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Consanguineous Marriage in Turkish Families in Turkey and in Western Europe
Abstract
The paper compares the prevalence and development of consanguineous marriages between Turkish migrants in Western Europe and stayers from the same regions of origin in Turkey. Analyses draw from three-generational family data of the 2000 Families study. Findings suggest a decline of kin marriage over generations and time in both groups, but a higher prevalence of kin marriage among migrants. Parental impact was influential, but effects of transmission were lower among migrants. Kin marriage was strongly linked with cross-border partner choice. The results support previous findings and indicate the specific effect of migration on seemingly traditional patterns of marriage.
... Moreover, excluding single women biases the results for younger birth cohorts, because kin marriages tend to occur at a younger age. Therefore, following Baykara-Krumme (2016), we analyzed the conditional probability of a consanguineous marriage given that a woman is still single. Unlike Baykara-Krumme (2016), however, whose focus is on the effect of migration, we separated the effects of educational enrolment and attainment on the odds of marrying. ...
... Therefore, following Baykara-Krumme (2016), we analyzed the conditional probability of a consanguineous marriage given that a woman is still single. Unlike Baykara-Krumme (2016), however, whose focus is on the effect of migration, we separated the effects of educational enrolment and attainment on the odds of marrying. ...
BACKGROUND There are two explanations for the inverse relationship between consanguinity and women's education. The female empowerment hypothesis posits that better-educated women will demand more freedom in choosing a marriage partner, whereas the role incompatibility hypothesis posits that school enrollment may prevent women from fulfilling spousal obligations. OBJECTIVE This article presents estimates of the relative contributions of school enrolment and educational attainment to the decline in consanguineous marriage. METHODS Our data comes from three rounds of the Palestinians in Israel Socio-Economic Survey. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, we estimated discrete-time event history models to assess the effects of education on the probability of a consanguineous marriage. To test the two hypotheses we constructed two distinct education vectors for each woman from information on the number of years of schooling. The first charts yearly enrolment in education, whereas the second vector reflects actual attainment in each year. RESULTS Between 1975-1979 and 2005-2010, consanguineous marriage declined by almost 60%. The rise in the age of leaving school explains about a third of the decline. Educational attainment did not contribute to the decline. CONTRIBUTION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to present estimates of the relative contributions of school enrolment and educational attainment to the decline in consanguineous marriage.
... Deilh et al., therefore, assert that the Islamic heritage of culture can be considered an important factor in gender role orientations in transnational migrants' contexts. Alongside gender roles and dynamics in Turkish migrant families, the concept of marriage, including cross-cultural (Huschek et al., 2012) and cross borders marriage (Baykara-Krumme, 2016;Ducu, 2018;Hooghiemstra, 2001), have been explored by studies on Turkish migrants. These scholars discuss how partner selections and marriage play a role in Turkish migrants' integration process in their host countries. ...
This article initiates methodological discussions to understand how transnationalism manufactures cultural discourse of family practices and repairs intimacy within family-kin relationships from a distance. Prior studies in family ties overstate the shifts in family practices by highlighting the dichotomy of ‘modern’ and ‘tradition’ intimacy. However, family practices and intimacy are more compelling, and require empirical examination of how migrants interact and restore meaningful relationships in different cultural landscapes with their family-kin. Contributing to this literature, this article explores the repairing process of transnationalism in building meaningful familiar relationships from a distance, and the reconfiguration of the meanings and practices of familyhood in the migration process. Drawing on insight from interview data gathered from transnational Turkish migrants in the UK, this article argues that migration does not merely transform the family-kin practices, the understanding of intimacy and personal life of migrants; it brings emotional and ontological security. This paper raises questions on the role of migration in repairing intimacy and family practices, rather than shift and disjuncture the familiar connections. Therefore, it negotiates how migration provides space and courage to migrants to repair their intimacy and relationships with family-kin and reconfigure the meaning of familyhood while they enact their lives transnationally.
... Although it is presumed that the rates of consanguineous marriages decline with modernization and literacy, this is not transferable to all countries [30]. Presently, consanguinity is widely popular and respected in many communities, particularly in Muslims [2,3]. ...
Background: Pakistan has been showing consistently the highest prevalence of consanguinity. The popularity of consanguineous marriages is not declining in the country, because of social, cultural, and religious beliefs as well as economic advantages. However, couples also face various health-related implications, such as poor pregnancy outcomes or multiple reproductive and fertility consequences, having adverse effects on mothers and their children. This research investigated the trend of consanguineous marriages and their association with women's reproductive health and fertility behavior in Pakistan from 1990 to 2018.
Methods: This study is based on secondary data analysis, using all four waves of the Pakistan Demographic Health Surveys carried out from 1990 to 2018. The analysis is limited to women aged 15-49 years, who had given birth in the previous five years preceding each survey. Sampling weights were calculated and subsequently weighted analysis was conducted. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association of consanguinity with multiple characteristics related to socio-demographics, co-variates, and women's reproductive health and fertility behaviors.
Results: The findings revealed a high but overall stable trend of consanguinity prevalence of about 63% during the last three decades. Consanguineous marriages were more prevalent amongst young and uneducated women, living in rural areas, with poorer wealth status and having less exposure to mass media to access information. A strong association of consanguinity was observed with women's reproductive health and fertility behavior, particularly for women who gave first birth at a younger age, had multi-gravida pregnancies, multi-parity, pregnancy termination, ANC visits, and higher fertility.
Conclusion: Consanguineous marriages are predominant in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Findings revealed that consanguinity contributes significantly to women's reproductive health and fertility behaviors. Appropriate counseling , educational, and health promotional programs related to consanguinity should be designed and launched at the community level to raise awareness about risks towards women's reproductive health and fertility.
... From the beginning of mankind, consanguinity or close-kin marriages was socially and culturally deeply rooted. Although it is presumed that the rates of consanguineous marriages decline with modernization and literacy, this is not transferable to all countries [30]. Presently, consanguinity is widely popular and respected in many communities, particularly in Muslims [2,3]. ...
Background: Pakistan has been showing consistently the highest prevalence of consanguinity. The popularity of consanguineous marriages is not declining in the country, because of social, cultural, and religious beliefs as well as economic advantages. However, couples also face various health related implications, such as poor pregnancy outcomes or multiple reproductive and fertility consequences, having adverse effects on mothers and their children. This research investigated the trend of consanguineous marriages and their association with women’s reproductive health and fertility behavior in Pakistan from 1990 to 2018.
Methods: This study is based on a secondary data analysis, using all four waves of the Pakistan Demographic Health Surveys carried out during 1990 to 2018. The analysis is limited to women aged 15–49 years, who had given birth in the previous five years preceding each survey. Descriptive statistics, bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of consanguinity with multiple characteristics related to socio-demographics, co-variates and women’s reproductive health and fertility behaviors.
Results: The findings revealed an high but overall stable trend of consanguinity prevalence of about 63% during the last three decades. Consanguineous marriages were more prevalent amongst young and uneducated women, living in rural areas, with poorer wealth status and having less exposure of mass media to access information. A strong association of consanguinity was observed with women’s reproductive health and fertility behavior, particularly for women who gave first birth at younger age, had multi-gravida pregnancies, multi-parity, pregnancy termination, ANC visits and higher fertility.
Conclusion: Consanguineous marriages are predominant in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Findings revealed that consanguinity contributes significantly to women’s reproductive health and fertility behaviors. Appropriate counselling, educational and health promotional programs related to consanguinity should be designed and launched at community level to raise awareness about risks towards women’s reproductive health and fertility.
... The association between marriage and migration has been documented across both space and time by both historians and anthropologists, who have written extensively about marriage migration as a dimension of social life in early modern and modern Europe (Kertzer and Hogan: 1989, Moch: 1992, Netting: 1981, and in colonial America (Adams andKasakoff: 1980, Norton: 1973). This has included the documentation of the transportation of marriage practices such as consanguineous or sororate marriages across borders (Baykara-Krumme: 2016, Brettell: 2015, Reid: 1988, while others have documented the "international marriage market" of the nineteenth-century that included arranged marriages, and third-party matchmaking among firstgeneration immigrants in the United States (Sinke: 1999). Twentieth-century accounts of US immigration have afforded insights into the practice involving Japanese "picture brides" (Tanaka: 2004) and post-World War II "war brides" (Zeiger: 2010). ...
The thesis examines marriage and masculinities in motion through the experiences of Pakistani migrant husbands in Birmingham, UK. Drawing on the detailed life history narratives of sixty-two migrant husbands, and fourty-three community member interlocuters who were aware of and/or in contact with migrant husbands, over a thirty-month period (February 2016-August 2018), the thesis explores and is organised in three key sections: (a) aspirational masculinity, (b) liminal masculinity, and (c) (re)assertive masculinity. The first section of the thesis traces the shifts in the aspirations of migrant husbands before and after marriage and migration, showing that these shifts are experienced in relation to the masculine ideal of ‘transnational patriarch’. The second section explores the impact of marriage and migration on the experiences of masculinity. I trace the ways that migrant husbands can experience precarity, heightened levels of vulnerability, and domestic violence. As a result, I argue that migrant husbands experience a ‘liminal’ [in-between] masculinity. The final section of the thesis explores the ways in which migrant husbands practice agency and resistance. Three significant arenas of agency and resistance are highlighted: (1) engaging with Songs of Sorrow, a musical form that extends from Sufi Qawwali, (2) by engaging in religious practices that are unique to Birmingham’s ‘Sufi-scape’ in which migrant husbands develop a ‘prophetic masculinity’, (3) and by way of appearing financially secure in order to maintain their identity as ‘transnational patriarch’. The thesis engages with and contributes to the field of men and masculinity studies, migration studies, human geography, and the anthropology of Islam. The research also contributes to and paves a way forward for the ‘decolonization of Muslim men’.
... Consanguineous marriages have been practiced since the early existence of mankind. Many assume that their rate declines with modernization and increased literacy; yet this is not supported by scientific statistics [1,2]. At present, consanguinity is widely popular in many parts of the world. ...
Consanguinity is a social behavior characterized by the arrangement of marriages between relatives. It coincides generally with the geographic distribution of recessive genetic diseases as it increases the likelihood of homozygosis and, consequently, the incidence of these pathologies in the population. In this pilot study, we assess the effect of inbreeding to the burden of hemoglobinopathies in Northern Morocco. From January 2016 to December 2018, 197 children born in the studied region to three ancestral generations and diagnosed with hemoglobinopathies were subject to investigation. The rate of consanguinity in the parents' generation of children with hemoglobinopathies was 50.25%, with first cousin marriages accounting for 68.69% of consanguineous unions (FI=0.02). The corresponding rates in the general population, based on a sample of N=900, were 29.67% and 82.02%, respectively. The marriages between first cousins are the most common among the other types of consanguineous unions. Our study propounds that consanguinity substantially contributes to the hemoglobinopathies burden in the studied region and have little changed over time. Refraining from consanguineous marriages and detecting couples at risk could contribute to the reduction of the incidence of genetic diseases in our country.
... On the other hand, co- national or intra-ethnic transnational marriages are considered more harmonious because the spouses do not have to contend with different and competing cultural norms. In Cape Verde and in other national contexts (Baykara-Krumme, 2015), this form of intra-ethnic, consanguineous or proxy marriage can be arranged by the person looking to marry and by those in his or her close social circle, and it enjoys social recognition in light of its 'expediency'. Because travelling to the country of origin requires considerable time and money, Cape Verdean authorities have occa- sionally even allowed marriages to be concluded without the physical presence of one of the spouses -this is the origin of the term Kasamento di Foto. ...
This article looks at the interaction between transnational family relationships, on the one hand, and family-related immigration policies, on the other. Taking the conflicting concerns that arose between administrative decision-makers and family members during an attempt to reunite a Cape Verdean family spread across several countries as an example, the questions of what ‘family’ means, what relationships are included and the nature of the relationships involved answered differently by different actors will be shown. The article discusses the way in which the regulation of transnational mobility according to specific categories of eligibility is giving social ties a concrete legal form which can run contrary to the social conventions and conceptions of migrants and their families. The focus is on both the normative categories that have repercussions for the core of the social sphere and on the family practices that react to these categorizations.
... Guveli et al. (2015) found that higher educated European Turks are far more likely to be self-employed than their comparators in Turkey, which is consistent with the argument that self-employment is used to avoid discrimination in the labour market in Europe. Baykara-Krumme (2015, 2016 demonstrated that both kin marriage and arranged marriages among Turks declined in both Turkey and Europe across the generations. Speaking to debates on societal change and adaptation, as well as marriage preferences and opportunities, while arranged marriages tended to be less common in Europe than Turkey, kin marriage was more frequent. ...
Despite recent advances, critical areas in the analysis of European migration remain underdeveloped. We have only a limited understanding of the consequences of migration for migrants and their descendants, relative to
staying behind; and our insights of intergenerational transmission is limited to two generations of those living in the destination countries. These limitations stem from a paucity of studies that incorporate comparison with non-migrants– and return migrants– in countries of origin and which trace processes of intergenerational transmission over multiple generations. This paper outlines the theoretical and methodological discussions in the field, design and data of the 2,000 Families study. The study comprises almost 50,000 members of migrant and non-migrant Turkish families across three family generations, living in Turkey and eight European countries. We provide indicative findings from the study, framed within a theoretical perspective of “dissimilation” from origins, and reflect on its potential for future migration research.
... They have analyzed the impacts of emigration on the marriage market-excluding individuals from marriage altogether, elevating ages at marriage, or increasing the number of out-of-wedlock births (Brettell 1986, Guinnane 1997, Rogers 1991, Scheper-Hughes 1979. Some scholars have documented the transportation of marriage practices (e.g., consanguineous or sororate marriages, sister exchange) across borders (Baykara- Krumme 2016, Brettell 2015, Reid 1988, whereas others have described a nineteenth- century "international marriage market" that included arranged unions or third-party matchmak- ing among first-generation immigrants in the United States (Sinke 1999). Historians of twentieth- century US immigration have provided accounts of Japanese "picture brides" (Tanaka 2004) and post-World War II "war brides" (Zeiger 2010). ...
Despite immigration policies that are often built around family reunification, contemporary research on migration often prioritizes labor mobility over mobility associated with marriage and family formation. Drawing on scholarship across a range of disciplines and across the globe, this article focuses attention on the substantive dimensions and theoretical debates located at the intersections of research on marriage and migration. Among the topics covered are rural bride shortages and mail-order marriages, arranged marriages, marriages of convenience and the state policies introduced to regulate them, and crimes of honor. The article also addresses the impact of migration on spousal relationships and on parenting in a transnational context. Of particular consideration are dimensions of insecurity that arise in mixed-status families, which may result in domestic violence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 46 is October 21, 2017. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... The culture of within-family mate choice does however persist in many immigrant communities (Anwar et al., 2014;Reiners, 2001;Schulpen et al., 2006;Shaw, 2001;Stoltenberg et al., 1997), where many of the suggested economic (and possibly biological) reasons for this practice should be moot. Surprisingly, there are indications that the practice of kin marriage might be more preserved in recent generations among immigrants compared to the situation in their country-of-origin (Baykara-Krumme, 2016;Darr and Modell, 1988). I propose that we need a collaborative effort spanning the " three cultures " of Natural sciences (including medicine), Social sciences and Humanities (Kagan, 2009) to reach a sustainable solution to many cases of genetic disease through encouragement of a cultural change in groups where consanguinity is still frequent. ...
While clinical and basic biomedical research focus on diagnoses and cures for common and rare genetic diseases, they are unable to address one of the largest underlying causes for genetic disease: mating within families or other small genetically isolated sub-populations. This interdisciplinary literature study investigates theoretical, moral and practical aspects to solve this major cause for genetic disease from an alternative angle: through cultural change and encouragement of an outbreeding reproductive behavior. Understanding why some communities persist with choosing consanguineous reproductive partners when the modern society has eliminated the economic rationale to do so, and to develop strategies to encourage a cultural change in those communities, is critical for a sustainable long-term solution to reduce the number of new cases of genetic disease and undiagnosed (sub-clinical) but detrimental genetic abnormalities in vulnerable and marginalized groups in modern Western societies.
... The culture of within-family mate choice does however persist in many immigrant communities (Anwar et al., 2014;Reiners, 2001;Schulpen et al., 2006;Shaw, 2001;Stoltenberg et al., 1997), where many of the suggested economic (and possibly biological) reasons for this practice should be moot. Surprisingly, there are indications that the practice of kin marriage might be more preserved in recent generations among immigrants compared to the situation in their country-of-origin (Baykara-Krumme, 2016;Darr and Modell, 1988). I propose that we need a collaborative effort spanning the " three cultures " of Natural sciences (including medicine), Social sciences and Humanities (Kagan, 2009) to reach a sustainable solution to many cases of genetic disease through encouragement of a cultural change in groups where consanguinity is still frequent. ...
While clinical and basic biomedical research focus on diagnoses and cures for common and rare genetic
diseases, they are unable to address one of the largest underlying causes for genetic disease: mating within
families or other small genetically isolated sub-populations. This interdisciplinary literature study investigates
theoretical, moral and practical aspects to solve this major cause for genetic disease from an alternative
angle: through cultural change and encouragement of an outbreeding reproductive behavior. Understanding
why some communities persist with choosing consanguineous reproductive partners when the modern
society has eliminated the economic rationale to do so, and to develop strategies to encourage a cultural
change in those communities, is critical for a sustainable long-term solution to reduce the number of new
cases of genetic disease and undiagnosed (sub-clinical) but detrimental genetic abnormalities in vulnerable
and marginalized groups in modern Western societies.
... Guveli et al. (2015) found that higher educated European Turks are far more likely to be self-employed than their comparators in Turkey, which is consistent with the argument that self-employment is used to avoid discrimination in the labour market in Europe. Baykara-Krumme (2015, 2016 demonstrated that both kin marriage and arranged marriages among Turks declined in both Turkey and Europe across the generations. Speaking to debates on societal change and adaptation, as well as marriage preferences and opportunities, while arranged marriages tended to be less common in Europe than Turkey, kin marriage was more frequent. ...
Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Differenzkategorie und dem Strukturmerkmal „Migration“ und diskutiert, welche migrationsspezifischen Aspekte in der familiensoziologischen Forschung berücksichtigt werden sollten, um familiale Prozesse und Familienbeziehungen in einer Migrationsgesellschaft angemessen zu adressieren. Verbunden mit einer Migration sind u. a. die grenzüberschreitende Mobilität, der Herkunftsbezug und die transnationale Organisation von Familie sowie die mit Eingliederungs- und Teilhabeprozessen über die Zeit verbundenen spezifischen familialen Aufgaben und Herausforderungen. Der Beitrag präsentiert entlang dieser drei Perspektiven ausgewählte Forschungsbefunde zu den familiensoziologisch bedeutsamen Themen der Partnerschaftsgenese und -entwicklung, des generativen Verhaltens und der Generationenbeziehungen.
Amaç: Akraba evlilikleri, özellikle bebek ölümlerine ve genetik hastalıklara olan olumsuz etkileri bakımından önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye’de son 50 yılda akraba evliliklerinin oranının, yüzde 27 seviyesinden sadece yüzde 11’lik bir azalma ile ancak yüzde 24 seviyesine gerilemiş olması akraba evliliklerinin dirençli yapısına işaret etmektedir. TNSA- 2018 sonuçlarının kullanıldığı bu çalışmanın üç temel amacı bulunmaktadır: (1) Akraba evliliği yaygınlığının zaman içindeki değişimini belirlemek, (2) Bu dönemdeki akrabalı yetiştirme katsayısının değişimini ortaya koyarak akraba evliliklerinin iç yapısında meydana gelen değişimi anlamak, (3) Akraba evliliklerinin sosyo-demografik belirleyicilerini başta evlilik kuşakları temelinde olmak üzere ortaya koyarak dirençli sosyo-demografik grupları belirlemek. Yöntem: Çalışmada, 1993 öncesi dönemden başlayarak 2014-2018 dönemine kadar oluşturulan evlilik kuşağı değişkeninin yanısıra, çalışmanın hem betimsel hem de çok değişkenli analiz bölümlerinde, kadınların eğitim ve çalışma durumları, hanenin refah durumu, ebeveynlerin akrabalık durumu, kadının anadili ve evlilik öncesi pratikleri ile kadınların çocukluklarını geçirdikleri bölge ve yerleşim yeri de dikkate alınmaktadır. Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonuçlarına evlilik kuşakları temelinde bakıldığında, 1993 ve öncesinde evlenen kadınlar arasında yüzde 40 olan akraba evliliği oranının 2014-2018 döneminde evlenen kadınlar arasında yüzde 16’ya gerilediği görülmektedir. Yine bu dönemde, akrabalı yetiştirme katsayısı, 0.018’den 0.006’ya gerilemiştir. Bu durum, Türkiye’de zaman içinde birinci kuzenler arasındaki evliliklerin oranının, son 50 yılda, yüzde 85’den yüzde 46’ya gerilemiş olması ile ilişkilidir. Sonuç: Çalışmada kullanılan lojistik regresyon analizlerinin sonuçları, eğitimsiz kadınların, çalışmayan veya sosyal güvenliği olmadan çalışan kadınların, anadili Kürtçe ve Arapça olan kadınların, yoksul kadınların, ebeveynleri akraba evliliği yapmış olan kadınların, çocukluğunu Doğu’da ve kırsal alanlarda yaşayan kadınların akraba evliliği yapma riskinin daha yüksek olduğunu, dolayısı ile bu grupların akraba evliliği olgusunun dirençli kalmasına katkıda bulunmaya devam ettiğini, göstermektedir.
In many countries, marriage is no longer considered a prerequisite for childbearing. Cohabitation and children born outside of marriage are both on the rise. Advances in assisted reproductive technology have made it more feasible to have a child without a partner or within the context of a same-sex union, at least for women. In this chapter, I discuss the delay and decrease in marriage, the spread of cohabitation, how people find a mate, trends in same-sex unions, and how changes in partnerships have affected fertility. Although fewer people are married, marriage continues to be one of the most persistent and strongest determinants of fertility. Many individuals also appear to have problems finding a partner, although the reasons differ fundamentally for men and women.
Research on the union formation of the children of immigrants, the so-called second generation, focusses primarily on marriage and cohabitation. Even though dating relationships are often the first romantic relations and lay the foundation for more committed relationships, very little is known about dating among second-generation young adults. This is unfortunate because dating across different origin groups may point to changing or shifting group boundaries, that may only later be reflected in interethnic marriages. In this paper we aim to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the dating behavior of Turkish second-generation young adults in five European countries (the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, France) using the comparative TIES survey data. Our results show that it is common for the Turkish second generation to date a partner with a non-Turkish background. And, moreover, that it is important to distinguish between different types of intra-ethnic partnerships. Although only few parents are reported not to approve of the relationship of their child, a substantial part of the second generation seems reluctant to inform their parents about their dating life. With regard to the role of parents, it seems that their influence on the origin of dating partners is limited. In order to enhance our understanding of the meaning of (intergroup-) dating, its determinants and outcomes, future data may focus more on meeting places and the role of peers in a longitudinal way. We argue that dating is an important indicator for intergroup relations that deserves further attention in increasingly diverse societies.
In this chapter we look at patterns and trends transnational marriage among British Pakistani Muslims and British Indian Sikhs, explore attitudes towards transnational marriage and look at how participants own marriages came about. Labour Force Survey data shows a clear downward trend in the popularity of transnational marriage. They also show transnational marriage is less common among those with higher education. We explore the possibility that the opportunity for migration might be ‘exchanged’ for educational capital so that transnational marriage could provide British South Asians access to more educated partners in India or Pakistan. The LFS figures show that educational homogamy (spouses having the same level of education) is the dominant pattern in both transnational and intranational marriages. We nevertheless find evidence of educational selectivity in transnational marriages, with migrant spouses’ educational profiles comparing very favourably to those in the origin countries. The qualitative data from the MMI study shows that educational similarity constitutes just one aspect of understandings of compatibility which make transnational marriage attractive for some, and undesirable for others. Family considerations, such as care for parents as they age, and for British Pakistanis the possibility of marriage between cousins, also appear in these accounts, alongside the opportunities to meet marriage partners presented by the transnational social field.
Ausgehend vom Erklärungsmodell der intergenerativen Solidarität wird zunächst dargestellt, welche Rolle Generationenbeziehungen bei der Gestaltung von Ketten- und Heiratsmigration spielen. Bei der Kettenmigration steht die Wanderung als kollektiver Entscheidungsprozess der familiär-verwandtschaftlichen Gruppe im Mittelpunkt, bei der Heiratsmigration die elterliche Mitwirkung bei der Partnerwahl. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Generationenbeziehungen und der Eingliederung von Migranten wird am Beispiel der intergenerativen Weitergabe von Kultur und dem damit verbundenen Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Bewahrung herkunftskultureller Elemente und der Anpassung der Kinder an die Kultur der Aufnahmegesellschaft thematisiert. Im Anschluss wird exemplarisch auf den familiären Sprachgebrauch und auf Bildungsentscheidungen als Beispiele intergenerativer Ko-Orientierung eingegangen.
Son yıllarda, göç alanında kaydedilen gelişmelere rağmen, Avrupa’ya olan göçün analizine ilişkin yeterince aydınlatılmamış çalışma alanları mevcuttur. Göçün menşe ülkede kalanlara kıyasla, göçmenler, çocukları ve torunları üzerindeki etkileri hakkındaki bilgimiz oldukça sınırlıdır. Benzer şekilde, kuşaklar arası aktarımın nasıl geliştiğini ve şekillendiğini anlamaya yönelik akademik çalışmalar, varış ülkesinde yaşayan iki kuşağın karşılaştırılması ile sınırlıdır. Bu sınırlamalar, menşe ülkelerindeki göçmen olmayanlarla ve geri dönen göçmenlerle karşılaştırmayı içeren ve çoklu kuşaklar arası aktarım süreçlerini izleyen çalışmaların azlığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ilgili alandaki teorik ve metodolojik tartışmalarla birlikte 2.000 Aile Araştırması’nın, tasarımını ve veri setini tanıtan bir özet niteliğindedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de ve en az sekiz farklı Avrupa ülkesinde yaşayan üç kuşağı kapsayan, yaklaşık 50.000 göçmen ve göçmen olmayan Türk aile üyesinin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Köklerden farklılaşma teorik bakış açısını benimseyen bu çalışma ile, araştırmaya dair belirleyici bulgular sunulmaktadır. Bu anket çalışması, katılımcıların bireysel özelliklerinin, değerlerinin, kaynaklarının ve tutumlarının yanı sıra üç kuşak boyunca aile geçmişleri ve göç deneyimleri hakkında zengin bilgiler sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, 2.000 Aile Çalışması’nın gelecekteki göç araştırmaları için potansiyeli yansıtılmaktadır. Araştırmacılar, 2.000 Aile verilerini, GESIS veri bankasından (GESIS data archive) indirip analiz edebilirler.
Marital liberalization in terms of public support for polygamous, underage or child, and consanguineous or close-kin marriages emerges to be controversial and requires more understanding. A possible understanding is that such liberalization is unconventional and thus impedes integration with society. According to this social integration vision, marital liberalization is incompatible with marriage and religiosity and inimical to life satisfaction. To examine this vision, this study analyzes data obtained from a random-sample survey of 2099 Hong Kong Chinese adults. Results support the vision in that life satisfaction was significantly lower in those favoring marital liberalization, who were significantly lower in religiosity and more likely unmarried. This implies that marital liberalization is incompatible with social integration.
In this paper, we examine the fertility behavior of Turkish women in Europe from a context-of-origin perspective. Women with different migration biographies (first-generation, 1.5-generation, second-generation migrants, and return migrants) are compared with “stayer” women from the same regions of origin in Turkey. This approach provides us with new insights into the study of the effects of international migrations. First-, second-, and third-birth transitions are analyzed using data from the 2000 Families Study, which was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in Turkey and in western Europe. The classical hypotheses of disruption, interrelated events, adaptation, socialization, and selectivity/composition are developed with reference to the context-of-origin perspective. To account for socialization and family-related composition effects, we also look at family characteristics. Our findings provide no support for the disruption hypothesis, but suggest that the first-generation migrant women have higher first-birth risks than the stayers. However, this gap can be fully explained by differences in marriage duration. Differences in composition—namely in educational attainment—account for our finding that the second migrant generation has lower first-birth transition rates than the women in Turkey. Except for the number of siblings, the family influence, including the processes of intergenerational transmission, is minor and hardly accounts for the migrant–stayer differences in birth transitions. Most remarkably, the analyses show that the second- and third-birth risks of almost all of the migrant groups are higher than those of the women in Turkey, when individual and family factors are held constant; which suggests that there is a fertility crossover between the origin and the destination contexts.
The topic of transnational partner choice has gained attention over the past decades, but most research focuses on the migrants
and their descendants in Europe. Very little is known about the mechanisms underlying marriage migration decisions in the
sending contexts. With reference to migration and partner choice theories, we develop hypotheses on (1) education-related
selectivity, (2) family and community network effects, and (3) the role of consanguineous and arranged marriages for family
formation migrations from Turkey. Drawing on data of the 2000 Families Study, we apply multivariate regression models which
consider (married) stayers and marriage migrants from the same regions of origin. Findings indicate the expected inverted
u-curved effect of education and strong positive influences of prior migrants in the family network. Previous marriage migrants
exert a stronger influence than other migrants in the family. Gender differences are low, but while family networks hardly
diminish the selective impact of education for women, we find a negative interaction effect for men. Unlike the family, community
network effects are low and inconclusive. Moreover, marriage migration is strongly associated with consanguineous marriage,
and less with marriage arrangement. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of existing theoretical
and empirical research.
Assimilation theory has been subject to intensive critique for decades. Yet no other framework has provided the social science community with as deep a corpus of cumulative findings concerning the incorporation of immigrants and their descendants. We argue that assimilation theory has not lost its utility for the study of contemporary immigration to the United States. In making our case, we review critically the canonical account of assimilation provided by Milton Gordon and others; we refer to Shibutani and Kwan's theory of ethnic stratification to suggest some directions to take in reformulating assimilation theory. We also examine some of the arguments frequently made to distinguish between the earlier mass immigration of Europeans and the immigration of the contemporary era and find them to be inconclusive. Finally, we sift through some of the evidence about the socioeconomic and residential assimilation of recent immigrant groups. Though the record is clearly mixed, we find evidence consistent with the view that assimilation is taking place, albeit unevenly.
Previous studies on ethnic intermarriage have been done mainly in the United States and in other classical immigration countries. This article examines ethnic intermarriage among Surinamese, Dutch Antilleans, Turks, and Moroccans in the Netherlands. From a theoretical and empirical perspective, it is important to examine whether patterns observed earlier in traditional immigrant countries equally apply to the Dutch context. To obtain a sufficiently large sample, this study pools five nationally representative surveys, conducted in the period 1988–2002. In line with findings documented before, it observes that ethnic exogamy occurs more frequently among the second generation, and among those who arrived at a younger age, and who are higher educated. Equally corresponding to previous work, the study reports that ethnic intermarriage is more frequent when the group-specific sex ratio is more uneven and when the ethnic group is predominantly second generation. Contrary to findings observed elsewhere, results show that the black Surinamese and Dutch Antilleans have high intermarriage rates and that there is little evidence for status exchange in mixed marriages.
The substantial numbers of incoming spousal migrants from Pakistan is a notable feature of contemporary British immigration. This article argues for the utility of viewing such marriages, which are commonly between cousins, not only in terms of migration strategies or kinship obligations, but as part of the negotiation of the risks of marriage in a transnational context. Focusing on matches between British women and men from Pakistan, it explores conceptualizations of marriage and risk, relatedness and place, and closeness and distance, to explain the appeal of transnational close kin marriage. But while these arrangements hope to reduce some risks, they also produce others, generated both by the incentives of migration, and by internal logics of marriages between relatives. Marital choices among British Pakistanis, and resulting migration, can thus be seen as a consequence of a culturally-grounded dialogue on risk and how best it can be managed.
R. Jayakody, A. Thornton, W. Axinn, Preface. R. Jayakody, A. Thornton, W. Axinn, Perspective on International Family Change. A. Thornton, G. Binstock, D. Ghimire, International Dissemination of Ideas About Development and Family Change. T. Locoh, M. Mouvagha-Sow, An Uncertain Future for African Families. R. Lesthaeghe, J. Surkyn, When History Moves On: The Foundations and Diffusion of the Second Demographic Transition. W. Axinn, A. Emens, C. Mitchell, Ideational Influences on Family Change in the United States. G. Binstock, Continuity and Change: The Family in Argentina. M.J. Abbasi-Shavazi, P. McDonald, Family Change in Iran: Religion, Revolution, and the State. R. Jayakody, V.T. Huy, Social Change and Marriage in Vietnam: From Socialist State to Market Reform. M. Atoh, The Relevance of Ideational Changes to Family Transformations in Postwar Japan. W. Axinn, D. Ghimire, J. Barber, The Influence of Ideational Dimensions of Social Change on Family Formation in Nepal. B. Nauck, D. Klaus, Family Change in Turkey: Peasant Society, and the Revolution "From Above". W. Axinn, R. Jayakody, A. Thornton, Conclusion.
Drawing on thirteen years of fieldwork among Mexican migrants in the
United States and Mexico and comparisons of immigration policy
throughout the Americas, this paper systematically elaborates the
advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of multi-sited studies.
A reformed logic of the Millian methods of agreement and difference
takes into account the causal connections among the cases. I call for a
‘homeland dissimilation’ perspective and comparisons of internal and
international migration as a way to take off the self-imposed national
blinders that pre-determine many of the conclusions of the assimilation
and even transnationalism literatures.
Marriage migration has become the most common form of immigration from Turkey to the Netherlands. The Dutch government increasingly pursues restrictive admission policies for the immigration of partners from non-EU countries. This article shows that the tightened income and age restrictions were to some extent successful in limiting Turkish marriage migration. It is also demonstrated, however, that the power of the state to control this migration flow is constrained by two main factors: coping strategies of Turkish couples and international obligations, including the Association Agreement.
Groundbreaking in its comprehensiveness, this book illuminates the migration of workers from Turkey to Western Europe with new perspectives previously overlooked in research. Indeed, this is the first study of its kind to cover the entire migration process, making extensive use of primary as well as secondary sources in four languages, and it draws on both the historiography and the social sciences of migration. It presents new analyses of the so-called 'push' factors behind this movement and explores the role of the sending state, the system and channels through which labour exits, the labouring population's attitudes towards moving to the West and the relevance of social networks in the migration process. The volume offers a critical assessment of the significance of Turkish labour migration with regard to the demand for foreign labour in Europe, with particular emphasis on the cases of Germany and the Netherlands.
Using a sample of 335 young adults and their parents, this study investigated the intergenerational transmission of marital attitudes from parents to their children and how parental marital quality moderates that relationship. Results suggested that the marital attitudes of both mothers and fathers are related to the marital attitudes of their children. Parents’ marital quality had little direct impact on the marital attitudes of their young adult children but did moderate the relationship between fathers’ marital attitudes and their young adults’ marital attitudes. The association between fathers’ marital attitudes and their children’s marital attitudes increased at higher levels of marital quality.
This article examines the influences of nonfamily experiences on participation in the selection of a first spouse in an arranged marriage society. The authors developed a theoretical framework to explain how a broad array of nonfamily experiences may translate into greater participation in the choice of a spouse. Analyses show that premarital nonfamily experiences, in general, and media exposure and participation in youth clubs, in particular, have strong positive effects on individual participation in the choice of a spouse. These findings suggest new ways of thinking about the relationship between social change and the transition away from arranged marriage. Overall, changes in these nonfamily experiences can account for a substantial fraction of the historical increase of youth involvement in mate selection.
This study first examines union formation preferences of Turkish, Moroccan, and Dutch adolescents. Second, the study shows how and to what extent parents are of influence on these preferences. Hypotheses are derived from cross-cultural psychology and theories on intergenerational transmission. Self-reported data of approximately 19,000 Dutch, 460 Turkish, and 400 Moroccan adolescents 11 to 23 years of age are used to test the hypotheses. Youth with a Turkish and Moroccan background, particularly those with a strong ethnic identification, more often prefer marriage than Dutch youth. Unmarried cohabitation (before marriage) is most popular among Dutch adolescents, but substantial proportions of immigrant youth also prefer this type of relationship. In addition, both parental characteristics and characteristics of the parent—child relationship are of major influence for adolescents' union formation preferences. The process of intergenerational transmission is found to be largely comparable among all groups.
"We argue that assimilation theory has not lost its utility for the study of contemporary immigration to the United States. In making our case, we review critically the canonical account of assimilation provided by Milton Gordon and others; we refer to Shibutani and Kwan's theory of ethnic stratification to suggest some directions to take in reformulating assimilation theory. We also examine some of the arguments frequently made to distinguish between the earlier mass immigration of Europeans and the immigration of the contemporary era and find them to be inconclusive. Finally, we sift through some of the evidence about the socioeconomic and residential assimilation of recent immigrant groups. Though the record is clearly mixed, we find evidence consistent with the view that assimilation is taking place, albeit unevenly."
An explosion of new data sources describing historical family composition is opening unprecedented opportunities for discovery and analysis. The new data will allow comparative multilevel analysis of spatial patterns and will support studies of the transformation of living arrangements over the past 200 years. Using measurement methods that assess family choices at the individual level and analytic strategies that assess variations across space and time, we can dissect the decline of patriarchal family forms in the developed world and place Northwest Europe and North America in global comparative context.
We examine the partner choice patterns of second-generation Turks in 13 European cities in seven countries. We not only compare intermarriage versus endogamous marriage, but also explicitly include the choice of a second-generation partner of the same origin and of a partner of other migrant origin as important alternatives. In Europe, populations are made up increasingly of migrants and their descendants resulting in new alternative partner options not open before. Findings suggest that second-generation Turks who choose a second-generation partner seem to be located between the partner choice of a first-generation and native partner in terms of family values and contact to non-coethnic peers. The choice of a partner of other migrant origin hardly differs in these characteristics from the choice of a native partner. Context variables such as group size and type of integration policies seem to play a role for the likelihood of having a first-generation versus a second-generation partner of Turkish origin but not for the likelihood of exogamous partner choice. A second-generation partner is the most popular choice in Germany but represents a minor option in the other countries. Furthermore, a partner of other migrant origin is more common among men but is in some countries more popular than a native partner among Turkish second-generation men and women.
Trotz der hohen Relevanz von Heiratsmigration bei türkeistämmigen Migranten existieren bislang kaum fundierte Kenntnisse über die Mechanismen, die dieser Art der Partnerwahl zu Grunde liegen. Im Zentrum dieses Beitrags steht die Rolle von struktur-, status- und einstellungsbezogenen Merkmalen bei der Entscheidung zwischen einem Ehepartner aus der eigenethnischen Migrantenpopulation in Deutschland und einem transnational gewählten Ehepartner aus der Türkei. Als Datengrundlage dient die repräsentative Zusatzbefragung des Generations and Gender Survey (2006) unter türkischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland. Die empirischen Befunde verweisen auf geschlechtsspezifische Muster, wonach männliche Migranten deutlich jüngere Frauen aus der Türkei heiraten und Migrantinnen ihren Partner vor allem dann aus der Türkei nachholen, wenn sie in einem mittleren Alter heiraten sowie eine eher westlich orientierte Einstellung zu familialen Normen vertreten. Der Einfluss des Bildungsniveaus ist eher gering, zumindest partiell kann jedoch eine positive Bildungsselektion bei den transnational gewählten Ehemännern festgestellt werden. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Befunde vor dem Hintergrund existierender Ergebnisse und zeigt den weiteren Forschungsbedarf auf.
Mate choice among early human groups and in many historical populations was subject to both demographic and social constraints, ensuring that most unions were between couples who had coinherited substantial proportions of their genomes from common ancestors. Even in populations in which close consanguineous marriage was proscribed, community endogamy would have been sufficient to ensure high levels of homozygosity. Consanguineous marriage remains the choice of an estimated 10.4% of the global population, although there has been an overall decline in its popularity, especially in developed countries. Recent studies have indicated that the shift from consanguineous marriage to panmixia has been accompanied by a reduction in homozygosity. The concomitant predicted decrease in incidence of both recessive single-gene disorders and more common adult-onset diseases will have a significant impact on the health of future generations
This article analyses the factors leading single immigrants in Germany to marry a native partner, a co-national immigrant
residing in Germany, or a co-national residing in the country of origin. Assimilation hypothesis and the importance of numerical
constraints within the marriage market are generally confirmed for the case of mixed marriages. In contrast, the practice
of importing spouses and its relation with integration reveals more complex. Differences between men and women in their propensity
to import partners from origin, and how these propensities relate to education are particularly puzzling. While the practice
of importing a partner is related to low educational levels for men, this does not seem to be the case for women. The Lievens’
hypothesis, which suggests that immigrant women may use traditional forms of marriage to achieve modern goals such as living
independently from their own and their in-law relatives after getting married, is not able to account for this result.
This article investigates the determinants of kin marriage on the basis of a large-scale database covering a major rural part of The Netherlands during the period 1840-1922. We studied three types of kin marriage: first cousin marriage, deceased spouse's sibling marriage, and sibling set exchange marriage. Almost 2% of all marriages were between first cousins, 0.85% concerned the sibling of a former spouse, while 4.14% were sibling set exchange marriages. While the first two types generally declined across the study period, sibling set exchange marriage reached a high point of almost 5% between 1890 and 1900. We found evidence for three mechanisms explaining the choice for relatives as spouses, centering both on preferences and on opportunities for kin marriage. Among the higher and middle strata and among farmers, kin marriages were commonly practiced and played an important role in the process of social class formation in the late nineteenth century. An increased choice for cousin marriage as a means of enculturation was observed among orthodox Protestants in the Bible Belt area of The Netherlands. Finally, all studied types of kin marriage took place more often in the relatively isolated, inland provinces of The Netherlands. Sibling set exchange marriages were a consequence of the enlarged supply of same-generation kin as a result of the demographic transition.
An Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata, Second Edition is the ideal tutorial for professional data analysts who want to learn survival analysis for the first time or who are well versed in survival analysis but not as dexterous in using Stata to analyze survival data. This text also serves as a valuable reference to those who already have experience using Stata’s survival analysis routines.
Marriage between first cousins is highly stigmatized in the West and, indeed, is illegal in 31 US states. But is the hostility to such marriage scientifically well-grounded?
To assess the trends in the frequency and the medical effects of consanguinity in the south coast of Turkish population using local and national data in the last 11 years. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Manavgat province, which is a major tourism center on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The authors studied consanguineous marriages in rural and urban population in the Mediterranean coast, Manavgat province, Turkey, via a 1500 random survey sample of married couples. There has been a significant increase in the incidence of consanguineous marriages in rural areas (40.7%) since 1989 in the southern population of Turkey. The results showed that the most frequent type of marriage was between the first cousins. It is found that there is no statistically significant difference between the consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages in the different age groups. The results were discussed on the basis of educational status, reasons for having consanguineous marriages and the general medical effects as well as with the relation of congenital malformations. The custom of consanguineous unions in the Mediterranean population of Turkey is still extremely high, and preventive measures should be done to decrease its frequency and associated complications.
This article examines the intensity and trends of marriages of Turks and Moroccans living in Belgium to partners from their countries of origin (‘imported partners’) and the motives for marrying such partners. Using data from the 1991 Belgian census, we show that large proportions of the migrant groups choose a partner from the country of origin and that marrying such a partner is certainly not dying out. Furthermore, the results of logit analyses reveal that marrying an imported partner is more than merely an act of traditional behavior: women may marry an imported partner in order to satisfy ‘modern’ goals.
In Turkey and Morocco, as in most regions of the Muslim world, consanguineous or kin marriage is part of a long-standing tradition of matrimonial practices. As modernisation brings with it higher levels of education, urbanisation and an increasing geographical mobility, these practices are coming under pressure. Similarly, it could be expected that the support of young people for kin marriages would decline through migration to Europe and the integration in their host society. However, a comparison of the prevalence of consanguineous marriages in the immigrant communities in Belgium and the countries of origin provides evidence of the contrary.
Through an in depth analysis of the evolution of kin marriages over different migrant and minority cohorts in Belgium, explanations are sought for this unexpected development. The analyses reveal that consanguineous marriages are often crossborder marriages and thus intimately linked to the facilitation of new migrations. In the new setting created by migration and restrictive migration policies, a new logic or rationale seems to support the practice of kin marriages. Once more a proof is found that matrimonial strategies and practices are highly adaptable to changing contexts and opportunities.
Together with the increasing number of kin marriages among Turks and Moroccans, the analyses disclose an apparently opposing trend, i.e. that of a declining number of marriages with friends of the family (practical kin). It is argued that the trade-off in marriages between practical kin and relatives is a first indication of the weakness of cross-border matrimonial practices; practices that link marriage to migration and immigrants to their regions of origin.
The analyses are based on log-linear techniques. The data come from two representative surveys of Turks and Moroccans in Belgium, and the household records of the Demographic and Health Surveys for Turkey and Morocco.
This article examines the intensity and trends of marriages of Turks and Moroccans living in Belgium to partners from their countries of origin (`imported partners') and the motives for marrying such partners. Using data from the 1991 Belgian census, we show that large proportions of the migrant groups choose a partner from the country of origin and that marrying such a partner is certainly not dying out. Furthermore, the results of logit analyses reveal that marrying an imported partner is more than merely an act of traditional behavior: women may marry an imported partner in order to satisfy `modern' goals.
To what degree is the socialization of "core" values a function of family, as opposed to generational influences? Data from 2,044 individuals, subsequently reduced to 256 grandparent-parent-youth lineages, are used to explore this issue. Multivariate analysis resulted in the identification of two value dimensions (Humanism/Materialism and Collectivism/Individualism) that characterized the range of choices from which respondents made value judgments. Generational differences in Collectivism/Individualism values were apparent, and on this dimension low to moderate family transmission effects did emerge. But the capacity to explain value choices on the basis of either of these sources of influence was minimal, especially on Humanism/Materialism.
This article discusses the behavioural and institutional mechanisms that guide the matchmaking process of arranged marriages1 amongst Muslim migrants in Germany and clarifies how this practice may influence ethnic homogamy. The focus is on general characteristics of arranged marriages rather than differences between diverse ethnic groups. The methodology is qualitative due to the sensitive and complex topic and the current state of research. Typically, the whole family is deeply involved in the process of arrangement, which consists of three stages (pre-engagement, engagement, marriage). Thereby, the extension of parental scope of action by means of institutionalized admission procedures turns out to be vitally important. In consideration of the fact that mate
selection takes place at the pre-engagement stage, it is the most crucial. Furthermore, differences to other partner-choosing processes are at their most distinct at this point, being responsible for the identification and labelling of this model as an arranged marriage. Selection criteria are mainly determined by the reputation of the marriage candidate and her ⁄ his family along with cultural features (such as belonging to a particular religious group, ethnicity or nationality). In our study, preferences for a cultural homogenous match were the most dominant ones. This inclination may cause the tendency towards transnational marriages when there are no suitable marriage candidates to be found in Germany.
Fifty years ago, William J. Goode published World Revolution and Family Patterns, a highly influential study of international family change. Goode's main thesis, that, owing to industrialization, family patterns around the world would come to resemble the mid-twentieth-century Western conjugal family, was incorrect. For one thing, that model collapsed in the West soon afterward. But Goode's secondary hypotheses have proven to be correct in at least some regions of the world: that parents' control over their children's family lives would decline; and that the spread of the ideology of the conjugal family would occur even in countries where extensive industrialization had not taken place. Moreover, it is worth understanding why Goode was sometimes incorrect and what forces (such as globalization) he did not foresee. It is also worth examining more recent writings on world family change by leading scholars. This article provides a reconsideration of the book's impact a half-century after it appeared.
Since the late Ottoman period, the family has been considered the central element in the modernization process in Turkey. Believing that changes in such institutions as marriage, divorce, and fertility are indices of modern family and modern society, political elites formulated strong aspirations to change Turkish families along Western lines. Turkish families have been characterized by substantial changes in marriage, divorce, and gender roles over the past half-century. Although many explanations have been proposed for these changes, this study offers new explanations based on ideational influences. Our theoretical approach draws on the developmental idealism framework, which throws new light on ideational factors that produce continuity and change in family and demographic behavior.
With explanatory covariates, the standard analysis for competing risks data involves modeling the cause-specific hazard functions via a proportional hazards assumption. Unfortunately, the cause-specific hazard function does not have a direct interpretation in terms of survival probabilities for the particular failure type. In recent years many clinicians have begun using the cumulative incidence function, the marginal failure probabilities for a particular cause, which is intuitively appealing and more easily explained to the nonstatistician. The cumulative incidence is especially relevant in cost-effectiveness analyses in which the survival probabilities are needed to determine treatment utility. Previously, authors have considered methods for combining estimates of the cause-specific hazard functions under the proportional hazards formulation. However, these methods do not allow the analyst to directly assess the effect of a covariate on the marginal probability function. In this article we propose a novel semiparametric proportional hazards model for the subdistribution. Using the partial likelihood principle and weighting techniques, we derive estimation and inference procedures for the finite-dimensional regression parameter under a variety of censoring scenarios. We give a uniformly consistent estimator for the predicted cumulative incidence for an individual with certain covariates; confidence intervals and bands can be obtained analytically or with an easy-to-implement simulation technique. To contrast the two approaches, we analyze a dataset from a breast cancer clinical trial under both models.
Intergenerational transmission is one process leading to cultural continuity. Transmission is assumed to be selective: Not all culturally relevant contents are transmitted. Transmission may be enhanced by “transmission belts,” that is, conditions favorable for transmission in a particular socioeconomic and cultural context, such as personal characteristics of the transmitter and the receiver (resources of education and age), and family interaction variables (parenting styles and parents’ marital relationship). This study explores the effects of these transmission belts on the similarity of values between Turkish fathers and their sons. The sample included 200 Turkish father-son dyads of two regions within Germany and 100 living in Turkey. The values transmitted were nine value categories subsumed under the two dimensions of collectivism and individualism. Predominately collectivistic values were transmitted because presumably, they serve group maintenance. Intergenerational transmission was enhanced by most of the transmission belts included in the study with the exception of cultural context.
The life course has emerged over the past 30 years as a major research paradigm. Distinctive themes include the relation between human lives and a changing society, the timing of lives, linked or interdependent lives, and human agency. Two lines of research converged in the formation of this paradigm during the 1960s; one was associated with an older "social relationship" tradition that featured intergenerational studies, and the other with more contemporary thinking about age. The emergence of a life course paradigm has been coupled with a notable decline in socialization as a research framework and with its incorporation by other theories. Also, the field has seen an expanding interest in how social change alters people's lives, an enduring perspective of sociological social psychology.
Using data on 4,667 women from the 1976-77 Iran Fertility Survey, we examine the trend and social correlates of consanguineous marriage in Iran. Based upon William Goode's theory of modernization, we hypothesize a declining trend in consanguineous marriage over time and negative relationships between consanguinity and measures of social status. Contrary to our expectations, there was a modest increase in the proportion of marriages between cousins in Iran from the 1940s to 1970s. Results from multivariate logistic regressions, however, indicate that many of the measures of individual social status had the expected negative relationships with consanguinity. Overall, the results of this analysis suggest that forces of modernization may be slowly eroding the social bases of consanguinity, while the increased availability of cousins may lead to an increase in consanguinity in the near term.
This article offers an analysis and interpretation of a high rate of marriage to relatives, especially first cousins, in a sample of second-generation British Pakistanis. It argues that the high rate of such marriage is not a simple reflection of a cultural preference. A better explanation requires an analysis of the factors that influence the decisions and choices of the marriage arrangers in the particular context of Pakistani migration to Britain. The article also underlines the inadequacy of a blanket category ‘Pakistani’ in relation to marriage patterns and choices. Variation according to region of origin, caste, socio-economic status, and upbringing must be brought into focus to reveal the processes that have generated the pattern, and to offer clues to its likely persistence.
In the past few decades there has been a re-thinking about kinship and family relations across several disciplines. Kinship relations are now regarded more as active participation than static categories, always part of the cultural context of period and place. The Western emphasis on vertical relationships of parent and child has neglected the wider web of kinship, especially relations among siblings. Historians are increasingly aware of the greater saliency of wider kin in the 18th and 19th century shift to capitalist economic development, especially in an era of large families. These general issues are examined in the case of the upper middle class, Evangelical Gladstone family, particularly William Ewart's relationships with his older sister, Anne, and younger sister, Helen. Here the development of gender identity and the effect of age and birth order are highlighted within the intensely religious and moral culture of 19th century England.
Links with kin â–˜back homeâ–™ have been central to Pakistani migration and settlement in Britain. Fifty years since the first phase of migration began, these links are maintained and re-created most centrally through the common practice of arranged transnational marriage, mostly involving first cousins. This paper outlines and comments on several strands of critique of this social trend. It describes how arranged transnational cousin marriage has become a key symbol of cultural difference within Britain, where it is linked with discourses of cultural, social and biological harm. Drawing on recent fieldwork with couples of Punjabi and Pakistan-administered Kashmiri family origins in transnational marriages, the paper provides a commentary on these critiques. The paper reveals the complexity of motivations behind transnational marriage choices, and suggests that, despite the current critiques, the balance of risks continues to favour this dynamic and increasingly negotiated social practice.
"… seeks to describe and interpret the main changes in family patterns that have occurred over the past half-century in Japan, China, India, the West, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arab countries and to relate them to various alterations in other institutional areas." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract The popularity of transnational marriages that in most cases involve first cousins or other kin distinguishes Pakistanis from other British South Asian groups. In this article we explain the popularity of such marriages. We seek to complement accounts that stress kinship obligations and socio-economic strategy by showing that transnational marriages are also motivated by the emotional ties of kinship. Central to this analysis is a focus on the Urdu/Panjabi concept of rishta, which conveys ideas about a ‘good’ match and about emotional connections between people. Our attention to emotional discourse between siblings, between parents and children and between prospective spouses in the context of marriage arrangements augments the understanding of what is at stake for those involved in transnational marriages. Our analysis also complements accounts that emphasize parental exegesis by offering a multigenerational perspective.
This paper examines the transition to a first union of descendants of Turkish immigrants in France. We use data from the project The Integration of the European Second Generation, 2007, and apply event-history techniques. We find that descendants of Turkish immigrants who grew up in France enter a first union earlier and more often in a direct marriage than do young adults without an immigrant background. We then describe the type of union in more detail and estimate the likelihood of a transnational partner choice, that is, between a young adult born in France of Turkish immigrant parentage and an immigrant from Turkey. We pay attention to social factors such as education, city of residence, and to cultural factors such as the rules of affinity in Turkey and the attachment to the norm of virginity at marriage as factors that orient partner choice. Finally, we discuss what anthropological methods could contribute to this research.
This article examines the prevalence of transnational cousin marriage in a Parisian suburb to consider its implications in reproducing “traditional” Muslim cultural identities among new immigrant women in France. In charting these marriages and tracing the migratory experiences of several first-generation women from North Africa to a Parisian banlieue (suburb) where I undertook extensive fieldwork, I consider why “traditional” Muslim women remain the ideal marriage partners for second and third generation French Muslim men of Maghrebian origin and their families. These brides have become emblematic of perceptions of cultural and religious purity in the diaspora in the face of dominant laïque discourses, often centralized on the hijab and Muslim women's “oppression.” I conclude that these women's bodies become symbolic armatures amidst fiercely debated gender politics and Maghrebian Muslim cultural values.
This review examines research on immigrant families in the United States from the past decade from multiple disciplinary perspectives. This work has used variations on assimilation and acculturation perspectives. In the case of the assimilation perspectives, the focus has largely been on family formation, whereas research using acculturation perspectives has focused more on intrafamily relationships. But, over the course of the decade, an interesting integrative model has emerged to address interactions of attitudes and values with structural conditions in the receiving and sending communities. Some of this effort to integrate perspectives can be found in studies of transnational families. The review concludes with some suggestions for continuing this integration and expanding studies to include dynamics of migration and family processes simultaneously.
An enquiry answered by 100 randomly selected British Pakistani mothers in the postnatal wards of two hospitals in West Yorkshire showed that 55 were married to their first cousins, while in only 33 cases had their mother been married to her first cousin. This suggests an increasing rate of consanguineous marriage in this relatively small group, by contrast with the decreasing rate observed in some other countries. The genetic implications merit further study.
The developmental paradigm, reading history sideways, and cross-cultural data have converged to exert a profound influence on social scientists and ordinary people. Through the use of these tools, social scientists of the 1700s and 1800s concluded that family patterns in northwest Europe had undergone many substantial changes before the early 1800s. These conclusions were accepted until the last several decades of the 1900s, when almost all were seriously challenged; many were declared to be myths. Further, the developmental paradigm, reading history sideways, and the conclusions of generations of social scientists created a package of ideas--developmental idealism--that subsequently became a powerful influence for family change in many parts of the world during the past two centuries. This developmental idealism has been a substantial force for changing living arrangements, marriage, divorce, gender relations, intergenerational relationships, and fertility.
"Although many characteristics play a role in the choice of a spouse, sociologists have most often examined endogamy and homogamy with respect to race/ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic status.... I summarize empirical research by answering four questions: (a) To what extent are groups endogamous and how do groups differ in this respect? (b) How has endogamy changed over time? (c) Which factors are related to endogamy? (d) How do various dimensions of partner choice coincide? [I then] discuss strengths and weaknesses of past research."
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of consanguineous marriages in Turkey using data derived from the 2003 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Demographic surveys conducted in the last 40 years consistently show that Turkey is a country with a high level of consanguinity. In the latest demographic survey (TDHS-2003), a nationally representative sample of 8075 ever-married women, consanguineous marriages accounted for 22% of the total, which is equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding (alpha) of 0.011. There are changing secular profiles in the rates of consanguinity in general and of the specific sub-types of cousin marriages in particular in Turkey. The prevalence of first cousin marriages among all consanguineous marriages presents a steady decline from one marriage cohort to the next. The changes observed over time may be attributable to several factors such as the increase in educational level of women, the nuclearization of the family system, the mobility from rural to urban settings, a better socioeconomic status of families, an increase in women's labour force participation in formal sectors, lower fertility rates resulting in a smaller number of cousins available for marriage, and an increased awareness of the effects of consanguineous unions on child health in cases where there is an inherited recessive disease in the family. Any attempts to discourage consanguinity at the population level appear to be inappropriate and undesirable, especially when the consanguineous union remains an integral part of the cultural and social life of Turkey. Nevertheless the WHO-recommended approach to minimizing the negative effects of consanguinity on child health should be followed, i.e. the identification of families with a high risk of a genetic disease and the provision of prospective genetic counselling.
Marchenko 2010 An Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata College Station: Stata Press. Darr, A. and B. Modell 1988 " The Frequency of Consanguineous Marriage Among British Pakistanis
- M Cleves
- W W Gould
- R G Gutierez
Cleves, M., W. W. Gould, R. G. Gutierez, and Y. Marchenko
2010 An Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata, 2nd ed. College Station: Stata Press.
Darr, A. and B. Modell
1988 " The Frequency of Consanguineous Marriage Among British Pakistanis. " Journal of
Medical Genetics 25:186–90.
Politics, Symbolics and Facts: Migration Policies and Family Migration From Turkey to Germany
- C M Aybek
Aybek, C. M.
2012 " Politics, Symbolics and Facts: Migration Policies and Family Migration From Turkey to Germany. " Perceptions. Journal of International Affairs 17:37–59.