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Energy Consumption in Manufacturing Different Types of Feeds
Abstract and Figures
The determination of the energy consumption in manufacturing different type of feeds, rabbit, poultry
and large animal feeds(pellets and crushed), was the main aim of this study. This was achieved by determining
the energy consumed in each stage of processing to assess the most consumable stage in the different types of
feed. The results indicated that the total specific energy consumed were 243.55, 217.25 and 100.67 kJ/kg for
rabbits, poultry and large animals feed pellets, respectively. The crushed feed processing consumed less energy
where it was 30.70 and 30.82 kJ/kg for large animals and poultry, respectively.In comparison between the
specific energy consumption of different types of feeds, it could be concluded that to produce one kg of rabbit
feed pellets consumed energy as 2.43 times as of large animals feed pellets and 8 times as of the energy
consumed of crushed feed of large animals. It is worth to mention that pelletizing process was the most
consumable stage of feed manufacturing, where, it consumed 80.76, 83.26 and 64.36% of the total energy
consumed of rabbits, poultry and large animals feed pellets, respectively.
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... Particularly, because of the high electricity consumption, relatively high amount of wastes, and dust generation, the milling of cereals is considered the critical stage in feed manufacturing (Adetifa and Okewole, 2015). In developing countries, upgrading the performance of feed milling is a cornerstone towards higher competitiveness and lower environmental pollution, to contribute to sustainable development (Dabbour et al., 2014). Furthermore, while feed milling represents only 2e3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of the cradle-to-gate production of feed (i.e. from feedstock production in agriculture to factory gate), it accounts for the main source of emissions in feed plants (Adom et al., 2015). ...
The wear degree of knives in hammermills strongly influences electricity consumption, productivity, and total operating costs. Currently, the timely replacement of the knives set is decided based on visual inspections, a feedstock load or a lifespan defined, the electric demand of the mill as compared to the limit of the motor driving it, or the vibrations of the hammermill. These approaches present different shortcomings. This study proposes the temperature gradient of the feedstock during the milling process as an indicator to monitor the wear degree of knives. The temperature gradient was implemented in a hammermill milling maize to compare two operating modes. In the conventional operating mode, the knives set mills with one edge during its lifespan, replacing the set once the electricity demand approaches the limit capacity of the electric motor driving the mill, or until the vibrations increase over safety limits. Moreover, in the proposed operating mode the temperature gradient is used to define the timely replacement/rotation of the knives edge. In this case, the four edges of the knives are used. The electricity consumption, productivity, and temperature gradient of the process were measured during the milling of ten maize loads of 2,500 tons each. These data were used to characterize the performance of the hammermill, and the influence of the temperature gradient on its operational performance. As a result, a temperature gradient of 6.5 °C was defined as the optimal value to change the rotational direction or replacing the knives set in the hammermill assessed. As compared to the traditional operation approach, the use of the temperature gradient resulted in a reduction of the electricity consumption of 32 %, and the greenhouse gas emissions by 37 %, while reducing the total costs by 33 %, and increasing productivity by 20 %. Therefore, this approach stands as a significant opportunity to upgrade the operation of hammermills.
The globally growing demand to produce more food with fewer inputs, less energy, and lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions challenges current agricultural practices. Recycled fertilizers made of various side streams and types of biomass have been developed mainly to improve nutrient recycling in food systems. However, the knowledge of the impacts of different recycled fertilizers on GHG emissions and energy use is lacking. There is also a need for developing environmental assessment methods for quantifying the impacts of recycling processes, particularly in terms of choosing reasonable methods for co-product allocation.
The aims of this study were to address the above mentioned research gaps by i) assessing energy use and GHG emissions of various recycled fertilizers, ii) comparing the recycled fertilizers with mineral fertilizers, and iii) comparing the impacts of using different co-product allocation methods for the recycled fertilizers. Attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used for estimating energy use and GHG emissions of recycled fertilizers, including ammonium sulfate, biogas digestate, and meat and bone meal, using kg of nitrogen in the fertilizers as a functional unit. In addition, the energy use and GHG emissions of oat production when using the recycled and mineral fertilizers were quantified. The data were obtained from field experiments, LCA databases, published literature, and fertilizer companies.
The life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of recycled fertilizers were found to be lower than that of mineral fertilizer, but also differences between recycled fertilizer products were notable. The biggest differences between fertilizers occurred in manufacturing and transportation.
However, this conclusion is highly sensitive to several decisions, such as data sources and LCA methods used. Handling the raw materials of recycled fertilizers as by-products instead of residues adds burdens from primary production to fertilizers. Also handling the materials as waste increases the impacts due to burdens from the recycling process. Since the raw materials of fertilizers have only little economic value, applying economic allocation results to significantly lower impacts than mass allocation.
Consequential LCA studies would be needed to improve the understanding of the wider impacts of recycled fertilizers, e.g. considering the benefits of avoided waste management processes.
Current conventional agricultural systems using intensive energy has to be re-vitalized by new integrated approaches relying on renewable energy resources, which can allow farmers to stop depending on fossil resources. The aim of the present study was to compare wheat production in dryland (low input) and irrigated (high input) systems in terms of energy ratio, energy efficiency, benefit/cost ratio and amount of renewable energy use. Data were collected from 50 irrigated and 50 dryland wheat growers by using a face-to-face questionnaire in 2009. The results showed that the total energy requirement under low input was 9354.2 MJ ha−1, whereas under high input systems it was 45367.6 MJ ha−1. Total energy input consumed in both dryland and irrigated systems could be classified as direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energies which average in two wheat production systems were 47%, 53%, 24% and 76%, respectively. Energy ratios of 3.38 in dryland and 1.44 in irrigated systems were achieved. The benefit–cost ratios were 2.56 in dryland and 1.97 in irrigated wheat production systems. Based on the results of the present study, dry-land farming can have a significant positive effect on energy-related factors especially in dry and semi-dry climates such as Iran.
The experiments of this study were carried out during the agricultural seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 at a private mill for milling grains in Abou Kbeer district, Sharkia Governorate to optimize some operating parameters affecting the performance of hammer mill prototype. The performance of hammer mill was evaluated under different parameters including drum rotational speed, grain moisture content, hammer thickness and concave clearance. The performance of hammer mill was evaluated taking into consideration hammer mill capacity, efficiency, particle size distribution (fineness degree), power, energy requirement and operational cost. The obtained results reveal that it is recommended to use the hammer mill at drum rotational speed about 2250 rpm (33.56m/s),grain moisture content of 10%,concave clearance of 5mm and hammer thickness of 5mm to produce pelleting feed by increasing the percentage of fine milled corn (FMC) and decreasing coarse milled corn (CMC). Producing mash feed for commercial use can be achieved by using the mill at drum rotational speed about 1550 rpm (23.12m/s),grain moisture content of 14%,concave clearance of 12mm and hammer thickness of 1.5mm by decreasing percentage of fine milled corn (FMC) and increasing coarse milled corn (CMC) and medium milled corn (MMC). INTRODUCTION owadays, the development of animal and poultry production needs to exert more efforts to increase and maintain high levels of feeding crop, in addition to improve the quality and quantity by decreasing grain losses during pre-processing operation, selecting the proper diet in the acceptable phase of livestock and reducing the consumed energy. The hammer mill is used almost exclusively in preparation of broiler rations because of its simplicity, ease to operate and N
The paper presents the results concerning the influence of grain mechanical properties on wheat grinding energy requirements. The investigations were carried out on 10 wheat varieties (grain moisture was 15%). The results showed that the specific grinding energy ranged form 22 to 37 kJ⋅kg -1 . The changes of specific grinding energy were described by using the multiple linear regression equation, where force and deformation of grain up to the rapture point and force in the end of the compression were taken as independent variables (R 2 = 0.997). The grinding efficiency index ranged form 0.215 to 0.342 m 2 ⋅kg -1 . The statistical analysis showed negative correlations between this index and such grain mechanical properties as force (r = -0.76), work (r = -0.79) and individual work (r = -0.69) determined for the end of the compression. Positive correlations were found between the grinding index K and rapture force (r = 0.64). The strongest and positive corre-lations were observed between K and force, work, and individual work characterized the end of the compression (0.86; 0.87 and 0.79, respectively).
This article presents the results of investigations on the grinding energy requirements for crushed and whole wheat kernels regarding different moisture levels. Two common wheat cultivars Turnia and Slade were used for tests. According to the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS) hardness index (HI), Turnia was classified as hard and Slade as a soft wheat (HI=71 and 32, respectively). The results showed that the crushing of wheat kernels prior to hammer mill grinding had a significant influence on the grinding process. The average particle size of the ground material obtained from the crushed kernels of Slade was always significantly lower than from the whole kernels. A similar situation was observed for Turnia samples, when the moisture of kernels was 12, 14, and 16%. For soft wheat in particular, the highest changes were observed in the fraction of particles below 200 μm, where the crushing caused an increase in this fraction. However, this tendency was not observed for hard wheat. The specific grinding energy of uncrushed kernels ranged from 72.3 to 146.7 kJ·kg−1 and from 67.0 to 114.4 kJ·kg−1 for Turnia and Slade, respectively. The crushing caused a decrease of specific grinding energy in both cultivars. The total specific grinding energy of crushed kernels (the sum of crushing energy and grinding energy) ranged from 47.6 to 100.5 kJ·kg−1 and from 44.6 to 85.3 kJ·kg−1 for hard and soft wheat, respectively. In addition, the other grinding energy indices confirmed that crushing of kernels prior to hammer mill grinding considerably reduced the grinding energy requirements.
A poultry layer-diet was used in experiments to determine the effects of steam-conditioning level on pelleting variables. Dry pelleting was compared with steam conditioning (to 65 and 80° C) before pelleting, at both constant and maximum production rates. Samples were obtained before and after conditioning, and after pelleting. Electrical energy used by the pellet mill was measured with a watt-hour meter, and the amount of steam used for conditioning was calculated using steam tables. Temperature rise of the meal being extruded through the die and electrical energy required to pellet showed that steam decreased mechanical friction during pelleting. Pellet durability and percentage of fines from the scalper showed that steam improved pellet quality. Pressing the mash through the pellet die caused more starch damage during dry pelleting than during steam pelleting. Starch was not damaged during the steam-conditioning process. Total energy required for pelleting (electrical plus steam) was highest for the 80° C treatment. However, steam conditioning allows increased production rates and improved pellet durability during handling and transportation of finished feeds.
In this study, the cherries production in Turkey, and the energy equivalences of input used in this production are investigated. The data were collected through a survey study from the business enterprises in the Tokat region, where intensive cherries production takes place. The following results were obtained at the end of the study: with 42%, the input of fertilizer is the highest within the energy equivalences of input used in cherries production. This is followed by electricity and fuel (diesel) with 22% and 21%, respectively. The energy equivalences of chemicals, human labour, machinery and irrigation water were found to be low. The input/output ratio in the production of cherries was found as 0.96. This shows that the inputs used in the production of cherries are not used efficiently. Hence, human resources should be improved, sustainable agriculture should be extended and conscious farming should be provided. The extension staff has very important responsibilities on this subject.
Development of an organomineral fertilizer processing plant
- D A Fadare
Fadare, D. A. 2003. Development of an organomineral fertilizer processing plant.A Ph.D. thesis
of Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Ibadan.Ibadan,Nigeria.
Pelleting properties of dairy compounds withmolasses, alkali-treated straw and other byproducts
- M Israelsen
- J Busk
- J Jensen
Israelsen, M., J. Busk and J. Jensen. 1981. Pelleting
properties of dairy compounds withmolasses,
alkali-treated straw and other byproducts.
Feedstuffs, 7:26-28.
Energy consumption during flourmilling. Description of two measuring systems and influence of wheat hardness on the energy requirements
- R H Kilborn
- H C Black
- J E Dexter
- D G Martin
Kilborn, R. H., H. C. Black, J. E. Dexter and D. G.
Martin. 1982. Energy consumption during
flourmilling. Description of two measuring
systems and influence of wheat hardness on the
energy requirements. Cereal Chemistry, 59: 284-288.