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... Turzyca ciborowata reprezentuje element eurosyberyjski (Zając & Zając, 2009). Zwarty zasięg występowania gatunku obejmuje obszar zachodniej Polski, Czech oraz południowych Niemiec (Hultén & Fries, 1986;Meusel et al., 1965). W Polsce jej stanowiska koncentrują się na północnym zachodzie i południowym zachodzie (Popiela, 1999). ...
... zmiany klimatyczne, działalność pobliskich dużych kopalni żwiru, pobór wód przez farmy rybne), powodujących degradację jezior. Tymczasem odsłonięty litoral jeziora kolonizuje roślinność namułkowa charakterystyczna dla klasy Isoëto-Nanojuncetea. Zgodnie z aktualną nomenklaturą syntaksonomiczną (Kącki et al., 2021) Carex tomentosa (turzyca filcowata) ma szeroki zasięg euroazjatycki (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W Polsce występuje na niżu i w niższych położeniach górskich (Szafer et al., 1986). ...
... W latach 2008-2009 na terenie Zakrzówka występowała nielicznie w cienistych zaroślach, w pobliżu gospodarstw domowych (Dubiel et al., 2011). Biorąc pod uwagę kryteria wyznaczania obcych gatunków roślin (Pyšek et al., 2004) Lycopodiella inundata (widłaczek torfowy) należy do elementu cyrkumborealno-oceanicznego (Zając & Zając, 2009), a jego występowanie koncentruje się w Europie w jej środkowej i północnej części (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W granicach Polski jest rozproszony, a w niektórych regionach kraju, jak np. ...
This work presents a list of new localities in Poland for the following 18 rare (including regional rare) vascular plants: Abutilon theophrasti, Aquilegia vulgaris, Carex bohemica, C. tomentosa, Crocus speciosus, Erechtites hieraciifolia, Lathyrus nissolia, Lunaria annua subsp. annua, Lycopodiella inundata, Myricaria germanica, Nymphaea candida, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Potentilla indica, Pulicaria dysenterica, Rubus kaznowskii, Scilla sardensis, Solidago ×niederederi and Veratrum lobelianum.
... Определение статуса редкости вида предусматривает учет всех местонахождений вида и числа его популяций в пределах региона [Guidelines …, 2019]. Особенности географического распространения многих видов сосудистых растений Мурманской области традиционно базируются на изданиях «Флоры Мурманской области» [Flora …, 1953[Flora …, -1966, а также картах Хультена [Hulten, 1950[Hulten, , 1971Hulten, Fries, 1986]. Эти материалы по распространению видов уже относятся к историческим. ...
... Eriophorum gracile -циркумбореальный вид с обширным ареалом в холодных и умеренных областях северного полушария: от Европы на восток через Сибирь и Казахстан до Амура и Приморья Дальнего Востока России, спорадически на Камчатке, Сахалине, Китае, Корее и на большей территории Северной Америки [Hulten, Fries, 1986;Новоселова, 1994;Lansdown, 2011]. Везде -в заболоченных местообитаниях. ...
... Lt (Т1 -П1) 12. у Пулозера, по литературным данным: [Fellman, 1831[Fellman, , 1882Hulten, 1950Hulten, , 1971Hulten, Fries, 1986]. ...
Determinants of range limits for a concrete plant species are still debated because of their complexities [Roy et al. 2009]. In periods of climatic changes, the responses of plants of rare species are more pronounced in comparison to those of common plant species because their adaptation limits, especially climatic, may be depleted [Nielsen et al., 2019; Niskanen et al., 2019; Tyler et al. 2020]. A large-scale historical path of species which reflects past climates compared to small-scale trends of current climate could be prognostic for an estimation of extinction rate [Liu et al., 2017]. The Murmansk Region (6670 N), located in the north-eastern corner of Russian Fennoscandia, is a part of the Atlantic-Arctic zone of temperate belt with a rather mild climate. The snow cover period extends from the middle of October until the end of May, and the thermal growing season from early June until the middle of September. The average amount of precipitation varies from 800 to 1200 mm in mountainous regions and from 500 to 800 mm in the greater part of the lowland area [Yakovlev 1961; Yakovlev, Kozlova 1971]. Murmansk Region is geomorphologically part of the Baltic Shield, and its topography generally becomes lower from northwest to southeast [Geologiya SSSR, 1958]. It contains the oldest rocks of the European continent which are mainly composed by granites and gneisses with local alkaline intrusions in its eastern part [Pozhilenko et al., 2002; Ivanyuk et al., 2008]. Two latitudinal vegetation zones can be distinguished: tundra and taiga [Ramenskaya 1983]. The taiga zone is divided into the transitional forest-tundra zone and the northern taiga [Chernov 1971]. The biogeographic provinces of Eastern Fennoscandia were first described by Finnish botanists in 1859 and further developed at the end of the 1800s and early 1900s [Hmet-Ahti et al., 1998; Uotila, 2013]. Of the eight provinces, Lapponia petsamonsis (Lps), Lapponia tulomensis (Lt), Lapponia murmanica (Lm), Lapponia Imandrae (Lim), Lapponia Varsugae (Lv), Lapponia ponojensis (Lp) have borders entirely within Murmansk Region. Only small parts of the two southern provinces Regio kuusamonsis (Ks) and Karelia keretina (Kk) are included in Murmansk Region. The largest part of Kk is situated in the Republic of Karelia. Of Ks the largest part lies in Finland and another small part is in Karelia. Eriophorum gracile is rare plant species from Cyperaceae. It is included in many regional Red data books of the Russian Federation and also in Murmansk Region [Krasnaya, 2014]. In Fennoscandia the species is inserted in the Red data list of Norway [Kls et al., 2010]. E. gracile is a specialist species of rich fens which occur sporadically in Europe and rarely north of the Arctic Circle [Lansdown, 2011]. Specimens of E. gracile from the following herbaria were examined: KPABG, H, KAND, LE, MW, INEP, PTZ, S, TROM and the Pasvik Nature Reserve. Additionally, the Moscow Digital Herbarium [Seregin, 2023], the Kasviatlas [Lampinen, Lahti, 2021], the Cryptogamic Russian Information System [CRIS, 2023] and the Flora of Russian Lapland [Kozhin, Sennikov, 2020] have been checked. The list of occurrences and distribution map are composed. The ordination of occurrences goes according to the biogeographic provinces from west to east latitudinally. The number of geographic dots (T) and the number of populations (T) are given in brackets after the province acronym. All the records are divided into confirmed and excluded (on the basis of ecological characteristics). The later are in the end of the list. The nearest occurrences (within 25 km) are indicated as one sign on the map. The map (Figure 1) is compiled in Arcview GIS 3.2. A base temperature of 5C has been used for the definition of the thermal growing season (the onset and length). The length of the growing season has a tendency to shortening from south-south-west to east-north-east [Blinova, Chmielewski, 2015]. For a simplified termic division of surface of Murmansk Region the map of the onset of the growing season [Yakovlev, Kozlova, 1971) has been used (Figure 2). The records of E. gracile have been proved on an association of localities and the occurrences of rocks with a content of CaO higher 5% mass according to literature [Perevozchikova, 1971; Pozhilenko et al., 2002; Arzamastsev et al., 2008; Filina et al., 2022] and with a help of the previously made list of Ca-rocks with chemical content [Blinova, 2009]. pH of the surface water is measured directly in the field 1-2 times from June to August of 2014 in four different water logged sites with population subsets of the species (the record № 11.1 from the list) using a PH-009 (Kelilong Instruments) pen with a 0.0-14.0 scale divided into units of 0.1; soil salinity, using a TDS 5 (HM Digital) pen with a 0-9990 mg/l scale divided into units of 1 mg/l. Hypotheses concerning historical path of the species are based on the chorological study and data concerning climatic characteristics and vegetation of geological periods. Relic status of E. gracile is assumed according to paleorecords in certain geological periods (taxonomical relicts). The relic range of the species is proposed but not proved. Geographic distribution at the northern range of the species has been defined in Murmansk Region where this species has its northern border. The regional population data set are collected for further the IUCN-red data book testing [Guidelines , 2019]. 30 populations from 14 geographic localities have been confirmed (Table 1). Of eight biogeographic provinces, Lapponia Imandrae and Lapponia Varsugae have more populations of E. gracile. Two records one from Lapponia ponojensis and another from Lapponia murmanica are excluded. It is proved that the main factor which shapes the northern limit of this species in Fennoscandia is climatic. The majority of populations are situated in two of five the warmest climatic subunits of Murmansk Region (Table 2), and these climatic areas match the latitudinal forest border. Another determinants shaping geographic range are hydrological (an association with a high water table) and edaphic (an indicator species of transition between slightly acid and neutral soils). An extinction of populations of E. gracile and a range shift of the species as a response to recent climatic trends is not predicted at the northern border if warmer temperatures will not affect high water table of habitats. Moreover, within its regional climatic optimum species could expand its presence in river basins with already existed species occurrences. The populations of E. gracile in the north-eastern Fennoscandia might be remnants of its paleo-range and Pleistocene refugia, additional research will help conservation management of a potentially relic habitats.
... Dodatkowo wyróżniają ją przysadki, które są zawsze dłuższe od kwiatów (Szlachetko, 2001). Gatunek ma zasięg europejsko-zachodnioazjatycki (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W Polsce występuje głównie w północnej, centralnej i wschodniej części kraju (Zając & Zając, 2001 (Kaźmierczakowa et al., 2016) z kategorią NT (gatunek bliski zagrożenia). ...
... Opracowanie: B. Wiatrowska, P. Kurek Lycopodiella inundata (widłaczek torfowy) występuje w Europie głównie w części środkowej i północnej (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W Polsce jego stanowiska są rozlokowane w większości regionów kraju, ale nielicznie stwierdzany był w Karpatach i Sudetach oraz na Podlasiu (Zając & Zając, 2001). ...
... Posiada krótkie, podziemne kłącze, z którego wyrasta 1 liść zróżnicowany na część płonną i zarodnionośną (Piękoś-Mirkowa & Mirek, 2003). Gatunek jest szeroko rozmieszczony w Ameryce Północnej i w Europie oraz na izolowanych stanowiskach w Azji (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W Polsce występuje na obszarze całego kraju z wyjątkiem wyższych położeń górskich (Zając & Zając, 2001). ...
W pracy przedstawiono nowe stanowiska 15 rzadkich w skali kraju lub regionu roślin naczyniowych, tj. Allium scorodoprasum , Ambrosia artemisiifolia , Blechnum spicant , Carex bohemica , Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata , Dianthus superbus , Epipactis albensis , E. purpurata , Fritillaria meleagris , Lycopodiella inundata , Ophioglossum vulgatum , Oxytropis pilosa , Rubus laciniatus , R. praecox , Trapa natans oraz pierwsze stanowisko Verbena bonariensis w Polsce.
... Rodzaj śniedek (Ornithogalum) obejmuje ponad 200 gatunków występujących głównie w basenie Morza Śródziemnego oraz w południowej Afryce, poza tym rośnie w Europie Środkowej, Azji, Ameryce Północnej i Australii (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W Polsce występują dwa gatunki rodzime: śniedek baldaszkowaty Ornithogalum umbellatum i ś. cienkolistny O. collinum Guss. ...
... Śniedek baldaszkowaty występuje głównie na obszarze południowej i środkowej Europy, północno-zachodniej Afryki, w Azji, Turcji oraz na Cyprze. Poza naturalnym zasięgiem rozprzestrzenił się także w Ameryce Północnej i w Australii, gdzie uważany jest za gatunek inwazyjny (Hultén & Fries, 1986). W Polsce uznawany jest za gatunek rodzimy, rozprzestrzeniający się. ...
The paper presents information on a new plant species found in Ojców National Park. The sites of Ornithogalum umbellatum L. are located in patches of the Arrhenatheretum elatioris meadow above Słupianka Gorge and in Koziarnia Gorge.
... The open, humid environment in the subalpine zone of the Karkonosze Mts was conducive to a rich representation of cryptogams. One of them was club spikemoss, an arcticalpine species whose range covers Northern Europe, Iceland, Greenland, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Rhodopes, the Dinaric Mountains and the Pyrenees Mts (Hultén and Fries, 1986). Selaginella grows in areas with a cold climate, with the temperature of the warmest month not exceeding +17°C (optimum mean temperature 10-14°C) and with a minimum mean July temperature of 7°C (Kolstrup, 1979). ...
... It is a species characteristic of the Festuco versicoloris-Seslerietum tatrae association and also grows in associations of the Caricetalia davallianae order. Spores of Selaginella selaginoides are very often found in flora of various glacial periods, including those from the Vistulian, from areas that are currently beyond its range of occurrence, i.e. in the European Plain (Hultén and Fries, 1986). The isopollen maps of Poland registered it occurred throughout the country, in the period approx. ...
New palaeoecological records from two glacial lakes (the Mały Staw-1183 m a.s.l. and the Wielki Staw-1225 m a.s.l.) from the Polish Western Sudetes were obtained with the aim of better understanding the long-term vegetation development, the relationship between postglacial migration patterns, climate changes and human interference in mountainous areas, as well as to verify the local survival of some cold-adapted species during the Holocene maximum warming. Vegetation changes were reconstructed using pollen, spores and macrofossils. Several major stages of plant cover evolution over the last 12 000 years were identified. The end of the Late Vistulian (~12 100-11 700 cal BP) was documented for the first time in lake sediments from the region. During this period, the local vegetation was characterized by cold alpine meadows and patches of communities with shrubs (Betula nana, Alnus viridis, Salix, Juniperus, Ephedra) and trees growing at some distance from the lakes. In the Early Holocene, the expansion of boreal forests, consisting of Betula, Pinus sylvestris, as well as continental Larix and Pinus cembra, reached an altitude of ~1180 m a.s.l. An important discovery was the presence of Larix macrofossils in both studied profiles, which together with pollen evidence, confirmed its local persistence from the Early Holo-cene to the Middle Ages. It was also demonstrtaed that Betula nana, Selaginella selaginoides, Huperzia selago most probably persisted in the area from the Younger Dryas to at least the Middle Ages or even to the modern times, surviving through the Holocene climatic optimum. The increase in grassland representatives from ~4100 cal BP and the appearance of the cultivated plants (Triticum type pollen) from ~3300 cal BP, was due to the long-distance transport of pollen reflecting the development of agriculture and settlement outside the Karkonosze Mountains. It was not until the 10th century AD that the environment underwent a stronger anthropogenic transformation. Growing economic activities (e.g. metallurgy , mining of non-ferrous metal ores, glass production, forest industry) that developed, especially from the 12th century onwards required the supply of wood raw material. The development of agriculture in the region promoted the expansion of meadows and pastures and the greatest taxonomic diversity of herbaceous plants was recorded between the 13th and 15th centuries.
... (1956) c уточнениями для региона (Кучеров, 2019). Данные об ареалах сосудистых растений основаны на картографических материалах Э. Гультена и М. Фриза (Hultén, Fries, 1986) с уточнениями (Кучеров, 2019), мхов и печеночников -на монографиях соответственно М.С. и Е.А. ...
... Это олиготрофные и олигомезотрофные мезофиты и гигромезофиты с бореальным (Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea) или гипоарктомонтанным (Nardus stricta, Empetrum hermaphroditum) ареалом, в совокупности формирующие детерминантную группу ассоциации. Основную часть этих видов (Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Nardus stricta) можно отнести к субокеаническим по конфигурации их ареалов (Hultén, Fries, 1986) и по статистически значимым негативным корреляционным связям между ПП и K, говорящим об океаническом тяготении видов (Кучеров и др., 2024). Аналогичные связи были подтверждены и для более широко распространенной Vaccinium uliginosum (Кучеров, Зверев, 2024). ...
... Solrose Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Miller (figur 3, 4 og 5) regnes i Skandinavia blant de vesteuropeiske og mellomsibirske artene som når Kaukasus, men går ikke øst for Ural (Hultén 1950). På den nordlige halvkule er solrose kjent fra store deler av Sentral-Europa, men i Spania bare i nord, spredt i Tyrkia bort til Det Kaspiske hav, og svaert flekkvis nordover i Russland til Kvitsjøen (Hultén & Fries 1986). En kan stusse på Hulténs (1950) plassering av solrose i kategorien vesteuropeisk og mellomsibirsk og som ikke går øst for Ural. ...
... Denne høyreiste muren er kjent på den nordlige halvkule fra Sentraleuropa til Spania og NV-Afrika, nordover til Skottland, østover til Midt-Sverige og i sørøst til naer Det Kaspiske hav. Det finnes store felt hvor hvitmure mangler innenfor dette totalarealet, som sør i Hellas og Italia, Vest-Frankrike, England og Irland, Sør-Sverige, Danmark og Nord-Tyskland, Baltikum og Russland, og i Finland regnes de få angitte lokalitetene som menneskespredninger (Hultén & Fries 1986). Hvit-mure ble først omtalt i Skandinavia av statsfysikus i Göteborg Olof Bromelius i 1694 fra Göteborgkanten (Nyman 1868, Nordstedt 1920. ...
Three species not previously reported as native to Norway have been found at Jeløy, Moss municipality,
Østfold county: Helianthemum nummularium, Asperula tinctoria and Scabiosa columbaria. In addition,
Drymocallis rupestris was found, a new species for Østfold county. They were all growing on the same
locality, together with many other species associated with warm southerly exposed slopes and rocks on
calcareous ground. All species found at the site are listed in table 1. Helianthemum nummularium was found
for the first time in 2002, at a locality 800 meters away from the locality described in this article. The other
three species were found in 2005. The locality is situated relatively far from built-up areas, roads and tracks,
and is not easy to access on foot. The species are well established, and they seem to have been growing
there for a long time. This article points to the fact that many botanists may regard this find as rather
suspiscious. Without having seen the site the thought of someone bringing seeds from e.g. Gotland in
Sweden is likely to come to mind. The authors of this article, however, are quite convinced that the populations
found on the site are the last remnants of populations inhabiting larger areas thousands of years ago, when
the climate was warmer. Even if the likeliness of such a find is very small, the relict theory is regarded as
more likely than someone trying to create a hoax on the most suitable site that can be found for the four
species for miles around.
... Only P. australis stands out as a cosmopolitan species, native on every continent except Antarctica (Fig. 2;Parker et al. 2017;Verlaque et al. 2023). Its extensive geographical range encompasses a vast latitudinal expanse, reaching from the northernmost documented occurrence in Finnmark, Norway (at 70°N; Hultén & Fries 1986), to the southernmost record in Rio Chubut, Argentina (at 43°S; Isacch et al. 2006). Apart from the tempered and cool zones, it also thrives in tropical and arid zones (Haslam 1972;Zahran and Willis 2009;Davies et al. 2010;Pfadenhauer & Klötzli 2020). ...
Within paludiculture, the common reed (Phragmites australis) stands out as a highly promising and commonly employed plant. Studying the genetic variation of this focal plant is crucial for supporting wetland management and restoration initiatives, since the clonal structure of a population significantly impacts its fitness and adaptability in changing environments.
The primary aim of this thesis is to elucidate the genetic variation patterns existing within P. australis populations in northeastern Germany, investigating their connections with phenotypic traits and environmental stressors.
In summary, P. australis populations in northeastern Germany demonstrate effective gene flow but maintain a high level of genetic and phenotypic variation. Even within a region, genotypes exhibit significant phenotypic differences under differing and stressful conditions, maintaining these differences over decades. Once established, a population of P. australis can retain a stable genetic composition over a long time, depending from the initial number and suitability of genotypes during establishment. Further extensive long-term selection studies, as well as investigations of the sources and mechanisms of adaptation to a stressful environment, will facilitate the successful selection of the most adapted genotypes with appropriate performance.
... It has a broad circumboreal distribution in the temperate zone of Eurasia. A distinct variety is found in southern and eastern Africa 72,73 . It reproduces both generatively and vegetatively forming the rhizomes up to 100 cm. ...
Studies of in situ plant response and adaptation to complex environmental stresses, are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of formation and functioning of ecosystems of anthropogenically transformed habitats. We study short- and long-term responses of photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) and anti-oxidant capacity to complex abiotic stresses of common plants Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago gigantea in semi-natural (C) and heavy metal contaminated habitats (LZ). We found significant differences in leaf pigment content between both plant species growing on LZ plots and their respective C populations. The average values of leaf chlorophyll indexes were 27% lower in the LZ populations of both species and significantly lower in Sg plants in comparison to Ce ones. The average values of the anthocyanin index in CeLZ and SgLZ populations were significantly higher (by 18%) than in their respective controls. In both Ce and Sg plants occurring on LZ plots, the average leaf flavonol indexes were higher than on their controls by 31% and 15% and this index was significantly higher in SgLZ population than CeLZ and CeC plants (by 34% and 54%, respectively). Both Ce and Sg populations growing on LZ plots showed significantly lower photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) in comparison to controls. On the other hand, a significantly higher photosynthetic rate was detected in SgLZ than in CeLZ populations. The catalase activities were significantly higher than recorded in Sg than in Ce tissues, irrespective of the plot type. They were also higher in LZ populations than those in controls for both species. Moreover, the H2O2 content in Sg tissues was significantly higher than those in Ce. Hydrogen peroxide content in CeLZ and SgLZ were respectively 39% (non-significant) and 57% higher, compared to their controls. The reverse pattern was found in the case of MDA, whose concentration was significantly higher in the leaves of Ce population compared to the control population. The average MDA concentration in CeLZ populations was 17% higher than in the CeC. In the case of Sg no significant differences were found. Mechanisms of plant species adaptation to industrial areas are crucial for species selection and planning effective reclamation of them. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves as well as well as the results of JIP test revealed the decreased of Fj value despite positive ΔK–band in SgLZ and CeLZ plants suggesting the increased rate of electron transfer from QA to QB at the acceptor side of PSII, thus a high quantity of P680+ and/or effective quenching by exogenous molecules. The increase in the I–P part of the induction curve typically attributed to the reduction of electron transporters (ferredoxin, intermediary acceptors, and NADP) of the PSI acceptor side was observed in both SgC and SgLZ but not in CeLZ populations. These changes demonstrate species-specific effects on electron transport during the light phase of photosynthesis under complex environmental stress. Our results show that Sg and Ce individuals developed a range of structural and functional adaptations to protect PSA against complex environmental stresses (possible combination of heavy metals, water deficiency, temperature, nutrient deficiency and salinity). Both species from LZ plots could tolerate high levels of Cd, Zn and Pb in leaf tissues. Therefore they can be potential candidates for use in phytoremediation of HM contaminated areas. However, further long-term field and experimental research on plant traits response and adaptation to complex environmental stresses on industrial habitats are needed.
... 2021, G. Király, herb. G. Király, photographed, Fig. 4, 5. Barbarea stricta is a Eurasian-continental species (Hultén & Fries 1986;Euro+Med 2006+), considered mainly native to Central and south-eastern Europe (e. g. ...
The presented 14th part of the series includes 24 new records of vascular plants from the territory of Central Europe. A first record of Barbarea stricta in northern Croatia, as well as single records of Lindernia procumbens in Transcarpathian Ukraine and Limonium hungaricum in Poland was found. In Hungary, 4 adventive species, Diospyros lotus, Salvia farinacea, Torilis nodosa and Vicia lutea, and one autochthonous species, Ventenata dubia are mentioned. Achillea oxyloba subsp. schurii, Bartsia alpina, Doronicum carpaticum, Erigeron alpinus, Gentiana nivalis, G. punctata, Hedysarum hedysaroides and Pinguicula alpina were reported from Maramureş Mts in northern Romania. In Slovakia, six taxa, Monogynella lupuliformis, Senecio ×helwingii, Taraxacum bibulum, T. paucilobum, T. serotinum, Vulpia bromoides and the first report of adventive species Monarda dydima are mentioned.
... Its southernmost boundary is formed by the mountainous regions in the south (Pyrenees, Alps, Caucasus). It is widespread in the northern parts of its range (Scotland, Scandinavian countries), reaching as far as Greenland and Iceland (Hultén andFries 1986, Tsiftsis et al. 2019). In the Netherlands, it is very rare and now only grows on the Wadden Islands (NDFF 2021). ...
Many European terrestrial orchids are in decline. To curb this negative trend and preserve remaining populations, more ecological knowledge is needed. Surprisingly little is known yet about the identity and efficiency of pollinators of lesser twayblade Neottia cordata , a small terrestrial orchid species associated with pine trees through joint mycorrhizae. We identified its small and inconspicuous pollinators with DNA barcoding and assessed its fruit set with the help of observations submitted to various nature platforms. We caught pollinators on Terschelling in the Netherlands during the flowering season of 2013 and 2014. Insects were identified with 28S and COI sequences obtained from both fresh and museum‐preserved material identified by specialists. Several pollinators were detected, belonging to either parasitoid wasps (Braconidae) and spider wasps (Pompilidae), active during sunny periods, or fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae), active during overcast conditions. Combined pollinator efforts resulted in a continuous average fruit set above 70% in Europe over the past 135 years. The parasitoid wasps were identified as Bracon pineti and Blacus sp., which strongly depend on pine trees for their prey. The fungus gnats were identified as Austrosciara hyalipennis, Trichosia lengersdorfi, Allodia lugens and Phronia forcipata . All four species are known to deposit their eggs in the vicinity of fruiting bodies of cone caps Strobilurus stephanocystis , mushrooms growing on pine cones, as their larvae feed on the fungi. Priocnemis pertubator and Anoplius viaticus (Pompilidae) are also important pollinators. Results obtained show that lesser twayblade is even more intricately linked to pine forest ecosystems than previously thought. Management of growth sites of N. cordata should be tailored towards preserving pine tree forests with plots that are constantly being rejuvenated to generate young pine trees and prevent succession towards birch–oak forests. Such forests not only provide mycorrhizal fungi and layers of needle litter needed for germination and development of the seeds of this orchid but also pinewood‐decaying fungi that provide egg deposition sites and food for its pollinators.
... Synchorology: The association shows a cosmopolitan distribution, it is widespread in the temperate zones of Europe, Asia and America [96]. This perennial helophytic vegetation is also common in Italy [38,41,89,91,[97][98][99][100]. ...
An overview of the wetland vegetation of the hinterland of western Sicily, between the hills located south of the Palermo Mts. and the Sicani Mts., is presented herein. This study was conducted according to Braun-Blanquet’s phytosociological method, through a survey carried out mainly within six important biotopes: (1) Gorgo Lungo (“Bosco Ficuzza”; municipality of Godrano); (2) Gorgo Marosa (on the southern side of Rocca Busambra; municipality of Godrano); (3) Gorgo di Piano Scala (on the northern side of Mt. Cardellia; municipality of Corleone); (4) and (5) Gorgo Carcaci and Gorgo Carcaciotto (both on the south-eastern slope of Mt. Carcaci; municipality of Castronovo di Sicilia); and (6) Gorgo S. Andrea (municipality of Castronovo di Sicilia). A vegetation analysis was carried out on the basis of 107 field relevés, together with other data taken from scientific literature. A total of 28 plant communities were identified, between hydrophytics of the classes Lemnetea minoris (3 associations) and Potamogetonetea pectinati (6 associations), helophytics of the Phragmito-Magnocaricetea class (14 associations and 1 community), ephemeral of the Isöeto-Nanojuncetea class (2 communities) and perennial herbaceous vegetation of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class (1 association and 1 community). A new syntaxon is also described (Callitricho obtusangulae-Glycerietum notatae ass. nova), as an endemic association of the hinterland of western Sicily, referred to as the Alopecuro-Glycerion spicatae alliance. For all surveyed communities, new insights into syntaxonomy and diagnostic taxa are provided, as well as for the floristic composition, synecology, syndynamism and synchorology of the aquatic vegetation of western Sicily.
... The belt of boreal coniferous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America is its main area of occurrence. Its distribution in Poland is limited primarily to the northern and central parts of the country; in the southern part, A. uva-ursi is a very rare species, and the number of its sites is rapidly decreasing [20,[23][24][25][26][27][28]. It grows here in two types of habitats: in pine forests and heathlands and on sunny limestone rocks. ...
The secondary, substitute habitats are becoming more important for the survival of many valuable plant species, including medicinal plants—for example, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. The aim of the conducted research is to compare the ability of A. uva-ursi to accumulate heavy metals in leaves from railways (anthropogenic substitute habitat) and the natural habitats (pine forests). We measured the concentration of five heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in plant material and in the soil. The bioaccumulation factor was also calculated. Moreover, we measured biotic factors including A. uva-ursi height and abundance, along with the plant diversity indices, in the investigated plots. The presented results reveal that (1) none of the parameters concerning the content of the selected heavy metals described in the currently applicable legal acts were exceeded, (2) A. uva-ursi does not show the potential for heavy metal accumulation, except for zinc and partially mercury, (3) its individuals in the natural habitats are lower, (4) the abundance (percentage cover) of A. uva-ursi is the lowest in the natural habitat, and (5) the value of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index is the highest in the vegetation patches with A. uva-ursi developed in natural habitats.
... Ливадната власатка (F. pratensis Huds.) е фуражна трева с високо качество и потенциал за добив, с произход от Европа и Евразия (Borrill et al., 1976;Hultin and Fries, 1986). Тя е важен компонент на постоянните пасища, богати на видове и ливадите в алпийски райони и в Източна Европа. ...
The aim is to determine the content of photosynthetic pigments (PP) of fescue (tall, red
and meadow) and cocksfoot collections and to make a selection of stable genotypes with
a high content of total pigments. During the period 2015-2017 in the Institute of Forage
Crops (IFC) -Pleven, two collection nurseries were studied in non irrigated conditions on
leached black soil, by block method in 2 replications of a total of 14 numbers accessions,
with 50 individual plants each: fescue - 8 (3 – tall fescue, 3 - red and 2 meadow, 5 varieties
and 3 ecotypes, from Bulgaria, Romania and Belgium); cocksfoot - 6 (3 varieties
and 3 ecotypes from Bulgaria and Romania). The content of photosynthetic pigments is
determined by fresh plant samples by the method of Zelenski and Mogileva (1980) and
presents average, minimum, maximum values, standard deviations by growths (cuts) and
years, total average for the collection. According to Frances and Kannenberg (1978), a
breeding assessment was performed through the distribution of genotypes versus the average
values for photosynthetic pigments and the coefficient of variation. Photosynthetic
pigments content has been found to vary depending on plant species, genotype (variety orecotype, ploidy level, maturity group) and seasonal variations (growths and years) as well
as growing conditions. The highest total PP content is reported in 2017 on average 335.48
mg / 100g fresh weight (fw) and in 2016 - 333.30 mg / 100g fw for cocksfoot followed
by different fescue. Cocksfoot genotypes with a higher PP content were selected from the
average annual value for the collections during both years of study: Dabrava, Magda and
Topolovgrad and genotypes tall, meadow and red fescue Adela, Merifest, Transilvan, Capriora,
Ravnogor and Sadovo with higher PP content.
... Our study is focused on the P. officinalis group, the most widespread European species complex [3,38,39]. This group contains two morphologically relatively distinct species differing in chromosome numbers, namely P. obscura Dumort. ...
Background
The genus Pulmonaria (Boraginaceae) represents a taxonomically complex group of species in which morphological similarity contrasts with striking karyological variation. The presence of different numbers of chromosomes in the diploid state suggests multiple hybridization/polyploidization events followed by chromosome rearrangements (dysploidy). Unfortunately, the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the genome, have not yet been elucidated. Our study focused on the P. officinalis group, the most widespread species complex, which includes two morphologically similar species that differ in chromosome number, i.e. P. obscura (2n = 14) and P. officinalis (2n = 16). Ornamental cultivars, morphologically similar to P. officinalis (garden escapes), whose origin is unclear, were also studied. Here, we present a pilot study on genome size and repeatome dynamics of these closely related species in order to gain new information on their genome and chromosome structure.
Results
Flow cytometry confirmed a significant difference in genome size between P. obscura and P. officinalis, corresponding to the number of chromosomes. Genome-wide repeatome analysis performed on genome skimming data showed that retrotransposons were the most abundant repeat type, with a higher proportion of Ty3/Gypsy elements, mainly represented by the Tekay lineage. Comparative analysis revealed no species-specific retrotransposons or striking differences in their copy number between the species. A new set of chromosome-specific cytogenetic markers, represented by satellite DNAs, showed that the chromosome structure in P. officinalis was more variable compared to that of P. obscura. Comparative karyotyping supported the hybrid origin of putative hybrids with 2n = 15 collected from a mixed population of both species and outlined the origin of ornamental garden escapes, presumably derived from the P. officinalis complex.
Conclusions
Large-scale genome size analysis and repeatome characterization of the two morphologically similar species of the P. officinalis group improved our knowledge of the genome dynamics and differences in the karyotype structure. A new set of chromosome-specific cytogenetic landmarks was identified and used to reveal the origin of putative hybrids and ornamental cultivars morphologically similar to P. officinalis.
... It is the largest genus of Ranunculaceae and ranges among the 50 biggest genera of angiosperms (Frodin 2004). In Europe, its representatives are common in temperate regions and more fragmentary towards the south with isolated southernmost localities in Southern Europe (Hultén & Fries 1986, Jalas & Suominen 1989, Dunkel 2015. The R. auricomus complex is a group of apomictic and partially sexual taxa and reaches the highest species diversity with high morphological diversity in Central and Eastern Europe, most of species being polyploids (predominantly allopolyploids) and propagating via apomixis (Hörandl 1998(Hörandl , 2008. ...
Evarts-Bunders P., Evarte-Bundere G., Krasnopoļska D., Bojāre A. 2024. Ranunculus auricomus complex in the flora of Latvia. Ranunculus auricomus group-species with glabrous receptales. Acta Biol. Univ. Daugavp., 2024(1): 133-156. Abstract Traditionally, authors in Latvia summarize all agamic species of Ranunculus auricomus complex under three species: R. auricomus L., R. fallax (Wimm. et Grab.) Sloboda and R. cassubicus L. However, numerous compelling studies have found that R. auricomus complex is a large assembly of apomictic microspecies. In this article, 15 species with glabrous or nearly glabrous receptacles of the R. auricomus group in Latvia are presented: R. acrifolius (Nannf. & H. Sm.) Ericss., R. amplisinus (Markl.) Ericss., R. brachyphyl-larius (Markl.) Ericss., R. cosmophyllus Ericss., R. exiguifrons (Cedercr.) Ericss., R. inconspectus (Markl.) Ericss., R. latisinuatus (Cedercr.) Ericss., R. lepidus (Markl.) Ericss., R. ostrobottnicus (Markl. ex G. Kvist) Ericss., R. pseudoacris Tzvel. (R. acriformis Soó), R. pseudovertumnalis Haas, R. rotundellus (Markl.) Ericss., R. rotundidens (Julin) Ericcs., R. schillerii Soó, and R. spissidens (Markl. ex Fagerstr.) Ericss.
... Occurs in forests [30,31] in river floodplains [32,33] and in disturbed sites, on barren wastelands, in reclaimed mines [34][35][36]. It can be observed in many habitats [37], e.g. secondary habitats developing after deforestation or fallow lands and set-aside [38,39]. ...
The focus of our study was the changes in the composition of semi-natural dry grasslands in Hungary. Since these valuable habitats were created with the help of humans, their preservation also requires regular treatment. Our mowing experiment aimed to investigate the suppression of the native Calamagrostis epigejos L. Roth. In Hungary, in the Cserhát Mountains, eight permanent plots were mowed twice a year. The vegetation was sampled annually between 2001 and 2011. The effects of mowing were investigated with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). After 10 years, the C. epigejos cover of the mowed plots decreased significantly, from the initial average of 62.38 to 7.50%. Surprisingly, we also experienced a similar decrease in the control plots. Regular treatment also had a positive effect on the number of species and diversity. Species richness increased continuously in both treatment types, which indicates the combined effect of vegetation succession and treatment. The biomass growth of other Poaceae and Fabaceae species, which are important from a grassland management perspective, was also facilitated by mowing. Our results suggest that long-term in situ experiments and continuous botanical studies are needed to establish a reliable utilization of grasslands.
... Based on morphological characteristics, some authors consider B. glandulosa and B. nana ssp. exilis (Sukaczev) Hultén as two distinct taxa (Cody, 2000;de Groot et al., 1997;Elven et al., 2011;Furlow, 1997;Hultén, 1968), while others suggest that they represent the same taxon (Ashburner & McAllister, 2013;Hultén & Fries, 1986;Moss & Packer, 1983;Porsild & Cody, 1980;Saarela et al., 2017). To date, the phylogenetic relationship between B. glandulosa and other birch species remains relatively unknown (Li et al., 2005;Tarieiev et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2016Wang et al., , 2021. ...
Arctic and subarctic ecosystems are rapidly transforming due to global warming, emphasizing the need to understand the genetic diversity and adaptive strategies of northern plant species for effective conservation. This study focuses on Betula glandulosa, a native North American tundra shrub known as dwarf birch, which demonstrates an apparent capacity to adapt to changing climate conditions. To address the taxonomic challenges associated with shrub birches and logistical complexities of sampling in the northernmost areas where species' ranges overlap, we adopted a multicriteria approach. Incorporating molecular data, ploidy level assessment and leaf morphology, we aimed to distinguish B. glandulosa individuals from other shrub birch species sampled. Our results revealed three distinct species and their hybrids within the 537 collected samples, suggesting the existence of a shrub birch syngameon, a reproductive network of interconnected species. Additionally, we identified two discrete genetic clusters within the core species, B. glandulosa, that likely correspond to two different glacial lineages. A comparison between the nuclear and chloroplast SNP data emphasizes a long history of gene exchange between different birch species and genetic clusters. Furthermore, our results highlight the significance of incorporating interfertile congeneric species in conservation strategies and underscores the need for a holistic approach to conservation in the context of climate change, considering the complex dynamics of species interactions. While further research will be needed to describe this shrub birches syngameon and its constituents, this study is a first step in recognizing its existence and disseminating awareness among ecologists and conservation practitioners. This biological phenomenon, which offers evolutionary flexibility and resilience beyond what its constituent species can achieve individually, may have significant ecological implications.
... Our study is focused on the P. o cinalis group, the most widespread European species complex [3,56,57]. The P. o cinalis group contains two morphologically relatively distinct species differing in chromosome numbers, namely P. obscura Dumort. ...
Background
The genus Pulmonaria (Boraginaceae) represents a taxonomically complex group of species in which morphological similarity contrasts with striking karyological variability. The presence of different numbers of chromosomes in the diploid state suggests multiple hybridization/polyploidization events followed by chromosome rearrangements (dysploidy). Unfortunately, the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the genome, have not yet been elucidated. Our study focused on the P. officinalis group, the most widespread species complex, which includes two morphologically similar species that differ in chromosome number, i.e. P. obscura (2n = 14) and P. officinalis (2n = 16). Ornamental cultivars, morphologically similar to P. officinalis (garden escapes), whose origin is unclear, were also studied. Here, we present a pilot study on genome size and repeatome dynamics of these closely related species in order to gain new information on their genome and chromosome structure.
Results
Flow cytometry confirmed a significant difference in genome size between P. obscura and P. officinalis, corresponding to the number of chromosomes. Genome-wide repeatome analysis performed on partial Illumina sequencing data showed that retrotransposons were the most abundant repeat type, with a higher proportion of Ty3/Gypsy elements, mainly represented by the Tekay lineage. Comparative analysis revealed no species-specific retrotransposons or striking differences in their copy number between the species. A new set of chromosome-specific cytogenetic landmarks, represented by satellite DNAs, showed that the chromosome structure in P. officinalis was more variable compared to that of P. obscura. Comparative karyotyping strongly supported the hybrid origin of putative hybrids with 2n = 15 collected from a mixed population of both species and outlined the origin of ornamental garden escapes, confirming their derivation from the P. officinalis complex.
Conclusions
Large-scale genome size analysis and repeatome characterization of the two morphologically similar species of the P. officinalis group improved our knowledge of the genome dynamics and differences in the karyotype structure. A new set of chromosome-specific cytogenetic landmarks was identified and used to reveal the origin of putative hybrids and ornamental cultivars morphologically similar to P. officinalis.
... It thrives in cold and temperate regions but is absent from the high Arctic and becomes less common towards the subtropics. It is naturalised in New Zealand, Chile and Argentina, as well as on both the West and East coast of northern North America (Hultén and Fries 1986, Webb 1988, Malyschev 2007, Pauchard et al. 2020, Petrosyan et al. 2020, Simpson et al. 2023. The species has a broad ecological amplitude in Norden and can be found in a wide range of dry to wet open habitats, ranging from rocky or sandy sea-shores to coastal or alpine grasslands, scrublands, snowbeds, roadsides, lawns, willow thickets, alvars and geothermal sites). ...
Scorzoneroides autumnalis is a highly polymorphic perennial with several described infraspecific taxa, largely differing in involucre colour and indumentum intensity. Here, we examine the role of ecotypic divergence and phenotypic plasticity in shaping large‐scale geographical variation in these characters. We collected phenotypic data from herbarium specimens and garden‐grown plants of S. autumnalis , representing several habitats throughout Scandinavia and Iceland, and subjected progenies from controlled crosses within a subset of the common garden material to different temperature regimes to assess patterns of phenotypic plasticity. Our results strongly suggest that colour and indumentum of involucral bracts, as well as the size of capitula (measured by ligule length), are environmentally plastic and much affected by temperature. Reduced temperature resulted in significantly larger capitula, with both thicker and darker involucre indumentum. Since dark colouration, dense indumentum and large floral structures have been shown to facilitate heat retention and insect visitation in other plant species growing in cold climate, we hypothesize that plants of S. autumnalis benefit from possessing these features under cool conditions, and that much of the geographical variation in capitulum characters reflects adaptive phenotypic plasticity rather than ecotypic divergence. For this reason, we deem these characters to have a low taxonomic value for distinguishing infraspecific taxa within S. autumnalis .
... Elymus caninus (L.) L. is a species with a StStHH genome (Dewey, 1968) and a vast range covering all of Europe from Iceland and the Mediterranean Sea to the Ural Mountains, almost the entire Palearctic part of Siberia, as well as some areas of Central Asia (Tsvelev, 1976;Hultén, Fries, 1986). In Northern Europe, E. caninus is distributed throughout Sweden and Denmark, and somewhat less frequently in Norway and Finland. ...
A hybridological study of biotypes of species close to Elymus caninus : E. prokudinii , E. viridiglumis , E. goloskokovii , as well as a number of morphologically deviant biotypes in Russia and Kazakhstan, was carried out. The objectives were to study the levels of reproductive relationships and the degree of integration of the species E. goloskokovii , E. prokudinii , and E. viridiglumis into the E. caninus complex. Our estimates of the seed fertility of natural parental biotypes were within 60–90 %. Among the combinations of crossing in F 1 , the highest seed setting was found in the hybrids formed by parental pairs from close habitats, regardless of the taxonomic rank of biotypes. The highest fertility values (55.6 and 46.1 %) were found in combinations involving E. caninus , E. viridiglumis and E. goloskokovii . It has been concluded that the biotypes of these species included in sexual hybridization form a single recombination gene pool, within which slight differences in reproductive compatibility are observed. The nature of the inheritance of the diagnostic features of lemmas“presence of trichomes” and“length of awns”, according to the digenic and monogenic type, respectively, is shown. The high seed fertility of the created hybrids and the presence of intermediate forms in the F 2 generation according to distinctive features indicate the possibility of interspecific introgression when species grow together in natural populations. Thus, the assessment of the inheritance of diagnostic characters makes it possible to classify E. goloskokovii , E. prokudinii , and E. viridiglumis as intraspecific taxa of E. caninus s. l. Data were obtained on the morphological and reproductive properties of interspecific hybrids with the participation of the species E. mutabilis as a possible donor in the speciation of taxa close to E. caninus . In cross combinations of E. caninus × E. mutabilis and E. mutabilis × E. caninus , lower values of seed fertility of hybrids in the F 1 and F 2 generations were noted compared to hybrids between the species E. caninus , E. goloskokovii , E. prokudinii and E. viridiglumis . Nevertheless, on the basis of chorological and morphological criteria, we concluded that E. caninus and E. mutabilis are independent species.
... In other countries of this region (including Spain, Belgium, Holland, eastern Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova), the species is noted at individual sites. The second region where Silaum silaus occurs in dense range concentrations stretches from eastern Ukraine to Siberia, where the density of sites is considerably lower in comparison with Central and Western Europe [49][50][51]. ...
Grasslands are one of the most diverse and species-rich ecosystems in the agricultural landscape of Central Europe. However, they are gradually being overgrown or transformed into arable fields due to their abandonment and the intensification of economic activities. This leads to a drastic decline in biodiversity and the disappearance of many rare species, e.g., Silaum silaus. Research on Silaum silaus populations was conducted in the years 2020 and 2022. Data were obtained from two Natura 2000 sites. The Jaćmierz site is located in a dispersed range of Silaum silaus in southeastern Poland. The site at Zagórzyce is located in a dense range of the species in the southwestern part of the country. Research on the habitat conditions was conducted on two permanent study surfaces with the dimensions of 10 × 10 m. This research included a soil study and measurements of herbaceous vegetation. To determine the habitat conditions, use was also made of Ellenberg ecological indicator values. At each site, 10 phytosociological relevés were conducted with the Braun-Blanquet method. In each study year, the manner of land use was determined. For detailed population study, one permanent surface of the dimensions 10 × 10 m was marked out, on which each year the generative and vegetative specimens were counted and biometric studies were conducted on 30 randomly chosen generative specimens. The species occurred in two different meadow communities (Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Molinietum caeruleae), which were characterised by different habitat conditions, and the greatest differences were evident in the chemical properties of the soil and in the method of management. The meadows at Jaćmierz were mowed twice a year, while at Zagórzyce mowing was performed once every two years. The communities were also varied in terms of flora, characterised by a high species richness and a high Shannon-Wiener index. Silaum silaus had significantly greater numbers and an over four times higher cover coefficient at Jaćmierz. The largest differences in the analysed traits of the species occurred in the case of generative traits. It was observed that management practices at Jaćmierz had a strong influence on the condition of specimens and the population size of Silaum silaus, which was much better preserved at this site.
... Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) occupies an enormous longitudinal range of about 14,000 km and is the only pine which is native to Ireland and Britain [1,2]. Its distribution extends from Spain and Ireland (7°W) to the eastern coast of Siberia (138°E), and from 37°N in Spain to over 70°N in Norway [3][4][5]. Across this range strong local adaptation and clinal variation is reflected in efficient purifying selection in genic regions, although linkage disequilibrium (LD) decays quickly and there is high variation at neutral loci [6,7]. A high level of shared polymorphisms at these loci and a large effective population size is a function of the highly efficient gene Open Access ...
Background
Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) underwent significant population declines across much of northwest Europe during the mid-to-late Holocene and was thought to have become extirpated in Ireland from about 400 AD. However, most extant populations are plantations reintroduced from Scotland. Others are naturalised therefrom and one in Western Ireland is a putative relict. In this paper, Scots pine in Ireland are genetically described for the first time.
Results
Using two mitochondrial (mtDNA) loci, eight chloroplast (cpSSR) and 18 nuclear (nSSR) loci, the genetic composition and diversity of 19 Irish Scots pine populations is described and compared to other European populations. All trees sampled in Ireland were fixed for mitotype a , which is the most common across northwest Europe. By contrast, cpSSR ( H CP = 0.967) and nSSR ( H e = 0.540) variation was high, and comparable with estimates for other regions across the species range. Differentiation at both sets of loci were similarly low (cpSSR F ST = 0.019; nSSR F ST = 0.018), but populations from continental Europe were significantly differentiated from all Irish populations based on nSSR variation.
Conclusions
All Irish Scots pine are likely part of a common Irish-Scottish gene pool which diverged from continental Scots pine following post-glacial recolonisation. A high genetic diversity and an absence of evidence of inbreeding suggests the regional decline of Scots pine did not critically reduce allelic variation. The post-glacial relationship between Irish and Scottish pine is discussed, and a suggestion from recent palaeoecological work that reintroduced Scots pine be managed as a native species is now further supported by genetic data.
... The dwarf shrub V. uliginosum (Ericaceae) has a present-day circumpolar and circumboreal distribution but can also be found in more southern mountain ranges such as the Alps and Pyrenees (Hultén, 1986). The species is long-lived, bird-dispersed and insect-pollinated, though self-pollination has been observed (Jacquemart, 1996). ...
Sedimentary ancient DNA ( sed aDNA) has rarely been used to obtain population‐level data due to either a lack of taxonomic resolution for the molecular method used, limitations in the reference material or inefficient methods. Here, we present the potential of multiplexing different PCR primers to retrieve population‐level genetic data from sed aDNA samples. Vaccinium uliginosum (Ericaceae) is a widespread species with a circumpolar distribution and three lineages in present‐day populations. We searched 18 plastid genomes for intraspecific variable regions and developed 61 primer sets to target these. Initial multiplex PCR testing resulted in a final set of 38 primer sets. These primer sets were used to analyse 20 lake sed aDNA samples (11,200 cal. yr BP to present) from five different localities in northern Norway, the Alps and the Polar Urals. All known V. uliginosum lineages in these regions and all primer sets could be recovered from the sed aDNA data. For each sample on average 28.1 primer sets, representing 34.15 sequence variants, were recovered. All sediment samples were dominated by a single lineage, except three Alpine samples which had co‐occurrence of two different lineages. Furthermore, lineage turnover was observed in the Alps and northern Norway, suggesting that present‐day phylogeographical studies may overlook past genetic patterns. Multiplexing primer is a promising tool for generating population‐level genetic information from sed aDNA. The relatively simple method, combined with high sensitivity, provides a scalable method which will allow researchers to track populations through time and space using environmental DNA.
... Rosa rubiginosa L. (Rosaceae), the Sweetbriar or Eglantine is native to most of Europe except for the extreme north, western Asia (Caucasus) (Klášterský 1968, Zieliński 1985, Hultén & Fries 1986, Kurtto et al. 2004. The boundaries of the distribution of the species are relatively unclear because both in Europe and in other parts of the world it widely passes into the wild. ...
Rosa rubiginosa L. is a rare and protected species and was included in the last Red Data book of Latvia as endangered species (EN) and recognized as data deficient (DD) species in neighboring Baltic States. The occurrence of the species in Latvia is decreasing. The species could be threatened by shifting agriculture, transforming grassland areas into fields, and habitat shading caused by the overgrowth of dry grasslands because of natural succession and eutrophication. During our studies, all available Rosa rubiginosa specimens in main Latvian herbariums (HBA, DAU, LATV, RIG) were analyzed. The largest part of the previously known localities of R. rubiginosa were re–inventoried. In total,70 % of studied sites R. rubiginosa grew in suitable natural habitats – calcareous grass-lands, calcareous slopes, and roadsides, as well as dry pine forests, usually on the riverbanks or on a seashore. However, 23 % of studied R. rubiginosa localities can be recognized with unclear, possible dual status – roadsides. Only 7 % of species localities were found in clearly cultivated places. In most cases, the species grew in natural or semi-natural habitats sparsely in Latvia. Rosa rubiginosa was found as an anthropophyte, similar, as it is elsewhere in the Baltic States. At the same time, even in the cultivated areas, the species may have originated from the wild. We concluded that the species most likely has a dual origin. Based on the dynamics data in Latvia, we concluded that the localities of species are decreasing. Rosa rubiginosa was found in only 44 sites. The total size of the population in the country is small – around 350 specimens, so there is reason to con-sider the species as rare and endangered and to include it in the list of protected species.
... An example is mountain arnica Arnica montana L. from the Asteraceae family, which has recently gained great levels of interest from researchers [10][11][12]. It is worth noting that mountain arnica, which has been considered a valuable source of RM for the industry for many decades, is also a protected species in Europe, and its populations are endangered [13]. A. montana is an endemic mountain plant species in Europe [14][15][16]. Therefore, the introduction of this plant to field cultivation primarily reduces the pressure of the acquisition of RM from natural habitats, and, secondly, facilitates the application of cultivation factors that contribute to the generation of high yields of active substances and the production of more chemically diverse herbal RM [7][8][9]. ...
In recent years, new sources of secondary metabolites (SMs) in medicinal plants have been identified, and the introduction of these plants into field conditions has been carried out to obtain chemically diverse standardized raw material (RM). An example is mountain arnica Arnica montana L., one of Europe’s endemic endangered medicinal plant species, commonly used in pharmacy, cosmetics, and medicine. Its inflorescences (Arnicae flos) are characterized by anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor properties. The main goals of the present research included: (i) characterization of the chemical composition of the inflorescences of A. montana harvested in different development stages; and (ii) presentation of the role of the development stage and different extraction methods in the antitumor activity of extracts through analyses of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis induction in human cervical carcinoma HeLa, human colon carcinoma HT29, and human colon metastatic carcinoma SW620 cell lines. The development stage was found to modify the composition of pharmacologically active substances, e.g., sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), flavonoids (Fs), and essential oil (EO), in arnica inflorescences. The content of Fs and EO increased during flowering to the full flowering phase; however, the highest content of SLs was noted in the full flowering phase and at the end of flowering. More promising results, i.e., a relatively high level of apoptosis and a low level of necrosis induced by the arnica extracts, were demonstrated in the HeLa cell line (full flowering; concentration: 0.5 µL/mL), the HT29 cell line (beginning of flowering; concentration: 0.5 µL/mL), and the SW620 cell line (stage of yellow buds; concentration: 1 µL/mL). This extremely valuable medicinal plant species provides a very broad range of RMs (e.g., inflorescences, rhizomes, roots, achenes, and all plant); therefore, attention should be paid to the more frequent use of water as a solvent in studies on the biological activity of mountain arnica extracts.
... Alternatively, the determination of realized climatic niches based on species' distributions is a reliable method for estimating a species' thermal tolerance (Vangansbeke et al., 2021) and has been widely employed in ecological niche modeling for Vangansbeke et al., 2021), which was then corrected to microclimate niche data based on a detailed map of forest microclimate temperature (ForestTemp database, Haesen et al., 2021). We selected the 1970-2000 climate data because species distribution maps were sourced from the atlases of Hultén and Fries (1986) and Meusel and Jäger (1992), which represent species distributions prior to the recent warm period. We assumed that the climate data for were considerably more accurate than those from warmer, more recent periods such as 2000-2020, although temperatures at the end of the 1990s had already risen due to climate change (IPCC, 2001). ...
Climate change is pushing species towards and potentially beyond their critical thermal limits. The extent to which species can cope with temperatures exceeding their critical thermal limits is still uncertain. To better assess species' responses to warming, we compute the warming tolerance (Δ T niche ) as a thermal vulnerability index, using species' upper thermal limits (the temperature at the warm limit of their distribution range) minus the local habitat temperature actually experienced at a given location. This metric is useful to predict how much more warming species can tolerate before negative impacts are expected to occur. Here we set up a cross‐continental transplant experiment involving five regions distributed along a latitudinal gradient across Europe (43° N–61° N). Transplant sites were located in dense and open forests stands, and at forest edges and in interiors. We estimated the warming tolerance for 12 understory plant species common in European temperate forests. During 3 years, we examined the effects of the warming tolerance of each species across all transplanted locations on local plant performance, in terms of survival, height, ground cover, flowering probabilities and flower number. We found that the warming tolerance (Δ T niche ) of the 12 studied understory species was significantly different across Europe and varied by up to 8°C. In general, Δ T niche were smaller (less positive) towards the forest edge and in open stands. Plant performance (growth and reproduction) increased with increasing Δ T niche across all 12 species. Our study demonstrated that Δ T niche of understory plant species varied with macroclimatic differences among regions across Europe, as well as in response to forest microclimates, albeit to a lesser extent. Our findings support the hypothesis that plant performance across species decreases in terms of growth and reproduction as local temperature conditions reach or exceed the warm limit of the focal species.
Salvia pratensis L. extracts boast a rich history in the food, cosmetic, and perfume industries. This study focuses on analyzing the chemical composition of S. pratensis, with emphasis on their phenolic, flavonoid, and rosmarinic acid content. Additionally, the research aims to assess the phytotoxic and antioxidant activities of S. pratensis extracts prepared using a 60 °C water bath and a Soxhlet extractor with different solvents: water, 10%, 30% and 70% alcoholic solutions. The highest dry mass was obtained for the water extract prepared in a water bath at 60 °C. The extraction method significantly impacted the quantity of phenols in the extracts. The extract prepared with 30% alcohol exhibited a notably higher concentration, with 148.4 mg/g DM (dry mass) of total phenols, compared to the aqueous extract which contained only 91.1 mg/g DM. The most evident DPPH• activity was noted in the 30% alcohol extract (DPPH• IC50 = 15.6 µg/mL DM), while the lowest activity was in the water extract (DPPH• IC50 = 37.1 µg/mL DM). The Soxhlet extract prepared with 10% ethanol demonstrated the highest efficacy in phytotoxic activity. In summary, S. pratensis appears to be a promising natural reservoir of secondary metabolites, suggesting potential herbicidal effects.
The aim of this study is based on the searching of “new” potential environmentally friendly plant based products with herbicidal activity. The purpose of the study is also to find the source which is easy to harvest in high amount within the local environment. Salvia pratensis L. is the common medow plant. It is spread all over the world in temperate zone in high density. The investigation of its composition and potential biological activity have been very less studied comparing to the most famous Salvia officinals L. The idea of the research also focused on plant sourse which is easy to reach and harvest as well as provide the experiments economically interested. The extraction of active components were prepared by hot water in two different degrees (60 °C and 100 °C) and soxhlet extraction by three different concentration of ethanol (10%, 30% and 70%). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, rosmarinic acid content, as well as the phytotoxic and antioxidant potential of the extracts were evaluated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were conducted to compare the different extracts. The extraction method significantly influenced the quantity of dry mass and quantity of phenolic compounds in the extracts. Concerning to phytotoxic activity, the highes effectivity was observed in the etanolic extract with lowest concentration (10%). No germination was observed in any of the four model plants after applying the highest doses. In summary, in current investigation was found the effective low cost extraction method for extraction of secondary metabolites – active components from S. pratensis which than appears to be a promising natural source with potential herbicidal effect.
The article provides data on two plant species and one hybrid, all from the family Lamiaceae, new to the flora of Sakhalin Island, collected by us in 2023:Melissa officinalisL.,Mentha × piperitaL. andOriganum vulgareL. The revealed species are ergasiophygophytes and colonophytes.Melissa officinalisandO. vulgareare also new genera to the flora of the island.
We present a genome assembly from a specimen of Draba incana (Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Brassicales; Brassicaceae). The genome sequence has a total length of 667.80 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 16 chromosomal pseudomolecules, supporting the specimen being an allotetraploid (2 n = 32). The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 283.08 kilobases and 153.57 kilobases, respectively.
We present a genome assembly of a diploid specimen of Arctium minus (lesser burdock; Tracheophyta; Magnoliopsida; Asterales; Asteraceae). The genome sequence is 1,903.1 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genome assemblies have lengths of 312.58 kilobases and 152.71 kilobases, respectively. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 27,734 protein-coding genes.
Assisted gene flow can restore genetic diversity when genetic drift has driven deleterious alleles to high frequencies in small, isolated populations. Previous crosses among 20 populations of Gymnadenia conopsea documented the strongest heterosis and the weakest inbreeding depression in sparse and small populations, consistent with fixation of mildly deleterious alleles by genetic drift. We genotyped the populations used for crosses, and used 1200–1728 SNPs to test the following predictions: (1) heterosis increases with genetic differentiation (FST) to donor populations and decreases with genetic diversity in the recipient population, (2) inbreeding depression increases with genetic diversity, and (3) genetic diversity increases, and mean FST to other populations decreases, with population size and density. Pairwise FST ranged from very low to moderate (0.005–0.20) and genetic diversity varied moderately among populations (proportion of polymorphic loci = 0.52–0.75). However, neither FST between populations, nor genetic diversity in the recipient population, were related to the strength of heterosis. There was also no association between genetic diversity and the strength of inbreeding depression. Genetic diversity increased and mean FST decreased with population size, consistent with reduced diversity and increased differentiation of small populations by genetic drift. The results indicate that the loci conferring heterosis are not mirrored by overall population differentiation, and limited additional information on potential source populations for genetic rescue is gained by the genetic data. Instead, the use of controlled crosses can directly reveal positive effects of introducing new genetic material, and is a simple method with high potential in conservation.
In the current study, an extensive worldwide herbarium search, including over 1500 herbarium sheets of Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Lk., was performed to find specimens of S. marchica Düvel, Ristow & H. Scholz. The latter is a recently described new species, whose primary distribution was found to be limited to the Brandenburg region in Germany and the Wolin Island in Poland. As a result of the query, S. marchica was not identified in any regions other than those previously known. This indicates that it is a German-Polish endemic species, with a limited distribution range. Taking advantage of flow cytometry, we analysed for the first time the nuclear DNA content of both Scolochloa species and the obtained 2C values correlated exactly with their chromosome numbers. These data allowed us to put forward a hypothesis of evolution of S. marchica from S. festucacea. The new results, together with those previously published, confirmed that we deal with a distinct species. Taking into account recent records of this endemic species, it is currently known from 9 extant and 6 historical localities in Germany. Field search for the species in its only historical locality in Poland, on the Wolin Island, was unsuccessful. The critical revision of herbarium and literature records of S. festucacea from the territory of Poland allowed us to generate an updated distribution map of this declining species, which deserves special protection.
The focus of our study was the changes in the composition of semi-natural dry grasslands in Hungary. Maintaining the favorable condition of grasslands is not only important from a theoretical nature conservation point of view, but it also has important economic implications. Since these valuable habitats were created with the help of humans, their preservation also requires active treatment. Our current experiment was aimed at investigating the suppression of tall grass, Calamagrostis epigejos L. Roth. In Hungary, in the Cserhát Mountains, eight permanent plots were mown twice a year. We surveyed the vegetation twice a year between 2001 and 2011. The effects of treatment were studied with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). After 10 years, the C. epigejos cover of the mown plots decreased significantly, from the initial average of 62.38 to 7.50%. Surprisingly, we noticed a decrease in the control plots as well. While percentage cover of C. epigejos decreased in all plots, the decrease was significantly stronger in the mown plots. Regular treatment caused an increase in the number of species and diversity. Species richness increased continuously in both treatment types, which indicates the combined effect of vegetation succession and treatment. The biomass growth of other Poaceae and Fabaceae species, which are important from a grassland management perspective, was also facilitated by mowing. Our results allow us to conclude that long-term regular mowing is recommended for preservation from the perspective of the richness and variety of grassland management functional groups and the functioning of the ecosystem in semi-arid regenerating grasslands.
Baldellia repens is a very rare species in Norway, restricted to the south-western part of the country. These populations represent the species' northern global distribution limit. The species is known from four individual lakes in Norway, most of which have a relatively high pH. In addition, the plant was, during the early 1960s,
introduced to a small water reservoir belonging to a municipal public water supply authority, constructed in 1914.
In this reservoir, Baldellia repens established itself and expanded during the last 60 years. Until now, the plant has mostly displayed floating leaves and only limited flowering. In the end of March 2022, the reservoir was drained due to security issues. Surprisingly, after the draining of the reservoir, Baldellia repens is now covering around 2 daa of the exposed reservoir bottom, with a lot of flowering going on. Five months after the draining, it is still the only species found on the former reservoir bottom, but it will most certainly soon be outcompeted if no measures are taken. This article describes the occurrence of the species and a plan to try to establish a new smaller dam in order to save Baldellia repens from disappearing from the locality.
An analysis of the current potential range of the Pleistocene relict plant species Schoenus ferrugineus and modeling of changes in its future range under moderate (RCP4.5) and strong (RCP8.5) climate change in the middle and second half of the 21st century were carried out. The MaxEnt program was used for modeling. Climate variables from CHELSA Bioclim, the global digital soil mapping system SoilGrids, and a digital elevation model were used as predictors. Modeling has shown that climate change will lead to a significant reduction in the suitability of S. ferrugineus habitat conditions by the mid-21st century. The predicted changes in the distribution of habitats of S. ferrugineus, a diagnostic species of calcareous mires and an indicator of their ecological state, indicate a possible strong transformation of wetland complexes in the Southern Urals region even under moderate climate change. A reduction in the distribution of S. ferrugineus at the eastern limit of its range will also be facilitated by more frequent extreme droughts. To maintain the distribution of S. ferrugineus on the eastern border of its range, a number of measures are proposed to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change, contributing to the preservation of the hydrological regime of calcareous mires.
Arnica montana L. is a medicinal plant with significant conservation importance. It is crucial to monitor this species, ensuring its sustainable harvesting and management. The aim of this study is to develop a practical system that can effectively detect A. montana inflorescences utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with RGB sensors (red–green–blue, visible light) to improve the monitoring of A. montana habitats during the harvest season. From a methodological point of view, a model was developed based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) ResNet101 architecture. The trained model offers quantitative and qualitative assessments of A. montana inflorescences detected in semi-natural grasslands using low-resolution imagery, with a correctable error rate. The developed prototype is applicable in monitoring a larger area in a short time by flying at a higher altitude, implicitly capturing lower-resolution images. Despite the challenges posed by shadow effects, fluctuating ground sampling distance (GSD), and overlapping vegetation, this approach revealed encouraging outcomes, particularly when the GSD value was less than 0.45 cm. This research highlights the importance of low-resolution image clarity, on the training data by the phenophase, and of the need for training across different photoperiods to enhance model flexibility. This innovative approach provides guidelines for mission planning in support of reaching sustainable management goals. The robustness of the model can be attributed to the fact that it has been trained with real-world imagery of semi-natural grassland, making it practical for fieldwork with accessible portable devices. This study confirms the potential of ResNet CNN models to transfer learning to new plant communities, contributing to the broader effort of using high-resolution RGB sensors, UAVs, and machine-learning technologies for sustainable management and biodiversity conservation.
In temperate regions, most insect species overwinter in diapause while others continue to be active, feed, and possibly reproduce despite adverse climatic conditions. For fruit flies which remain active winter long, the presence of winter-available fruit is crucial for population persistence. This study aimed to disentangle the relative effects of climatic, landscape, and local factors on infestation rates of an important winter trophic resource, mistletoe (Viscum album) fruit, by drosophilid flies. Mistletoe fruits were sampled between January and July 2022 in seven regions of France, across a wide range of climatic conditions from Mediterranean to temperate oceanic. The fruits were used both by the invasive Drosophila suzukii and by the native D. subobscura in the latter part of winter and throughout spring, suggesting that this resource may assist these species to overcome the winter bottleneck. Infestations by both flies were positively associated with the presence of fallen mistletoe fruit on the ground and semi-natural (forest, hedgerow) and anthropogenic (garden, park) habitats. The mistletoe’s host tree species also influenced the fruit infestation rate. Drosophila suzukii infestation rate was positively impacted by the accumulated thermal energy (‘degree days’) in the previous 14 days. Mistletoe could act as a catalyst for the development of spring D. suzukii generations and should be considered in the context of integrative pest management strategies to prevent early infestation of crop fruit.
Graphical Abstract
The article presents data on the locality of Nymphoides peltata (S.G. Gmel.) Kuntze, a new species for the flora of the Leningrad Region. A rare alien species forms extensive thickets on Lake Nakhimovskoye (Vyborgsky District).
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. (Apiaceae), commonly known as wild chervil, has gained scientific interest owing to its diverse phytochemical profile and potential therapeutic applications. The plant, despite being categorized as a noxious weed, is traditionally used in treating various conditions like headaches, dressing wounds, and as a tonic, antitussive, antipyretic, analgesic, and diuretic. Its pharmacological importance stems from containing diverse bioactive lignans, especially aryltetralins and dibenzylbutyrolactones. One of the main compounds of A. sylvestris, deoxypodophyllotoxin, among its wide-ranging effects, including antitumor, antiproliferative, antiplatelet aggregation, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal properties, serves as a pivotal precursor to epipodophyllotoxin, crucial in the semisynthesis of cytostatic agents like etoposide and teniposide. The main starting compound for these anticancer medicines was podophyllotoxin, intensively isolated from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, now listed as an endangered species due to overexploitation. Since new species are being investigated as potential sources, A. sylvestris emerges as a highly promising candidate owing to its abundant lignan content. This review summarizes the current knowledge on A. sylvestris, investigating its biological and morphological characteristics, and pharmacological properties. Emphasizing the biological activities and structure–activity relationship, this review underscores its therapeutic potential, thus encouraging further exploration and utilization of this valuable plant resource.
Entomopathogenic fungi are a small group of fungi that attack insects, causing contagious diseases – mycoses. They are used in biological pest management, therefore reducing the use of insecticides. The group includes a wide range of species, so that they show high biological and ecological diversity, providing many ways of using them. The following article provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on entomopathogenic fungi and various possibilities of their use in forest management, presenting the most effective species of fungi in the control of selected pests of forest crops.
Botrychium simplex is the smallest and presumably the most variable species within the genus Botrychium. In Europe, today’s B. simplex was found for the first time as early as 1823 by the pharmacist Wilhelm Kannenberg in East Prussia (near the town of Memel, now Klaipėda, Lithuania). Almost three decades later, it was described as B. kannenbergii („Kannenbergii“) by Klinsmann (1852) in honor of the finder. He was unaware of the fact that in North America this species had already been named B. simplex by E. Hitchcock in 1821. The European distribution of B. simplex is concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of the continent with a number of isolated occurrences in the higher mountains, especially in the Alps and the Pyrenees. In this paper, we give a complete overview of all previously documented and known finds of this species in the Baltic States and adjacent territories, and discuss its current status. Our study reveals a drastic decline of B. simplex populations in Eastern Europe. Only three of the 14 records from the Baltic States are from the 21st century suggesting that most of the older occurrences are extinct. We present a compilation of infraspecific names (varieties and forms) of B. simplex established in Europe and North America and discuss the taxon tenebrosum, classified partly as a species and partly as a variety. The morphological diversity of the gametophyte is illustrated. We report on the nuclear DNA content of both the sporophyte (22.98 pg/2C) and the gametophyte (11.28 pg/2C) of B. simplex. From these, a ratio of almost exactly 2 results indicating that the species reproduces sexually. This is apparently the first published value of the DNA content of a Botrychium gametophyte. Botrychium simplex has been noted for its broad ecological amplitude. We summarize data regarding abiotic (altitude, soil parameters) and biotic (vegetation types, mycorrhiza) factors that might influence species population development and longevity and provide knowledge for future species monitoring and management.
Aquatic plants are a rich source of health-beneficial substances. One of such organisms is the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum, which has not been sufficiently studied in this aspect so far. In this work, we have studied environmental conditions prevailing in a subsidence mining reservoir in Eastern Poland and shown that C. demersum can be harvested for further analysis even from artificial anthropogenic reservoirs. The phytochemical analysis of C. demersum ethanolic extract using LC–MS revealed high content of phenolic compounds (18.50 mg/g) (mainly flavonoids, 16.09 mg/g), including those that have not yet been identified in this plant, namely isorhamnetin, sakuranetin, taxifolin, and eriodictyol. Such rich flavonoid content is most likely responsible for the anticancer activity of the C. demersum extract, which was targeted especially at neoplastic cells of gastrointestinal tract origin. The flow cytometry analysis of treated cells showed an increased percentage of late apoptotic and necrotic cells. The fish embryo toxicity (FET) test showed safety of the extract towards Danio rerio fish up to the concentration of 225 µg/ml. This study has shown that the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum can be taken into consideration as a rich source of a set of anticancer agents with chemopreventive potential.
Combatting the biodiversity crisis through management and conservation requires specific information on the basic biology of species in decline. The Eastern pasqueflower, Pulsatilla patens, has declined drastically in Europe and in Finland is currently confined to a few locations. The aim of this study was to assess which factors influence fitness-related traits of P. patens and a hybrid species P. patens × vernalis. To this end we recorded morphological and environmental variables over a three-year period on individually marked P. patens and hybrid individuals in eight locations in southern Finland. The number of flowers decreased significantly each year for P. patens while for the hybrid there was first an increase and then decrease. Hybrids produced on average more flowers than P. patens individuals and the share of flowering individuals was higher in hybrids than in pure pasqueflowers. In general, for both P. patens and the hybrid, larger plant diameter, cooler and drier conditions and greater canopy openness positively affected number of flowers and flowering probability, although some species-specific differences were evident with a preference for greater canopy density for P. patens than the hybrid. Although our results support current conservation practices of creating more open environments to benefit flowering of P. patens, there also appears to be a limit to the amount of direct sunlight P. patens will tolerate, thus warranting caution. At present, the hybrid does not appear to be of immediate concern to the endangered P. patens, although continued monitoring of the populations is recommended.
Анализируются ценотические позиции 21 арктоальпийского и арктического вида сосудистых растений в разных подзонах тайги в сравнении с тундровой зоной. В основе анализа лежит выборка из 2234 геоботанических описаний, выполненных в 1996–2007 гг. В таежной зоне Европейской России виды тяготеют к богатым (прежде всего карбонатным или сульфатным), но холодным почвам. Режим континентальности климата имеет на них меньшее прямое влияние. Многие арктоальпийские виды проникают под полог светлохвойных лесов на карбонатных и сульфатных породах, но на силикатах встречаются лишь в безлесных сообществах. Бóльшая часть арктических видов приурочена к засоленным почвам морских побережий. В составе арктической фракции в таежной зоне выделяются три флороэлемента – перигляциально-карстовый, в позднем плейстоцене составлявший «ядро» дриасовых флор, приморский и околоводно-болотный, каждый с рядом субэлементов. Выделение последних обусловлено экоценотическими различиями видов и историко-климатическими причинами, породившими разные волны их миграции. Субэлементы перигляциально-карстового элемента обусловлены тем, произрастает ли вид лишь на обнажениях известняков и гипсов (карстовый субэлемент) либо также на силикатных скалах, низкотравных лугах или в сосновых борах на песках (скальный, скально-пустошный и скально-боровой субэлементы). Преобладают арктоальпийские виды, мигрировавшие в среднем и/или верхнем дриасе и во время переяславского похолодания. Субэлементы приморского элемента выделяются по тяготению видов к литоралям, супралиторалям или вороничникам, в первом случае также по океаничности/
континентальности, обусловившей вектор их расселения. Преобладают арктические виды, мигрировавшие в среднем дриасе и затем в «малую ледниковую эпоху». Субэлементы околоводно-болотного элемента выделены по произрастанию видов на болотах разной степени трофности либо на отмелях и галечниках. Верхнепечорский околоводный субэлемент микулинского/ранневалдайского возраста объединяет арктических гигрофитов. Арктоальпийская Eriophorum scheuchzeri (отмельно-болотный субэлемент) расселяется и в наши дни //
Phytocoenotical behaviour of 21 arcticalpine and arctic vascular plant species is analyzed in different subzones of the taiga zone in comparison with that in tundras, based upon the set of 2234 relevés made in European Russia in 1996–2007 (see Table 2; Figure). Species prefer rich (mainly carbonate or sulfate) but cold soil in the taiga zone of European Russia. The climate continentality regime affects them less valuably, although the affiliation of some species to different bedrock types may depend on the area longitudinal position. Many arcticalpine species occur under the canopy of lightconiferous forests on limestone or gypsum but only in treeless communities on silicate bedrock. The main part of the arctic species is restricted to salinized seashore soils. The three floristic elements are distinguished within the arctic fraction of a taiga zone flora, namely the periglacialkarst (the Dryas flora core in the Late Pleistocene), the maritime, and the mireriverside ones, with several subelements each. Both the ecological and phytocoenotical differences between species and the historicalclimatical events which caused different waves of migration lead to species subdivision into elements and subelements. Those of the periglacialkarst element are distinguished according to species occurrence on limestone and gypsum outcrops only (the karst subelement with Dryas octopetala, D. punctata, Salix reticulata etc.) or on silicate rock (the rock subelement with Saxifraga spp.), in lowherb meadows (the rockmeadow subelement with Poa alpina), or in Scots pine forests on sand (the rockredwood element with Arctous alpina and Oxytropis sordida) as well. The arcticalpine species which migrated in the Middle and/or Late Dryas and then in the second half of the Praeboreal comprise the bulk of the element. Subelements of the maritime element are defined according to species affinity to either littoral (Carex subspathacea) or supralittoral (C. glareosa) belts, or maritime crowberry heath (Loiseleuria procumbens), also according to species oceanicity/continentality which determined the vectors of their migration. The arctic species which migrated in the Middle Dryas and then in the Little Ice Age prevail. Subelements of the mireriverside element are distinguished according to species affinity to mires of different mineral richness (Carex rariflora, Tofieldia pusilla) or to silt/gravel banks (Caltha arctica, Arctophila fulva). The Upper Pechora riverside subelement comprises the arctic hygrophytes and probably has the RissWürm interglacial or Early Würm glacial origins. In the meantime, the arcticalpine Eriophorum scheuchzeri (the mireriverside subelement) continues migrating nowadays.
Анализируются ценотические позиции 14 гипоарктических видов сосудистых растений в различных подзонах таежной зоны в сравнении с подзоной южных тундр. В основу анализа положена выборка из 4995 геоботанических описаний, выполненных в Европейской России в 1996–2018 гг. Олиготрофные гипоарктические виды представлены двумя основными флороэлементами – тундрово-болотным и пустошно-боровым. Виды тундрово-болотного элемента (Betula nana, Rubus chamaemorus, Eriophorum vaginatum) в таежной зоне тяготеют к грядам верховых болот, заболоченным ельникам и соснякам сфагновым. Данный элемент – один из наиболее древних в своей фракции, поскольку его представители достигают южной тайги. Для них характерны протяженные ареалы, ангаридское происхождение, обычно также нейтральность в отношении фактора континентальности; исключение – субокеаническая Rubus chamaemorus. Океанические виды пустошно-борового элемента (Empetrum hermaphroditum) сформировались в позднетретичное время на приморских пустошах атлантического сектора Гипоарктики и затем расселились в перигляциальные и горные тундры, а из них в голоцене – в северотаежные леса зеленомошных типов. Мезотрофные и мезоэвтрофные гипоарктические виды (Viola biflora, Saussurea alpina), как океанические, так и континентальные, формируют ивняково-таежный элемент, приуроченный к луговинным тундрам и травяным ивнякам из Salix lanata. В крайнесеверной тайге виды переходят под полог березовых криволесий и (далее к югу) высокотравных и травяно-сфагновых ельников. Последние соответствуют ценотической нише рассматриваемых видов в южной полосе северной тайги, но в средней и южной тайге рефугиумами видов становятся ключевые болота. В целом для севера Европейской России среди гипоарктических видов преобладают океанические. Нейтральные виды обильны, но не столь разнообразны, а континентальные (Eriophorum russeolum, Saxifraga aestivalis) появляются лишь ближе к Уралу //
The aim of this study is that of revealing changes in phytocoenotical positions of hypoarctic, hypoarctic-montane, and arctic-boreal vascular plant species in different subzones of the boreal-forest zone in comparison with those in southern hypoarctic tundras where such species prevail. For this purpose, we use 14 model species registered in the set of 4995 relevés made in European Russia in 1996–2018 (see Fig. 1). The set was classified following the dominant-determinant approach to vegetation. We distinguish 16 vegetation units for the southern hypoarctic tundra subzone (see Table 1) and the same number of units for the boreal-forest zone with several subzones and belts (see Table 2), 5 crowberry heath, peatmoss bog, and matgrass meadow units similar in both cases. Changes in species positions are traced following these units combined in rows for analogous habitats in different subzones.
Many species of the hypoarctic fraction of a flora occur in mires (which is well-known) but also successfully penetrate under the coniferous forest canopy in the northern-boreal subzone. But middle- and southern-boreal forest communities serve as refugia for these species no more. The latter survived only in bogs and fens, some of them (Nardus stricta, Bistorta vivipara) also in secondary matgrass meadows.
Most of the hypoarctic species (in the broad sense of the term) are oceanic in the study area. Such are Nardus stricta, Rubus chamaemorus, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Chamaepericlymenum suecicum, Saussurea alpina, etc. This fact is proved by the statistically testified values of Spearman rank correlation rs between species cover (%) and Conrad continentality index (see Table 3). Prevalence of the oceanic species correspond to both the zonal characters of the Hypoarctic climate as a whole (cold but damp) and the meridional characters of its European sector. Plants neutral in respect to continentality (Eriophorum vaginatum, Betula nana in bogs, etc.) often dominate but are never represented by so many species. The continental plants (E. russeolum, Saxifraga aestivalis) occur more close to the Urals in the boreal-forest zone (see Table 3).
Oceanic hypoarctic species are most typical for oligotrophic communities on acidic soil, including those with developed peat or raw humus deposits. But they also occur in communities on rich soil or carbonate rock, although never so abundant.
Oligotrophic hypoarctic species are represented by the three major floristic elements, namely the tundra-bog, the hollow, and the heath-redwood ones. The tundra-bog plants (Betula nana, Rubus chamaemorus, Eriophorum vaginatum, etc.; the “cortege” of Betula nana) occur on peatmoss bog ridges and in bogged Siberian spruce- and Scots pine-peatmoss forests. This element is seemingly one of the most ancient among the hypoarctic plants in the boreal-forest zone, as its representatives reach the southern-boreal bogs in their distribution. Vast ranges, Angara-land origins, usually also the neutral response to continentality changes are typical for such plants, to the exception of the suboceanic Rubus chamaemorus.
The hollow element (Eriophorum angustifolium, E. russeolum, Trichophorum cespitosum, Carex rotundata) is close to the tundra-bog one in species distribution and age of formation. But hygrophytes prevail among its species.
Oceanic species of the heath-redwood element (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Chamaepericlymenum suecicum, etc.; the “cortege” of Empetrum hermaphroditum) probably originated in maritime heaths of the Subarctic oceanic sectors in the Late Tertiary. They migrated to periglacial and mountain tundras in the Pleistocene and then to the northern-boreal coniferous forests of feathermoss types in the Holocene. Empetrum hermaphroditum becomes sub-dominant in the dwarfshrub layer of both pine and spruce northern-boreal forests. Chamaepericlymenum suecicum occurs in feathermoss-spruce forests of the northernmost-boreal belt but only in peatmoss-spruce ones in the southern belt of the subzone. In the middle-boreal subzone, the first species becomes rare and restricted to treeless rocky or maritime habitats, and the second one is known from its relict Little Ice Age findings.
Species of the heath-redwood element are also closely associated with the supra-littoral hypoarctic ones (the “cortege” of Leymus arenarius) in their present-day distribution in maritime habitats.
Mesotrophic and mesoeutrophic hypoarctic species, both the oceanic and the continental ones, form the poorly known willow-taiga element. These are Viola biflora, Saussurea alpina, also Alchemilla glomerulans s.l. and Epilobium hornemannii in Fennoscandia, and Saxifraga aestivalis in the Cis-Urals and Urals. Such species occur in subniveal meadow tundras and willow-herb thickets dominated by Salix lanata in the tundra zone. But they turn on to growing under the canopy of elfin mountain birch woodlands and, more southwards, riverine tall-herb and herb-peatmoss spruce forests in the northernmost-boreal belt. These types of spruce forests also represent the coenotic niche of these plants in the southern belt of the northern-boreal subzone. But spring fens become their only refugia in the middle- and southern-boreal subzones where spruce forests are mainly lacking the hypoarctic elements (see Tables 1, 2).
The hypoarctic species subdivision into ecological-phytocoenotical elements and sub-elements in the boreal-forest zone is dictated by history of genesis and migration of these species to no less extent than by their ecology.
Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Lycopodiaceae) is a rare species of the Ukrainian flora, listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. In our country it occurs mainly in Central (Zhytomyr) Polissya. Two localities only have been recorded in Volhynian Polissya. In the literature sources, there is no information about distribution of D. tristachyum in Kyiv Polissya. However, back in 1899, the species was collected near the town of Boyarka (KWU0001665). Although correctly identified, this specimen has not been previously included in distribution data. We report a new locality of D. tristachyum from pine forest in Lub'yanka Forestry in Bucha District, Kyiv Region. In the Podolian Upland, an isolated local population of D. tristachyum was found in a karst sinkhole near Hutysko village, Ternopil Region. A list of all known localities of D. tristachyum in Ukraine and data on the current state of its populations in the newly reported localities are provided. It is proposed to establish a botanical reserve in Lub'yanka Forestry.
Hydropeaking, which refers to rising or falling discharges caused by the turning on or off of hydro-turbines to generate electricity, is a topic of growing interest due to its impact on fluvial ecosystems. To date, most hydropeaking studies have focused on the impact of peak fluctuations on invertebrate and fish communities, but little attention has been paid to its impact on riverine plants and how functional traits may make them resistant to hydropeaking. We performed a review to assess how a set of 32 plant functional traits can be expressed in riverine plant species, and found evidence of how such expression affects their capacity to cope with common sources of hydropeaking disturbance (i.e., inundation, fast water drawdown, and rapid water fluctuations linked to up-ramping and down-ramping hydropeaking operations). The information here presented can simplify the evaluation of impacts on riverine plant communities worldwide, as well as to detect suitable species to successfully restore rivers affected by hydropower production.
Nowadays, homeopathy is being rapidly practiced almost all over the world for preventing or curing human and plant diseases. In the current study, homeopathic medicine, i.e., Arnica montana, Thuja occidentalis, sulfur, and silicea were applied against plant disease causing pathogens, i.e., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Ascochyta rabiei, Alternaria solani, Septoria lycopersici, and Phomopsis vexans. The radial mycelium growth of these species was found to be significantly decreased with the increased concentrations of homeopathic medicine under in vitro condition. At 8 days after inoculation, the highest inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, A. solani, S. lycopersici, A. rabiei, and P. vexans over control was observed with T. occidental at 200 ppm (73.73%), T. occidentalis at 200 ppm (76.73%), A. montana at 200 ppm (64.22%), silicea at 200 ppm (59.77%), and sulfur at 200 ppm (53.82%), respectively. Accordingly, these fungal species minimal radial growth was as follows: 22.80 mm, 18.10 mm, 31.66 mm, 34.91 mm, and 38.12 mm. Such findings outline the potential of homeopathic medicine treatment in the reduction of mycelial growth of several fungal species affecting consumed crops.
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