) are also used to cure indigestion, cough,
bronchitis, vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery, against worms,
rheumatism and joint-pain4. The coriander seeds are reported
to affect carbohydrate5 and lipid metabolism6. Antioxidant
activity of aqueous extract of coriander on carotene and
linoleic acid oxidation has been studied7. Wong and Kitts
(2006) have reported free radical scavenging and antibacterial
activity in the extracts of coriander leaves and stem8. Free
radical scavenging and lipid per oxidation inhibition activity
in the dichloromethane and aqueous extracts of coriander
leaves and seeds has also been reported by Wangensteen, et
al.9 The present study estimates the level of various
bioreactive antioxidant compounds in the methanol extract of
coriander seeds. The study further evaluates the free radical
scavenging and possible protection of macromolecules
proteins, lipids and DNA against oxidative stress by the
extract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seeds, procured from
the local market, were identified and authenticated at
Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra,
India. Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), acetonitrile, gallic
acid, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and methanol were purchased
from Hi-media, Mumbai, India. Bovine serum albumin, calf
thymus DNA, 5,5-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB),
thiobarbituric acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid,
quercetin and kaempferol were purchased from Sigma
Chemical Company, USA. All other chemicals used were of
analytical grade.
Dua Anita et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014, 5 (3)
Page 221
Extraction
Coriander seeds were dried at 60°C and ground to get fine
powder. Ground coriander seeds were shaken with 80 %
methanol (1 g/10 ml) in a shaker at room temperature for 4 h
followed by re-extraction of the residue for 2 h. Collected
extract was filtered through double layered muslin cloth and
centrifuged to get clear supernatant. Extract was concentrated
in a vacuum evaporator and stored at -20°C and used after
appropriate dilutions for various experiments.
Antioxidant analysis
Coriander seed extract was analyzed for ascorbate by diluting
in 5 % metaphosphoric acid in presence of 10 % stannous
chloride and adding equal volume of 2 % thiourea in 5 %
HPO3. After incubating at 37°C for 6 h the contents were
chilled and 5 ml of 85 % H2SO4 was added slowly. The
absorbance was read at 540 nm against reagent blank after 30
minutes10. A calibration curve of ascorbic acid (1-20 µg/ml)
was prepared. To determine total ascorbic acid, reduced
ascorbate was first oxidized by adding bromine water.
Riboflavin content of coriander extract was estimated after
diluting with 0.2M acetate buffer pH 4.0. Few drops of
caprylic alcohol and 3 ml of 4 % potassium permanganate
solution (freshly prepared) were added. Within 2 minutes, 3
ml of H2O2–water solution (1:1) was added and pH adjusted
to 7.0 with NaOH. The fluorescence by the filtrate was
measured at 530 nm with excitation at 470 nm using
fluorescence spectrophotometer10. Standard riboflavin (1
µg/ml) was used for calibration purpose. For tocopherol
estimation, the extract was mixed with saturated potassium
hydroxide and hexane. Hexane layer was evaporated under
nitrogen and dissolved in ethanol. To the ethanol extract, 0.2
ml of 2 % bathophenanthroline followed by 0.2 ml of ferric
chloride reagent was added in dark. After 1 minute, 0.2 ml of
0.01M phosphoric acid (prepared in alcohol) was mixed and
read at 534 nm. Standard DL-tocopherol (1-10 µg) was used
to prepare the calibration curve. Total polyphenolic content
of the methanolic extract of coriander was estimated by
Folin-Ciocalteau method11. Aliquot of the extract was mixed
with 2 ml of sodium carbonate (2 %). After 2 minutes, 100 µl
of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (IN) was added and absorbance
was read at 750 nm after 30 minutes. The methanolic extract
was defatted with n-hexane. The defatted extract was treated
with 2N HCl to hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. The extract was
dried, again dissolved in methanol and subjected to HPLC for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of free phenolic
compounds by modifying the method given by Ani et al.11
The HPLC system (Agilent Technologies Company) was
equipped with dual lamp binary system, UV detector, C18
column (i.d. 4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 µm) and data was
integrated by Agilent Chem Station software. Standards and
sample extracts were analyzed using the following gradient
program (A, 100 % acetonitrile B, HPLC Grade Water: 0
minute, 5 % A: 10 minutes, 15 % A: 20 minutes, 25 % A: 30
minutes, 35 % A: 40 minutes, 45 % A: 50 minutes, 55 % A).
Flow rate was 0.5 ml/min and injection volume was 10 µl.
Peak area (280 nm) of the sample was used as an index of the
amount of component and the retention time of individual
peaks was used to identify polyphenols by comparing with
standard polyphenols – gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid,
ferulic acid, quercetin and kaempferol.
Measurement of free radical scavenging activity
To 1 ml of DPPH solution (50 x 10-5 M) different dilutions of
the coriander extract were added in a final volume of 1.1 ml.
The decrease in absorbance due to the scavenging of DPPH
radicals by the extract was recorded at 517 mm11 after 5
minutes. The percentage inhibition of DPPH scavenging with
different dilutions of extract was calculated and IC50, the
concentration at which 50 % of the initial DPPH could be
scavenged was noted.
% inhibition = [(∆Abs control – ∆Abs sample)/∆Abs control] x 100
Estimation of lipid and protein oxidation Inhibition
The amount of malonaldehyde produced by copper induced
egg lecithin per oxidation was monitored as thiobarbituric
acid reacting substances (TBARS) to measure lipid per
oxidation as described earlier10. The coriander extract were
added to the reaction mixture containing lecithin and CuCl2 in
50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated at 37°C for 15
minutes. Malonaldehyde produced was determined by adding
TBA reagent containing 0.37 % thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 15
% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 0.04 % butylated hydroxyl
toluene (BHT) and 2 % ethanol. Mixture was heated at 100°C
for 15 minutes and centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 minutes. The
absorbance of supernatant at 535 nm was recorded. IC50, the
concentration inhibiting 50 % of per oxidation was
calculated. Oxidative modifications in BSA were induced by
copper in presence and absence of different dilutions of
coriander extract10. The reaction mixture containing albumin
(10 mg/ml) and CuCl2 in 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.4)
was incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)
containing 12.5 mM EDTA plus 10.0 M urea and phosphate
buffer (pH 7.0) containing 10 mM 5,5-dithio-bis (2-
nitrobenzoic acid) was added to the reaction mixture. The
absorbance was recorded at 412 nm as an index of cysteine-
SH residues. Percent inhibitory ratio was calculated as
follows:
% inhibition = [(Abs co ntrol – Abs sample)/Abs control] x 100
Inhibition of oxidative damage to DNA
Oxidative damage is induced in DNA by hydroxyl radicals
generated by Fenton’s reaction11. The reaction mixture
containing 3 µg of calf thymus DNA in 20.0 mM phosphate
buffer saline (pH 7.4) and different concentrations of the
extract (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 µg) in a final volume of 9 µl was
pre-incubated for 15 minutes. The oxidation was induced by
adding 1.0 mM FeSO4 + 10.0 mM ascorbic acid and
incubated for 1 h at 37°C. The loading buffer (xylenecyanol,
0.25 %; bromophenol blue, 0.25 % and glycerol 30 %) was
added and the mixture was subjected to gel electrophoresis in
1.5 % agarose-TAE buffer system and run at 60 V. DNA was
visualized and photographed by using UV- transilluminator
(Genei) and Chemidoc (Biorad) system to assess the damage
and protection.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Antioxidants are the chemical moieties which inhibit the
production and propagation reactions of ROS or terminate
these reactions when present in small amounts. Ascorbate,
riboflavin, tocopherol and polyphenols have redox potential
high enough to scavenge or terminate ROS2-4. Polyphenols
can contribute as metal ion chelators due to the presence of
various hydroxyl radicals. The π electron cloud of one or
more benzene rings makes them suitable as antioxidants13.
Dua Anita et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014, 5 (3)
Page 222
Table 1: Antioxidant Profile of Coriander Seed Extract
Compound
Amount (µg/g dry wt.)
Oxidized ascorbate
150.5 ± 9.14
Reduced ascorbate
136.6 ± 9.36
Total ascorbate
287.1 ± 1.82
Riboflavin
4.67 ± 0.37
Tocopherol
181.33 ± 9.02
Total Polyphenols
18.696 ± 0.12*
Gallic acid
173.656
Caffeic acid
80.185
Ellagic acid
162.861
Quercetin
608.903
Kaempferol
233.700
*(mg/g dry wt.)
Table 2: Antioxidant Activity of Coriander Seed Extract Determined by Different Assays (As Percent Inhibition of Control)
Assay
Dry Weight (mg)
0.25
0.5
1.0
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
DPPH Scavenging
30.56
52.36
65.55
78.35
80.43
83.47
85.60
86.10
ND
ND
Lipid per oxidation
0
0
0
1.32
10.36
21.45
31.21
39.84
49.71
61.25
Protein oxidation
0
0
2.32
5.21
7.30
10.36
15.63
22.03
64.15
84.13
Figure 1: HPLC analysis of the coriander extract; peak at retention time 2.583, 15.269, 25.022, 54.217 and 61. 171 minutes are identified as gallic
acid, caffeic acid , ellagic acid, quercetin and kaempferol respectively
Figure 2: Protection of DNA from H2O2 induced damage i n presence of extract equivalent to different amounts of coriander seeds; Lane1-control
DNA (1.5 µg); Lane2-DNA + Fenton’s reagent with ascorbic acid; La ne3-coriander (0.5 µg) + DNA + Fenton’s reagent with ascorbic acid; La ne 4-
coriander (1.0 µg) + DNA + Fenton’s reagent with ascorbic acid; Lane5-oriander (1.5 µg) + DNA + Fenton’s reage nt with ascorbic acid
To identify and determine the level of possible antioxidants
in coriander seeds, the seed extract was analyzed for the
presence of biomolecules, known to have antioxidant activity.
The coriander seeds had low methanol extractable ascorbate,
riboflavin and tocopherol (Table 1). Total ascorbate and
tocopherol are 287.1 µg and 181.33 µg/g dry seeds, where as
riboflavin is only 4.67 µg/g dry seeds. However, the extract
had considerable amount of polyphenols 18.696±0.12mg
GAE/g dry weight of seeds. Polyphenols have good
antioxidant potential both as free radical scavenger and
inhibitor of metal induced oxidation13. Wangensteen et al.
have reported that butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of
coriander seeds had polyphenols 1.16 g GAE and 0.189 g
GAE/100 g dry seeds9. Higher amount of polyphenols from
coriander seeds were extracted here using methanol.
Polyphenolic compounds are usually present as glycosides in
plant sources. The coriander seed extract was therefore,
hydrolyzed with 2N HCl to break glycosidic bonds before
analysis by HPLC (Figure 1). The identification of
polyphenols was done by comparing retention time of the
peaks with that of standard compounds. Coriander seed
extract contained gallic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid,
quercetin and kaempferol (Table 1). Quantification of the
identified compounds was achieved by comparing the peak
area of individual compound with that of standards (2 ng/10
µl). Methanolic extract of coriander had 173.656 µg gallic
1 2 3 4 5
Dua Anita et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014, 5 (3)
Page 223
acid, 80.185 µg caffeic acid, 162.861 µg ellagic acid, 608.903
µg quercetin and 233.70 µg kaempferol/g coriander seeds.
Extract of fresh coriander leaves and stem is reported to
contain caffeic acid, protocatchunic acid, chlorogenic acid,
ferulic acid and flavanols such as quercetin7. Shan et al. have
identified quercetin, isoquercetin, rutin and their glucuronoid
derivatives from coriander seeds but quantitative analysis of
polyphenols from coriander seeds has not been reported14.
Antioxidant activity of the polyphenols increases with the
number of hydroxyl groups and the density of π electron
cloud. Gallic acid, among the simple phenolics and quercetin
among the flavanols are the most potent antioxidants13.
Presence of high amount of quercetin and kaempferol, along
with other polyphenols indicates high efficacy of the spice as
an antioxidant. Scavenging free radicals such as hydroxyl or
superoxide radicals and terminating chain reaction, chelating
metal ions and inhibiting ROS production, donating electrons
or hydrogen to terminate chain reactions are some of the
ways by which antioxidants reduce oxidation. The mode of
action of natural antioxidants may be varied and could
involve multiple mechanism of action. Tocols and phenols
act as primary antioxidants while ascorbic acid may
reductatively regenerate oxidized primary antioxidants. The
antioxidant activity of a natural source is generally related to
either of these activities or as a synergist. Synergism between
various antioxidants has been reported15.
Antioxidant activity of coriander seed extract was examined
by methods based on different principles i.e. DPPH free
radical scavenging, copper induced lecithin peroxidation,
copper induced cysteine oxidation in BSA and peroxide
induced damage to DNA. DPPH is a stable free radical which
can absorb an electron or hydrogen to become a stable
diamagnetic molecule. Scavenging of these free radicals by
the antioxidants in coriander seed extract was observed as
decrease in optical density of the reaction mixture. Coriander
extract exhibited a concentration dependent elimination of
DPPH free radicals (Table 2). Methanolic extract
corresponding to 5 mg of coriander seeds caused complete
scavenging of free radicals. IC50 of the spice is 0.4 mg for
DPPH free radical scavenging activity. These results indicate
that antioxidants in coriander seeds are effective electron or
hydrogen donors and this activity contributes to the
antioxidant capacity of coriander seeds. Ramadan et al. have
found a positive correlation between the radical scavenging
activity and polyphenol content of the chloroform extracts of
various spices16. Free radical scavenging activity of aqueous7,
ethanol and ethylacetate9 extracts of coriander seeds is also
positively correlated to the polyphenol content of the extracts.
Polyphenols from other spices are also reported to have
DPPH free radical scavenging activity8,10,11,17.
Metal ions such as iron and copper can induce oxidation of
lipids leading to the production of per oxy radicals, which in
turn propagate chain reaction and accelerate lipid oxidation.
Lipid oxidation brings about chemical changes, spoiling the
fats and fatty acids of foods. Cellular membranes being rich
in polyunsaturated fatty acids are easily attacked by free
radicals. Oxidative damage to the membrane lipids affects
their permeability and induces apoptosis, autogenesis,
carcinogenesis18 and the processes related to membrane
integrity. Malonaldehyde produced by copper induced
oxidation of lecithin in presence and absence of different
dilutions of coriander extract was determined as
thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (Table 2). In controls,
19.35 ± 0.318 nmoles of MDA was produced and the
production of MDA was reduced to 11.64 ± 0.776 nmoles in
presence of the extract equivalent to 6 mg of the coriander
seeds indicating 40 percent inhibition of lipid per oxidation.
IC50 calculated from the data is 8.0 mg. Higher
concentrations of spice extract are required for metal
chelation as compared to free radical scavenging. The results
indicate that antioxidants from this spice are efficiently
preventing the oxidation of lipids induced by metals either by
metal chelation or by inhibiting the propagation reactions
being hydrogen/electron donor. A decrease in lipid oxidation
in presence of coriander7,8, parsley8, cumin11 and fenugreek17
extracts has been reported. This activity has been attributed to
the metal chelating property of the polyphenols of the
extracts of spices and herbs14.
Oxidation of the sulphydryl groups of cysteine to cystine may
cause changes in the structure and functions of the proteins.
These proteins may be enzymes, hormones or components of
immune system. Deleterious impact of oxidative stress in
biological systems is related to the damage of proteins,
enzymes and various transcriptional factors like Nrf2, NFkB
and AP-119,20. BSA was subjected to oxidative modifications
by incubation with copper ions in presence and absence of
coriander extract (Table 2). Although little effect was
observed with lower concentrations of the extract, the process
of oxidative modifications was inhibited by 84 % in presence
of extract equivalent to 10 mg of coriander seeds. Presence of
extract equivalent to 7.2 mg spice is enough to inhibit the
metal induced protein oxidation up to 50 %, which is
comparable to IC50 for copper induced lecithin oxidation,
indicating that this is the influence of metal chelating
components of the extract. Methanol extracts of various herbs
and spices are reported to exhibit metal chelating activity
comparable to EDTA. Coriander extract inhibited metal
induced oxidation up to 88 % at 400 ppm concentration21.
Metal ion chelating capacity plays a significant role in
antioxidant mechanism since it reduces the concentration of
the oxidation catalyzing transition metal in lipid and protein
oxidation. Oxidation of DNA and RNA by hydroxyl radicals
can cause mutations22. Guanosine is oxidized to hydroxyl-2-
deoxyguanosine and thymine is modified to thymine glycol
under oxidative stress caused by carcinogens23. Oxidative
damage to DNA is shown to be extensive and could be a
major cause of physiological changes associated with aging
and degenerative diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, immune-system decline, diabetes mellitus etc.
Antioxidants are believed to decrease the attacks on DNA by
free radicals and thus, protect against mutations that cause
disease status24. Oxidative stress generated by Fenton`s
reaction can cause breaks in calf thymus DNA and can uncoil
the super coiled DNA. Incubation of DNA with FeSO4 and
ascorbate has caused damage to DNA and damaged DNA
moves to a greater extent in the gel (Figure 2). Presence of
extract equivalent to 1.0 µg and 1.5 µg coriander in the
incubation mixture could prevent the damage. This protective
impact of the extract indicates that antioxidant formulation
from coriander seeds can efficiently quench hydroxyl radicals
from the reaction mixture and protect nucleic acid from
oxidative damage.
CONCLUSION
The present study reveals that coriander seed is a rich source
of natural antioxidants which could be extracted efficiently
with methanol. Polyphenolic compounds of the methanol
extract of coriander seeds include gallic acid, caffeic acid,
ellagic acid, quercetin and kaempferol. The extract exhibited
good free radical scavenging property and could protect
Dua Anita et al. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014, 5 (3)
Page 224
lecithin, protein and DNA against metal ion induced
oxidation and per oxidation. Potential use of coriander as an
antioxidant neutraceutical and as food preservative needs to
be explored further.
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Cite this article as:
Dua Anit a, Agrawal Sharad, Kaur Amanjot, Mahajan Ritu. Antioxidant
profile of Coriandrum sativum methanolic extract. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2014;
5(3):220-224 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.050347
Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared
