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Potential of Paulownia elongata trees for swine waste utilization
Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was done with vegetatively propagated trees to examine the influence of swine lagoon effluent on the growth and foliar nutrient content of the fast-growing hardwood species Paulownia elongata. Application of swine lagoon effluent promoted plant growth and was as beneficial as a complete chemical fertilizer applied at a similar nitrogen loading rate. Foliar concentrations of nitrogen were high, typically between 3.5% and 4.5%, when swine lagoon effluent was applied at a nitrogen loading rate equivalent to 205 or 409 kg/ha. Zinc and copper concentrations were also relatively high when plants received these swine lagoon effluent treatments (45 to 55 ppm and 17 to 23 ppm, respectively). Sufficient variation among P. elongata clones was revealed for growth parameters and foliar nutrient concentrations to anticipate a benefit from the selection of genotypes that are the most efficient for remediation of animal waste, i.e., high biomass production and foliar nutrient accumulation. The data show that P. elongata has potential for use as a swine waste utilization species.
... Siebold & Zucc. is a fast-growing deciduous tree; it can grow up to a height of 12 to 30 m [1] and can reach a stem diameter of around 1 m at breast height [2]. The area of origin of Paulownia spp. is China [3], Laos and Vietnam [4]. It was first used as a decorative tree in other areas such as Japan and the Korean peninsula [2]. ...
We focused on the ability of one-year-old and two-year-old plants of Paulownia Clon in vitro 112® to sprout and grow branches, and on their pruning for their best possible growth on a plantation in Střelice u Brna. Furthermore, we carried out pruning on selected parts that comprised: spring pruning; reduction in the angle between the stem axis and one new growing sprout; and year-long pruning. The sprouting capacity of Paulownia was high—up to 56% (one-year-old plants) and 50% (two-year-old plants). Branches grew on 34% of all one-year-old plants and on 57% of all two-year-old plants. The best possible spring pruning method seems to be the keeping of one stem sprout or one stump sprout for one-year-old plants and one stem sprout for two-year-old plants. The newly growing stem sprout should be formed by bandaging it to the stem, and, as a result of this, the angle between the stem and the sprout can be reduced to 20° in contrast to 50° when the sprout is not bandaged. Our results suggest that it is best to take off the lower ⅓ of the branches and leaves, which leads to faster height growth of the plant.
... Paulownia spp. originate from China, Laos and Vietnam (Hieke 1978;Bergmann et al. 1997) and it was gradually planting as decorative treemainly Paulownia tomentosa -on all continents, except for Antarctica. From 1980s last century, hybrids suitable for saw-timber production have been cultivated (Maľová et al. 2016;Chinesepaulownia 2016;Paulownia Slovakia 2018). ...
Needed precipitation or supplied water is not known for mostly hybrids. Therefore, we chose one species Paulownia tomentosa and four hybrids - P. bellissia®, P. Clon in vitro 112®, P. Shan Tong and P. Hybrid 9502. We found out how three types of watering affect their height and thickness increment, amount of leaf biomass and leaf area and if the reaction of plants of these species/hybrids to the amount of water is different. We planted 30 plants of each species/hybrids into plant pots under a shelter. At the end of the growing season, we measured the total heights of the plants, the lengths of the current-year shoots, the stem thicknesses of the current-year shoots, and the distances of the ends of the leaves furthest from the stem in the directions of all four cardinal points. We determined leaves area and their weighed (calculated the projection area of the crown and the leaf area index). Our results showed that, generally, the mean precipitation 50 mm per month in vegetation season seems to be insufficient for optimal growth of Paulownia plants in the first years after planting. Depending on the species, Paulownia Shan Tong seems to grow better under 100 mm per month in vegetation season; Paulownia tomentosa seems to grow better under 150 mm (and more) per month in vegetation season; and the plants of Paulownia Hybrid 9502, P. bellissia® and P. Clon in vitro 112® did not achieve optimal growth (values), no matter which type of watering we used.
... Paulownia leaves are rich in proteins and other nutrients making them a suitable forage crop for small ruminants (Mueller et al., 2001;Stewart et al., 2018). Fast -growing characteristics of Paulownia make it a desirable phytoremediation agent for rapid removal of swine waste, trace elements and heavy metals from contaminated soils (Bergmann et al., 1997;Tang et al., 1980;Madejon et al., 2014;Zhang et al., 2019). Nectariferous flowers of Paulownia species are a rich source of honey (Zhu et al., 1986;Yadav et al., 2013). ...
The effects of plant tissue culture media with varying levels of growth regulators and carbon sources was tested on four explant types for organogenesis and plant regeneration in Paulownia elongata. Among the various treatments applied, the best response to adventitious shoot proliferation was observed when entire leaf or half leaf with attached petiole explants were cultured on either MS or B5 medium along with 25 μM thidiazuron, 10 μM indole acetic acid and 30 g/L maltose as a carbon source. Proliferated shoots were rooted within five days on a modified MS medium containing 5 μM indole butyric acid and plants were successfully acclimated and hardened for greenhouse transfer. A green fluorescent protein (gfp) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II) gene was used to optimize genetic transformation protocols. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of half leaf with petiole explants produced transgenic plants using the media optimized for shoot proliferation and rooting. The insertion and expression of the GFP transgene was detected using PCR and RT-PCR.
... Swine lagoon effluents can also work as alternative or complement for fertilizers in Paulownia cultivations. A greenhouse experiment (Bergmann et al., 1997) was carried out with vegetative propagated trees of P. elongata, to examine the influence of swine waste effluent on the growth and foliar nutrient content. Plant growth was promoted with this treatment which and was as efficient as an equivalent fertilizer applied with the same nitrogen loading rate. ...
Nowadays, biomass presents itself as a very viable alternative for the production of energy, both electrical and thermal, quickly recovering its role, both in the universe of domestic and industrial use. With growing concerns about climate change, it is becoming increasingly urgent to use environmentally harmful forms of energy production that contribute to the decarbonization of the economy. Biomass is capable of making a significant contribution to achieving this overall objective, since its use proves to be neutral from the point of view of the emission of carbon dioxide.
However, the simple production of energy from biomass presents and encompasses a large number of variables, which justify its study for a better understanding. The aim that the editors intend to achieve with this book is to take an inclusive approach to all components that cover the use of biomass for energy production. At present, this form of energy production has been studied and used in an increasingly intensive way. However, in all the studies and research that can be found, what is verified is a traditional approach, based on an economy of a linear type, purely technical, both in terms of use and in terms of logistics.
This book aims to address the issue of energy production from biomass in a circular economy perspective, in all its aspects, namely in all components of the supply chain, production organization, new technologies of use and reuse and revaluation of biomass forms from a circular economy perspective.
... Though its native range is almost entirely within southeastern China, Paulownia is often considered for planting in many areas of the world because some of the nine species within the genus are known to be valuable for many reasons. Examples include afforestation [1], agroforestry systems [2], honey production and medicinal uses [3], biomass production [4,5], heavy metal bioremediation [6], intercropping systems [7,8], livestock fodder production [9,10], livestock waste remediation [11], mine site reclamation [12], and wood production and solid wood products [1,13]. Royal paulownia [P. ...
Paulownia elongata, Paulownia fortunei, and Paulownia × 'Henan 1' were grown for 21 years to determine growth and productivity potential of Paulownia in North Carolina, USA. One site included P. elongata only and was designed to test variability among clones within the species and the influence of application of dairy cow or poultry litter during the first six years. A second site was used to examine influence of species, clone, and propagation method. Species and clone within species frequently influenced tree performance, indicating that the planting of select clones could increase yields. By using the best approximately one-third of clones rather than all clones, tree survival could increase from 74% to 98%, and individual tree productivity as estimated by stem dry mass could increase by 21%. Trees of all three species grown from seed had lower survival, and seed-propagated trees that survived had inferior growth compared to trees of the same species grown from rooted shoot cuttings or microshoots from tissue culture. Application of dairy cow waste or poultry litter during the first six years did not influence tree survival or height to live crown, but early application of either animal waste resulted in taller trees compared to the control trees. Trees established with poultry litter applications had greater stump diameter, diameter breast height, stem volume, and stem dry mass than trees in the dairy cow waste or water-only control treatments.
Short-rotation plantations for wood biomass production are systems in which different, fast-growing forest species are grown in intensive agricultural technologies to achieve high biomass yields. The genus paulownia comprises very fast-growing tree species, mainly used in biomass production for energy purposes, but not only. The biomass produced by this plant is used in its entirety; as heating material, industrial, ecological and decorative wood, protection of soil erosion, phytoremediation of polluted soils, air purification, animal feed, pharmaceutical industry, melifer, etc. Among the most promising applications are the production of biopolymers and bioethanol derived from cellulose. The proper cultivation and use of paulownia species contribute to maintaining ecological balance and nature conservation. The main objective of the paper was to carry out a careful and detailed analysis of the specific scientific literature describing their main characteristics and practical applicability to the different species of the genus Paulownia. The paper also examines the importance of cultivating paulownia species under conditions of economic viability while ensuring the maintenance of biodiversity and the protection of ecosystems.
The ores of the Tebinbulak deposit are disseminated (with a
predominance of 97%), densely disseminated and massive. A characteristic feature of
modern metallurgy is that the quality of the currently mined metals is unsuitable for
the direct production of metals from them, and their processing without preliminary
enrichment is economically unprofitable.
Dysoxylum malabaricum (White Cedar) is one of the highly priced timbers yielding species endemic to the Western Ghats. It is highly valued for its lustrous, sweet-scented and durable timber and mainly used for construction of temples. Its wood properties are comparable with that of teak. Populations of D. malabaricum are too scanty and less reported. The species has been subjected to severe illegal felling in the natural forest, hence it has caused concerns among conservation biologists. Recently, Karnataka Forest Department has planned to take up large-scale plantation programme of this species. However, there are no reports related to standardization of nursery techniques for this species. Evaluation of seedlings for their growing media is an important step for nursery rising. The present study was under taken to know the effect of vermicompost and habitat soil on early growth of seedlings in D. malabaricum. Result showed that potting mixtures containing red soil as one of the components of potting mixture recorded maximum seedling height, collar diameter and number of leaves per plant when compared to those potting mixture containing habitat soil. Interestingly, there was a negative influence of vermicompost on seedling growth, where the treatment, containing soil, sand and vermicompost in the proportion of 1:1:1 (T2) showed poor growth as compared to potting mixture containing soil, sand and vermicompost in the ratio of 1:1: ½ (T3). This suggests that use of vermicompost may not always beneficial to the plant growth in Dysoxylum malabaricum.
Short-rotation plantations for wood biomass production are systems in which different, fast-growing forest species are grown in intensive agricultural technologies to achieve high biomass yields. The genus paulownia comprises very fast-growing tree species, mainly used in biomass production for energy purposes, but not only. The biomass produced by this plant is used in its entirety; as heating material, industrial, ecological and decorative wood, protection of soil erosion, phytoremediation of polluted soils, air purification, animal feed, pharmaceutical industry, melifer, etc. Among the most promising applications are the production of biopolymers and bioethanol derived from cellulose. The proper cultivation and use of paulownia species contribute to maintaining ecological balance and nature conservation. The main objective of the paper was to carry out a careful and detailed analysis of the specific scientific literature describing their main characteristics and practical applicability to the different species of the genus Paulownia. The paper also examines the importance of cultivating paulownia species under conditions of economic viability while ensuring the maintenance of biodiversity and the protection of ecosystems.
Rising energy prices and environmental problems have led to increased interest in alcohol as a fuel. Using corn, a human food resource, for ethanol production raises major ethical and moral issues. Today, malnourished people in the world number approximately 3 billion (WHO 2000). The current food shortages throughout the world call attention to the importance of using U.S. exports of corn and other grains for human food and search for alternative sources for biofuel production. For the production of cellulosic ethanol, residue including postharvest corn plants (stover) and timber residues could be used. There is a growing awareness among farmers to establish and use specialized high-biomass “energy crops” such as domesticated poplar trees, switchgrass, bamboo, and Paulownia. The United States uses approximately 140 billion gal of gasoline per year, and there is a growing urgency to replace it with biological resources or biomass (US DOE 2006).
Paulownia, a naturalized Asiatic species, has been widely planted in the southeastern United States as a shade and ornamental tree because of its rapid growth and beautiful flowers. Although its multiple-use properties have made it an important commercial wood in Japan, it has not been used commercially in the United States. Recently, increased demand for paulownia from Japanese wood industries has created a potential new market for U.S. production of the species. The botanical characteristics, habitat conditions, forestation techniques, and economic potential of paulownia are reported. Also discussed is its utilization in reclamation efforts on surface-mined lands.¹
Livestock production and manure handling decisions often have been treated in the literature as separate enterprises. Policymakers, too, have ignored the interactive nature of manure management by focusing on land application for nutrient disposal. This study outlines a systems approach to describe the interrelated decisions producers face, using examples from North Carolina and Iowa that show how producers' attitudes toward manure management lead them to handle manure differently in different regions. In North Carolina, nutrients in manure are “not wanted.” There are economic incentives to treat manure, thus reducing its nutrient content, and to apply it on as little land as possible. In Iowa, nutrients are “not wasted.” Producers conserve the nutrients in manure and use them more fully, applying manure to higher value crops such as corn. Policies that influence manure management can be made more effective by accounting for the differences in producers' incentives to waste or want the nutrients.