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P r o c e d i a - S o c i a l a n d B e h a v i o r a l S c i e n c e s 8 4 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 1 7 1 – 1 1 7 4
1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under
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Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Huseyin Uzunboylu & Dr. Mukaddes Demirok, Near East University, Cyprus
doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.721
Effectiveness of gestalt therapy on self-efficacy of divorced women
Hemn Saadati
a
, Leila Lashani
*
a
a
Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences,Tehran,Iran
Abstract
Objective: In this investigation, the effectiveness of Gestalt therapy on the self-efficacy of divorced women were
studied.Method: In this investigation the statistical community is divorced women members of Department of Social Welfare. 34
of them selected as random sampling and randomly putted into experimental and control groups. The tool of investigation is
self-efficacy questionnaire. This study is pre-test post-test type. The intervention performed at 12 session Gestalt therapy
on the experimental group. Independent T-test was used to analyse the data.Conclusion: The results of data analysis showed
gestalt therapy increased divorced women self-efficacy of experimental group in comparison with control group.
Keywords: Gestalt therapy , self-efficacy , divorced women ;
1. Introduction
A structure that reflect a sense of control on -efficacy that
play Important role in people's quality of life (Morady et al, 2009). According to Bandura, self-efficacy is one of the
most important factors in the development of healthy social relationships that make life enjoyable and enables
people to deal with the long-term pressures. Safe and healthy sense of self-efficacy can lead to positive social
relationships. Persons lack of self-efficacy causes avoidance and high risk behaviors and excommunication from
society that causes exclusion from positive social reinforcements (Bandura, 1999).
Self-efficacy refers to a person's belief about his ability to cope in certain situations and it can affect thinking,
emotional and behavioral patterns of human experience .self-efficacy determine the behavior will start or not and a
person how much of an effort to show and His address is how much stamina?(Bandura,2006).
Bandura suggests that the main precondition of changing behavior, including health behaviors is self-efficacy
(Bandura.2002) and is a tool for health promotion(Morady et al, 2009). High self-efficacy has an important role in
rich man's personal life and In shaping behavior and achievement of the objectives (steese et all, 2006).
*
Leila Lashani
Leila_lashani69@yahoo.com
3rd World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance (WCPCG-2012)
© 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer review under the responsibility of Dr. Melehat Halat
Corresponding author name. Tel.: +83773948
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Huseyin Uzunboylu & Dr. Mukaddes Demirok, Near East University, Cyprus
1172 Hemn Saadati and Leila Lashani / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 ) 1171 – 1174
Level of motivation, feelings and actions based on what person believes not what is really true .higher sense of
self-efficacy cause sustainability and efforts will be more (Kurbanoglu,2003). Living in the present means to
movement and act without fearing consequences and whether or not it reward the efforts (brownel, 2008).
Living in the present means to extend human consciousness for making pleasant moment is now, instead
of throwing it away. while people are living in present moment fear and anxiety coming out of his mind because
fear is a category reserved for events that thinks next time at future comes (palmer,2003).
This makes people feel valued while doing a task. He knows the lies of the past and promising future .But doing
a job and being yourself is expression of self-confidence .introduced someone that feel the time at this way as
( Hamedi,2009).
Gestalt therapy is an approach that focuses on growth, awareness and content of awareness that means focus on
awareness of relationship with self, others and the world (Yih & Shin, 2007). Lack of human contact with his inner
world and neglect unfinished issues destroys his present life (scote, 1999). Unfinished issues of past that are not
expressed such grief, anger, guilt and incomplete requirement, be considered as unresolved issues that affects the
current consciousness of human (William, 2006).
In Gestalt therapy the therapist attend to the here and now, experience, knowledge and what is
currently happening in space and time and attend to all verbal and nonverbal behaviors of client in session ( Hamedi,
2009). And purpose of gestalt therapy is to remove obstacles that stop awareness of human (Voigt & Diac, 2007).
Whatever the past, including one incident, a person, a feeling or a memory, must be completed .To complete means
identifying all the components and putting them together to build and understand a perfect whole (Yih & Shin,
2007).
In gestalt therapy, the most obvious way to increase awareness of the clients is expression of their life for a
therapist who will listen with full awareness. reflection of verbal and nonverbal expressions of sessions, client
encourage to listen themselves and be aware of their experiences and their understanding of world .In fact the main
goal of gestalt therapy is not to change the experience of client but to raise their awareness of the here and now
(Masodi et al,2011). and clients find that there is no need to depend on others and can be an independent creature
.when barriers are removed, the man reaches maturity.
Purpose of this investigation is appointment of gestalt therapy on self-efficacy of divorced women.
Method
In this investigation the statistical community is divorced women members of Department of Social Welfare. 34
of them selected as random sampling and randomly putted into experimental and control groups. The tool of
investigation is sharer general self-efficacy scale. This study is pre-test post-test type. The intervention performed
at 12 session Gestalt therapy on the experimental group .every session was 90 minute. Independent T-test was used
to analyse the data. Share general self-efficacy scale has 17 sentences. The scores are 17 to 85. Grading of this
questionnaire is to be given to any matter of one to five points. This scale have adequate reliability and validity
(Sharer & madux, 1982). Cronbach's alpha were calculated (0/83) to examine internal consistency of scale .
Results
Mean of age was 33 and standard deviation of age was 8/40.For comparison of means of pre-test and post-test
and comparison of two groups used independent T-test.
1173
Hemn Saadati and Leila Lashani / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 84 ( 2013 ) 1171 – 1174
Table1: Means and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test of control and experiment groups.
Groups
Mean
Sd
Number
Experimental group
Pre-test
46.17
4.90
17
Post-test
50.82
4.21
17
Control
Group
Pre-test
46.18
3.94
17
Post-test
45.64
3.95
17
Table2: T-test for comparison of self-efficacy
Levenes Test for equality of
variances
F
Sig
T
Df
Sig(2-tailed)
Post-test
.181
.673
3.69
32
.001
Pre-test
1.030
.318
.00
32
1.00
Analysis of the data in Tables 1 and 2 shows that Gestalt therapy has had a significant effect on the self-efficacy
of the experimental group.
Discussion
Results of this investigation show that group gestalt therapy raise self-efficacy of divorced women. These results
are consistent with results of Slaggert and Hongsma (2000).it is consistent with the results of Hughes and
colleagues in 2003 showed that instruction of efficacy, raises physical functioning and esprit in women
with physical disabilities.
.It is also consistent with results of investigation of Oleary and Page (1990). They believe after divorce , Due to
many reasons self-esteem and self-efficacy is reduced. And he/she tell her/himself has no power for a new life.
Marriage is an important determinant of identity and feel of value and Damaging of marriage cause feel of guilt and
self-esteem and confidence can be reduced.
Assume
encourage clients to experience feelings that not experience directly before of therapy.
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