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Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
... Two books published in the 1990s have been particularly influential in social science trust studies. These are Making Democracy Work, by Putnam [23] and Trust, by Fukuyama [24]. They are widely referred to in sociological literature, but not at all in Computer Science. ...
... It's worth noting the immediate identification of trust with the concept of voluntary cooperation, which is compatible with the lens of Promise Theory [10]. Putnam (1993Putnam ( , 1995 popularized the idea that people learn trust from participating in voluntary organizations. A robust civil society may therefore be one factor which creates generalized trust, although evidence on this point is mixed (Nannestad, 2008). ...
... In the social science literature, a lot of weight is given to two books: Putnam [23] and Fukuyama [24]. ...
This document is background material for the forthcoming Promise Theory of trust. It contains notes on the research literature from a number of disciplines. It's secondary motivation is to comment informally on the extent to which independent research is compatible a priori with Promise Theory, it's definitions and its predictions. A precise summary in Promise Theory is work in progress and will be reported elsewhere. The supposition that trust is a purely human phenomenon is ubiquitous outside Computer Science, and undermines the generality of its significance for human-technological interactions; thus, it is of interest to abstract away specifically human attributes and identify the signalling mechanisms that generalize trust for 'agents' in the general case. Trust emerges as a way of trading 'savings of effort' (process debt) for possible gain. As such it's an important cost saving strategy for agents that have finite resources, and which therefore need to prioritize activities of greater value. This is a way to avoid being taxed by accountability and verification protocols to hedge against uncertainty. The story is linked to the 'tragedy of commons' or shared resource depletion, in this case where a single agent's resources are being shared between possibly competing tasks. In terms of process models, the appearance of an action potential that we call 'trust' is a sign that we are dealing with learning processes, also called memory processes, not transactional Markov processes. In order to understand how we shall use trust to lubricate human-technology (cyborg) relations in an increasingly augmented semi-virtual world, we need a consistent and formalized model of trust that everyone could agree on. In particular, we look for a way to avoid using moral judgements in trust questions as these are frequently misleading.
... Si bien se han establecido algunos elementos que distinguen el capital social, como la confianza, reciprocidad y cooperación (Putnam, 1983), desde la perspectiva de Durston (1999) se establece también la identidad como elemento constitutivo en su vertiente comunitaria. Tanto más elevado es el nivel de confianza, mayor es la posibilidad de existencia de la cooperación en los intercambios sociales; del mismo modo, la reciprocidad ocurre con mayor frecuencia en un clima donde la identidad es un elemento cohesionador en la comunidad de referencia. ...
... nen la necesidad están involucrados en las acciones que se requieren para solucionarla); del mismo modo, destaca la importancia de las redes sociales en la articulación de acciones que favorecen la reciprocidad, solidaridad y apoyo mutuo (Putnam, 1983(Putnam, , 2002, 7 El proceso de fortalecimiento de la identidad comunitaria ocurre en las prácticas cotidianas, en el reforzamiento y consolidación de los valores. Es a partir de la ampliación del sistema normativo formal e informal como se favorece la cooperación entre los actores que se identifican con procesos, ideas y valores consuetudinarios. ...
... Este proceso de alineación y reforzamiento de acciones con valores es llevado en la práctica cotidiana en el manejo, conservación y gestión de bienes públicos, tal como lo demuestraPutnam (1983) en su estudio clásico sobre Italia.Innovación gubernamental en el espacio municipal mexicano... ...
... Trust provides certainty, enables cooperation, communication, and coordination (Putnam, 1993). Fukuyama (1995), on the other hand, notes that levels of shared trust on a macro scale generate social wellbeing. ...
... Fukuyama (1995), on the other hand, notes that levels of shared trust on a macro scale generate social wellbeing. Generalized trust (GT), therefore, is defined as the inclination of individuals to cooperate, although they do not know each other; and it is attributed to good governance (Stolle, 2002) and historical and social processes (Putnam, 1993;Fukuyama, 1995). ...
El objetivo de esta investigación es señalar que la confianza generalizada es uno de los factores asociados a la propensión a la delictiva desde una perspectiva sociológica. De ahí que se realizó una encuesta presencial a 400 hogares del municipio mexicano de Zapopan, Jalisco; para conocer su percepción sobre distintas realidades sociales, entre estas, su nivel de confianza social y su propensión a infringir la ley. A través de modelos logit se encuentra que la educación y la edad tienen una relación negativa con la intención de cometer un crimen, mientras que las variables corrupción y desconfianza tienen una asociación positiva.
... Second, our findings suggest the limits of existing approaches to measuring social capital (Putnam 1993;Guiso et al. 2004;Rupasingha et al. 2006), which are based primarily on prosocial behavior, such as voting, newspaper circulation, and blood donation, and the number of collective associations. In particular, these measures do not properly account for the role of social disparities in social capital formation and, thus, fail to adequately capture the distinction between bonding and bridging social capital. ...
... 5 The higher the index value, the higher the presence of social capital in Rupasingha et al. (2006) note, there is no consensus measure of social capital identified in the literature, and indeed they argue that it is unlikely that any single measure can fully capture a multi-dimensional nature of social capital. Their choice of variables to include is motivated by Putnam (1993), who stressed the role of associational organizations in building trust and civic mindedness, Alesina and La Ferrara (2000) and Knack (2002), who argued participation elections and the national Census are examples of civic engagement and voluntary contributions to the production of public goods, and Fukuyama (1995), who argued that social capital is exemplified by social values related to compassion and altruism. the county. ...
According to Putnam (2000) and Bourdieu (1986), social disparities may result in the formation of narrow social bonds that exacerbate existing social cleavages and impede collective action. Motivated by this insight, we examine the relationship between social disparities and social distancing during the pre-vaccine Covid pandemic in the US. Using a panel of weekly, county-level observations, we find that income, educational and racial disparities are associated with a statistically significant decrease in the social distancing. This result is robust to controls for a wide variety of socioeconomic variables, the Covid infection rate, and a measure of social capital.
... The debate between institutional quality, economic development, and trust is not new. For example, Knack and Keefer (1997) found that trust can induce EP while Putnam (1993) made the argument that trusting other people is beneficial for the quality of the institutions. Robbins (2012) investigates the direction of causality between institutional quality and generalized trust and finds a positive reciprocal relationship from trust to institutional quality. ...
... Robbins (2012) suggests that trust may increase the effectiveness of government bureaucrats in order to efficiently influence policy and reduce costs associated with political bargaining. Using the words of Robbins (2012) and based on the results of Almond and Verba (1963), Boix andPosner (1998), andPutnam (1993), "generalized trust" is necessary to "lubricate" social interaction and "glue" the citizenry together. ...
Several previous studies have explored the relationship between trust and socio-economic conditions but do not attempt to examine channels through which the relation operates. In this paper, we examine how political fractionalization mitigates the positive relationship between trust institutions and national economic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using Round 7 data of Afrobarometer in over 1000 districts in 34 countries, we find that trust institutions positively and significantly affect economic performance. Nevertheless, the positive effect is attenuated in districts with a high level of political diversity. More specifically, a higher level of trust is associated with lower economic performance at a higher level of political fractionalization and vice versa, with a steady linear decrease of the estimated coefficients. Policy implications are discussed.
... al., 2017;Evans y Syrett, 2007;Hoyman et. al., 2016;Nel y McQuaid, 2002;Putnam, 1993;Rodríguez-Modroño, 2012;Whiteley, 2000). Sin embargo, estos esfuerzos dentro de la literatura han concentrado sus esfuerzos en mostrar cómo estas relaciones están presentes en el desempeño económico y político, principalmente para casos locales o con datos agregados y representados en mejoras per cápita, lo cual deja de lado los efectos observables a nivel individual. ...
... Retomando el punto y acorde a lo dicho párrafos arriba, integrarse a la acción colectiva es un resultado del capital social, mas no el fenómeno en sí mismo, pero la dimensión cognitiva se podría sugerir es la parte más directa en asociarse con la disponibilidad de participar en la búsqueda de mejoras para los grupos sociales o comunidades. Esta vía también sirve para pensar que el capital social no es algo dado que algunas sociedades tienen y otras no, representadas en instituciones que solo se pueden obtener en el largo plazo, sino que se puede generar incluso en el corto y mediano plazo (Durston, 1999;Putnam, 1993). ...
La investigación busca rastrear si por medio de las opiniones sobre capital social se pueden entender las percepciones sobre la situación económica. Para proceder con el análisis se utiliza una regresión logística sobre las encuestas realizadas por LAPOP en 2021 para México, pero en búsqueda de mayor validez externa se complementan los resultados con los datos de las oleadas de 2004 a 2019. Los datos de 2021 se revisan por sí mismos con un modelo de regresión logística y se separan para evitar perder preguntas disponibles en el resto de los años sobre capital social. Para los datos de 2004 a 2019 se utilizó un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas para afrontar los problemas de endogeneidad. Este trabajo da pauta a conocer cómo el capital social incide en las percepciones económicas a nivel individual, lo cual es un aporte a una tendencia de ver esta relación a nivel agregado para las comunidades o per cápita, para así contar con evidencia que respalde decisiones políticas que puedan buscar mejorar las condiciones económicas a través de la generación de capital social. Los resultados apuntan a que, efectivamente. el capital social influye en las precepciones económicas, pero queda latente un problema de endogeneidad.
... This has led to confusion and debate about the nature and scope of social capital. (Bourdieu, 1986;Putnam, 1993;Coleman, 1990) Another gap in the theory of social capital is the lack of consensus on the measurement of social capital. There is no widely accepted and validated measure of social capital, and different studies have used a variety of methods to operationalize the concept. ...
... U društvu se širi nepoverenje prema državni i njenim institucijama -vladi, sudovima, policiji, političkim partijama. Promene u sistemu vrednosti i odnosi prema drugima pokazuju da je došlo do duboke erozije socijalnog kapitala, shvaćenog kao sposobnost zajedničkog delovanja radi postizanja opštih ciljeva (Putnam, 1993). Posebno se iskazuje minimalan kapacitet društva u pogledu političke samoorganizacije i korišćenja demokratskih mehanizama i procedura radi zaštite svojih interesa. ...
... Putnam da un giro a la utilización del capital social al posicionarlo en el aspecto macro. Él lo define como "aspectos de la organización social tales como la confianza, las normas y redes, que pueden mejorar la eficiencia de una sociedad al facilitar la acción coordinada" (Putnam, 1993:167, citado por Forni, Siles & Barreiro, 2004. ...
Una de las fuentes más importantes de la innovación es el conocimiento externo que las empresas puedan absorber y utilizar de manera estratégica, es así como el capital social cobra relevancia en los procesos de colaboración que establezcan las empresas con otros actores. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proyecto de desarrollo tecnológico denominado “La Quinta Fachada” llevado a cabo por la empresa Tejas el Águila y el Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas (CIMAT), con la finalidad de evaluar el papel que desempeñó el capital social en la realización de este proyecto. Para tal fin se llevó a cabo una investigación de corte cualitativo, con la aplicación de entrevistas a profundidad realizadas en los meses de marzo a mayo de 2011 con los participantes en el desarrollo de dicho proyecto, tanto del CIMAT como de Tejas el Águila. Los principales resultados dan cuenta de que el capital social, especialmente basado en los lazos de confianza, así como la propensión hacia la innovación por parte de la gerencia son factores importantes en el éxito del proceso de vinculación.
... The social network attribute of social capital also means that it can rapidly radiate new connection objects on the basis of existing connection objects, and this makes the social capital of the structural dimension (Structural capital) grow exponentially [64]. The accumulation of social capital is also self-enhancing, and this means that a good social capital environment helps to attract more social capital, and this in turn promotes an upward spiral of cooperation, mutual benefit, and trust [65]. The accumulation of social capital therefore follows the scale economy and this means the unit cost of social capital decreases as it accumulates. ...
Increased public demand for electronic public services has forced the Electronic Public Service Supply Chain (EPSSC) to strengthen inter-departmental cooperation. Traditional measures deployed in the complex process of electronic public service supply rely on higher authorities and related management systems to promote the efficiency of inter-departmental cooperation, and clear limitations have emerged as a result. This paper addresses the inefficiency of inter-departmental cooperation in EPSSC, and engages issues such as ‘buckpassing’ and the lack of a distinction between duty and right. It therefore asserts that social capital within these government departments impacts on the achievement and stability of cooperation, and it draws on a supernetwork model based on variational inequality to analyze this assertion. On this basis, it explores the role of social capital in cooperation among supply chain subjects at different stages of inter-departmental cooperation. Research shows that in the initial stage of cooperation among departments in ESSPC, the rapid accumulation of social capital can promote cooperation among supply chain subjects by increasing homogeneous resources; in the intermediate stage, meanwhile, the rapid accumulation of social capital can promote cooperation by increasing heterogeneous resources. When the inter-department cooperative relationship stabilizes, the excess social capital is not conducive to cooperation among departments in ESSPC.
... The items include processing of agricultural products, retail business, tourist farms, rental farms, hands-on farms, etc., farm guest houses, farm restaurants, overseas exports, renewable energy and power generation, and others g Sales of agricultural products based on agricultural management entities. It is not the sales of the entire management entity (Putnam 1993), changes in dietary habits and agricultural views due to the COVID-19 epidemic, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Then, we will perform a cross-tabulation analysis of socio-economic attributes, agricultural management attributes, and awareness of management and entrepreneurship in each class. ...
The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of creative classes in sustainable agriculture development through creating shared value in rural Japan by applying latent class analysis (LCA), structural equation modeling (SEM) and cognitive map analysis to the results of a questionnaire survey of farmers. Two hypotheses were set for verification: “There are a certain number of Japanese farmers who belong to the creative class” (H1) and "The creative class is highly entrepreneurial, appreciates the attractiveness of agriculture, prefers sustainability policies and seeks to create shared value in agriculture" (H2). We obtained analytical results as follows. First, from the results of the latent class analysis (LCA), farmers were classified into four classes (class 1: Majority, class 2: Early adopter, class 3: Laggard, class 4: Innovator). In addition, Class 4 (innovator) was interpreted as the creative class because most respondents answered positively about creative thinking, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, innovation orientation, social capital and cognitive changes due to the COVID-19 epidemic. Second, the analysis of the structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed the factors affected the entrepreneurship, namely preference for agricultural policy and impact on creating shared value in agriculture in the creative class. In other words, we found that the evaluation of the multi-functionality of agriculture influences each element for entrepreneurship of the creative class, and also influences the preference for agricultural policy and creation of shared value. Thirdly, analysis of cognitive maps revealed that creative classes contribute to sustainable agricultural and rural development through the creation of shared value. However, in current Japan, the creative classes are concentrated in urban areas and farmers highly value the risk of failure, so there is no virtuous cycle for the entrepreneurial environment to shape entrepreneurial attitudes. Therefore, it is important for policies to develop creative classes in flatland agricultural areas and mountainous areas, and build networks for the creative classes among different regions.
... The first theoreticians of social capital (Bourdieu, 1986;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 1993) regard it as a resource that can be accessed based on social networks and links generated in various contexts, with own productivity and profitability, for their members, but 94 nonetheless, though reflecting features close to social cohesion and community not overlapping the later (Ferlander, 2003). One of the more extended approaches (Scrivens et al. 2013) suggests four dimensions for addressing and estimating social capital, respectively (i) personal relationships; (ii) support provided by the social network; (iii) civic commitment; (iv) norms of trust and cooperation. ...
The current labour market is at a crossroads: on one hand, there are challenges triggered by technological pressures and perks, aiming at a greener, more sustainable and resilient economic growth, and on the other hand, there are the changes and tensions generated by the current institutional frameworks, that show delays in mitigating the apparent “de-socialising” of this market. The pandemic paradox of 2019-2021 has emphasized several vulnerabilities particularly of economic-institutional nature. Traditional theories seem unsatisfactory while unorthodox approaches are faced with hesitancy. The present paper intends to present a brief analysis of labour market’s challenges in the immediate future by proposing a mixed approach combining traditional statistical-data with a less employed institutional framework. The approach is substantiated and constructed by the structural and cognitive features that the new labour market would require. It suggests a possible way for considering the aims of the Green Deal, the vulnerabilities highlighted by the pandemic and by the recent conflict in the immediate proximity of the EU-27. All these developments bring about changes for several socio-economic categories, rendering most of them vulnerable. The split between “essential” and “non-essential” economic activities, platform work and the gig economy hint to increased relevance of the three types of intangible capital: human, social and intellectual. This will require an integrating perspective, if severe economic and social effects are to be avoided in the immediate future. The model we propose aims to show how, by taking account of the human, social and intellectual capital, better policies can be developed as regards labour market efficiency and efficacy.
... Societies with more ethnic diversity are more likely to implement JI and more likely to change their constitution with regard to adjusting formal JI. Putnam (1993) claims that Italian regions characterized by a large number of voluntary associations having a horizontal organization structure are successful in the production of high-quality local public goods. He further argues that the Catholic Church has a vertical organization structure. ...
... According to some researchers' point of view, political trust and evaluation influence on and guide people's behaviour. Therefore, composition of political culture is trust, an evaluation and a perception are the basis of strengthening democracy (Eckstein, 1988: 789-804;Putnam, 1993). ...
In a democratic system, parliament is, on one hand, a representative institution of the people and, on the other hand, exists with a status of a political institution as a policy-making and law-making body. It is guaranteed by the Constitution. In addition legislature serves for political systems actively and becomes its dynamic expression. Parliamentary institution plays a tremendous role in and influences heavily on the political development. In this work, first, the author will consider general overview of constitutional systems of two countries. Then the author will discuss about the role and the status of parliament in the political system from their historical and functional sides, providing it with some patterns of the legislative institution. Moreover, electoral system and last election results, political parties’ seat ratio in parliament and the level of the voter turnout or citizen participation in the elections will be introduced here as well. Finally, it will cover the issues of the legislature’s effects in the political development and the process of strengthening of democracy and, furthermore, what potentials it will contain in further democratic process.
... Other studies seek to understand how social relations matter in the economy through empirical works. Robert Putnam (1993 and and Francis Fukuyama (1995) analyze how social and cultural relations and institutions are important in explaining the differences in development and economic prosperity between regions and countries. Irene Van Staveren and Peter Knorringa (2007) and Clemens Lutz (2012) discuss how social relations interact in companies and value chains. ...
This article is a study on the possible common theoretical approaches shared by three heterodox associations—Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE), Union for Radical Political Economics (URPE), and Association for Social Economics (ASE). We analyze their closeness and potentially common approaches as reported in papers published by the associations’ main journals from 2010 to 2019. Using bibliometrics, the papers are analyzed in terms of convergent issues shared by these heterodox associations. Our article concludes, first, that building alternative approaches based on a criticism of both mainstream and New Institutional Economics is a possible point of convergence for AFEE, URPE, and ASE. Second, criticism of capitalism and studies on economic development could act as a convergence point for AFEE and URPE. Third, ASE seems to be more open to heterodox approaches than AFEE and URPE, and can make room for other convergence points. However, the ASE-AFEE and ASE-URPE dyads have not yet explored such opportunities for convergence.
... A Közép-Európának nevezett térség leginkább egy olyan mozaik, amely az egymással szomszédos országok közös történelme által válik eggyé: "A térség saját története nem egyenlő az egyes nemzetek történetével, nem egyenlő az egyes nemzetek külön kultúrájával, de nem is ugyanaz, mint egész Európa története, kultúrája." (Gerő 2007: 9) Így tehát egy régió politikai értékeit és viselkedésmintáit főként tartós kulturális tradíciók alakítják (Putnam 1993, Huntington 1996, Inglehart 1998. Valami ehhez hasonlót állít Hanussen is, amikor a bírósági jelenet folytatásában így írja körül az általa Közép-Európainak nevezett térséget: ...
Tanulmányunkban interdiszciplináris módon, a film- és társadalomtudomány kombinációjával arra a kérdésre keressük a választ, hogyan válhat Szabó István Mephisto című filmje egy, először csak a későbbiek folyamán koncepcióvá formálódó közép-európai filmtrilógia nyitó darabjává (Mephisto, Redl ezredes, Hanussen). Míg az utolsó film, a Hanussen már nyílt megfogalmazója egy közép-európaiként értett identitáskonstrukciónak, addig a Mephisto főhősének, Hendrik Höfgennek az identitáskrízise egy kiélezett történelmi szituációban közel sem ennyire direkt módon épít a közép-, ill. kelet-közép-európai politikai-intézményi szocializációs sémákra, hanem mind makro-, mind mikroszinten jóval árnyaltabb módon. Tanulmányunkban megpróbáljuk feltárni, hogyan példázzák Höfgen karaktervonásai a politikai alkat torzulásait (Bibó 1948), amelyikért épp a filmben is reprezentált félrecsúszó modernizációs kísérletek és a gyakori rezsimváltások a felelősek. A film ezt a sérült, jellegzetesen közép-, ill. kelet-közép-európai szocializációt és kiváltó okait olyan narratív, dramaturgiai és filmnyelvi eszközök segítségével próbálja meg átélhetővé tenni, amelyektől, az ügynökmúlttal bíró Szabó István és a forgatókönyv társítója Dobai Péter minden bizonnyal azt feltételezték, hogy lehetővé teszi a Nyugat és Kelet közi párbeszédet.
... We defined 'physical activity' as all movements performed in daily life, such as walking, housework, daily activities, and exercise [28]. We define social capital as 'social connections and the norms and trust that emerge from them, characteristics of social organizations that effectively lead to coordinated action' [29]. 'Older adults' shall be defined as respondents aged 65 years and over. ...
Previous studies have shown an association between social capital and physical activity in older adults. Older adults who relocated after the Kumamoto earthquake may become physically inactive, and the extent of this inactivity may be buffered by social capital. Accordingly, this study applied the social capital perspective to examine factors that affect the physical activity of older adults who relocated to a new community after the Kumamoto earthquake. We conducted a self-administered mail questionnaire survey with 1494 (613 male, 881 female, mean age 75.12 ± 7.41 years) evacuees from temporary housing in Kumamoto City, aged 65 years and above, who relocated to a new community after the earthquake. We performed a binomial logistic regression to examine the factors affecting participants’ physical activity. The results showed that physical inactivity (decreased opportunities for physical activity, decreased walking speed, and no exercise habits) was significantly associated with non-participation in community activities, lack of information about community activities, and being aged 75 years and over. Lack of social support from friends was significantly associated with lack of exercise habits. These findings encourage participation in community activities, alongside giving and receiving social support in health activities that target older adults who relocated to new communities after the earthquake.
... En Piura, la organización vecinal del barrio TP contribuye a la seguridad ciudadana, brindando un servicio de vigilancia financiado por los vecinos. Estas prácticas revelan el aporte del capital social, basado en relaciones de confianza y normas orientadas al beneficio mutuo, para lograr condiciones adecuadas de habitabilidad (Putnam, 1993). ...
la vivienda de inteRéS Social en ciUdadeS inteRMediaS del peRú RepReSentacioneS SocialeS y pRácticaS de innovación Social Edith Aranda Dioses y Patricia Caldas Torres Resumen En el contexto urbano de los barrios donde se localiza la vivienda de interés social en el Perú, reflexionamos sobre la experiencia cotidiana del habitar expresada en las representaciones so-ciales y en las prácticas de innovación social de los residentes. Estudiamos casos de la política habitacional ubicados en la periferia de ciudades intermedias. La construcción de estos barrios soslaya las características particulares del entorno físico, ambiental y sociocultural. Los resi-dentes generan procesos de innovación social para adecuar lo construido a sus necesidades in-dividuales y colectivas. Los resultados revelan la apropiación de las viviendas ampliables y los entornos colectivos a través de la construcción social del espacio para amoldar el lugar a sus expectativas y modos de habitar en la ciudad. Palabras clave: vivienda social, ciudades intermedias, barrios, representaciones sociales, inno-vación social. Abstract Social interest housing in intermediate cities of Perú. Social representations and social innovation practices In the urban context of the neighborhoods where social interest housing is located in Peru, we reflect on the daily experience of living expressed in social representations and in the social innovation practices of residents. We study representative cases of housing policy located on the periphery of intermediate cities. The construction of these neighborhoods avoids the particular characteristics of the physical, environmental and sociocultural environment. Residents generate social innovation processes to adapt the built to their individual and collective needs. The results reveal the appropriation of expandable housing and collective spaces through the social construction of the habitat to adapt the place to their expectations and ways of living in the city.
... Generalised trust is usually operationalised as a binary variable using the phrasing "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can't be too careful when dealing with people?", and although this has sometimes been criticised for a perceived lack of generalisability (Delhey et al., 2011), others highlight the advantages of its simplicity and long history of usage, as well as the absence of any clearly preferable alternatives (Uslaner, 2015). 1 Given the myriad benefits of generalised trust, countless studies have attempted to determine the factors which generate it. Putnam (1993Putnam ( , 1995 popularized the idea that people learn trust from participating in voluntary organisations. A robust civil society may therefore be one factor which creates generalised trust, although evidence on this point is mixed (Nannestad, 2008). ...
What is the relationship between people’s trust in specified outgroups (such as ‘French people’ or ‘immigrants’) and their generalised trust? This relationship has never been empirically tested, which is troubling for the large body of research on the link between ethnic diversity and trust which seemingly assumes that outgroup trust does affect generalised trust. In this paper, I use individual-level survey data to examine how outgroup trust affects generalised trust in the United States and Croatia. Although the two types of trust are correlated, I find no evidence that people account for outgroup salience when translating outgroup trust into generalised trust, as previous theories have suggested. This raises the possibility that a different type of mechanism may be responsible instead, or perhaps that the association is non-causal and trust is a fixed personality trait which is not alterable by experience. In either case, it seems that the conventional explanation for how ethnic diversity reduces generalised trust—namely that it reduces outgroup trust which then feeds through into lower generalised trust—may need to be revised. I conclude by discussing limitations and some suggestions for further research.
... (Robles, 2017). El uso continuado de la reciprocidad, cooperación y actividad cívica conlleva a una densificación del tejido social, condición indispensable para la existencia de una sociedad civil fuerte (Putnam, 1993, Durston, 2000. ...
Este artículo aborda los impactos derivados de la turistificación en el Parque Nacional El Tepozteco (PNT). Tal circunstancia ha provocado impactos ambientales y conflictos que han generado divisiones en la comunidad: por un lado, las autoridades, empresarios y actores ligados al turismo y, por otro, la población excluida de esta actividad. Así, se examina el escenario en el que priman los conflictos de intereses, la desconfianza, la falta de credibilidad y participación ciudadana y, cómo la población afectada ha hecho uso de los elementos del capital social para generar una organización comunitaria tendiente a la mitigación de los impactos negativos y a la negociación de las pautas de esta actividad. Este trabajo revela el proceso de turistificación en Tepoztlán, e identifica las acciones que la población organizada ha desarrollado para mitigar los efectos negativos. La metodología de trabajo usada en esta investigación se basa en el estudio de caso. Los datos se compilaron desde una variedad de fuentes (cualitativas y cuantitativas), para realizar una posterior triangulación.
... Obiettivo è quello di prevenire la creazione di nuovi rischi e rafforzare la resilienza delle comunità, fondandosi sul community based approach, che coinvolge in maniera diretta le comunità locali nell'identificazione e delineazione delle risposte e delle soluzioni ai propri bisogni, alle proprie problematiche e necessità. A tale riguardo, assume rilievo il concetto di capitale sociale (Putnam 1993), che, quando viene riferito ad un contesto socio-spaziale, anziché essere inteso come attributo individuale, può essere definito come la dotazione di un territorio in termini di relazioni interpersonali, reti associative, propensione degli abitanti a collaborare su questioni di interesse collettivo, abitudini di reciprocità e fiducia nelle istituzioni (Cartocci 2007). La letteratura recente, infatti, rileva che la capacità di una società di rispondere al disastro dipende sia dalle condizioni in cui versano le comunità locali prima del verificarsi dell'evento traumatico (Mela e Mugnano 2017), sia dalle caratteristiche del tessuto sociale, che costituiscono una variabile determinante del percorso di ricostruzione (Cutter, Boruff e Shirley 2003;Bazzoli e Lello 2020). ...
The article presents the results of a study aimed at investigating the engagement networks activated in the planning process of the territories affected by the 2016 earthquake in the Marche region. The research objective is to reflect on communication strategies implemented by a selection of municipal administrations to promote transparency and information sharing and, at the same time, citizen participation in design and planning processes. The results highlight the emergence of an all-of-society engagement approach, to experiment and co-create with a renewed relationship between institutions, science, and local communities.
... Trust in other people is an important element determining the social capital of young people, and thus also their interpersonal relations (formal and informal) (Putnam, 1993;Fehr, 2009, pp . 2-3) . ...
The article aims to present the levels of the sense of loneliness, sense of effectiveness and interpersonal trust presented by academic youth and to demonstrate their importance for the subjective assessment of the quality of interpersonal relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. It presents the results of empirical research conducted with the participation of 2,285 respondents studying in a full-time mode in Poland. The research material was collected using an online questionnaire (CAWI) and subjected to statistical analysis (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, V-Cramer coefficient, chi-square test, Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA and Levene’s test were used). The survey questionnaire used the De Jong Gierveld (DJGLS) Loneliness Scale in the Polish adaptation, the scale to measure interpersonal trust by Dorota Hybiak and the scale to measure the sense of effectiveness by Krystyna Skarżyńska. The results obtained show a statistically significant correlation, with the respondents showing a higher sense of effectiveness, a lower level of loneliness and a higher level of interpersonal trust, and higher subjective satisfaction with interpersonal relationships experienced during a pandemic. These research categories can therefore be considered as protective factors in a pandemic situation and as factors of “hope” for the rebuilding of interpersonal contacts in a post-pandemic reality.
... Ecuador's most reliable institutions are the Church, universities, and the Armed Forces (FFAA) (Latinobarómetro, 2021), which explains why the Government and Conaie agreed that the first two would play the role of mediators in the dialogue, in addition to lending their facilities and allowing staff to facilitate the process. These are institutions that possess social capital, following Putnam (1993), Coleman (1997) and Fukuyama (1998): they can weave relationships and strengthen them based on trust. The Armed Forces and the National Police did not participate because they were responsible for internal security and clashed with demonstrators. ...
It would seem obvious that a problem’s recurrence would allow people to prepare pertinent and accurate answers; nonetheless, the incidence of social mobilisations in Ecuador suggests either that the problem is unapproachable or that public policies have not analysed the circumstance thoroughly. It would be unwise to be content with labelling a problem as unsolvable, nor would it be fair to say that no attempt tried reasonable alternatives. In line with this premise, Mirada Pública proposes a two-entry approach: the first is theoretical and suggest the possibility —or risk— of Ecuador becoming a “failed state”; the second is a comparative, causal and detailed approach to the mobilisations.
... En segundo término, el estudio de la interacción entre instituciones y preferencias se ha constituido en un campo problemático, pues existe un punto de ruptura entre las visiones que enfatizan su carácter exógeno y las que postulan que las instituciones configuran las preferencias. Ante ello, se requiere ampliar los estudios empíricos sobre la materia para observar cómo transcurre este proceso, pues algunas investigaciones han constatado que tanto a nivel microsocial como a nivel macrosocial, estructuras institucionales diferentes generan comportamientos diferentes en los individuos (Levi, 1997;Putnam, 1993). ...
p class="yiv3571266040msonormal">Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal reconstruir la evolución del concepto “institución” y de los estudios institucionales en el contexto de las ciencias sociales. Como es ampliamente conocido, en las últimas décadas ha tenido lugar una verdadera explosión de los debates e investigaciones sobre las instituciones, su origen, evolución e influencia en la sociedad. Estos esfuerzos han actualizado el debate sobre los logros y limitaciones de los enfoques institucionalistas, y el desafío de postular una teoría de las instituciones de carácter interdisciplinario que articule las diferentes propuestas teóricas sobre el tema. En ese contexto, este trabajo reconstruye la evolución del concepto “instituciones”: su origen histórico, principales desarrollos, los enfoques institucionalistas contemporáneos, y sus principales logros y nudos problemáticos. A pesar de la heterogeneidad y limitaciones de los enfoques institucionales se vislumbran posibilidades para la construcción de un campo teórico “institucionalista” compartido, con una influencia innegable en el análisis social.</p
... Selain berfungsi sebagai agen sosialisasi budaya, perguruan tinggi juga berfungsi sebagai sarana penanaman solidaritas sosial yang mengarah pada sikap saling percaya antar sesama warga dan bersama-sama mewujudkan demokrasi di Kota Palopo. Menurut Putnam (1993) sikap saling percaya merupakan unsur modal sosial yang sangat penting. Demokrasi yang terbangun dalam masyarakat, interaksi sosialnya sangat kompleks. ...
The research aims to explore the concept of local wisdom education with the tudassipung (sitting together) model. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnopedagogical approach. The technique of collecting data through interviews, interviewed informants came from several groups, from academics (lecturers) as many as 6 people, students from several ethnic groups, 4 from Toraja, 4 from Rongkong, 9 from Bugis and 8 from students. Researchers also interviewed 6 community leaders. The result of the research is that learning Islam and local wisdom using the tudassipulung model is quite effective. This can be seen from the assessment of 5 (five) aspects, namely attitudes, interests, self-concept, values, and morals with 5 levels, namely: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, characterization
... 1980'lerin başlarından 1990'ların başlarına kadar olan dönemde sosyal sermayeye Fransa'da Pierre Bourdieu, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde James Coleman ve Robert Putnam tarafından farklı çalışmalarda ele alınmıştır (Field,2008). Sosyal sermaye Bourdieu (1986) tarafından formüle edilmiş ve Coleman (1988) tarafından sosyoekonomik bir temele bağlanmış ve yaygınlaşmasında Putnam (1993) önemli rol oynamıştır (Wallis vd.,2004). ...
In order not to lose their customers and to gain new customers under the pressure of the competitive environment, firms strive to gain an advantage over their competitors by innovating. Innovation efforts of firms are affected by the information resources they hold. In this direction, firms traditionally use the knowledge bases they have created through Research and Development (R&D) activities. However, firms also need information located outside their borders. Firms serach for the information they need outside their borders, find the appropriate one, transfer it into thier inside of the firm and apply it to their products or services, providing economic benefits. The ability of firms to transfer external information to their products constitutes their absorptive capacity. On the other hand, the social capital of a firm provides access to some resources. In this study, the effect of the social capital of the firms, in particular the external social capital outside the boundaries of the firm, on the firms’ absorptive capacity. In this context, as a result of the analysis conducted by using the structural questionnaire and the data obtained from 112 enterprises registered to Kocaeli and the Chamber of Industry, it has been determined that the social capital, in particular external social capital developed by firms’ relations with other actors has a positive effect on the information absorptive capacity. Keywords: Social Capital, External Social Capital, Absorptive Capacity
Las clases medias profesionales consideradas las grandes beneficiarias del modelo de sustitución de importaciones por su rápido crecimiento y su integración en los sectores productivos, (Graffina, 2005), no han estado exentas de los cambios generados por el nuevo modelo económico, pues aspectos como la precarización del mercado laboral, la disminución de sus ingresos y el desempleo han puesto en evidencia su vulnerabilidad frente a las dinámicas económicas, políticas y sociales, lo que ha incidido en su nivel de vida y en sus expectativas profesionales. En este estudio se defiende la hipótesis que una de las alternativas que las clases medias profesionales han asumido para paliar su situación de vulnerabilidad económica ha sido la utilización de sus relaciones sociales como un recurso a partir del cual buscan, en un mercado cada vez más competitivo por la sobre oferta de profesionales y la reducción de los puestos de trabajo, engancharse laboralmente y mantener, en el marco de condiciones laborales flexibles, una cierta estabilidad y permanencia laboral.
The paper presents results of theoretical research about approaches to human capital as a basis for population trust in Russian regions. The main goal was to look through general approaches to form a strategy of empirical analysis of different aspects of human capital in the modern conditions of transforming reality. A basis for theoretical research were works by foreign scientists, describing economic, social and emotional dimensions of human capital and networks between notions of human and social capital, social, human and intellectual capital. Concluded that economic dimension will provide analysis of institutional conditions of formation of human capital, working out of multi-factor model of estimation of potential and security of social trust basing on use of social-economic indexes of development of regions. Sociological dimension will prove new knowledge about qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a human capital and intellectual potential of different social-demographic groups of regions of Russia, comparative analysis of a human capital and intellectual potential of population and territorial (regional) dimensions. Psychological dimension will present subjective characteristics of a human capital, including characteristics of motivation sphere, adaptive strategies, and peculiarities of social and psychological integration of population for transforming social reality.KeywordsHuman capitalTrustSocial capitalIntellectual capitalConceptSocial trust
Sustainable practices should include proper incentives and involve a large part of the population to achieve a significant environmental impact. Human capital is considered one of the factors that affect pro-environmental behaviours: more educated people tend to be more aware of waste management processes. Another factor is social capital, as far as the feeling of belonging to a society might involve people in adopting sustainable practices. However, these two concepts are strictly related and deserve to be studied as complementary to each other. Thus, this article investigates whether social capital might support waste recycling when interacting with the accumulation of human capital at a provincial level. Our analysis relies on a unique dataset of 103 Italian provinces for the period 2004–2017. Results suggest that while human and social capital has a negative effect on waste separation, their interaction turns out to be positive and even stronger when we consider Southern provinces with respect to the whole country. This finding might be of interest not only from an academic viewpoint, but also from a policymaker’s perspective to alleviate the pledge of waste separation, which has affected the South of Italy in recent decades.
Several previous studies have explored the relationship between trust and socioeconomic conditions but do not attempt to examine channels through which the relation operates. In this paper, we examine how political fractionalization mitigates the positive relationship between trust institutions and national economic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using Round 7 data of Afrobarometer in over 1000 districts in 34 countries, we find that trust institutions positively and significantly affect economic performance. Nevertheless, the positive effect is attenuated in districts with a high level of political diversity. More specifically, a higher level of trust is associated with lower economic performance at a higher level of political fractionalization and vice versa, with a steady linear decrease of the estimated coefficients. Policy implications are discussed.
One critical challenge facing postconflict societies concerns the reintegration of former combatants as productive members of society. Public trust in the legitimacy of a peace agreement is a critical component of rebuilding the economic and social foundations of a war‐torn nation. We argue that the levels of trust of former combatants and confidence in their effective demobilization depend on two critical features of the postconflict environment: fears of insecurity and community engagement. We focus our analysis on Colombia and utilize data from the Latin American Public Opinion Project to create a multivariate time‐series analysis of public trust in two groups—leftist rebels and rightist paramilitaries. We find that both the fear of former combatants and the level of engagement individuals have in their communities help predict respondent attitudes about trust in former combatants and reintegration. Fear and familiarity are key determinants in reintegration of former combatants.
Social participation of citizens in the form of volunteering is an important part of the normative idea of civil society. With the development of volunteering and its systematic support from the government, as well from European institutions, we can observe an increasing number of trainings for volunteers. The purpose of most of these trainings, in addition to the promotion of volunteering, is to reduce the cost of participation by increasing the resources of the course participants needed to implement projects. However, from a theoretical point of view, we can assume that there is social selectivity in such trainings which results from inequalities in the social system. In particular, in the educational systems and unequal access to the structures of mobilization. Based on the data gathered during the evaluation (pre- and post-test) of training for young volunteers in Switzerland (treib.stoff Academy), we tested the hypotheses about unequal access to trainings, egoistic motivation to participate, and social selectivity of gains in skills and knowledge. The results showed i.e. that informal recruitment has a positive impact on access of trainees with a migrant background. In addition, we discussed the practical implications of the issues outlined in the normative idea of volunteering.
The study yields insights on the community-based actions for pandemic management in two urban resettlement sites in the Philippines. Studies that interrogate the origins of community-based actions in government-built resettlement sites during the pandemic have been scant. We investigated in two communities how social capital, community organizing, and collective action intersected in wielding the community leaders’ combined agency in building their own COVID-19 management system. The data were collected through phone interviews with community leaders and residents during the lockdown period. In a context of low local government support, the communities proved their ability to build their pandemic management system. Nonetheless, one community was much quicker in setting up the crisis management system and was even able to adjust it to the shifting quarantine policies and corresponding needs of the residents. The notable differences between the two communities can be attributed to their different community organizing experience and different stocks of social capital.
Monografia stanowi próbę syntezy koncepcji pomiaru i określenia zmian efektywności przedsiębiorstw mięsnych w Polsce w latach 2010-2017. Badania dotyczyły ubojni, zakładów mięsnych, zakładów drobiarskich oraz przedsiębiorstw handlowo-usługowych w obrocie mięsem i wyrobami z mięsa. Celem głównym pracy było określenie na płaszczyźnie teoriopoznawczej, empirycznej oraz utylitarnej poziomu i zmian efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw mięsnych w Polsce w latach 2010-2017. Dane finansowe pochodziły z bazy danych EMIS Intelligence/Professional i posłużyły do wyznaczenia zmian efektywności finansowej w latach 2010-2016 oraz efektywności technicznej w latach 2012-2015 dla 695 przedsiębiorstw mięsnych. Drugi pierwotny materiał badawczy, otrzymany z kwestionariuszy ankiet przeprowadzonych w 100 przedsiębiorstwach mięsnych w Polsce w 2017 roku, posłużył do wyznaczenia zmian efektywności środowiskowej i wybranych aspektów efektywności organizacyjnej w latach 2010-2017. Z przeprowadzonej oceny efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw wynika, że statystycznie istotne znaczenie dla wzrostu efektywności finansowej wykazują wskaźnik rentowności aktywów (ROA), wskaźnik rentowności kapitałów własnych (ROE) oraz wskaźnik sprawności obrotu zapasami (SOZ). Największe znaczenie dla wzrostu efektywności technicznej mają aktywa ogółem, kapitał własny oraz wielkość zapasów. Największą rolę we wzroście efektywności organizacyjnej odgrywają profil prowadzonej działalności, zawieranie długookresowych umów, prowadzenie wymiany handlowej ze stałymi kontrahentami. Największe znaczenie dla wzrostu efektywności środowiskowej mają natomiast zmniejszenie zużycia energii elektrycznej, redukcja zużycia wody do produkcji, a także zmniejszenie ilości ścieków i odpadów.
Background: Features of the urban environment can support human health as well
as harm it. Evidence has accumulated for the links between different place-based
characteristics and physical and mental health. However, this evidence stems
primarily from highly developed countries. The extent to which it is generalisable
to other locations, such as the Middle Eastern Arab region, which has unique
political, socio-cultural, and climatic environments, is not clear.
Aims and setting: This thesis aims to investigate health in relation to the urban
environment in the twin cities of Ramallah and Albireh in the occupied Palestinian
territory. Specifically, it will examine the associations between the risk of chronic
illness and: a) politically created area disadvantage (refugee camps and 'Area C’);
b) urban green space. It will also explore the interaction between these area-level
features and age, sex, and household assets in their association with chronic
illness.
Methods: Area-level variables were linked with individual respondents to the 2017
census using a Geographic Information System. The analytical sample was 54693
individuals living in 228 residential areas. The outcome variable was the
presence/absence of chronic illness. The area-level variables were the politically
created disadvantage indicated by Refugee camps and political land classification
‘Area C’ (controlled by Israel); the proportion of mixed trees, crop trees and open
space with little/no vegetation; Individual-level variables included twelve
demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Multi-level logistic regression
models examined associations and interactions between individual and area-level
variables and the probability of chronic illness risk.
Results: On the political dimension, living in the context of a refugee camp was
associated with greater odds of chronic illness (OR 1.91 CI [1.17-3.09]). This
association was attenuated and rendered non-significant when adjusting for green
space. The proportions of ‘mixed’ trees in residential areas had an independent
iii
inverse association with chronic illness (OR 0.96 CI [0.95-0.97]). There was
no/weak evidence for an association between the context of ‘Area C’ and the
proportion of crop trees and open space with the risk of chronic illness. A
statistically significant interaction was found between sex and living in refugee
camps. Females living outside refugee camps have a significantly lower risk of
chronic illness compared to males but not for those living inside refugee camps;
females inside refugee camps had a higher risk of chronic illness compared to
males (though not a significant difference). There was no/weak evidence for
interactions between the other area characteristics and age, sex, and household
assets.
Conclusion: This is the first study in the Palestinian context, and among the few
from the Arab World, to investigate links between the urban environment and
health. As expected, living in the disadvantaged context of refugee camps is
associated with a higher likelihood of chronic illness. Not all greenspace types
were associated with improved health outcomes, but mixed trees were, and the
green environment appeared implicated in the association between refugee camps
and poor health. These results from a Middle Eastern Arab setting add to the
evidence, largely from Western countries, that mixed trees in urban environments
benefit health. Researchers and policymakers interested in reducing health
inequalities should give more attention to refugee camps and green typologies,
especially to females living in the disadvantaged contexts of refugee camps who
may gain greater benefits. Research with a broader scope is needed to investigate
the impact of political land classification on health.
The aim of this study is to identify trends in social capital-focused studies on community-based forest management and collective actions related to forests (collectively CBFM) and how social capital affects forest management by reviewing studies on this topic in Asian developing countries. We found an increased number of studies over the last decade using various approaches in terms of social capital positioning, types of structural social capital, and analysis methods. Four main social capital positionings were identified in their research designs: (a) as features found in communities; (b) as a factor influencing CBFM; (c) as an effect of CBFM; and (d) as an agent in a dynamic process involving CBFM. The studies we reviewed did not extend to assessing forest conditions. Given the contextual nature of social capital, integrative approaches combining qualitative and quantitative techniques with assessment of forest conditions present challenges in relation to social capital studies on CBFM.
A sport egyre nagyobb szerepet kap a tőkeelemek, kiemelten a társadalmi és gazdasági elemek között. Gazdasági szerepe – társadalmi hatásain túl – számottevő, hiszen a közszolgálatokkal, a vállalatokkal, a háztartásokkal, illetve civil szervezetekkel létező kapcsolata egyértelműen kimutatható. A sport szerepnövekedésének oka a hatékonyságban keresendő: a versenyben helytállás új területek bevonását, innovációt igényel, és megfelelő fejlődési mintát kínál. Alapfunkciói – úgymint szocializáció, pedagógiai hatás, az egészségmagatartás és a fizikai állapot fejlesztése, fenntartása – születésünktől fogva hatással van ránk, gazdasági szempontból pedig a termelékenység, illetve a versenyképesség fontos. A gazdaság eredményessége és a munkaerő versenyképessége a nemzeti bruttó jövedelemben is nyilvánvalóan megmutatkozik. A sport tehát hatékony erőforrás.
Capital elements, especially social and between economic elements. Its economic role – in addition to its social effects – is significant, as its relationship with public services, companies, households and civil organizations can be clearly demonstrated. The reason for the increased role of sport is to be found in efficiency: in competition reconciliation requires the involvement of new areas, innovation, and an appropriate development model offer. Its basic functions - such as socialization, pedagogical effect, development and maintenance of health behavior and physical condition - have an impact from birth for us, and from an economic point of view, productivity and competitiveness important. The efficiency of the economy and the competitiveness of the workforce are also evident in the national gross income. Sports are therefore effective resources.
How can youth in developing countries enhance knowledge and capacity for civic
engagement? What role can international development assistance play in youth
civic learning and capacity development? This chapter weighs in on youth civic
engagement from the angle of “social audit,” a participatory tool and approach.
It does so by examining two specific initiatives designed and implemented by the
author in Belize and Guatemala with support from international development
organizations and local universities. In addition to describing the social audit approach,
including the strategy and methodology, this chapter also provides initial
evidence showing that introducing university students in developing countries
to civic engagement, even with short and focused workshops that combine a mix
of pedagogical approaches, has a potential to lay down a foundation to increase
civic engagement and facilitates the development of basic knowledge and skills.
Although international development assistance can play a crucial role in supporting
youth civic engagement in developing countries, the effort will remain
incomplete unless changes in youth attitude and behavior are systematically
measured and effort is sustained through continuous civic engagement support
by local stakeholders, including universities.
According to the literature, modernization is associated with cultural change along the two value dimensions: from survival to self-expression/emancipative values and from traditional to secular-rational values. This value change has generally been viewed as the product of both material and non-material forces; however, previous studies have used mainly material proxies for non-material , social, and psychological variables. Instead, in this paper, we propose and test a modified theoretical model that allows us to assess both the direct and indirect effects of material conditions, such as economic wealth and political stability, on emancipative and secular values by including variables that capture non-material factors, such as the respondents' fears about their economic future and about the possible destabilization of the political systems in which they live. We conduct empirical analyses both at the individual level, using the cross-sectional data from the World Values Survey, and at the aggregate level. Both sets of analyses revealed that fears about the stability of the political system are the single most significant determinant of value change.
This introductory chapter reviews the broader theoretical implications of, and methodological approaches to, studying social capital in Uzbekistan. This chapter also outlines some theoretical approaches to social capital and its applications in a post-Soviet setting. Although this field of inquiry has seen continuous efforts, mainly by Western scholars, this chapter explains the need to revisit the existing frameworks and adjust them to the present realities in order to understand the successes and failures of civil society development through the lens of neoliberal institutionalism and ‘transitology’. In particular, based on the deficiencies of a neoliberal paradigm of post-Soviet society research, this chapter argues for a theoretical framework that pays greater attention to the resilience of pre-Soviet traditional institutions of social capital and their contemporary significance. This chapter touches on issues such as the ‘hybrid nature’ of self-governance, institutional reform, and traditional value systems. Most of the assumptions made in this chapter are ultimately meant to pose the question of whether and how the analytical settings of this book will enhance knowledge about the social construction process in Uzbekistan and in the region in general. In addition, this chapter highlights the weaknesses of current approaches to social capital. In particular, it attempts to demonstrate that current studies predominantly focus on the notions of social capital and civil society as features of democratic societies, and they ignore the fact that undemocratic and democratizing societies also have social capital and various forms of civil society institutions.
We discuss the single embedded case study design in this chapter. We deliberate how this design is different from multiple and single holistic designs in terms of the levels of analysis and the nature of replication. The selection rationale and sampling are discussed next. Afterwards, we move on to the longitudinal and/or cross-sectional single embedded designs. The strengths and the weaknesses of the design in terms of internal validity, external validity, and the number of variables are discussed subsequently. This chapter also discusses the (mis)conception regarding longitudinal designs and temporal embedded units.
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