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Abstract and Figures

Talk given in the orientation session of Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) competition that took place at Ain Shams University in February 2013.
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Robotics & Automation Society
Egypt Chapter
Robotics between Fact and Fiction
Alaa Khamis, PhD, SMIEEE
Chapter Chair
http://www.ras-egypt.org/
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
MUSES_SECRET: ORF-RE Project - © PAMI Research Group University of Waterloo
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
2/5/2013
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
MUSES_SECRET: ORF-RE Project - © PAMI Research Group University of Waterloo
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
Established in Sept.
2011 to become the
meeting place of
choice for the
robotics and
automation
community in
Egypt.
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
Conferences & Workshops
Seminars & Webinars
Free Courses
Robotic Competitions
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
Conferences & Workshops
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http://landminefree.org/
ICET 2012
http://www.icet-guc.org/2012/
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Seminars & Webinars
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
Networked Robot Systems: Invited Talk
Lecture about Networked Robot Systems by Prof. Dr. rer. nat Klaus Schilling,
Professor and Chair of Robotics and Telematics Lab, Julius-Maximilians-University
Wurzburg, Germany and Consulting Professor at Stanford University, Department of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, USA. 19 September 2011
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
http://landminefree.org/
Social Robotics Seminar
Prof. Dr. Miguel A. Salichs, Director of RoboticsLab, Department of Systems
Engineering and Automation, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain.
More info: http://icet-guc.org/2012/index.php/invited-talk-social-robotics/
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http://landminefree.org/
IEEE Distinguished Lecturer
Distinguished lecture entitled Pico-Satellites for Education and Research
in Networked Space Systems by: Prof. Dr. rer. nat Klaus Schilling,
Professor and Chair of Robotics and Telematics Lab, Julius-Maximilians-
University Wurzburg, Germany and Consulting Professor at Stanford
University, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, USA.
Slides available at: http://ras-egypt.org/reading/IEEE%20RAS%20Egypt%20Schilling%20Handout.pdf
More info: http://icet-guc.org/2012/index.php/invited-talk-pico-satellites-for-education-and-research-in-networked-space-systems/
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
Panel Discussion: Robotics Education
Panel Session: Robotics Education: From Schools to Academia
and Industry
• Robotics at school initiatives
• Robotics at University initiatives
• School to University linkage through robotics programs
• Research to industry linkage programs
• The impact of robotics education on research and industry
More info: http://icet-
guc.org/2012/index.php/
panel-session-robotics-
education/
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Cooperative Multirobot Systems Seminar
This seminar has been organized by IEEE RAS – Egypt chapter
and given by Dr. Alaa Khamis, associate professor at German
Univeristy in Cairo and Egypt chapter founder and chair
in Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams
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http://landminefree.org/
RAS Talks
Theme of talks: Informal, wide range
of topics but must be related to robotics
and automation. Talks to be pitched at a
level that could be understood by a non-
specialist. We are not looking for proofs
or slides filled with equations.
Format of talks: Can be very varied in
nature, normally a 30min presentation
followed by 10 to 20 minutes of question
period at the end.
More info: http://msm.guc.edu.eg/RAS/talks.html
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http://landminefree.org/
Webinars
Mobile Robot Locomotion and Positioning Systems by Dr.
Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter Chair.
Buried Mine Detection by Dr. Hisham El-Sherif, German
University in Cairo.
Machine Vision by Dr. Mohamed Salem, Ain Shams University.
Perception and Navigation of Autonomous Vehicles by Prof.
Dr. Howard Li, Director of COllaboration Based Robotics and
Automations (COBRA) Group, University of New Brunswick, Canada.
Wireless Communication for Teleoperated/Autonomous
Vehicles by Dr. Ahmed Madian, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority.
Construction and Control of an Unmanned Quadrotor by
Amr Nagaty, University of New Brunswick, Canada.
Download: http://landminefree.org/webinars
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Free Courses
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“How to build a real robot” Course
The objective of this course is to teach students without any
background in robotics how to build a real robot that can perceive
the environment and acts accordingly in autonomous way.
Available at: http://www.ras-egypt.org/course/index.html
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Optimization with Engineering Applications
Optimization Theory
Deterministic
Optimization
Trajectory-based
Stochastic
Optimization
Population-based
Stochastic
Optimization
Project Presentation
and Discussion
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Robotic Competitions
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http://www.landminefree.org/
Mines Action & Human
Rights Foundation
Executive Secretariat for the Demining & Development of the North West Coast,
Ministry of International Cooperation.
Towards a Landmine-free Egypt
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http://landminefree.org/
EMAR Ain Shams Team, 4-wheel drive
unmanned ground vehicle winner of the
first place in the competition
Competition arena with surface and buried mines
Towards a Landmine-free Egypt
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Towards a Landmine-free World
To be announced this week…
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http://landminefree.org/
Egyptian World Robotics Olympiad
Eng.Marwa Soudi, IEEE RAS Egypt Chair of Junior Activities with the winners
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http://landminefree.org/
AFRON: Africa Robotics Research Network
IEEE RAS - Egypt Chapter has joined African Robotics Network
(AFRON) in May 8, 2012 .
The Suckerbot, one of the winners
Dr. Alaa Khamis, chapter chair
served as a juror in African
Robotics Network (AFRON) "$10
Robot" Design Challenge
(http://spectrum.ieee.org/autom
aton/robotics/diy/winners-of-10-
robot-challenge-announced).
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http://landminefree.org/
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Egypt
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter sponsors the ROV Egypt Competition
(http://www.rovegypt.org/).
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http://landminefree.org/
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
For more information about Chapter activities, visit:
http://www.ras-egypt.org/
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
MUSES_SECRET: ORF-RE Project - © PAMI Research Group University of Waterloo
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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What is a Robot?
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Stanley, Stanford Racing Team The
winner of the 2005 DARPA Grand
Challenge
Original Volkswagen Touareg
This is a Robot
This is not a Robot
Why ?!
What is a Robot?
What is the difference between these two VW?
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The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for driverless cars.
First Grand Challenge:
Date: March 13, 2004
Task: desert course stretching from Barstow, Cal. to Primm, Nev. (142 mile)
Winner: did not produce a finisher .
Only 7.4mile
Second Grand Challenge:
Date: October 8, 2005
Winner: Stanford Racing Team
completed the 132-mile course in
just under 7hours to win a US$2M
prize. (2nd place in 2007 Urban
chanllenge)
What is a Robot?
DARPA Grand Challenge
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Urban Challenge:
Google driverless car
What is a Robot?
DARPA Grand Challenge
Took place on November 3, 2007 The
course involved a 96 km (60 mi) urban
area course, to be completed in less than
6 hours. Rules included obeying all
traffic regulations while negotiating
with other traffic and obstacles and
merging into traffic.
The Google driverless car is a project by
Google that involves developing
technology for driverless cars.
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A robot is a machine that imitates the actions and sometimes
appearance of an intelligent creature, usually a human
Perceiving Environment: getting
information from its surroundings
Doing something physical: such
as move or manipulate objetcs, based
on environmental information
What is a Robot?
What is the difference between these two VW?
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
MUSES_SECRET: ORF-RE Project - © PAMI Research Group University of Waterloo
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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Robotics is the intelligent connection of perception to action.
M. Brady, “Artificial Intelligence and Ro botics,”
Artificial Intelligence, 26, pp.79-121, 1985.
Robotics is the discipline which involves:
a) The design, manufacture, control, and programming of
robots;
b) The use of robots to solve problems;
c) The study of the control processes, sensors, and algorithms
used in humans, animals, and machine; and
d) The application of these control processes and algorithms to
the design of robots. MP. J. McKerrow. Introduction to Robotics. Addison-Wesley, 1992.
What is Robotics?
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter
MUSES_SECRET: ORF-RE Project - © PAMI Research Group University of Waterloo
IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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Robota in Czech (Robot in English) is a word
for worker or servant or subordinate
work.
Karel Capek (1890-1938) was a Czech novelist who
introduced the word `robota' in a 1920 play titled
Rossum’s Universal Robots (RUR).
The word Robot displaced older words such
as automaton or android in languages
around the world.
Science Fiction
Rossum’s Universal Robot (R.U.R)
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Domin: Practically speaking, what is the best
kind of worker?
[Young Rossum] chucked out everything not
directly related to work, and [in] doing that he
virtually rejected the human being and created
the Robot.
Helena: The best? Probably the one who--
who-- who is honest-- and dedicated.
Domin: No, it’s the one that’s the
cheapest. The one with the fewest needs...
Science Fiction
Rossum’s Universal Robot (R.U.R)
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The play RUR featured robots that nearly
took over the world.
They stopped only when they could not
answer the question:
“What do we do after we have
destroyed all of the humans?”
Science Fiction
Rossum’s Universal Robot (R.U.R)
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A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm.
Law 1:
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with
the First or Second Laws.
Law 3:
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with the 1st Law.
Law 2:
A robot may not injure humanity, or,
through inaction, allow humanity to
come to harm.
Zeroth Law:
Science Fiction
Laws of Robotics - Isaac Asimov
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Using robots to kill without violating the laws of robotics
Telling a robot to build a bear trap on the
woods (to protect humans!) and
a second robot (independently) to take a man
for a walk in the woods (to protect this man!)
Science Fiction
Laws of Robotics - Isaac Asimov
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R2D2 &C3PO
Science Fiction
Science Fiction Classics & Movies
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IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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Ancient Greece & Egypt Water powered for ceremonies.
Apis Bull God
“Then he brought out (of the fire) before the
(people) the image of a calf: It seemed to low: so
they said: This is your god, and the god of Moses,
but (Moses) has forgotten!”, Holy Qur’an, Surat
Ta-ha verse 88. Apis Bull
“And all the people brake off the golden earrings
which were in their ears, and brought them unto
Aaron. And he received them at their hand, and
fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had
made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy
gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the
land of Egypt.” – Holy Bible, Exodus 32:3,4
Science Facts
Mechanical Automata
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The Elephant Clock: Leaf from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious
Mechanical Devices by Al-Jazari (1206 AD).
14th – 19th century Europe Clockwork driven for
entertainment.
Science Facts
Mechanical Automata
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Mechanical Dolls – Droz Family (1770)
Maillardet (1805)
Science Facts
Mechanical Automata
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Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS Egypt Chapter Unimate
George Devol Joseph F. Engelberger
Shakey
Science Facts
History of Robots
1928: First motor driven automata
1961: First industrial robot (Unimate)
1962: First robot company (Unimation)
1967: Shakey Autonomous mobile
research robot
1969: Stanford Arm Dexterous, electric
motor driven robot arm.
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1978: The PUMA (Programmable Universal
Machine for Assembly) robot is developed by
Unimation with a General Motors design support.
1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid
growth. Many institutions introduce programs
and courses in robotics. Robotics courses are
spread across mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, and computer science departments.
SCARA (Selective
Compliance
Assembly Robot
Arm) invented by
Makino in 1982.
Science Facts
History of Robots
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IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
2/5/2013
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Robots Today
Industrial Robots or Manipulators
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Material handling
Material transfer
Machine loading
and/or unloading
Spot welding
Continuous arc
welding
Spray coating
Assembly
Inspection
What Can Industrial
Manipulators Do?
Robots Today
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Advantages:
• Repeatability
• Tighter quality control
• Waste reduction
• Working in hostile environment
• Increased productivity.
Disadvantages
• high initial costs
• increased dependence on
maintenance.
Advantages/ Disadvantages?!
• Impact on employment IFR, October 2002
Country Robot
Density
Unemployment
Rate %
Japan 280 4.7
Germany 135 10.5
Italy 67 11.5
Spain 41 16
Robots Today
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Industrial Robots in Automotive Industry:
Source: Industrial Robot Automation. DR.14.1White paper, European Robotics Network (EURON), 2005.
Robots Today
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Industrial Robots in Automotive Industry:
Origin of robot supplier in the automotive industry
Source: Industrial Robot Automation. DR.14.1 White paper, European Robotics Network (EURON), 2005.
Robots Today
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The main features:
Reprogrammability
The ability to navigate
Autonomy
Robots Today
Mobile Robots
A mobile robot is a robot that can move in
the real world and can be completely
autonomous
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Magellan Pro
Khepera
Koala
Hemisson
B21
Cybor
Robots Today
Mobile Robots: Indoor Robots
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PackBot Explorer
ROCA (UC3M)
Sojourner
Robots Today
Mobile Robots: Outdoor Robots
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ROMA-I (UC3M)
Robots Today
Climbing Robots
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A humanoid robot is a robot with
its overall appearance based on
that of the human body. In general
humanoid robots have a torso with
a head, two arms and two legs,
although some forms of humanoid
robots may model only part of the
body, for example, from the waist
up.
Head
Torso
Arm
Leg
male Androids
female Gynoids
Robots Today
Humanoid Robots
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ASIMO
Robots Today
Humanoid Robots
QRIO
Physically anthropomorphic
RH-1 (UC3M)
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Scorpio 2000
Robots Today
Underwater or Submarine Robots
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Robots Today
Underwater or Submarine Robots
U.S. Coast Guard
Work-class ROVs are designed by Schilling Robotics to do power-intensive work hundreds of meters below the surface
BP’s Deepwater
Horizon oil rig
problem in the Gulf
of Mexico
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Sojourner
Mars Rover
Robots Today
Space Exploration Robots
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Robots Today
Exploration Robots
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R-Gator: Autonomous Unmanned
Ground Vehicle
“Future Combat System is a major program
for an entire System of Systems to transform
the U.S. Army to be strategically responsive
and dominant at every point on the
spectrum of operations, through real-time
network-centric communications and
systems for a family of manned vehicles and
unmanned platforms by the next decade”.
Robots Today
Military Robots
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UXVs
Unmanned Ground
Vehicles (UGV)
Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles
(UAV)
Unmanned
Underwater
Vehicles (UUV)
Robots Today
Unmanned Vehicles
Unmanned
Surface
Vehicles (USV)
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Boston Dynamics BigDog
Robot The Army mule
Boston Dynamics
RHex
Robots Today
Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)
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There are 17,300 drones in the US army inventory.
These drones can carry up to 3000 pounds of weapons.
Fabricated by Boeing
A forward looking infrared (FLIR)
camera mounted on the side of an UAV
UAV carrying Viper
Strike Weapon System
Robots Today
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or Drones)
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AH-64 (25)
39,805 Hours
CH-47(26)
31,688 Hours
UH-60
28,460Hours
(4) Fixed Wing
7,483Hours
(43)
UAV (7 Raven)
685 Hours (0) OH-58*
3,413Hours
109,534 Total Hours: 01 Feb 03 – 15 OCT 05 Source: Brigadier General E.J. Sinclair, 2005 UAVS Symposium
Robots Today
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or Drones)
2/5/2013
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CIA’s Office of Advanced
Technologies and Programs
developed the Unmanned
Underwater Vehicle (UUV) fish to
study aquatic robot technology.
The UUV fish contains a pressure
hull, ballast system, and
communications system in
the body and a propulsion
system in the tail.
Robots Today
Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)
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PackBot EOD
PackBot Explorer
PackBot Scout
Robots Today
Surveillance and Reconnaissance Robots
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Robots Today
Search and Rescue
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SACI 2.0 is a firefighting robot presented in July 2006 with the following features:
-It has Fault Tolerant Architecture with redundancy in its moving system;
-It has lighting system; -It is modular; -It has at least 100% more autonomy, with a
full load capacity up to a minimum of six hours; - It can have infrared or common
video cameras and be controlled by wireless remote control.
Robots Today
Fire Fighting Robots
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Teleoperated Ordnance Disposal System (TODS)
provides safe, effective and efficient delivery of tools
necessary for the clearance of landmines. TODS was
developed for and tested by the US DoD Humanitarian
Demining Research and Development Program.
Source: http://www.manitgroup.com/oao.htm
The ETODS system was developed by
the US Department of Defense to
Egypt during the month of September
1999. This was an effort supported by
OAO Robotics to demonstrate the
mine clearance capabilities of the
ETODS system to the Egyptian
Ministry of Defense.
ETODS at Work near the Red Sea
Robots Today
Deming Robots
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Pipeline
Inspection
Neptune: A Robotic Inspection System for Oil Storage Tanks
Pioneer
Robots Today
Inspection Robots
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Ag-robots Farm Robots
Illinois University http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/demeter/demeter.shtml
National Robotics Engineering Consortium
Demeter
Robots Today
Agriculture Robots
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Roomba - Making money with autonomous robots
Price now is about $120
Since the Roomba retails for about $300 in
2003, it’s been able to sell 1.5 million of them
in three years.
Robots Today
Cleaning and Mowing Robots
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Nursebot
Maggie
(UC3M)
RI-MAN
Nursebot
Wakamaru
ASIMO
Robots Today
Personal Assistant Robots
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Minerva is an autonomous robot that moves daily through
crowds at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American
History.
Robots Today
Interactive Tour-Guide Robots
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QRIO
AIBO
Robots Today
Entertainment Robots
Anaconda
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Robots Today
Soccer Robots
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http://www.usfirst.org/robotics/
http://www.depeca.uah.es/alcabot/hispabot/index.html
http://www.eurobot.org/ http://www.handson.org.tw/
http://www.worldskills.org/
Robots Today
Hobby Robots
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Robots Today
Hobby Robots: Hispabot
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IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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Robots Statistics
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Installations and
operational stock of
multipurpose industrial
robots in 2001 and 2002
and forecasts for 2003-
2006.
Robots Statistics
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Price index of industrial robots in Germany, with and without quality
adjustment. Index of labour compensation in the German business sector
Robots Statistics
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IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter
What is a Robot?
What is Robotics?
Science Fiction
Science Facts
Robots Today
Robot Statistics
Robots’ Future
Outline
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Robot’s Future
Source: Bruno Siciliano. Robots Moving Closer to Humans. IEEE Distinguished Ambassador Seminar.
Available at: http://ras-egypt.org/activities.html
2/5/2013
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Robot’s Future
The Evolutionary Stages
Industrial
Robotics
Service Robots for
Personal Use
Personal
Robotics
Service
Robotics
Service Robots for
Professional Use
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“As I look at the trends that
are now starting to
converge, I can envision a
future in which robotic
devices will become a nearly
ubiquitous part of our day-
to-day lives. The challenges
facing the robotics industry
are similar to those we
tackled in computing three
decades ago.”
Bill Gates, 2007
Scientific American
A robot in every home
Robot’s Future
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Service robots assist human beings, typically by
performing a job that is dirty, dull, distant or dangerous.
Service
Robots
Service Robots for
Professional Use
(Construction robots, demolition,
medical, space robots,
underwater expoloration,
cleaning, demining, inspection,
fire fighting,…
Service Robots for
Personal Use
(domestic, personal assistant,
entertainment robots, vacuum
cleaners, etc.)
Robot’s Future
Service Robots
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Trends in percentage of the elderly (over age 85) in the world
Source: ADRIANA TAPUS,MAJA J. MATARIC´, AND BRIAN SCASSELLATI, "Socially Assistive Robotics: The Grand Challenges in Helping
Humans Through Social Interaction," IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, MARCH 2007
Robot’s Future
Service Robots
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Service robots for private use. Stock at end 2002 and
projected installations 2003-2006
IFR, October 2002
Robot’s Future
Service Robots
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Nanorobotics is the technology of creating robots at
or close to the scale of a nanometre (10-9 metres).
The first useful applications of nanorobots will likely
be in medical technology. Another application is the
detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of
their concentrations, in the environment.
Robot’s Future
Nanorobots or Nanobots
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Genghis II
OmniTread Robot
Cybor
hexapod vehicle
Robot’s Future
Biologically-inspired Robots
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Albert HUBO – Hanson Robotics
Robot’s Future
Emotional Robots
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Hanson-Robotics
Robot’s Future
Emotional Robots
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIOtOmyySQo
Interactive Robots and Media Lab - UAE University
Ibn Sina Robot
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Robot’s Future
Multirobot Systems
Brains
Bodies
100s
SI
10s
DAI
1
AI Robotics Centralized Control
10s
Multiple Machines
1
Machine
Cognitive Robotics
Multiagent Distributed
Robot System
Swarm
Robotics
100s
MEMS-based Multiple Machines
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Robot’s Future
Multirobot Systems
Swarm robotics is the study of how large number of relatively
simple physically embodied agents can be designed such that a
desired collective behavior emerges from the local interactions
among agents and between the agents and the environment.
Box
Pushing
Resolving complexity.
Increasing performance.
Simplicity in design.
Reliable.
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Robot’s Future
Multirobot Systems
More info: Alaa Khamis, Cooperative Multirobot Systems. Available at: http://ras-egypt.org/activities.html
Urban Surveillance Net-centric Warfare Search and Rescue
Minefield Mapping Intelligent Carts Nano and Pico Satellites
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Thank you for your attention
Questions?
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Robotics Robot's Future @BULLET Emotional Robots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIOtOmyySQo Interactive Robots and Media Lab
Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS – Egypt Chapter Hanson-Robotics Robot's Future @BULLET Emotional Robots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIOtOmyySQo Interactive Robots and Media Lab -UAE University Ibn Sina Robot MUSES_SECRET: ORF-RE Project -© PAMI Research Group – University of Waterloo 98/22 98
© Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS -Egypt Chapter Service robots for private use
  • Monday
Monday February 4, 2013 © Dr. Alaa Khamis, IEEE RAS -Egypt Chapter Service robots for private use. Stock at end 2002 and projected installations 2003-2006