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Role of feeding rate in energy consumption and mechanical properties for different types of feed pellet
Abstract and Figures
The experiments of this study were carried out to optimize some pelletization parameters and their effects on the quality of feed processing. The pelletizer was evaluated under different parameters including feeding rate and feed pellets. Pelletization process was evaluated by studying the specific energy consumption and quality of feed pellets at different operation conditions. The pelletization energy consumption ranged from 179.14-204.60 kJ/kg for rabbits, 163.60-184.87 kJ/kg for poultry and 41.06-59.67 kJ/kg for large animal feed pellets. The compression and shear forces of pellets ranged from 277.16-309.11 and 30.12-38.02 N, respectively for rabbits feed pellet, 99.22-106.08 and 25.60-29.60 N, respectively for poultry feed pellets and 135.63-242.08 and 59.92-104.66 N, respectively for large animals feed pellets.
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The modified Apgar score for puppies was evolved based on the reference range of heart rate,
respiration, irritability reflex, motility and membrane mucous colour according to the physiology
of canine neonate. A total of 100 puppies born to the bitches that underwent Spontaneous
Whelping (SW), Assisted Whelping (AW) and Caesarean section (CS) were selected and were
divided into III groups viz. SW (n=30), AW (n=35) and CS (n=35).A modified Apgar score model
was used to assess neonatal viability of the puppies. Among the total 100 pups evaluated 36, 13
and 51 pups were having Apgar scores of 0 to 4, 5 to 9 and 10 to 14, respectively. Out of 36 pups
having Apgar scores of 0 to 4 at birth, 5.56, 19.44 and 75.00 per cent of pups were born through
SW, AW and CS, respectively. Among 13 pups born with Apgar scores of 5 to 9 at birth, 0, 38.46
and 61.54 per cent of pups were born through SW, AW and CS, respectively. Out of 51 pups with
Apgar scores of 10 to 14 at birth, 54.90, 45.10 and 0 per cent of pups were born through SW, AW
and CS, respectively.Among the viable pups at birth, the pups born through CS were having low
and medium Apgar scores of 0 to 4 and 5 to 9, respectively. All the pups delivered through SW
had highest Apgar scores at birth while the pups delivered through AW had shown Apgar scores
between 5 to 9 and 10 to 14.
The experiments of this study were carried out during the agricultural seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 at a private mill for milling grains in Abou Kbeer district, Sharkia Governorate to optimize some operating parameters affecting the performance of hammer mill prototype. The performance of hammer mill was evaluated under different parameters including drum rotational speed, grain moisture content, hammer thickness and concave clearance. The performance of hammer mill was evaluated taking into consideration hammer mill capacity, efficiency, particle size distribution (fineness degree), power, energy requirement and operational cost. The obtained results reveal that it is recommended to use the hammer mill at drum rotational speed about 2250 rpm (33.56m/s),grain moisture content of 10%,concave clearance of 5mm and hammer thickness of 5mm to produce pelleting feed by increasing the percentage of fine milled corn (FMC) and decreasing coarse milled corn (CMC). Producing mash feed for commercial use can be achieved by using the mill at drum rotational speed about 1550 rpm (23.12m/s),grain moisture content of 14%,concave clearance of 12mm and hammer thickness of 1.5mm by decreasing percentage of fine milled corn (FMC) and increasing coarse milled corn (CMC) and medium milled corn (MMC). INTRODUCTION owadays, the development of animal and poultry production needs to exert more efforts to increase and maintain high levels of feeding crop, in addition to improve the quality and quantity by decreasing grain losses during pre-processing operation, selecting the proper diet in the acceptable phase of livestock and reducing the consumed energy. The hammer mill is used almost exclusively in preparation of broiler rations because of its simplicity, ease to operate and N
Abstract. The paper presents the results of a study investigating the effect of the soybean oil content (0 to 6%) of
Broiler Premium Grower diets on energy consumption during the pelleting process. The study was performed on
a test stand equipped with a microprocessor-supported system for measuring steam, heat and electric energy consumption.
It was found that the mean values of unit thermal energy consumption ranged from 135.41 to 161.23
kJ∙kg-1. Mean unit pressing energy expenditure values were determined in the range from 88.11 to 129.44 kJ∙kg-1.
Key words: thermal energy, pressing energy, pelleting, conditioning, fi nes, Broiler Premium Grower, soybean oil.
This paper presents the results of a study investigating the effect of particle size of ground barley and lupine (in the range of 0.25 to 2.5 mm) on energy consumption during the pelleting process. The study was performed on a test stand equipped with a microprocessor-supported system for measuring steam, heat and electric energy consumption. It was found that the mean values of unit thermal energy consumption ranged from 97.21 to 130.33 kJ*kg -1 for lupine and from 111.35 to 145.49 kJ*kg -1 for barley. Mean unit pressing en- ergy expenditure values were determined in the range from 77.71 to 98.65 kJ*kg-1 for lupine and from 97.54 to 125.11 kJ*kg -1 for barley.
Production of good quality dehydrated alfalfa pellets is essential in the reduction of dust and fines generated during transport and handling. Durable pellets can be produced by controlling the production process and by using binders. The objective of this experimental work was to determine the durability and hardness of dehydrated alfalfa pellets with the use of binders. The study was conducted in two crop years. In the first crop year (1993) the factors used in the experiment were chop quality and binder used. Alfalfa chops used were of three qualities (low, medium, and high) based on durability of pellets without binders. Five binders were mixed with ground alfalfa: lignosulfonate, bentonite, pea starch, collagen protein, and hydrated lime. Results indicated that all binders improved the durability of pellets made from low quality chop but did not improve the durability of pellets made from medium or high quality alfalfa. Hardness of pellets increased with the use of binders. Hydrated lime and pea starch were further tested in the second crop year (1994) using inclusion levels of 1.0 and 0.5%. An inclusion of 0.5% of either hydrated lime or pea starch was sufficient to increase pellet durability.
Feed currently constitutes 60 to 65% of the total cost of broiler production. Pellets are the primary feed form for commercially reared broilers. Understanding how to optimize pellet quality through precision thermo-mechanical processing may impact broiler performance and nutrient availability, and thus cost of production. Steam conditioning represents a manipulable thermo-mechanical processing variable. Corn-soybean meal-based diets were conditioned with 1 of 4 steam pressure × temperature combinations: 138 kPa at 82.2°C, 138 kPa at 93.3°C, 552 kPa at 82.2°C, or 552 kPa at 93.3°C. High steam pressure and temperature conditioning were shown to increase pellet quality. Three additional diets were prepared: unprocessed mash, the 552 kPa/93.3°C diet reground to mash, and a 50:50 combination of pellets and mash produced from the 552 kPa/93.3°C treatment to simulate a high fine percentage diet. All diets were fed to Cobb 500 broilers from 21 to 38 d, and nutrient availability was determined with Single Comb White Leghorn roosters. Broilers fed pellets conditioned with high steam temperature demonstrated decreased feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Amino acid and energy availability were not affected by variations in steam conditioning.
Rations containing varying ratios of corn, high-oil corn, soybean meal, and mechanically expelled soybean meal were pelleted.
The effects of ingredients, conditioning steam pressure, and mixing paddle configuration inside the conditioner on pellet
quality were investigated. Ration ingredients strongly affected pellet quality. Increasing the protein content increased the
pellet durability, whereas increasing the oil content above 7.5% greatly decreased pellet durability. High-oil corn and mechanically
expelled soybean meal produced acceptable pellets when combined with soybean meal and regular corn, respectively. However,
poor pellet quality resulted when rations containing high-oil corn and mechanically expelled soybean meal were processed.
Increasing the residence time in the conditioner by changing mixing paddle pitch resulted in an average 4.5-point increase
in pellet durability indices among 65:35 (wt) corn:soybean meal and 65:35 high-oil corn:soybean meal rations.
The functional properties of the protein and starch fractions of a model feed system had a greater effect on pellet quality (durability and hardness) of mixed pelleted feed than the method of conditioning. Maximum pellet durability (93%) was obtained with mixtures containing raw soya protein and pre-gelatinised tapioca starch and minimum durability with mixtures containing denatured soya protein and native tapioca starch. Improvements due to the inclusion of raw protein were greater than those from inclusion of pre-gelatinised starch. Hardness and durability of pellets were found to be related logarithmically. Specific output (kg kWh−1) and output rate (kg h−1) increased with increase in pre-gelatinised starch content, indicating a lubricating action by the pre-gelatinised starch during pellet compression. Implications of these findings on the known behaviour of certain feed ingredients are discussed.
A poultry layer-diet was used in experiments to determine the effects of steam-conditioning level on pelleting variables. Dry pelleting was compared with steam conditioning (to 65 and 80° C) before pelleting, at both constant and maximum production rates. Samples were obtained before and after conditioning, and after pelleting. Electrical energy used by the pellet mill was measured with a watt-hour meter, and the amount of steam used for conditioning was calculated using steam tables. Temperature rise of the meal being extruded through the die and electrical energy required to pellet showed that steam decreased mechanical friction during pelleting. Pellet durability and percentage of fines from the scalper showed that steam improved pellet quality. Pressing the mash through the pellet die caused more starch damage during dry pelleting than during steam pelleting. Starch was not damaged during the steam-conditioning process. Total energy required for pelleting (electrical plus steam) was highest for the 80° C treatment. However, steam conditioning allows increased production rates and improved pellet durability during handling and transportation of finished feeds.