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Heavy Metals (Cu and Cr) Pollution from Textile Industry In Surface Water and Sediment (Case Study: Cikijing River, West Java, Indonesia)
Abstract
The textile industrial along the road of Rancaekek-Cicalengka contributes in deterioration of Citarik Sub-watershed. PT X is the largest textile industry that discharge its effluents, containing Copper (Cu) and Chrom (Cr) used in dyeing and printing processes, into Cikijing River once used as agricultural irrigation. The objectives of this research were to create profile of Cu and Cr content in water and sediment of Cikijing River. Heavy metals concentration were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Average Cu concentration in water bodies before and after introduction of primary effluent of PT X were 0.0238 ppm and 0.3265 ppm, respectively. It is clear that there were significant increase of Cu concentration. While Cu concentration in sediment before and after introduction of primary effluent of PT X were 36.291 ppm m and 50.450 ppm m , respectively. It is clear that there were significant increase of Cu concentration. Significant increase of Cr concentration in water before (0.0275 ppm) and after introduction (3.122 ppm) of primary effluent of PT X was also found. While Cr concentration in sediment before introduction of the main effluent was varied between 15.625 ppm m-34.375 ppm m , while after introduction of the main effluent was 68.125 ppm m-87.5 ppm m. Metals concentration in sediments tend to be higher than metals concentration in water due to alkaline pH of water, high organic matter content in water, and low discharge of water. Wastewater effluent of textile industy resulted in significant increase of copper and chromium concentrations in water and sediment, therefore exceeding standard stipulated in Decree of West Java Governor No.39/2000, Government Ordinance no. 82/2001, and US-EPA, which can cause negative impacts to food crops and human health in study area.
... Liposarcuspardalis has been use as an aquatic biota for biomonitoring in Upper Citarum River. Studies of Roosmini ( , 2008Roosmini ( , 2010Roosmini ( and 2011 in Upper Citarum River showed that heavy metals concentrations in Liposarcus pardalis are fluctuated depend on the land use along the river. Due to poor water quality of Upper Citarum River nowadays, alternative method in monitoring the water quality are a must to find out the best and appropriate methods. ...
... Liposarcuspardalis has been use as an aquatic biota for biomonitoring in Upper Citarum River. Studies of Roosmini ( , 2008Roosmini ( , 2010Roosmini ( and 2011 in Upper Citarum River showed that heavy metals concentrations in Liposarcus pardalis are fluctuated depend on the land use along the river. Due to poor water quality of Upper Citarum River nowadays, alternative method in monitoring the water quality are a must to find out the best and appropriate methods. ...
Electroplating industry is an industry which generates wastewater containing heavy metals. Several studies about heavy metal pollutants have been done in Upper Citarum River, using Liposarcus pardalis fish as biomonitoring. This study is conducted to find the bioaccumulation process of heavy metal from wastewater treatment plant effluent on Liposarcus pardalis, at two electroplating industries (PT X and PT Y). Heavy metal concentration in wastewater treatment plant fluctuated during the study. The results show that the concentrations of Ni and Cr in the PT.X and the Cu and Ni in the PT.Y exceeded the standard from Ministry of Environment No.51, 1995 and the Provicicial West Java Decree no. 6, 1999. BCF values in fish flesh are high for Zn in PT X with a value of 224 and 466 in PT Y. The highest BCF in fish liver occurs in Cu in PT. X with the value of 3162 and Zn at PT. Y with a value of 975.
... There are various other industries having a significant effect on the economy of Thailand, however, apart from other industries, textile industry is the key having great influence on the economy. The importance of the textile industry in Thailand is also highlighted in previous studies (Jubaedah et al., 2016;Roosmini, Andarani, & Nastiti, 2010). However, sustainability of BP is most vital in the performance of Thai textile firms. ...
The objective of this study is to examine the role of HRM and supply chain to promote business performance (BP) sustainability in Thai textile firms. Meditating role of employee skills and raw material is examined. Therefore, the relationship between HRM, supply chain, employee skills, raw material and BP sustainability was examined. Population of the study is textile firms of Thailand. Employees of these textile firms were selected as respondents. 300 questionnaires were distributed among the textile firms of Thailand. Results of the study shows the positive role of HRM in BP sustainability. Better practices of HRM have the ability to promote BP sustainability. HRM has a positive role in employee skills development which further enhances BP sustainability. Moreover, supply chains in textile firms also play a major role to promote BP sustainability. Better supply chain increases the availability of raw material which causes BP sustainability.
... Nutrient leakage from agricultural soil into pond water causes eutrophication. High water temperature, oxygen concentration, basic pH, and hardness increases the heavy metal toxicity ( Roosmini et al., 2010 ). Besides the pollution from industrial effluents, urban, and agricultural waste, may cause high levels of toxicity in some pond water ( Samad et al., 2015 ). ...
Pond water is used in everyday life by many people in Bangladesh, however, without sufficient and reliable information regarding water quality and pollution status. For this reason, geospatial analysis and mapping of water quality indices such as metal (MI), contamination (Cd), and physicochemical water quality index (WQI) were assessed to improve the understanding of potential pollution sources. Samples were collected from twenty randomly selected ponds situated in Jashore Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh. Nineteen (19) water quality parameters were measured, including pH, temperature, EC, TDS, total suspended solids (TSS), chloride, alkalinity, total hardness, salinity, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Co, Zn, Ag, Ni, and Cu. The average concentration of Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni was much higher than recommended standards. The WQI ranged from 1.5-4.8, Cd from 12.6-80.6, and MI from 21.6-89.6. The spatial distribution of MI indicates that the south-western and south-eastern region of the study area are stands out with a very high pollution pressure. The spatial distribution of Cd, follows the same trend as for MI. A multitude of different types of pollution sources contributes to the high pollution load such as, municipal wastewater, leachate from landfills, small industry wastewater and stormwater, and agricultural runoff. The studied pond water is highly polluted and not suitable for household use and fish consumption.
... Cu was higher in the steel factory effluents and we also observed similar variations of Cu concentrations in the textile and steel effluent mixing zones ( (Ghaly et al., 2014;Dwina et al., 2010;Sial et al., 2006). We hardly found elevated Cu concentrations in the textile effluents (Table 2.1.), ...
... Cu was higher in the steel factory effluents and we also observed similar variations of Cu concentrations in the textile and steel effluent mixing zones (Table 2). Many studies reported high Cu concentrations in the effluents of textile factories, largely related to the coloring of the fabrics (Sial et al. 2006;Dwina et al. 2010;Ghaly et al. 2014). We hardly found elevated Cu concentrations in the textile effluents (Table 1), though the Cu concentrations were higher in the textile effluent mixing zone than for both the textile effluents and the other effluent mixing zones in the rivers (Table 2). ...
... Cu was higher in the steel factory effluents and we also observed similar variations of Cu concentrations in the textile and steel effluent mixing zones ( (Ghaly et al., 2014;Dwina et al., 2010;Sial et al., 2006). We hardly found elevated Cu concentrations in the textile effluents (Table 2.1.), ...
... Cu was higher in the steel factory effluents and we also observed similar variations of Cu concentrations in the textile and steel effluent mixing zones ( (Ghaly et al., 2014;Dwina et al., 2010;Sial et al., 2006). We hardly found elevated Cu concentrations in the textile effluents (Table 2.1.), ...
This book is an initial attempt to estimate heavy metal and nutrient loads into an industrial effluent receiving rivers within typical industrializing catchments of Kombolcha city, in north-central Ethiopia. It presents the effects and impacts of diffuse and point sources of the loads into the rivers, and illuminate management, capacity and policy gaps of riverine water and sediment monitoring in Ethiopia from the sub-Saharan countries perspective. The rivers, which receive both industrial effluent and runoff within the catchments, were monitored for two years. The study finds applicable methods to quantify loads of diffuse and point sources in data poor areas, and gaps in controlling industrial emission and land use changes. This book generally contributes to the theory of river protection and understanding of water quality management of the sub-Saharan African rivers and sediments and provides policy options for improved rivers water quality.
... Cu was higher in the steel factory effluents and we also observed similar variations of Cu concentrations in the textile and steel effluent mixing zones ( (Ghaly et al., 2014;Dwina et al., 2010;Sial et al., 2006). We hardly found elevated Cu concentrations in the textile effluents (Table 2.1.), ...
Estimating the relative contribution of heavy metals and nutrients loads from diffuse and point sources and various hydrological pathways is a major research challenge in catchment hydrology. Understanding of the transfer, loads and concentration of these loads in basins is useful in designing and implementing policies for the managements of surface waters. In sub- Saharan countries, few studies have been done to estimate heavy metals and nutrients transfers in catchments. It is usually difficult to obtain hydrological and hydro-chemical data even for smaller catchments. This Thesis presents the estimates of loads of heavy metals and nutrients from industry and land use into two rivers that flow through an industrializing catchment, additionally presents the selection and application of a model to estimate TN and TP loads in the Kombolcha catchments. The study of the transfer contaminants from diffuse and point sources illustrates management, capacity and policy needs for the monitoring of rivers in Ethiopia, and with relevance for other sub-Saharan countries.
The study was done in the semi-arid catchments of Kombolcha city, which sits within an urban and peri-urban setting in north-central Ethiopia. The Leyole and Worka rivers drain the catchments, and receive industrial effluents from several factories in the surrounding area and wash-off from the surrounding catchment. The rivers flow into the larger Borkena River. The goal of this research was to monitor and quantify sources and transfer of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb) and nutrients ((NH4 +NH3)–N, NO3–N, TN, PO4–P, TP) into the Leyole and Worka rivers, and evaluate their management/control in a data-poor catchment. The apportionments of the total nitrogen and phosphorus loads from diffuse and point sources were investigated. The work is placed in a policy context through a review of relevant policy within Ethiopia and at the wider perspective of sub-Saharan Africa.
The first set of measurements was on industrial effluent samples collected from discharge from five factories. In total, 40 effluent samples were taken in both 2013 and 2014. The second set of measurements were on waters and sediments. In total, 120 water samples were collected from the rivers in the wet season of two monitoring years of 2013 and 2014. River bed sediment samples, in total 18 samples, were taken at six stations on three occasions in the wet seasons the two monitoring years. In order to estimate the dilution capacities of the Leyole and Worka rivers, daily flow depths of the river water were recorded twice a day during the sampling campaigns of 2013 and 2014. Stage‐discharge rating curves were used to estimate the flows of both the Leyole and Worka Rivers. The heavy metals concentrations were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.
The median concentrations of Cr from tannery effluents and Zn from steel processing effluents were 26,600 and 155,750 μg/L, respectively, much exceeding emission guidelines. Concentrations of Cr were high in the Leyole river water (median: 2660 μg/L) and sediments (maximum: 740 mg/kg), Cu in the river water was highest at the midstream part of the Leyole river (median: 63μg/L), but a maximum content of 417 mg/kg was found in upstream sediments. Concentrations of Zn were highest in the upstream part of the Leyole river water (median 521μg/L) and sediments (maximum: 36,600 mg/kg). Pb concentration was low in both rivers, but, relatively higher content (maximum: 3,640 mg/kg) found in the sediments in the upstream of the Leyole river. Chromium showed similar patterns of enhanced concentrations in the downstream part of the Leyole River. Except for Pb, the concentrations of all heavy metals surpassed the guidelines for aquatic life, human water supply, and irrigation and livestock water supply. All of the heavy metals exceeded guidelines for sediment quality for aquatic organisms.
Regarding nutrients, emissions from a brewery and a meat processing unit were rich in nutrients, with median concentrations of TN of 21,00–44,000 μg/L and TP of 20,000 – 58,000 μg/L. These had an average apportionment of 10% and 13%, respectively, of the total nutrient loads. In the waters, higher TN concentrations were found from sub‐catchments with largest agricultural land use, whereas highest TP was associated with sub‐catchments with hilly landscapes and forest lands. Both the TN and TP concentrations exceeded standards for aquatic life protection, irrigation, and livestock water supply. Using specific criteria to assess model suitability resulted in the use of PLOAD. The model relies on estimates of nutrient loads from point sources such as industries and export coefficients of land use, calibrated using measured TN and TP loads from the catchments. The model was calibrated and its performance was increased, reducing the sum of errors by 89 % and 5 % for the TN and TP loads, respectively. The results were validated using independent field data.
The findings of the research shows high loads of heavy metals and nutrients in rivers of the industrializing regions of Kombolcha, identified gaps in estimating heavy metals and nutrient pollution and in policy implementation. Recommended future research and policy development to address a number of key gaps in water quality protection measures include control of point and diffuse loads of heavy metals and nutrients from sources, and improvement in land managements and monitoring and regulation.
... Cu was higher in the steel factory effluents and we also observed similar variations of Cu concentrations in the textile and steel effluent mixing zones (Table 2). Many studies reported high Cu concentrations in the effluents of textile factories, largely related to the coloring of the fabrics (Sial et al. 2006;Dwina et al. 2010;Ghaly et al. 2014). We hardly found elevated Cu concentrations in the textile effluents (Table 1), though the Cu concentrations were higher in the textile effluent mixing zone than for both the textile effluents and the other effluent mixing zones in the rivers (Table 2). ...
Kombolcha, a city in Ethiopia, exemplifies the challenges and problems of the sub-Saharan countries where industrialization is growing fast but monitoring resources are poor and information on pollution unknown. This study monitored metals Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations in five factories’ effluents, and in the effluent mixing zones of two rivers receiving discharges during the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014. The results indicate that median concentrations of Cr in the tannery effluents and Zn in the steel processing effluents were as high as 26,600 and 155,750 µg/L, respectively, much exceeding both the USEPA and Ethiopian emission guidelines. Cu concentrations were low in all effluents. Pb concentrations were high in the tannery effluent, but did not exceed emission guidelines. As expected, no metal emission guidelines were exceeded for the brewery, textile and meat processing effluents. Median Cr and Zn concentrations in the Leyole river in the effluent mixing zones downstream of the tannery and steel processing plant increased by factors of 52 (2660 compared with 51 µg Cr/L) and 5 (520 compared with 110 µg Zn/L), respectively, compared with stations further upstream. This poses substantial ecological risks downstream. Comparison with emission guidelines indicates poor environmental management by industries and regulating institutions. Despite appropriate legislation, no clear measures have yet been taken to control industrial discharges, with apparent mismatch between environmental enforcement and investment policies. Effluent management, treatment technologies and operational capacity of environmental institutions were identified as key improvement areas to adopt progressive sustainable development.
The pollution of the River Nile bottom sediment is indicative of water and food-web quality in general. About 60 samples were collected from the upper 50 cm of the Nile bottom sediments between Aswan due south and Isna due north. The sampling considered the eastern and the western banks as well as the middle of the Nile course. Collaborating analytical techniques have been employed to analyze group of environment-sensitive elements, including; Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cu, V, Zn, U, Th and Ra. Standard sequential extraction procedure was employed on polluted samples to determine the bioavailability of the pollutants. The present study documents serious pollution by Cd in the vicinity of the phosphate-shipping harbors at the eastern and western banks of Sibaiya area. The average Cd content in the study area (3.1 ppm) is about 6 fold the maximum permissible limit (MPL = 0.5 ppm) of soil while the highest concentration (5.8 ppm) is more than 10 fold the MPL. Cadmium is more mobile in aquatic environments than most other heavy metals. The areas around Isna harbors and along Aswan dam show marked pollution by Pb which reaches 271ppm. The main reason for such Pb pollution is the fuel combustion from heavy traffic. However, there is insignificant signature of pollution by other heavy metals such as Ni, Co, Zn, V and Cu. The phosphorite mining and shipping area between Sibaiya and Mahamied exhibits marked pollution signature by uranium (up to 8 ppm). Knowing that almost half of the uranium content in phosphorite is soluble in the hexavalent state, significant amount of uranium must have been drained due north with Nile current. Radon and uranium have mutual distribution, while thorium is not. The sequential extraction data indicate that the insoluble fraction remains the main sink of zinc, copper and cobalt. Almost half the content of cadmium, lead and vanadium occurs in a bioavailable state; as exchangeable and carbonate-bound cations. Nickel mostly associates the iron oxy-hydroxides fraction. The unsupervised anthropogenic activities are the main causes of pollution in the Nile sediments. Routine program for monitoring the abundance and distribution of Cd, Pb and U in the Nile water, biota, sediments and food chain should be imposed.
Analysis of water, plankton, fish and sediment reveals that the Cauvery River water in the downstream is contaminated by certain heavy metals. Water samples have high carbonate hardness. Concentrations of all elements and ions increase in the downstream. Main ions are in the following order: Na > HCO3 >Mg > K > Ca> Cl > SO4. Heavy metal concentration in water was Cr >Cu ≈ Mn > Co > Ni > Pb > Zn, in fish muscles Cr > Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb ≈ Zn, in phytoplanktens Co > Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr and in the sediments the heavy metal concentration was Co > Cr > Ni ≈ Cu > Mn > Zn > Pb. Although, the quality of Cauvery River may be classified as very good based on the salt and sodium for irrigation, Zn, Pb and Cr concentration exceeded the upper limit of standards. Metal concentrations in the downstream indicate an increase in the pollution load due to movement of fertilizers, agricultural ashes, industrial effluents and anthropogenic wastes. An immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required in order to protect the river from further pollution.
Agrochemicals, geochemical structure and industrial wastes create a potential source of heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment. The porpuse of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations in five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr) in the surface water of the Keritis river, one of the most important rivers in Chania, Greece. The surface water samples were colloected at 8 sampling sites in the Keritis river system. Seven sampling campaigns were carried out in each site in a 1-year period, during August 2004 to July 2005. Heavy metals were determined by using flame and furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Ancillary data included water temperature, pH and electric conductivity. Significant variations were observed between the warm period (May to September) and the wet period (October to April), for the studied metals. Heavy metal concentrations were sufficiently higher in warm period than in wet period. The average concentrations in wet and warm period were: Cu (0.88 μg l-1; 6.62 μg l-1), Cd (0.005 μg l-1; 0.019 μg l-1), Pb (0.28 μg l-1; 2.59 μg l-1), Cr (1.44 μg l-1; 3.25 μg l-1), and Zn (4 μg l-1; 39 μg l-1), respectively. The relative variability followed the order: Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd>Cr. The seasonal variations may be due to either anthropogenic causes, such as agricultural practices, especially the use of fertilizers and biocides or wastewater discharge, or natural causes, such as water temperature, pH, redox condition, or river flow. The water pH was lower in warm period than in wet period. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr were found to be positively related to the water pH in both periods. The water temperature was higher in the warm period and no strong, but remarkable correlations were found between the heavy metal concentrations and the temperature values for the warm and the wet period. Also, there was found no correlation between the heavy metal concentrations and the electrical conductivity.
Water samples from five sampling points on four rivers, Owabi, Akyeampomene, Pumpunase and Sukobri, representing the main streams serving the Owabi reservoir were analysed for some pollution indicators using standard methods. Heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cu, Pb and As) concentrations and some physical parameters of the water samples were determined. Electrical conductivity and pH of waters from all the streams were found to be within the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization (WHO). All the streams showed high turbidity values above WHO limits. Of the heavy metals determined in the water samples, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in all the streams were within the acceptable WHO limits, whiles Pb and As appeared to be higher than the acceptable limits in all the streams. The highest concentrations of most of the heavy metals were recorded at the Kronum site on Owabi stream. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between pH and some metals at all the sample points (p = 0.05). The results showed that all the streams were polluted and must be treated before consumption. It was also recommended that, human activities within the catchments should be monitored closely to minimise their polluting impacts on the water quality.
� Abstract : Heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni ) concentration in water sediments and fish was analysed from Madivala lake in the month of June 2008. There was an appreciable increase in metal concentrations in going from the water to the sediment samples.The Heavy metal concentration, in water was in the order Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni , in sediments Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni . Ten fish species (Catla,Silver carp , Common carp, Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus ) Mrigal Etroplus suratensis, Murrels (Channa marulius), Nandus nandus Amblypharyngodon mola Catfishes (Heteropneustes fossilis) ) were collected from this lake and analyzed for Heavy metal content of muscle , liver, gills and kidney tissues. The maximum concentration of heavy metals was found in Kidney and liver, the order of heavy metal level in various argons is Muscle >Gills >liver >kidney. The Order of heavy metal concentration in Muscle Pb >Cd>Ni>Cr, in Gills Pb =Cd>Ni>Cr, in kidney Pb >>Cd>Ni>Cr and in liver Pb >Cd>Ni>Cr The presence of elevated levels of Pb and Cd in almost argons is a serious matter of concern and the potential for human exposure to heavy metals from eating fish caught in the lake .1,2
This study explores the extent and possible sources of heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and Ni) contamination in the bed sediments of the Gomti River performing principal component analysis on the five years (Jan. 1994–Dec. 1998) data set obtained through continuous monitoring of the river water and bed sediments at eight selected sites and water/wastewater of its tributaries/drains. Influence of anthropogenic activities on metal contamination of the bed sediments was evaluated through computing the geoaccumulation index for various metals at studied sites. PCA performed on combined (river bed sediment, water, suspended solids, water/wastewater from tributaries/drains) data set extracted two significant factors explaining more than 58% of total variance. Factor loadings suggested the presence of both natural as well as anthropogenic sources for all these metals in the river bed sediments. Among all the sites, the sites 4 and 5 are more contaminated with Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb, which was supported by the geoaccumulation indices computed for metals. Factor scores revealed presence of seasonal (monsoon-related) differences in metals profiles for river water and suspended solids and absence of seasonal differences for bed sediment and wastewater. Further, the metal contamination of the bed sediment was also evaluated using biological thresholds. Results suggested that the river bed sediments are contaminated with heavy metals, which may contribute to sediment toxicity to the freshwater ecosystem of the Gomti River.
Heavy metal contamination and their distribution in different size fractions of the surficial sediment in Haihe River, China have been investigated. These results reveal that the heavy metal contamination of Haihe River is closely related to the contaminating sources along the river and has the order: Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr. The contents of these heavy metals in the sediment of Haihe River are at least two times higher than their background values and the highest contaminating metal, Cd, is 15.5 times higher than its background value and determined in the urban area of Tianjin city. The surficial sediments of Haihe River, with 70% particles smaller than 20μm, belong to sandy clay containing about 28% clay and 42% silt. Electron micrographs and x-ray analysis show that the concentrations of heavy metals depend on the particle size of sediments. The highest concentrations for most metals exist in fine-grained sediments, which are mainly composed of silicates, oxides, and hydroxides of Si, Fe, and Al. In contrast, lower levels of heavy metals are usually found in the coarse sandy sediments, which are composed of quartz, feldspar, and other rocky substances. Based on the results in the present study of the surficial sediments of Haihe River, the contents of Cr, Cu, Pd, and Cd in finer sediments are 2.4, 3.9, 2.8, and 3.6 times higher than those in coarse sandy sediments, respectively. Obviously, because of rapid industrial development in this area during the last few decades, the surficial sediments of Haihe River, especially those finer fractions, have been seriously contaminated by heavy metals.
Cálculos matemáticos para agua y aguas residuales. Contenido: Corrientes y ríos; Lagos y depósitos; Agua subterránea; Fundamentos y tratamiento en plantas hidrológicas; Abastecimiento de agua potable; Ingeniería de aguas residuales.
The Second Songhua River was subjected to a large amount of raw or primary effluent from chemical industries in Jilin city in 1960s to 1970s, resulting in serious mercury pollution. However, an understanding of other trace metal pollution has remained unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate trace metal contamination in the sediment of the river. Bottom sediment samples were taken in the river between Jilin city and Haerbin city in 2005. An uncontaminated sediment profile was taken in the Nen River at the same time. Total concentrations of Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Ti, Mn, V, Sc, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediment samples were measured by ICP-MS or ICP-OES, following digestion with various acids. Concentrations of Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in the surface sediments were 5.1-14.7, 18.5-78.9, 2.4-75.4, 7.2-29.0, 13.5-124.4, and 21.8-403.1 mg/kg, respectively, generally decreasing along the course of the river from Jilin city to Haerbin city. Background concentrations of trace metals were reconstructed by geochemical normalization to a conservative element scandium. Results showed that concentrations of Co, Cr, and Ni in the sediment were generally only slightly higher than or equal to their background values, while concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the some sediment samples were significantly higher than their background values. In detail, the sediment at Jilin city was moderately contaminated by Cu, and the sediment of the Second Songhua River was moderately contaminated by Pb and Zn. The top layer (0-10 cm depth) and bottom layers (30-46 cm depth) of one sediment profile at Wukeshu town were generally moderately polluted by Pb and Zn. Synthetically, the surface sediment in the studied river section was classified as natural sediment without ecological risk by the sediment pollution index (SPI) of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn. Only the 30-45 cm depth of the sediment profile at Wukeshu town was classified as low polluted sediment by the SPI of these metals, recording a historical contamination of the river in the 1960s to 1970s. This buried contamination of trace metals might pose a potential risk to water column under disturbance of sediment.
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