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Abstract

We present and investigate the karren forms of the Island of Diego de Almagro. We mapped the bigger karren forms and we measured the density and the size of the smaller forms. We analysed the connection between the karren formation and the effect of the wind by using the morphological data. Because of the wind such karren forms developed on the island, which do not occur on the Earth elsewhere. (For example there are 'ripple karren'. These are steps with 1-2 cm width and height occurring on each other on a slope in several decimetres' length.) The direction of some karren forms is or can be the same as that of the wind and they become streamlined. Other forms can be (for example dissolutional basins) asymmetrical and these are very extensive. We present varieties of wind effect at karren formation. We analyse the role of these effects in the increasing of the dissolution, and in control of dissolution.
... trittkarren whose risers are coalescing (Veress, 2000a); • Veress et al. (2006) described ripplekarren on marble (from Diego de almagro island). The risers of this type are straight and are not curved. ...
... rinnenkarren can develop on a variety of rock. For example, they can occur on marble (Veress et al., 2006), on granite (rassmusson, 1959), on calcareous sandstone, on calcareous conglomerate, on amorphous silica sandstone (Veress and Kocsis, 1996), on gypsum (calaforra, 1996), on basalt (Bar-trum and Mason, 1948), on quartzite (White et al., 1966;Marker, 1976a;White, 1988), on halite (Macaluso and sauro, 1996a), and on calcareous greenschist . large channels can develop in particular on granite and halite. ...
... We can also distinguish other channel development processes: • from "leafkarren" (szunyogh et al., 1998); • from trittkarren (Veress and tóth, 2002); • from scallops (curl, 1966); • from ripple karren on marble (Diego de almagro island; Veress et al., 2006); • from the opening-up of karren caves (Veress, 2000b(Veress, , 2002. We observed eddies (Veress, 2000c;Veress et al., 2006) in the bottom basins of rinnenkarren and at the bottom steps of rinnenkarren in the Julian alps and on Diego de almagro island. ...
... acid, alkaline). They do not only develop on limestone, but they also develop on marble (Maire et al., 2009;Veress et al., 2006), on dolomite (Pluhar and Ford, 1970), gypsum, anhydrite and halite (Calaforra, 1996;Macaluso and Sauro, 1996), but subordinately on basalt (Dzulynski and Kotarba, 1979), granite (Bartrum and Mason, 1948), on sandstone (Robinson and Williams, 1992), on green schist and limestone phyllite (Veress et al., 1998) and on calciferous conglomerates (Gunn and Gunay, 1989). ...
... On mediterranean karst, rinnenkarren having a floor inclination of 35°in their whole length have steps (Gines and Gines 2009). However, the rinnenkarren of glaciokarsts subject to intensive wind effect have similarly stepped floors (Veress et al., 2006). Decantation runnels develop at local water supply sites (for example kamenitza) (Ford and Williams, 2007). ...
... Karren tables develop if the rock is protected locally against dissolution by insoluble rock block. Among the karren buttes can also be mentioned tail-dune karren buttes when the rock cannot be dissolved in the lee side of a rock block (Veress et al., 2006). Arches develop if the adjacent karren features only partly coalesce due to dissolution. ...
Article
The karren formation and karren features of bare slopes is studied. The occurrence of various karren features was measured on slopes with different inclination. The occurrence of various karren features on slopes has been presented according to slope inclination values. The slopes were put into slope categories and their karren features were given. Thus, the karren formation of the bare slopes of various karst types and karst features (glaciokarst, coastal karst, tropical karst, mediterranean karst, collapse dolines, gorges, caves etc.) can be described. It can be stated that on limestone with the increase of the inclination of the bearing slope, the diversity of karren features decreases and those of flow origin will be increasingly dominant. However, with the increase of slope inclination, features of flow origin will be increasingly simpler. On limestone, on slopes with a smaller dip and on slopes of less soluble rocks, the distribution of karren features of seepage origin increases. On glaciokarst, where bare slopes are widespread and of various inclination, karren are diverse and the distribution of various types is also considerable. In other karst areas, small-inclined slopes (coastal karst, tropical karst) or very large-inclined slopes (tropical karst, collapse dolines) are predominant and thus, the distribution of some karren features (e.g. rinnenkarren) is limited. The change of slope inclination may result in the change of karren formation. On glaciokarst, bare and subsoil karren formation are separated from each other, on mediterranean and tropical karst, they are less separated from each other and the latter prepares the former. On halite, the effect of slope inclination on karren formation may be modified by intensive dissolution. The karren formations of halite and tropical karst are partly similar which can be explained by intensive dissolution in both cases.
... Karst water impoundment could take place in ice too. Such a glaciokarst type is found on the islands of the Patagonian archipelago, such as Diego de Almagro (Veress et al. 2006;Maire et al. 2009). ...
... Here, landforms elongated in wind direction (roche moutonnée-like features) are observed. It is also discernible that because the higher rate of solution, windward slopes are steeper and the leeward slopes are gentler (Maire et al. 2009;Veress et al. 2006). The role of wind in the governing solution is further attested by non-karstic blocks with remnants of karstic rocks on the leeward side ( Fig. 2.12- Maire et al. 2009). ...
... The higher rates of the solution on the windward side are explained as follows: The wind increases pressure on water, the wind keeps water on the slope surface and, thus, increases the duration of solution (Veress et al. 2006). Veress et al. a Viewed from wind direction, b viewed from right angles to wind direction, c viewed from direction opposite to wind (2006) claim that the wind also promotes solution by adding rainwater yield on the windward slopes. ...
Chapter
This chapter presents the glacier types associated with karsts and the types of glaciokarst. Among the latter, the glacier/karst interactions and planform types are analysed in detail. The conditions of glacier formation are investigated and the geomorphological zones and subzones of glaciokarst are overviewed. When presenting the properties of glaciokarst, the balance of subglacial waters and epikarst characteristics are described, glaciokarst types are distinguished by the age and mode of origin and the modes and rates of transformation of landforms are identified.
... A significant characteristic of the process is that no debris is formed. On bare terrains, the indicators of the process are karren tables (Bögli 1961), aeolian karren ridges (Jaillet et al. 2000) or relict ridges (Veress et al. 2006). ...
... On glaciokarst made up of non-stratified rocks, megakarren can also contribute to superficial dissolution. Large-sized and coalescing kamenitzas result in the superficial dissolution of the surface (Veress et al. 2006). Superficial dissolution may take place both on the scarp fronts and bedding planes of stepped terrains. ...
... In this case, the denudation of roche moutonées primarily happens by superficial dissolution. Mainly their upwind side is denuded by dissolution (Veress et al. 2006). Roche moutonnées may affect the dissolutional denudation of the terrains between them. ...
Chapter
This chapter deals with the geomorphic evolution of glaciokarst. The ways of surface denudation are presented on bare karst and soil-covered karst, on concealed karst and allogenic karst, then in light of them, the landscape evolution in the area of various glacial erosional surfaces and landforms will be outlined. The future geomorphic evolution of glacial erosional surfaces are also touched upon.
... On glaciokarst, mainly mezokarren and microkarren are widespread, but megakarren may occur too. For example, such karren can be mentioned from the glaciokarst of Patagonia, where the amount of rainfall is of extreme degree (Veress et al. 2006;Maire et al. 2009). On the marble surfaces of Diego de Almagro Island megakarren, meanderkarren ( On glaciokarst, common microkarren are microgrikes, microspitzkarren and microtrittkarren (Veress and Zentai 2004). ...
... Kamenitzas are basin-like karren with a circular ground plan ( Fig. 4.9). Kamenitzas with a diameter of several metres and even several ten metres occur for example on the Diego de Almagro Island (Veress et al. 2006). On the floor of large kamenitzas, other karren features with smaller size may develop too, such as karren channel swallet, rinnenkarren and trittkarren (Veress 1995;Veress et al. 2006). ...
... Kamenitzas with a diameter of several metres and even several ten metres occur for example on the Diego de Almagro Island (Veress et al. 2006). On the floor of large kamenitzas, other karren features with smaller size may develop too, such as karren channel swallet, rinnenkarren and trittkarren (Veress 1995;Veress et al. 2006). The density of kamenitzas is not large, they mostly occur alone, one by one with other karren features together. ...
Chapter
In this chapter, the karst landforms of glaciokarst are presented which are the following: karren, giant grikes, shafts, karst depressions such as giant depressions (dolines, uvalas), small-sized solution dolines, schachtdolines, subsidence dolines, ponors and poljes. We describe their distribution and frequency, their relation to glacial erosional features as well as the relation between each other, their size, morphology, varieties, evolution, development and development age.
... A combe-ridge can show specific and rich karren formation under extreme circumstances. Thus, for example, on the island of Diego de Almagro, where a large amount of precipitation and high wind speed favours intensive karren formation on combe-ridges (Veress et al. 2006). On the island, karstification is mainly focused on combe-ridges. ...
... In case of an island with a position close to the pole, few karst types can develop in the glacier valleys. Karren formation is predominant on the relatively wide ridges between the valleys (Veress et al. 2006). The karstification of combe-ridges may be determinant, but that of troughs is less determinant since the karst water level may be situated at the bottom of troughs. ...
Chapter
The recent karstic patterns of glaciokarst are presented. Karstic pattern is described taking karst types and karst-type assemblages into consideration. The recent karstification and pattern of the areas of former cirque glaciers, valley glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets and piedmont glaciers are presented. The recent karstic pattern and development of the karst of glaciokarst types (plateau glaciokarst, semi-plateau glaciokarst, mountain glaciokarst, rock fortress, ridge glaciokarst, complex glaciokarst and island glaciokarst) are analysed and described.
... 8.27,8.28 and 8.29). The characteristics of kamenitzas are the following (Veress et al. 2006): ...
Chapter
This chapter involves five case studies, in which the landscape and the relation of karstification and glacial erosion are described. Three case studies deal with the sample sites of the Alps (Northern Calcareous Alps, Julian Alps and Bernese Alps). One area is situated in the Durmitor (Dinarides), while the fifth area is a special site. It is a subarctic karst in the southern part of Patagonia developing under extreme climatic circumstances.
... The resultant features are called ventifacts (Cooke et al. 1993) and are most common in various lithologies in deserts. However, they also occur in relatively homogeneous and dense carbonate rocks in coastal settings where there is ample wind and sand supply to act as abrasive agent (Veress et al. 2006). Diagenetically mature fine-grained limestone boulders exposed in vicinity of beaches or coastal dunes are known to develop wind polished facets over time (Knight 2005). ...
Book
Carbonate rock coasts are found world-wide, from continental shorelines of the Adriatic Sea of Europe to the Yucatan Peninsula of North America, and on tropical islands from Rodrigues Island in the Indian Ocean, to the Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean, to the Bahama Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Such coasts are well known for their unusual and distinctive karst landforms. Karst processes, particularly those associated with coastal landforms, are proving to be surprisingly unique and complex. This volume presents a comprehensive overview of the processes associated with coastal karst development comparing examples from a broad geographical and geomorphological range of island and continental shoreline/paleoshoreline settings, including a review of pseudokarst processes that can compete with and overprint dynamic coastal karst landscapes. As effective management of hydrologic resources grows more complex, coastal caves and karst represent fundamental components in associated coastal aquifers, which in the rock record can also form significant petroleum reservoirs. Audience By providing a clearer understanding of the geological, biological, archaeological and cultural value of coastal caves and karst resources, this volume offers a critical tool to coastal researchers and geoscientists in related fields and to coastal land managers as it illustrates the diversity of coastal karst landforms, the unique processes which formed them, the diversity of resources they harbor and their relationship to coastal zone preservation strategies and the development of sustainable management approaches.
Chapter
In this chapter the research history of glaciokarsts is described from 1880 in the following topics: morphological descriptions (landforms on glaciokarst terrains, cave explorations on glaciokarsts), hydrologic and speleological analysis of subglacial and periglacial karst aquifers, new methodologies in glaciokarst research (dating methods, formal stratigraphy, GIS, computer simulations), age of synthesis, anthropogenic effects and climate change on glaciokarsts.
Chapter
In this chapter, notable glaciokarsts of the world are presented. Geographical location, geologic and tectonic settings, climatic conditions, glaciation phases as well as surface and underground karst landforms are presented about each selected region. Obviously, the areal extent, the degree of exploration and the amount of publicly available information are different in each case. Historically, the first glaciokarst studies were based on the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinaric Alps and the British Isles, and they have remained in the focus since then. Hence, these regions are presented here in more detail, but even these presentations can be considered only short overviews. Some other glaciokarst terrains, such as Scandinavia or the Rocky Mountains, have also been thoroughly studied but later in history; nevertheless, there are abundant internationally available publications about them. Certain parts of the Balkan Peninsula, the Apennines or even Anatolia received high attention more recently and novel methods have been used to investigate their glaciokarst terrains. The Carpathians and the Appalachians, which are also discussed in this chapter, are extensively studied mountains in general, but glaciokarsts occupy a relatively small proportion in them. On the other hand, there are still regions, which are difficult to access, where glaciokarsts are poorly explored, and/or the available literature is limited (or the publications are only in Russian, for instance). Some of them, namely, the Altai Mountains, the Greater Caucasus, the Tian Shan, the Pamir and the Patagonian archipelago, are also briefly presented here. Finally, it is noted that our selection does not contain all glaciokarsts of the world because it is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Article
Full-text available
Morphological maps of a few meandering karren in Totes Gebirge have been made, and a range of meander parameters were measured. By using the terrain observations and the parameters of the meanders on the maps the development of the meanders can be explained and furthermore different types of meandering karren can be distinguished. © 2004 Gebrüder Borntraeger, D-14129 Berlin · D-70176 Stuttgart.
Article
The trittkarren from the Svartisen area of northern Norway are well developed on very pure Cambro-Silurian marbles. Detailed shapes were measured with a profile gauge and described by six morphological variables. A statistical analysis of data suggests that as adjacent trittkarren enlarge, their divides are corroded more rapidly than their backwalls. An ultimate end product of such development is a solutional flat backed by a small crenulate scarp. -from English summary