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Umm El-Ga'ab: Pottery from the Nile Valley before the Arab Conquest
... ;Roeder,G., 1913: 150. 5 -Kamrin,J., 2011 Garstang,J., 1907: pl.XIII no. 25. ;Bourriau,j., 1981: fig.110. 12 -Garstang,J., ...
... ;Garstang,J., 1907: 196,pl.XV no.57 Bourriau,j., 1981: figs.130,135. 29 -Hornblower ,G.D., 1929Bourriau,j., 1981: 63,fig.112. ...
... The particulars of collecting the raw material, processing it, various shaping methods by hand or wheel or combined techniques, drying of the vessels, and surface treatment and decoration, as well as firing, all have a potential bearing on the dating of ceramics 75 as well as on the history of manufacturing techniques and organizational issues. Close scrutiny of the vessels and fragments themselves provides additional 71 See pottery illustrations in De Morgan 1895 ;Nagel 1938;Bourriau 1981;Bourriau et al. 2000: Figure 5.4;as well as Wegner 2007;Rose 2007;andEyckerman 2016. 72 Arnold 1976;Bourriau 1981: 14-22;Arnold 1993;Holthoer 1977: 5-37. ...
... The conference proceedings of Vienna 2-Egyptian Ceramics in the 21st century edited by Bader et al., Knoblauch and Köhler in 2016 may serve as a starting point because it contains a diachronic overview of the steadily growing field with many older references and new research avenues. Nevertheless, the fundamental works on Egyptian ceramic studies of the pharaonic periods out of which everything else developed are Arnold, D. 1981, Bourriau 1981, Arnold and Bourriau 1993, and Bietak 1991a. While those provide the foundations for successful engagement with Egyptian pottery on a practical level, works such as Aston 1998, Bourriau and Nicholson 1992, and Bourriau, Smith, and Nicholson 2000 point the way to New Kingdom fabric classification systems. ...
... The particulars of collecting the raw material, processing it, various shaping methods by hand or wheel or combined techniques, drying of the vessels, and surface treatment and decoration, as well as firing, all have a potential bearing on the dating of ceramics 75 as well as on the history of manufacturing techniques and organizational issues. Close scrutiny of the vessels and fragments themselves provides additional 71 See pottery illustrations in De Morgan 1895 ;Nagel 1938;Bourriau 1981;Bourriau et al. 2000: Figure 5.4;as well as Wegner 2007;Rose 2007;andEyckerman 2016. 72 Arnold 1976;Bourriau 1981: 14-22;Arnold 1993;Holthoer 1977: 5-37. ...
... The conference proceedings of Vienna 2-Egyptian Ceramics in the 21st century edited by Bader et al., Knoblauch and Köhler in 2016 may serve as a starting point because it contains a diachronic overview of the steadily growing field with many older references and new research avenues. Nevertheless, the fundamental works on Egyptian ceramic studies of the pharaonic periods out of which everything else developed are Arnold, D. 1981, Bourriau 1981, Arnold and Bourriau 1993, and Bietak 1991a. While those provide the foundations for successful engagement with Egyptian pottery on a practical level, works such as Aston 1998, Bourriau and Nicholson 1992, and Bourriau, Smith, and Nicholson 2000 point the way to New Kingdom fabric classification systems. ...
This chapter sketches the nature of evidence to be gained from careful analysis of the ceramic remains in ancient Egypt, and the ways to achieve it, explaining some of the advances made in recent years. Pottery provides the most ubiquitous archaeological source material derived from ancient Egypt. Early archaeologists only tended to show interest in pottery when it was intact and/or of aesthetically pleasing shape or decoration, but this important source material has turned into primary evidence when dating a site. It provides information on the history of use of a site as well as on socio-economic issues, such as importations from other sites or even abroad, and glimpses into possible functions of sites.
... 58, pl. 16), Cambridge Fitzwilliam E.170.1939(Bourriau 1981, Newberry Collection(Graff 2009: 309, no. 347), Chicago Oriental Institute 10581(Graff 2009: 355, no. ...
The functionality of the so-called tusks has been quite controversial among the artefacts from the Predynastic period. Based on the classification work of S. Hendrickx and M. Eyckerman, I will try to demonstrate how different types A.5 and A.6 are from other tusks through the analysis of their form and ethnographic comparison. The thesis defended in this paper is that this kind of object would
be a model of penis sheath, a “clothing” item related to hunting since Prehistory.
... The Pilgrim flasks have a long history in Egypt, first appearing during the early Eighteenth dynasty as a result of growing contacts with the Eastern Mediterranean and continued on past the Arab conquest [14]. The vessels with ring-shaped body seem to be a short lived distinct form of pilgrim flasks, appearing during the middle of the Eighteenth dynasty [15]. Their presence is rare in the assemblage of the Egyptian pottery. ...
... The principle of EFF technologies was actually applied to ceramics centuries ago when ceramic items were formed by joining clay strands manually to make containers and artistic items. [143] However, the deposition of ceramic materials with robotic devices was first applied in the 1990s. A first publication reporting of RC, developed at Sandia National Labs in 1996 (U.S. Patent 6,027,326), was published by Cesarano et al. [128] In original RC, a highly solid-loaded aqueous slurry close to dilatancy is cast onto a heated plate to induce a transition from a flowable slurry to a dilatant mass by drying to maintain the shape. ...
This paper offers a review of present achievements in the field of processing of ceramic-based materials with complex geometry using the main additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. In AM, the geometrical design of a desired ceramic-based component is combined with the materials design. In this way, the fabrication times and the product costs of ceramic-based parts with required properties can be substantially reduced. However, dimensional accuracy and surface finish still remain crucial features in today's AM due to the layer-by-layer formation of the parts. In spite of the fact that significant progress has been made in the development of feedstock materials, the most difficult limitations for AM technologies are the restrictions set by material selection for each AM method and aspects considering the inner architectural design of the manufactured parts. Hence, any future progress in the field of AM should be based on the improvement of the existing technologies or, alternatively, the development of new approaches with an emphasis on parts allowing the near-net formation of ceramic structures, while optimizing the design of new materials and of the part architecture.
... Nord 1975;1981; Ward 1983: 71; Onstine 2005: 7-8. ...
... In terms of pottery phases the Dahshur pottery corresponds with the end of phase 3A and almost completely with phase 3B. Therefore the time frame includes the end of the 18 th dynasty and the beginning of the 19 th Dynasty (about 1300-1200 B.C) 10 . Until now there seem to be no pottery finds from within the sledgeway later than the blue painted pottery. ...
In autumn 2010 and spring 2011 German Archaeological Institute, Cairo and the Free University of Berlin undertook a small test excavation in the so-called workmen's village south of the Red Pyramid. Further research was done on the lower causeway of the Bent Pyramid. A detailed study of the pottery resulted in the dating of the two building phases within the Old Kingdom. The sand in the wadi of the Bent Pyramid gradually accumulated starting already in the Old Kingdom and continuing until the New Kingdom. New Kingdom pottery within a limestone sledgeway allows to fix the date of the dismantling of the lower temple of the Bent Pyramid to the late 18th Dynasty or to the Ramesside Period. Three recently discovered relief fragments from the lower temple of the Bent Pyramid are discussed and offer additional information to the understanding of the decoration of the lower temple of the Bent Pyramid.
... Likewise, bone samples from late antique Nubian cemeteries in the Second Cataract region have been taken to indicate the widespread consumption of 'gruels or beer fermentations' even among children (Nelson et al. 2010). Finally, the attention lavished upon ceramic decoration in Nubia over several millennia marks a significant and persistent difference from Egyptian practice, which favoured much simpler, unelaborated ceramics and instead valued metal and stone vessels as prestige objects across the dynastic era (Gratien 1978;Bourriau 1981;Lacovara 2000). The ceramic and bioarchaeological evidence combine to indicate that boiling in pots was more central to the gastronomic traditions of Nubia than it was in either Egypt or the Near Eastand that it remained so over a very longue durée. ...
Recent scholarship by Randi Haaland and David Edwards has argued that a culinary tradition of ‘Porridge-and-Pot’ distinguished ancient Sahelian Africa from the ‘Bread-and-Oven’ world of Egypt and the Near East. The evidence published thus far in support of this hypothesis has been predominately ethnographic, archaeological and iconographic. This paper introduces hitherto unpublished epigraphic evidence from a lapidary inscription at the ancient Nubian town of Sanam on the Middle Nile. When submitted to lexicographic and linguistic analysis, the inscription provides further support for Haaland and Edwards's hypothesis and simultaneously proposes a new reading of an enigmatic culinary epithet found in several ancient literary papyri. The resulting combination of methods extends the case for a ‘Porridge-and-Pot’ tradition in a new direction by demonstrating that the culinary contrast between Sahelian and Mediterranean Africa was explicitly invoked during the first millennium BC as a marker of social identity.
... The principle of EFF technologies was actually applied to ceramics centuries ago when ceramic items were formed by joining clay strands manually to make containers and artistic items. [143] However, the deposition of ceramic materials with robotic devices was first applied in the 1990s. A first publication reporting of RC, developed at Sandia National Labs in 1996 (U.S. Patent 6,027,326), was published by Cesarano et al. [128] In original RC, a highly solid-loaded aqueous slurry close to dilatancy is cast onto a heated plate to induce a transition from a flowable slurry to a dilatant mass by drying to maintain the shape. ...
This paper offers a review of present achievements in the field of processing of ceramic-based materials with complex geometry using the main additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. In AM, the geometrical design of a desired ceramic-based component is combined with the materials design. In this way, the fabrication times and the product costs of ceramic-based parts with required properties can be substantially reduced. However, dimensional accuracy and surface finish still remain crucial features in today's AM due to the layer-by-layer formation of the parts. In spite of the fact that significant progress has been made in the development of feedstock materials, the most difficult limitations for AM technologies are the restrictions set by material selection for each AM method and aspects considering the inner architectural design of the manufactured parts. Hence, any future progress in the field of AM should be based on the improvement of the existing technologies or, alternatively, the development of new approaches with an emphasis on parts allowing the near-net formation of ceramic structures, while optimizing the design of new materials and of the part architecture.
... Solid freeforming can be defined as the creation of a shape by point, line or planar addition of material without confining surfaces other than a base, and extrusion freeforming is in the subset of linear methods (Grida and Evans, 2003). Extrusion freeforming methods have evolved from the ancient craft of coil pottery (Bourriau, 1981) emerging first as fused deposition modelling in which a thermoplastic polymer is passed through a heated die so that the solid filament acts as a piston for extrusion of the melt over a mutli-axis platform (Pham and Gault, 1998). If the polymer is used as a transient vehicle for ceramic powder, the process is known as fused deposition of ceramics (FDC) (Agarwala et al., 1996). ...
Purpose
– The aim of this paper is to provide an easy method of extrusion freeforming to fabricate microwave electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) crystals. EBG crystals are periodic dielectric structures that can block wave propagation and generate a bandgap. These crystals can be used in high capability antennae, electromagnetic wave semiconductors, microresonators, high‐reflectivity mirrors and polarizing beam splitters.
Design/methodology/approach
– The effects of extrusion process parameters and paste characteristics were investigated. Finally, one‐period and two‐period woodpile EBG crystals with bandgaps in the frequency region of 90‐110 GHz were fabricated and the bandgap was measured.
Findings
– The filament diameter is influenced by whether extrusion is carried out with or without a substrate and by the free fall‐distance from the nozzle. The quality of lattice structures is dependent on paste flow and properties. A ceramic paste with 60 vol. % (the fraction of ceramic powder based on solvent‐free polymer) was well suited to fabrication. The solvent content also influenced the fabrication. The experimental results show that under ∼12 per cent solvent mass fraction in the paste and relatively high extrusion ram velocity (more than 0.014 mm/s) at a pressure of 14 MPa, samples with high quality were fabricated.
Originality/value
– This paper demonstrates that the rapid prototyping method of extrusion freeforming can be applied for the fabrication of EBG crystals from ceramic powders and the important factors which influence the product quality are identified.
... Creating an artefact from a cylindrical strand of deformable ceramic has its origin in Egypt in the Naqada 1 period (ca 4500-4000 BC) from where there is evidence of coiled clay pots. 1 In modern times, a range of solid freeforming processes, each with a separate designation are based on the same principle. The names include fused deposition modelling (FDM), multiphase jet solidification (MJS), fused deposition of ceramics (FDC) and extrusion freeforming (EFF). ...
Thermoplastic suspensions of 55 vol.% zirconia in a wax-based vehicle were extruded through a range of fine nozzles with diameters from 76 to 510 μm. Fixed pressure extrusion under a maximum nitrogen gas pressure of 350 kPa and an extrusion temperature of 175 °C were used. The ability of unfiltered suspensions to flow in fine nozzles depended critically on the mixing method. Ceramic latticework in the form of structures suitable for bone substitute scaffolds were created by extrusion freeforming, a process also known as fused deposition modelling (FDM) or fused deposition of ceramics (FDC). However, precisely ordered deposition could not be obtained by fixed pressure extrusion with a 55 vol.% suspension because of rate variations due to slight mixing inhomogeneities. The quality of welds was examined. Heat transfer considerations show that the use of thermoplastic suspensions is not ideal for fine (<100 μm dia.) filament work because the fibres solidify before folding and welding.
This article examines a frequently overlooked aspect of cuneiform writing in Egypt: the materiality and technology involved in the production of cuneiform tablets, with a particular focus on the process of tablet firing. It is argued that firing was an integral part of tablet production that required learning and practice by the Amarna scribes. The successful firing of tablets to temperatures around 800°C is attributed to the robust and longstanding tradition of tablet manufacture in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, northern Syria and Hazor. In contrast, the lower firing temperatures observed in tablets from Egypt, Alašiya and much of the Levant are associated with the production and firing of cuneiform tablets as a recent technological innovation that required thorough mastery.
This study examines how the painting technique was introduced into the pottery assemblages of Egypt and Nubia in the prehistoric period. For this purpose, I compare the introduction process of the painting technique in Egypt from the fifth to the first half of the fourth millennium BCE and that in Upper Mesopotamia between ca. 6200-5900 cal BC to establish if they had a similar introduction process or not. If they were different, I tried to clarify how exactly the case of Egypt was different from that of Upper Mesopotamia. This study suggests the possibility that white cross-lined ware (C-ware), and probably also black incised ware (N-ware), were the kinds of ware vessels invented locally in Upper Egypt in the process of introducing the inlay decoration technique using white pigment from the Nubian pottery traits (e.g., caliciform beakers) and introducing the painting decoration technique from the southern Levant, though the painting was made mostly with a reddish pigment in the southern Levant instead of white. The pigment color used for the painting decoration on pottery surfaces in Upper Egypt might have been changed from white (i.e., C-ware) to reddish (i.e., D-ware) even for the purpose of finding more efficient (i.e., less labou -intensive) decoration techniques.
The research at Tell el-Farkha provides new opportunities to reconstruct the processes of Egyptian state formation. Seven main chronological phases are distinguished. One of the most important periods in the city’s history is phase 4 (Naqada IIIA–Naqada IIIB; ca. 3350–3200 BC). An administrative-cultic centre, a monumental warehouse, and the oldest Egyptian mastaba were created during this time. The inhabitants of Tell el- Farkha owed their prosperity to the trade with the Southern Levant. During phase 5 (Naqada IIIB to Naqada IIIC1; ca. 3200–3000 BC) several phenomena are evident that portended the gradual decline of the city, eventually leading to its abandonment. No evidence of major storage facilities has so far been discovered at Tell el-Farkha from phase 5, and imported pottery is also absent in this period. It seems that at the beginning of the Protodynastic period the Egyptians gradually abandoned the trade routes running through the eastern Delta and used new ones leading via Wadi Tumilat or across the Red Sea. The engravings in Wadi Ameyra (Sinai) with the names of Iry-Hor, Ka, and Narmer suggest that exploration of the natural resources of the Sinai and the maritime routes to Egypt were highly important. In this situation only a few imported products would have reached cities like Tell el-Farkha, which may explain the lack of both central warehouses and imported ceramics. Natural disasters also contributed significantly to the decline of Tell el-Farkha. The abandonment of the Western Kom, at the end of phase 5, clearly followed a major catastrophe caused by natural forces. The collapsed walls may be the result of this cataclysm. Evidence of a natural catastrophe that struck the settlement at the turn of our phases 5 and 6 can be found at the Eastern Kom as well.
North Lanarkshire Council Museums is the latest custodian of some of the founding collections of the Airdrie Burgh Museum, which was established in 1895 and closed in 1974. These reflect the wide-ranging interests of their original collectors, encompassing geology, natural history, ethnography and archaeology. This paper focuses on a collection of Mediterranean antiquities which survives today from the establishment of the museum. It results from a project funded by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland to investigate this collection, and demonstrates that it can be used to examine the museum’s development and changing ethos over the intervening period. Although they were initially keenly sought after and welcomed as valuable gifts, later curators found little use for such objects in streamlined displays focused on local history and culture. Now, curatorial networks and the affordances of digital technology allow such collections of antiquities to be researched and shared with both local and wider audiences, while they can also contribute to local, national and global histories of archaeology, collection and display.
The History of the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa, located in western Aswan (Egypt), is an extended one. The archaeological site was in use from c. 2500 BC to the Byzantine Period. It comprises many tombs, mostly of Old Kingdom to Middle Kingdom date, belonging to the highest and administrative elite of Elephantine, 1st Upper Egyptian Nome. This area played an important role in the ancient state, even though it was far away from the royal court, due to the exceptional nature of its border territory, its proximity to Lower Nubia, and the expeditions and the trade with other neighboring lands. The Qubbet el Hawa Project, led by the University of Jaén and with the collaboration of the MoTA, conducted its first field season in summer 2008. Since then, research works have been carried out by a multidisciplinary team. This volume presents and offers, to the wider scientific community, a larger range of papers concerning the preliminary results of the 2019 campaign (11thseason) and updates the fieldwork carried out during the past decade.
https://editorial.ujaen.es/libro/results-of-the-2019-research-season-at-qubbet-el-hawa_136468/
This paper aims to examine the blue painted pottery from Northwest Saqqara, and to discuss changes in production technology of blue painted pottery in New Kingdom Egypt. As a result of this examination, changes in technology of pottery production, especially to fabrics, motifs and decorative techniques, are recognized. This is found from the reign of Amenophis II, mid-Eighteenth Dynasty through to the Amarna Period, late Eighteenth Dynasty. It seems that such alterations indicate the simplification in production technology of blue painted pottery. Specifically, the following changes are observed; the fabrics used in blue painted pottery changes from Marl clay which was difficult to obtain and required higher firing temperature, to Nile silt which was easy to collect from Nile alluvium and fired at a lower temperature. The motif alters from elaborated patterns including graphical faunal and floral motifs and geometrical flower motifs, to simple patterns, such as liner and dot decorations. The decorative techniques change from complicated to simplified procedures. It seems that this simplification in production technology which has occurred during mid-late Eighteenth Dynasty leads to an increase in the quantities and places of manufacture of blue painted pottery in the Nineteenth Dynasty since its production became easier than before. The one of the largest deposits of blue painted pottery from Northwest Saqqara demonstrates chronological changes from the earliest to the latest production phases. The materials from Northwest Saqqara allow us to discuss diachronic variability in blue painted pottery manufacture which has been observed so far by finds from different sites and periods separately. The study of blue painted pottery from Northwest Saqqara reveals that the major changes of its production had occurred just after the Amarna Period which is well known as a significant epoch of history, society, religion and art in New Kingdom Egypt.
Doherty (2015) has previously investigated the origins of the potter’s wheel in Egypt in depth. However, how the potter’s wheel came to be used in Sudan has not yet been properly analysed. This paper will present the author’s initial investigations into the pottery industry of Sudan and the manufacturing techniques employed by Sudanese potters. Evidence seems to suggest that rather than being an indigenous invention, the potter’s wheel came to Sudan as part of the colonisation of Sudan by Egypt during the Middle-Late Bronze Age. Throughout this period, various Egyptian towns were founded along the river Nile. One such town was Amara West (inhabited c. 1306–1290 BC). By the Middle Bronze Age, Sudanese potters had well-developed pottery techniques, principally coil- and slab-building. Amara West and other Egyptian colonies used the by then well-established wheel-throwing and coiling techniques (RKE) to manufacture their pottery, principally imported from Egypt. However, these colony towns contained both Sudanese and Egyptian vessels, sometimes in the same contexts, and occasionally with blended manufacture techniques and decoration. This paper will endeavour to postulate upon the effect and legacy of the imposed technology of the potter’s wheel on the Sudanese pottery industry.
This Element provides a new evaluation of burial customs in New Kingdom Egypt, from about 1550 to 1077 BC, with an emphasis on burials of the wider population. It also covers the regions then under Egyptian control: the Southern Levant and the area of Nubia as far as the Fourth Cataract. The inclusion of foreign countries provides insights not only into the interaction between the centre of the empire and its conquered regions, but also concerning what is typically Egyptian and to what extent the conquered regions were culturally influenced. It can be shown that burials in Lower Nubia closely follow those in Egypt. In the southern Levant, by contrast, cemeteries of the period often yield numerous Egyptian objects, but burial customs in general do not follow those in Egypt.
This book takes a multi-disciplinary view of amphorae with a distinct carinated-shoulder feature which are found especially in archeological contexts in the Near East dating to the Achaemenid period. It uses mainly petrographic analysis to determine where they were made; the diferent formal types that were made, what their distribution was at sites along the coast of Lebanon, Israel and Gaza; and the implications of its production and distribution on our understanding of Phoenician commerce.
Over the five excavation seasons conducted between 2011 and 2015 at the Early Dynastic Tell el-Murra cemetery, 17 graves were discovered along with their pottery assemblages. Nine of them contained vessels which are generally considered to be beer jars. Amongst the 18 examples of this kind of jar, a few types can be distinguished that show an affinity to similar vessels from the other Early Dynastic sites of Tell el-Farkha, Minshat Abu Omar, Buto, Helwan, Abydos, and Kafr Hassan Dawood. These analogies indicate that the Tell el-Murra graves should be dated to the Naqada IIIC2/D period and in some cases an even more precise date can be obtained. In addition, the presence of beer jars within the pottery assemblages of the graves also provides us with information concerning the funerary customs of the inhabitants of the Tell el-Murra site.
The present paper discusses the finding of an hemispherical drinking cup between the heads of the femurs of a lady identified as Sattjeni A in a Late 12th Dynasty tomb in Qubbet el-Hawa, which has been catalogued as 34aa. The woman suffered a traumatic injury in her pelvis, which provoked her pain, sterility and iatrogenic pain. The presence of the ceramic with remains of organic material with evident signs of combustion is compared to similar treatments recorded in different papyri, one of them (P. Kahun) almost contemporary to the burial. The analysis of the textual sources has allowed us to relate this find to the medical treatments prescribed by the ancient specialists in the 12 th Dynasty.
(En)
Tell Abu Yasin is one of the most important sites in Sharkia governorate and dates back to Ptolemaic age. Many tests and analyses were performed to diagnose damage manifestations of some pottery pieces. The research has proven that the clay used in that pottery is Nile Clay, while tempers are sand, grog, and limestone powder. The used shaping technology was potter wheel, surface treatment is slip layer, and the burning atmosphere inside the kiln was reduced for the first pot and oxidized to the second and third piece. Pottery objects suffer from physiochemical damage by soil sediments, in addition to phenomenon of fracture, scaling, cracking, weakness, fragility, and crystallization of chlorides, sulfates, carbonates and phosphate salts as a result of burial in saline clay soil. The research recommends that restoration; treatment and maintenance of these pottery pieces should be on the basis of examination results, analyses and damage assessment that have been proven by the researcher.
(Ar)
تل آثار ابوياسين من أهم مواقع محافظة الشرقية، ويقع على بعد 4 کم جنوب شرق ابو کبير و40 کم شمال شرق الزقازيق، وهو ينتمى من الناحية الأثرية إلى العصر البطلمىPtolemaic age حيث کشفت الحفائر التي قامت بها بعثة المجلس الأعلى للآثار عن العديد من الآثار الفخارية المختلفة الأشکال والألوان، فضلا عن العديد من مواقد الأفران المختلفة وجبانة تضم بعض التوابيت الجرانيتية. وتم إجراء العديد من الفحوص والتحاليل المختلفة مثل الفحص بالميکروسکوب المستقطب Polarized Microscope (PLM) والتحليل بالميکروسکوب الالکترونى الماسح المزود بوحدة تشتت طاقة الأشعة السينية « Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive of X-Ray Unit والتحليل بطريقة حيود الأشعة السينية X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) والتحليل الحرارى Thermal Analysis (DTA) .واستخدمت الفحوص والتحاليل المختلفة بغرض التعرف على تکنولوجيا الصناعة وتشخيص مظاهر تلف بعض القطع الفخارية بتل ابوياسين بالشرقية کدراسة حالة .ولقد أثبت البحث أن الطفلة المستخدمة في صناعة الفخار الأثرى بتل ابوياسين بالشرقية بشرق الدلتا من نوع الطفلة النيلية Nile Clay، أما الإضافات Tempers عبارة عن الرمل sand ومسحوق الفخار « grog »pottery powder ومسحوق الحجر الجيرى limestone powder و التبن المقرط burnt straw من خلال ملاحظة أماکن حرق التبن المقرط اثناء الحرق للفخار داخل الفرن، وتقنية التشکيل المستخدمة هى تقنية التشکيل بالعجلة potter wheel والمعالجة السطحيةSurface Treatment من نوع طبقة البطانة Slip Layer، أما جو الحرق داخل الفرن کان جوا مختزلا للقطعة الأولى ومؤکسدا للقطعة الثانية والثالثة. کما أثبت البحث أيضا أن معظم الآثار الفخارية بتل ابوياسين بالشرقية بشرق الدلتا تعاني من التلف الفيزيوکيميائى Physiochemical damage مثل رواسب التربة soil sediments، بالإضافة الى ظاهرة الکسر breaking، والتقشرpeeling والتشرخ cracking والضعف weakness، والهشاشية fragility وتبلور الأملاح مثل الکلوريدات chlorides والکبريتات sulfates والکربوناتcarbonates من جراء الدفن فى التربة. ويوصى البحث بترميم وعلاج وصيانة تلک القطع الفخارية بناءا على نتائج الفحوص والتحاليل وتقييم مظاهر التلف للقطع الفخارية بالموقع الأثري التي أثبتها البحث.
For the first time, residue‐analysis results of a red‐rim bowl discovered at Qubbet el‐Hawa, Aswan are discussed in addition to the thermal characterization of unpublished pottery bowls of the Old and Middle Kingdoms from the same site. SEM‐EDX and XRD analysis are performed to provide fabric description of the bowls. Results show the presence of 4‐Heptenoic and 4‐Decenoic acids. The Old Kingdom bowl showed a firing temperature range from 800 to 850 °C, while the Middle Kingdom example was fired to higher temperatures. This is a suggested explanation of the decrease in the use of red coating as a surface treatment after the Old Kingdom.
The article analyses a previously unpublished painted jar from the Byzantine Period discovered by Ernesto Schiaparelli at Asyut, possibly in 1911, and presently kept at the Museo Egizio, Turin (S. 15626). The distinctive female figure represented on the upper half of the body of the vessel is rather rare in the Byzantine repertoire. The author compares it with similar figures found on different supports and in different contexts. Notably, she highlights parallels with painted pottery from the monastery of Abba Nefer the Hermit at Manqabad, as well as in pottery assemblages from Kellia, Saqqara, Esna, Tebtynis, Deir el Bachit (West Thebes), and especially towns in Middle Egypt such as Amarna (Kom el-Nana), El-Ashmunein, Antinoopolis and Wadi Sarga. The probably non-religious female figure may be an instance of the well-known tendency in Byzantine Egypt to draw on the Hellenistic repertoire, especially in depictions of figures of prosperity and good luck, which would have been easily recognizable by both Christians and pagans.
ملخص البحث:
حلل المقالة إناء ملون لم يتم نشره من قبل ويعود إلى العصر البيزنطي، إكتشفه إرنستو سكياباريلي في أسيوط، على الأرجح في عام 1911، محفوظ حالياً في المتحف المصري بتورينو (S. 15626). الشكل الأنثوي المميز المعروض في النصف العلوي من جسم الإناء نادر جداً ضمن مجموعات أعمال العصر البيزنطي. يقارن المؤلف الشكل الموجود على الجزء العلوي من الإناء بأشكال متشابهة موجودة على أدوات مختلفة. تجدر الإشارة إلى أن الشكل يُبرز أوجه التشابه مع الفخار الملون بدير الناسك أبو نفر في منقباد، وكذلك في مجموعات فخارية موجودة في منطقة كيليا وسقارة وإسنا وتبتنيس ودير البشت (غرب طيبة)، وبشكل خاص في مدن مصر الوسطى مثل العمارنة (كوم النعناع) والأشمونين وانطيونوبوليس ووادي سرجة. ربما يكون شكل الشخصية الأنثوية غير الديني مثالاً على النزعة المعروفة في مصر البيزنطية من خلال الإرتكاز على مجموعة أعمال العصر الهلنستي، لا سيما في تصوير أشكال الرخاء والحظ السعيد التي كان يمكن التعرف عليها بسهولة لكلٍ من المسيحيين والوثنيين.
Water jars are easily recognizable as a type owing to the strainer fitted into the neck of these vessels. This form was distinguished in the assemblage coming from the Polish excavations around Kom Sidi Youssuf in Tell Atrib, the site of ancient Athribis in the Nile Delta. The discussed vessels were made of Nile silt and richly painted on the surface. The article focuses on the decoration of these water containers, presenting a catalogue of motifs: geometrical, vegetal, zoomorphic, human and others. The set is dated to the 6th–7th century AD based on the excavation context and comparative studies of the so-called Coptic painted pottery from Egypt.
The present author has been attempting to show, with reference to the contextual arguments, cohesion of the Pyramid Texts as expressed in and by the topoi constructing their base. In this paper the author scrutinises phenomenon of performative role of language in the Egyptian religious texts.
Emphasis is laid on causative power of religious utterances and reality creation through language, through words – acts of speaking and writing. Furthermore, it is analysed what literary and linguistic means of expression used ancient Egyptians and what appears to be an effect of using such expressions in religious discourse.
The Old Kingdom viziers bore the composite title tAyty TAty (n) zAb. Further hieroglyphic signs, such as the phallus-sign and the addition mAa, were appended in some cases to this title. The form of the vizier’s title with the phallus-sign occurred frequently in a limited period of time. For the understanding of the usage of the phallus-sign in the vizier’s title, contextualization is crucial. Analysis and comparison of the title sequences of both, the viziers with the phallus-sign and those without, brought proof of clear distinction in the structure of titles between these two groups and indicated that the occurrence of the phallus-sign within the highest administrative title coincides with the social change regarding the state administration and royal family.
Archaeobotanical and chemical evidence suggest that the grape was introduced into Egypt during the predynastic period. The earliest evidence for ancient Egyptian wine itself comes in the form of lexicographic and artifactual evidence dating to the very start of the historic period, the early dynastic period (beginning c. 3100 BC). The wide and varied range of evidence available for the investigation of the subject of Egyptian wine is discussed, and details of its production are presented. Despite evidence for the production and use of wine in Egypt from an early date, wine was apparently far less common than beer. Beer was brewed daily at the domestic level, whereas wine appears to have been produced in limited areas of Egypt for use by royalty, the upper classes and in the funerary requirements of the élite. Reasons for this pattern are suggested and a possible bias in the evidence is identified.
The article discusses the presence of Egyptian motifs and styles in Philistine pottery. Certain Philistine vessels display an Egyptianized decorative scheme dominated by a lotus flower motif. While these vessels have been previously recognized, their Egyptian parallels are presented here for the first time. The Egyptian prototypes are both regionally and chronologically restricted, as well as limited to mortuary contexts, while the Philistine adaptations of the Egyptian style appear in a variety of contexts and vessel-types. The process by which the Philistine potter incorporated the Egyptian style can be reconstructed in more than one way, as discussed in the conclusions.
The Museum of Natural History, La Plata, Argentina, houses a ceramic collection of the A-Group and C-Group cultures from Nubian tombs at Serra West (AA and ACS cemeteries), on the west bank of the Nile in Lower Nubia. It has been originated from the division after the excavations made by the Franco-Argentine Archaeological Expedition in Sudan between 1961 and 1963, as part of the UNESCO campaigns to save the Nubian monuments.
A New Kingdom spinning bowl from Karnak (Luxor) Egypt is similar in form to spinning bowls commonly found at other Egyptian sites and has a bulk chemical composition in the range for other Egyptian marl vessels. These data support a domestic origin. The matrix of the bowl contains unaltered, sand-sized, mafic rock fragments with volcanic, subophitic textures. Over 20% of the sand-sized grains consist of angular, unweathered rock fragments, and of these ∼20% are volcanic. Apparently they were added as temper. Electron microprobe analyses show that augite, plagioclase, and, where present, pigeonite, in nine of these have compositions typical of mafic igneous rocks. Geothermometry confirms crystallization at ∼1100°C. Pyroxene discrimination diagrams indicate geological sources ranging from within-plate alkali basalts to within-plate, continental tholeiites. Suitable sources for the temper are rare in Egypt. Both alkaline and tholeiitic, postorogenic (unaltered) late Cenozoic basalts occur in the Cairo area, making this the most likely but not the only possible source for the temper. The pottery may have also originated in Cairo because raw rock materials were moved upstream less commonly than down the Nile. A Cairo provenance for the Karnak artifact is consistent with the everyday movement of people and goods along the Nile between the ancient twin capitals of Memphis and Thebes. These results and the common occurrence of volcanic rocks as temper indicate that microbeam analytical techniques may help narrow the provenance of ancient pottery. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solid freeforming is a genus of manufacturing processes in which three-dimensional objects are assembled by point, line or planar addition of material. Confining surfaces, such as mould or die walls, are absent. The shape is built by adding rather than subtracting material. Solid freeforming has come to be computer controlled over the past two decades in parallel with the expansion of the data handling capacity of personal computers. It can be used for rapid prototyping but also offers mass production pathways in which individuation is possible. It is of particular interest for the creation, inter alia, of prosthetics that can be individually built from modified X-ray computed tomographic data. Some routes offer the additional capability to control, from the computer, not just the shape but also the composition throughout a component. Thus, three-dimensional functional gradients in multiphase ordered composites become possible. The concept of 'design' now embraces the integration of the spatial variation of composition, microstructure and hence of properties together with the shape parameters for multifunctional materials. This is a vast and expanding field in which the first textbooks are emerging. A review of this type must necessarily be focused. The emphasis here therefore is placed on ceramic processing. This review attempts to set out the taxonomy of solid freeforming in an historical context, disentangling the multiplicity of process names that have arisen over the past two decades. Special emphasis is placed on multilayer printing methods, because they have tended to be neglected in popular reviews, and upon applications in the medical arena, because they, among all possible applications, demand the individuation that solid freeforming can offer.
Recent discoveries at Tel Yarmuth (Early Bronze Age, c. 3500–2350 BC) enable us to revisit the question of the introduction of the potter's wheel in the Southern Levant. Two tournettes have been found which represent the typical potter's wheel of the 3rd millennium BC in the Southern Levant. Their technological analysis, as well as an analysis of the EB III ceramics, confirms that at Yarmuth, and other contemporary sites, potters did not throw ceramics on the wheel, but coiled roughouts which were then thinned and/or shaped on the tournette. Only a small range of vessels were fashioned on the tournette, suggesting that it was used by a limited number of potters. It is suggested that the potters using the tournette may have been specialists attached to the elite of a major city and occasionally shared out between several settlements within a region.
Ordered tubular structures with open porosity were created by microextrusion freeforming of tubular latticework. The extrudate was a suspension of fine hydroxyapatite powder in isopropyl alcohol with a polyvinyl butyral binder. The extruder consisted of a stepper driven syringe fitted with a miniature tube extrusion die. The lattices were sintered at 1250°C to produce a ceramic which has potential as a bone scaffold that could accommodate growth promoters for slow release.
Previous investigations of Egyptian imperialism have focused principally on the policies of pharaoh and his close advisors
to the exclusion of other data. But archaeological evidence indicates that Egyptian frontier communities did more than simply
implement central policy. In this paper, I present an analysis of cooking and serving assemblages from the Nubian fortress
of Askut that illustrates the role of individual agency in the day to day cross-border interactions that characterized frontier
life. The study demonstrates that Egyptians and Nubians collaborated and may have intermarried in spite of a politically charged
ideology of separate identities and otherness.
Egypt''s cultural evolution between 4000 and 2000 B.C. is reviewed in and related to methodological and theoretical issues in contemporary archaeology. Recent archaeological evidence from the Nile Delta is analyzed in the context of the cultural integration of the Nile Valley and Delta after about 3200 B.C.
This is an attempt to classify ceramic manufacturing processes in such a way that the connections to related operations in other industries and to the ancient crafts of antiquity become apparent. The aim is to make it easier for students of ceramic processing to move seamlessly across a terrain that is conceptually integrated and therefore to find solutions to manufacturing problems through creativity informed by a pan-materials taxonomy of processes. This approach veers towards the ‘systematic’ method of creativity as exemplified by TRIZ but it is important to recognise that in some organisations the ‘chaos’ approach is also gaining recognition and what at first appears to be an oxymoron; ‘management for chaos’ is gaining acceptance. The relevance of an integrated approach to processing of materials is discussed in relation to the efficacy of the National System of Innovation (NSI).
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