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A Social Building? Prison Architecture and Staff-Prisoner Relationships
Abstract
Relationships between correctional officers and prisoners are crucial to life in prison, and affect prison order and prisoners’ well-being. Research on factors influencing staff–prisoner relationships is scarce and has not included the design of prison buildings. This study examined the association between prison architecture and prisoners’ perceptions of their relationships with officers. Data were used from the Prison Project, a large-scale study in which 1,715 prisoners held in 117 units in 32 Dutch remand centers were surveyed. Multilevel analyses showed that prison layout was related to officer–prisoner relationships: Prisoners in panopticon layouts were less positive than prisoners in other layouts. In addition, prisoners housed in older units and in units with more double cells were less positive about officer–prisoner interactions.
... Although few were actually built, the design was intended to maximize visual surveillance, which was believed to be key to security and control. In the 20th century, penal policies shifted toward rehabilitation and reintegration supported by the new belief that crime should be treated as an illness, rather than a moral or spiritual affliction (Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Wener, 2012). During this time, telephone pole plans, small rectangular facilities, and campus-like models were constructed, as these designs were believed to be more effective for rehabilitation (N. ...
... B. Johnston, 2000). In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, aims of rehabilitation and reintegration were surpassed by priorities of security and incapacitation throughout the Western world (Beijersbergen et al., 2016). Prison systems experienced massive expansion through widespread construction projects. ...
... It includes perceptions of autonomy, safety and order, in-prison activities, relationships with other incarcerated people and staff, connection to the outside world, and facilities (Van Ginneken et al., 2018). Although studies have identified important relationships between prison architecture and prison climate, researchers have called for further academic attention to better understand this link (Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Canter, 1987;Davison, 1931;Houston et al., 1988). A comprehensive understanding of multiple design features that influence wellbeing in prison environments has yet to be investigated and established. ...
The design of prisons can greatly impact the lived experience of imprisonment, yet research on the relationship between the physical prison environment and wellbeing remains underexplored. Following a systematic literature review, 16 environmental domains were identified as part of “ethical architecture” in prison environments. In this context, ethical prison architecture reflects the link between prison design features and the wellbeing of building users. The concept presented here can be used to inform future research on the intersection of prison architecture, prison climate, and experienced wellbeing. Humane treatment, autonomy, and stimuli are identified as latent theoretical constructs that underpin the “ethical prison architecture” concept. The findings include literature originating from 35 countries that spans five continents to offer a thorough framework that can be used to identify potential building adjustments to improve the wellbeing of building users and increase evidence on the influence of prison design features on wellbeing.
... The radial design was the prevailing style of prison architecture in Europe in the second half of the 19th century and was ostensibly influenced by Bentham's panopticon (Beijersbergen et al., 2014). The radial prison design 67 served its purpose: 'strict isolation, hard labour and moral introspection as a means of reform and salvation, combined with total ease of supervision and control by a minimum of staff' (Dunbar & Fairweather, 2000, p.30). ...
... If prisoners were not sent to Siberia they were employed in 'work companies' (Kriukelytė, 2012), thus for centuries Russians have exploited prisoner bodies 'as a unique form of human capital' (Turner, 2016, p.75). When the mandatory penal labour was officially introduced in 1886, it was significantly reconceptualised and rebranded as 'rehabilitative', as part of attempts 'to 67 The main features of the radial design include the radial layout of the buildings in a cross or a double cross shape with a central vantage point from which guards could oversee and visually inspect the wings (Beijersbergen et al., 2014). 68 There were some exemplary prisons, for example, the Saint Petersburg prison in the late 19th century 'served as a laboratory of the penological innovation' as it was the first prison in the Imperial Russia, which introduced night-time separation and paid prison labour for common prisoners (Popova, 2016, p.101). ...
... The silent system developed at Auburn (New York) and for this reason the regime is also known as Auburn(Zedner, 1998).61 The separate regime was based on solitary confinement and labour in order to achieve self-reflection, remorse and ultimately the moral elevation of the offender(Beijersbergen et al., 2014). It is also known as the Pennsylvanian system, as it developed in Philadelphia(Zedner, 1998). ...
This thesis attempts to capture, at the macro, meso and micro levels, the ideological rupture, which has emerged after the breakdown of the Soviet project in Latvia, and in particular its effect on penality and women’s imprisonment. This rupture has been conceptualized as a ‘clash of the titans’, which is the ongoing struggle between a Soviet legacy that refuses to die and an increasingly dominant neoliberal regime. While the breakdown of Soviet hegemonic power signaled a victory for democracy and market economics, the spread of western liberal democracies has been a challenge for post-Soviet societies. While democratic traditions took centuries to evolve in western societies, the democratisation and establishment of neoliberalism in post-Soviet Latvia has been an abrupt process over a few short years. This forced time frame has brought societal problems, which have yet to be worked through. This thesis will argue that for Latvians the collapse of the Soviet project meant not only transforming the socio-political economy, but has also led to the re-emergence of non-Soviet cultural traditions. The new political narratives tend to embrace a nationalistic and masculinized approach. Some sections of society have become increasingly excluded from influence, for example Russian-speakers. There is also a tendency for women to be excluded from equal influence. These cultural narratives, together with the growth of neoliberalism, has pushed Soviet influence and ideology away from mainstream Latvian society, and out to the most secluded and isolated places. Hence prisons are a last battle-ground for the two ideologically opposed ‘titans’ and a site of resistance to the new dominant culture.
... Policymakers, practitioners, and researchers have echoed the necessity for justice institutions to be fair, humane, and responsive to the needs of those they serve (Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Sparks & Bottoms, 1995). Doing so leads to several benefits, not the least of which is enhanced legitimacy, citizens' belief that authorities should be obeyed and respected (Tankebe, 2013). ...
... At the crux of OTI design is the promotion of a social facility within architectural structures (i.e., creating places that allow for greater interaction among people in custody, officers, and visitors). Positive detainee-officer and detainee-visitor interactions have been especially linked to the safety of both parties, with studies demonstrating significantly lower rates of inmate-on-staff violence (Beijersbergen et al., 2016). In a 1996 study, Miles Harer, of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and Darrel Steffensmeier, of Pennsylvania State University, showed that the odds of violent incidents decreased as prison facilities provided more opportunities to be social (Harer & Steffensmeier, 1996). ...
Efforts to reduce the correction population have taken many forms across the United States, with the redesign of correctional edifices being met with mixed support from stakeholders. Building from the advances of the new-generation facility design, this piece outlines how the “next” generation of facility design can serve as one of many strategies to reduce the United States’s heavy reliance on the carceral system. Specifically, the redesign of facilities should include considerations of placial justice. That is, how the architectural construction of a correctional facility can promote the experience and perception of just and fair treatment for inmates and staff alike. This article proposes the tenants of an open, transparent, and inclusive (OTI) design to enhance placial justice in correctional buildings and with it increase correctional legitimacy and fortify the rehabilitative function of the institution. Discussions also include how the redesign of correctional facilities fit within the larger discourse on correctional humanism.
... Diversos países enfrentam problemas na gestão do sistema penitenciário. A falta de investimentos em segurança pública acarreta a superlotação e instalações insalubres para as unidades prisionais (AUTY e LIEBLING, 2020;LIEBLING e ARNOLD, 2004;BEIJERSBERGEN et al., 2016). Este tipo de sistema prisional é nocivo para a saúde dos detentos, bem como para a ressocialização dos indivíduos na sociedade moderna (WALTER et al., 2022;MACDONALD, 2018;WALLACE e WANG, 2020). ...
A segurança pública faz parte da agenda política de diversos países. Entretanto, os estudos sobre o tema têm focado em conceitos teóricos sobre criminalidade e direitos humanos. Há uma lacuna para estudos quantitativos sobre a eficiência do sistema prisional feminino em países em desenvolvimento. Por este motivo, o objetivo deste artigo é mensurar a eficiência das unidades prisionais (UPS) femininas do Sudeste do Brasil. Este artigo utilizou o método Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) por meio do modelo BCC. Foram analisadas 26 unidades prisionais femininas do Sudeste do Brasil em 2022. O Indicador de Eficiência do Sistema Prisional (IESP) revelou que apenas duas unidades prisionais alcançaram alta eficiência e 92,3% das unidades prisionais apresentaram eficiência média ou baixa na região. O estado de São Paulo apresentou pior média de eficiência em comparação com as unidades do Sudeste e nenhuma unidade prisional com eficiência alta. Estes resultados indicam que as autoridades públicas devem propor planos de gestão para melhor alocar os recursos do sistema prisional.
... The design and layout of adult prison facilities have been linked to the perceptions of detained adults on their relationships with staff (Beijersbergen et al., 2016). The perception of staff-detainee relationships was measured across 32 Dutch prisons with various layouts, including panopticon, radial, high-rise, and campus layouts. ...
This chapter proposes a method for characterising youth custodial facilities across jurisdictions, regimes, and cohorts, with the objective of providing well evidenced and concrete guidance for the design of youth custodial facilities. Academic literature on effective treatment approaches for justice-involved young people supports a focus on therapeutic, tailored approaches that build and strengthen positive youth development, social support networks, and commitment to school or work. By establishing the design implications which follow from this evidence, a series of key characteristics emerge that define a best-practice, theoretical facility model: small-scale, locally sited, and integrated with the surrounding community, designed to promote relational and differentiated security, and comprising therapeutic design characteristics. We explored each of the characteristics in three well-regarded European jurisdictions: Spain, Norway, and the Netherlands. Our observations substantiate the theoretical facility model as a valuable tool for drawing into view the tensions, opportunities, strengths, and weaknesses of a design, relative to the facility’s given context. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the design of youth justice facilities in terms of the desired outcomes as they greatly impact upon procedures and ways of working within these facilities, and ultimately impact the outcomes for young people and the community.
... Natural light and control of noise have been shown to be important for health, well-being, and recovery and are "likely to be extremely challenging to deliver in prison" (Moran 2019:47). A study of Dutch remand centers indicated that the layout of the prison significantly affected how incarcerated individuals felt about their relationships with staff, with those housed in panopticon-style prisons, older units, and units with more double cells feeling less positive about their interactions with staff (Beijersbergen et al. 2016). Molleman and van Ginneken (2015) found that prisoners who shared cells viewed the quality of the prison as lower than those who did not share cells. ...
The punitiveness of prisons is considered necessary for deterrence, but there is also a societal expectation that prisons will also rehabilitate. Scholars have examined whether prisons are ideal environments for rehabilitation from the perspective of the inmate, though this work largely focuses on measurement issues related to the scales used to measure offenders’ perceptions. The current research expands upon this by asking a sample of 154 incarcerated men from three different correctional facilities in the Midwestern United States what they think about their current correctional environment using the Prison Environment Scale (PES) and focusing on the answers provided by those incarcerated individuals. These results are presented descriptively, giving a voice to the incarcerated and their perceptions of the prison environment. Results from this exploratory study indicate incarcerated individuals feel negatively about the social and physical environment of prisons, noting the existence of hierarchies, possessions being used as currency, lack of physical space, and the lack of meaningful activities. Devising ways to promote a prosocial prison environment is important for effective rehabilitation, improved institutional conduct, and positive post-release outcomes.
... There is a growing literature in criminology, carceral geography, and architecture studies, among other related fields, that seeks to explore prison architecture, its aesthetic components and/or its relationship with the lived experience of carceral space (see, e.g. Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Fransson et al., 2018;Karthaus et al., 2019;Moran et al., 2016). Indeed, previous prison research has explored how carceral spaces are filled with a cacophony of sounds, a potent concoction of smells, and brimming with competing emotions (Crewe et al., 2014;Herrity et al., 2021). ...
Contrary to descriptions of a desensitising situation – with restrictions on movement, monotonous regimes and sparse surroundings – much research highlights imprisonment as sensorially and emotionally powerful. Following work within the ‘turn to affect’ that focuses on non-verbal, non-conscious and, often, non-human embodied experiences, scholars have attended to how such elements cohere into ‘atmospheres’. Whilst the language of atmosphere is synonymous with the prison – a space that is widely anecdotally considered to conjure a particular ‘feeling’ – discussion of the mechanisms for and experiences of atmospheric production and consumption in this space has, thus far, evaded scholarly attention. Atmosphere is a word often used in prison literature, but it is rarely analytically unpacked. Accordingly, drawing on qualitative research data from individuals designing, and working and living in prisons, we focus on how various components – including aesthetics, olfaction, temperature, and the performances that arise from them – comprise sensory atmospheric affects in prison. In doing so, we find atmosphere(s) emerge – not simply from the materiality of the prison itself, but from cultural constructions of carceral and non-carceral landscapes and in conjunction with personal practice and preference. Accordingly, the prison is tied to particular constructions about what a prison should feel like and how people should (re)act to/in such spaces. In some cases, prison designers attempt to engineer particular atmospheres that cohere with wider political motivations around penal philosophies. However, despite the common reflection that prisons generate some kind of atmosphere, respondents are unable to offer a concrete description of what this may be, and much of our data highlights a definite precarity and changeability to atmospheric affect, which is likely to raise ambiguity around attempts to design carceral atmospheres.
... In fact, a recent article by van Ginneken (2020) points out that the lack of multi-level analysis of prison culture is one of the current gaps in the literature. Findings from existing studies do, however, provide evidence for the impact of staff attitudes and behaviors on the social climate and other outcomes for people in prison (e.g., Autry & Liebling, 2019;Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Schubert, Mulvey, Loughran, & Losoya, 2012). Studies have examined and compared prisons by cultural markers such as staff interactions, felt safety, and security level (Camp, Gaes, Langan, & Saylor, 2003;Chen & Shapiro, 2007;Gaes & Camp, 2009;Long et al., 2011Nagin, Cullen, & Jonson, 2009 suggesting that prison itself is a type of program, and what people living in prison learn and practice cognitively and behaviorally while they are incarcerated depends heavily on the attitudes and behaviors of the staff and leadership, or organizational culture. ...
Ecotherapy and gardening have gained popularity in corrections, with most interventions focusing on prison settings. This paper briefly describes the authors’ experiences developing a gardening program in a community corrections facility for women, describing a pilot research program and preliminary results. Findings indicate that gardening is an effective, low-cost programming option for community residential settings that improve clients’ mental health and nutritional awareness, fosters community partnerships, and promotes camaraderie among clients and staff.
... It's the only place where they have some freedom, their whole day is already "must, must, must." (FG Care-staff) This quote, illustrating the interaction between spatialities and practices of care, is in line with earlier findings that double cells affect the relationship between prisoners and officers negatively (Beijersbergen et al., 2016). For those sharing a cell or dormitory, the only way to have some private time is tuning their day rhythm to that of their cellmates. ...
People’s health and well-being is known to be affected by the built environment. Since prisons see an overrepresentation of people with mental and physical health problems, we examine how the built prison environment affects the provision of care for prisoners with specific needs. Based on observations and (focus group) interviews with prisoners, prison officers, and care-staff, we report on the experiences of specific groups in highly particular prison environments, various pavilions of a former penal colony. By analyzing spatialities in relation to care practices and temporalities, we provide a nuanced understanding of what caring entails in a prison environment. We find that in this context caring for safety, normality and physical health should go hand in hand. To conclude, we illustrate that the need for control within a prison environment can be reduced by spatial variety, offering different types of settings matching different care and living needs, and allowing movement between settings depending on these needs.
... Further, prison design is thought to impact and define the identities and behaviours of its detainees, partly by shaping daily activities and the social interactions that take place inside (Jewkes, 2018;Oostermeijer & Dwyer, 2019). Beijersbergen et al. (2016) investigated the relationship between prison lay-outs and the perceptions of detained adults on their relationships with staff across 32 prisons in the Netherlands. Detainees housed in prisons with lay-outs that were more conducive to social interaction (i.e., campus and high-rise facilities) experienced a more positive relationship with staff. ...
... Further, prison design is thought to impact and define the identities and behaviours of its detainees, partly by shaping daily activities and the social interactions that take place inside (Jewkes, 2018;Oostermeijer & Dwyer, 2019). Beijersbergen et al. (2016) investigated the relationship between prison lay-outs and the perceptions of detained adults on their relationships with staff across 32 prisons in the Netherlands. Detainees housed in prisons with lay-outs that were more conducive to social interaction (i.e., campus and high-rise facilities) experienced a more positive relationship with staff. ...
Background:
Constructive relationships between staff and young people in custody are a vital component of a therapeutic youth justice approach, which extends to the maintenance of a safe and secure environment (i.e., relational security). Despite the growing recognition that the physical environment of a facility impacts the procedures within a youth justice environment, as well as the relationships between staff and young people, there is a dearth of research in this area.
Aims:
We investigated youth custodial staffs' views on, and approaches to, establishing relationships with young people while maintaining safety and security. The current study reports on the impacts and challenges highlighted by staff relating to the design of the facility.
Methods:
We interviewed a total of 26 custodial staff members working at a Youth Justice facility in Melbourne, Australia. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. NVivo 12 was used for thematic analysis. Two researchers (SO and PT) coded one transcript independently, iteratively creating a coding template using a thematic analysis approach. Once the final set of broad themes was constructed, the transcripts were re-examined, and narrower themes were identified.
Results:
Thematic analysis revealed that a total of 14 staff (53.8%) identified the design of the custodial facility as impacting upon their ability to practice relational security. Identified design aspects included: unit size, quiet and private spaces, communal areas, green and outside spaces, ambience and spatial characteristics, spatial differentiation, facility and unit lay-out.
Conclusion:
Youth custodial staff identified design aspects of a youth custodial facility that either promoted or impeded the ability to practice relational security approaches. The current study highlights the importance of carefully considering facility design given its impact upon staff-young people relationships, procedures and ways of working within these custodial facilities.
... Access to green space may be limited despite research indicating the physiological advantage of such space (Söderlund and Newman, 2017). Beijersbergen et al. (2016) demonstrate how the architecture of a building directly affects people's behavior and experiences. Due to the openness of prison yards to maintain lines of sight, there is often very little shade to provide prisoners relief from the sun around carceral facilities. ...
Despite overall societal progress in reducing adverse impacts of heat and cold, incarcerated populations remain highly vulnerable to environmental stressors. Incarcerated populations experience a combination of risk factors related to their physical health and well-being that increase their thermal vulnerability: social isolation, disproportionate mental health issues, comorbidities, limited mobility, and a reliance on external factors to provide a safe, healthy environment. In carceral spaces, thermal exposure agitates these already complex situations, shaping a confluence of various economic, political, and ecological intersectionalities. This synthesis contextualizes the ongoing scholarship on climate change, thermal exposure, the built environment, and public policy, to examine thermal inequities experienced by incarcerated populations. In examining this context, we connect our work to carceral geographies, the geographies of violence, racial capitalism, and abolition ecologies. Ultimately, the review highlights how physical geographers may directly converse with critical geographers, promote equity and environmental justice, and work to reduce adverse impacts of extreme temperature events.
... In brief, researchers must address the practical implementation of terminology since the concept and definition of prison climate are interpreted differently (Berg et al., 2009;Ross et al., 2008;Røssberg & Friis, 2003). Prison climate does not depend solely on passive security, established by the safety and security of walls, cells, fences, and devices, but also on dynamic security, influenced by the inmate-prison officer relationship and the inmates' activities (Beijersbergen et al., 2014). Ian Dunbar pioneered the dynamic security paradigm, which emerges when interaction and individuality coexist in deliberate and intentional activity (Brayford et al., 2010). ...
This study emphasises the importance of Quality of Life (QoL) as a bridge between prison climate and life satisfaction among Malaysian drug-abuse inmates. The respondents are given a self-administered assessment randomly selected from the list of drug-abuse inmates in a Malaysian prison. The Structural Equation Modelling in IBM-SPSS-AMOS 25.0 is applied to model and calculate the inter-relationships among the constructs in the study. The results show that QoL significantly influences drug abuse inmates' prison climate and life satisfaction and partially mediates the relation between prison climate and life satisfaction among Malaysian drug-abuse inmates. QoL is essential to fulfil drug-abuse inmates' life satisfaction during imprisonment and achieve a better life in the community after being released from prison. Hence, practical contributions are proposed to the Malaysian Prison Department for designing appropriate policies and strategies to improve prison climate and QoL for achieving drug-abuse inmates' life satisfaction since Malaysian life satisfaction has become the government's priority in the 12th Malaysia Plan (2021-2025).
... Mevcut sosyal hizmet çalışmaları da yukarıda bahsedilen konularla ilgilenmiş, ceza infaz koruma memurları ile çalışma neredeyse hiç yapılmamıştır (Başka alanlarda infaz koruma memurlarıyla yapılan bazı çalışmalar için bkz: (9)(10)(11) ). Uluslararası literatürde genel olarak ceza infaz memurlarının mesleki tükenmişlikleri (12)(13)(14) , mesleki eğitimleri (15), memurlara uygulanan şiddet (16), cezaevi çeteleri (17,18), çalışan-mahkum ilişkileri (19)(20)(21)(22) ve otorite kullanımları (23,24) incelenmiştir. Bu tez sayesinde suçluluk alanının aslında başat aktörlerinden olmalarına rağmen kendileri ile yeteri kadar çalışılmamış ceza infaz koruma memurlarıyla çalışılarak, alana yeni bir bakış açısı sunulması hedeflenmiştir. ...
Türkiye’deki ceza infaz sistemi her zaman kendi gündemini yaratmış ve hem
sosyal bilimlerin hem de politikanın ilgi alanında kalmıştır. Sosyal hizmet, bizzat
ilgili kurumlarda çalışan meslek elemanlarının da bulunmasına rağmen, suçluluk ile
ilgili görece az çalışmaya sahip bir alandır. Bu tez sayesinde, literatürde eksik
kaldığını düşündüğümüz, suçluluk alanının aslında başat aktörlerinden olmalarına
rağmen kendileri ile yeteri kadar çalışılmamış ceza infaz koruma memurlarıyla
çalışılarak, alana yeni bir bakış açısı sunulması hedeflenmiştir.
Çalışmada infaz koruma memurlarının görüşleri üzerinden Türkiye’deki ceza
infaz sisteminin suça ve suçluya yaklaşımının ufak bir göstergesi ortaya konmaya
çalışılmıştır. Bahsedilen gösterge, suçluluk alanındaki politikaların yapısal
sorunlarını ve ihtiyaçlarını tanımlamada yararlı olacaktır. Tezin amaçlarından birisi
de ceza infaz koruma memurlarının suça ve suçluya dair düşüncelerine, sahip
oldukları ‘erk’in, kullandıkları ‘otorite’nin ve hiyerarşik sistemde altında
bulundukları ‘otorite’ ile olan ilişkilerinin etkisini incelemektir.
Araştırma kapsamında Türkiye’nin üç büyük kentinden (Ankara, İstanbul,
Bursa) 12 infaz koruma memuru ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve
görüşülenlerin meslek algıları, iş yaşamları, mahpuslarla iletişimleri hakkındaki ve
mahpus şartları/denetimli serbestlik/mahpusların çalışması gibi infaz sistemiyle ilgili
konulardaki düşünceleri alınmıştır.
Araştırma sonunda görüşülenlerin çoğunun mesleklerini zorunlu olarak icra
ettikleri, aldıkları eğitimleri yetersiz buldukları, mahpuslarla iletişimde otorite
dengesi kurmaya çalıştıkları, hapishanelerin ‘ıslah edici’ görevine inanmadıkları,
infaz sisteminde yapısal sorunlar gördükleri vb. bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Hapishaneler
gerek çalışanlar gerekse mahpuslar için olumsuz bir ortam oluşturmakta, yapılan
reformlar yapısal sorunları giderememektedir. Ceza infaz sistemini değerlendirirken
geleneksel kalıplardan çıkılmalı ve alternatifler üzerinde durulmalıdır.
The penal system in Turkey has always created it’s own agenda and stayed in
concern both social sciences and policy. Although social work has members of
profession who work in relevant institutions, it is still a field which has relatively few
researches about criminality. With this thesis, giving a new point of view to the field
–which we think there is a lack of data in literature- is aimed by working with
correction officers who are main characters in the field of criminality but not studied
enough.
In this study a small sample case of an approach to the crime and the criminal
penal system in Turkey by the views of the correction officers, has been studied.
Such a sample case will help to identify the structural problems and needs of the
policies in criminality field. Another goal of the thesis is to examine the effect of ‘the
power’ they have, ‘the authority’ they used and their relations with ‘the authority’
they depend on in the hierarchical system, to their opinions about the crime and the
criminal.
Depth interviews with 12 correction officers were conducted within the scope
of research in three big cities in Turkey (Ankara, İstanbul Bursa). Opinions of the
interviewers about perceptions of their profession, their professional lives, their
communications with inmates, penal system features such as conditions of
inmates/probation/working of inmates have been taken.
At the end of the research we have reached this findings: Most of the
interviewers have been working in their jobs compulsorily, they find their trainings
insufficient, they try to built balance of authority in communication with inmates,
they don’t believe in the ‘rehabilitative’ role of the prisons, they attribute some
structural problems in penal system. Prisons create a negative setting for both
workers and inmates and improved reforms can not be a solution to the structural
problems. While considering the penal system traditional ideas should be abandoned
and alternatives should be discoursed.
... The architectural design of prisons can also potentially influence the thoughts, interactions and behaviour that staff members have towards prisoners. For example, research conducted in the Netherlands observed that prisoners who shared a cell with another prisoner reported to have fewer positive relationships with staff members than offenders who resided in cells on an individual basis during incarceration (Beijersbergen et al., 2016). This would suggest that some prison settings may not be conducive to harnessing therapeutic or empathic interactions between staff and prisoners (Jewkes, 2018). ...
In 2006, the National Health Service commenced with assuming responsibility for the delivery and commissioning of mental healthcare services in prisons within the UK. Previous research has indicated that some prison environments may present challenges to the delivery of mental healthcare for prison populations. The present study aimed to explore the experiences of staff working in NHS offender health teams to identify the sources of adversity that frontline staff may encounter when providing mental healthcare in prison settings. The present study also aimed to identify working conditions that may be conducive in facilitating the delivery of mental healthcare in prison settings. Mental healthcare professionals (n = 10) who worked in NHS offender health teams took part in 1:1 semi-structured interviews that were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The thematic analysis of the dataset indicated three themes that presented sources of adversity for NHS offender health teams in their delivery of mental health care in prisons; which were 1) location of mental healthcare delivery 2) communication links with stakeholders and 3) prison policies, procedures and legislation. The results of this study have illustrated some of the work-related factors that require attention in order to further support frontline staff in their delivery of mental healthcare in prison settings.
... The architectural design of prisons can also potentially influence the thoughts, interactions and behaviour that staff members have towards prisoners. For example, research conducted in the Netherlands observed that prisoners who shared a cell with another prisoner reported to have fewer positive relationships with staff members than offenders who resided in cells on an individual basis during incarceration (Beijersbergen et al., 2016). This would suggest that some prison settings may not be conducive to harnessing therapeutic or empathic interactions between staff and prisoners (Jewkes, 2018). ...
In 2006, the National Health Service commenced with assuming responsibility for the delivery and commissioning of mental healthcare services in prisons within the UK. Previous research has indicated that some prison environments may present challenges to the delivery of mental healthcare for prison populations. The present study aimed to explore the experiences of staff working in NHS offender health teams to identify the sources of adversity that frontline staff may encounter when providing mental healthcare in prison settings. The present study also aimed to identify working conditions that may be conducive in facilitating the delivery of mental healthcare in prison settings. Mental healthcare professionals (n = 10) who worked in NHS offender health teams took part in 1:1 semi-structured interviews that were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The thematic analysis of the dataset indicated three themes that presented sources of adversity for NHS offender health teams in their delivery of mental health care in prisons; which were 1) location of mental healthcare delivery 2) communication links with stakeholders and 3) prison policies, procedures and legislation. The results of this study have illustrated some of the work-related factors that require attention in order to further support frontline staff in their delivery of mental healthcare in prison settings.
... Notably, most research in justice architecture is concentrated on the design of penal institutions, such as jails, prisons and detention centers. In this vein, researchers have investigated how correctional architecture impacts important outcomes such as inmate-on-inmate violence (Morris and Worrall, 2014) or staff-inmate relationships (Beijersbergen et al., 2016), and have proposed frameworks for designing more humane facilities (Jewkes, 2018;. To date, there are few published studies on the architecture of police buildings and the way these places influence individual perceptions and behaviors. ...
Empirical investigations examining how the architectural design of justice buildings impacts the public is scant and heavily skewed toward the design of penal institutions. Applying theories of hostile and welcoming building design, this study uses a survey experiment to investigate the impact that welcoming and hostile police station designs have on public affect and behaviorally relevant perceptions. Findings reveal main and interactive effects of architectural design on positive affect. Specifically, building design becomes a significant predictor of perceptions depending on an individual's self-identified racial or ethnic group, where Black and Latino respondents report greater positive emotional responses when presented with hostile as compared to welcoming building designs. However, there was no impact of building design on negative affect or behaviorally relevant perceptions to report crime. The results of this study have potential implications for impacting public perceptions about policing and improving service delivery experiences.
... In other words, focus has shifted away from a concern for social climate, towards the designing-out of risk of physical harm from prisoners' destructive behaviour through environmental modification, and by maximising control on the part of the prison authorities (Tartaro 2003, Krames andFlett 2000). Recent attempts have been made to establish a broad-brush link between different architectural types and elements of prisoner behaviour: for example in the US between prison layouts (as determined by satellite imagery) and 'misconduct' on the part of inmates (Morris and Worrall 2010); and in the Netherlands between prison design and prisoner perceptions of interactions with prison staff (Beijersbergen et al 2014). These are tantalising studies, although their quantitative methodologies preclude further explication of the means by which any such linkages take form. ...
... In other words, focus has shifted away from a concern for social climate, towards the designing-out of risk of physical harm from prisoners' destructive behaviour through environmental modification, and by maximising control on the part of the prison authorities (Tartaro 2003, Krames andFlett 2000). Recent attempts have been made to establish a broad-brush link between different architectural types and elements of prisoner behaviour: for example in the US between prison layouts (as determined by satellite imagery) and 'misconduct' on the part of inmates (Morris and Worrall 2010); and in the Netherlands between prison design and prisoner perceptions of interactions with prison staff (Beijersbergen et al 2014). These are tantalising studies, although their quantitative methodologies preclude further explication of the means by which any such linkages take form. ...
... Furthering the relevance of correctional architecture are research studies that link the architecture of correctional institutions to variations in misconduct (Morris & Worral, 2014); escapes (Scott, Petrossian, & Mellow, 2018); healthy relationships formed between correctional officers and people in custody (Beijersbergen, 2016); and the health of persons in custody (Schaeffer et al., 1998). Unfortunately, while theories, frameworks, and discussions around correctional architecture are present, empirical examinations of the impact or effect that correctional architecture has on mental health services are scant . ...
In the United States, jails have become the largest mental health institutions and have come under public scrutiny regarding the accessibility and quality of the mental health services provided. Research supports that the architectural design of a correctional facility influences the behaviors and well-being of an incarcerated person, including the treatment and services received while incarcerated.This pilot study utilizes the Space, Layout, and Setting (SLS) framework to investigate the impact of New York City’s jail design on an incarcerated person’s access to mental health services. Results
approaching statistical significance show that jails concentrated with mental health services are more likely to have mental health appointments completed compared to jails that are not. This holds true when controlling for jail capacity and the number of mental health appointments scheduled. Whilst it is best practice to have mental health services provided outside of the correctional setting, correctional administrators that seek to better serve their mental health population may consider exploring the designs of their facilities to be more treatment oriented.
... A small, but growing body of research, however, suggests that one way to gain such deference is by understanding experiences of those incarcerated, with a particular focus on the disciplinary process itself (e.g., Cochran et al., 2014). Some scholars have emphasized the need to improve prison climate and staff-resident relationships, all in efforts to bolster perceptions regarding institutional legitimacy (Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Bottoms, 1999;Wooldredge & Steiner, 2016). This lends support to notions that incarcerated individuals' perceptions of disciplinary processes and its agents (i.e., perceptions of procedural and distributive justice) may influence their subsequent behavior in prison (Tyler, 2010). ...
Recent scholarship suggests disciplinary protocols and incarcerated individuals’ perceptions of procedural justice toward correctional officers may be important in influencing one’s behavior and prison order. This study provides an examination of procedural and distributive justice in prison. We surveyed a stratified random sample of 144 respondents incarcerated in Maine state prisons about their perceptions toward the disciplinary process and corrections officers to assess the relationship between such views and patterns of institutional misconduct. Findings provide partial support for the procedural justice perspective in prison. Normative perceptions (e.g., legitimacy) are positively associated with voluntary deference measures while instrumental perceptions of officer effectiveness in controlling behavior are positively associated with respondent perceived risk. These results supply insight into theory development related to voluntary deference. Similarly, these findings can inform which relationships between officers and respondents may hold the potential to promote rule compliance and prison order.
... In terms of the criminal legal system, the lack of transparency and openness of these buildings raises questions about how the hiddenness and invisibility impacts those who work in or are required to visit the offices. Given studies that find the interior design of probation offices (Carr et al., 2015;Harrison, 2015;Phillips, 2014) and the use of this design by staff members to interact with supervisees (Doggett, 2017;Irwin-Rogers, 2017) impacts the relationship between supervisors and supervisees, and other research on the impact of prison/jail architecture on behaviour (Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Morris and Worrall, 2014), it is likely the exterior architecture also has an impact. The division between signage and location of probation offices compared to parole offices suggests a need to understand how administrators view both and the impact of this view on building design and placement. ...
Public secrets are the information the public chooses to keep from itself. Architecture is required to both house and operate these secrets. Community sanctions are arguably a public secret. This study analyses the most visible aspects of community sanctions, probation and parole offices, to understand whether and how their architectural features help keep the system hidden. By analysing photographs of such offices, I argue that not only do the building features help maintain community corrections as a public secret, but they also keep the systems secret from the public. I also argue that keeping the offices intentionally obscured may also impact how those under supervision are viewed by the general public.
... First, Table 3 shows that the scales staff-prisoner relationships and procedural justice are both strongly correlated to all the other prison climate scales. This is not surprising, as it is believed that staff-prisoner relationships lie at the heart of prison life (e.g., Beijersbergen et al., 2016;Crewe et al., 2011;Liebling, 2011). Second, also consistent with previous research, autonomy is highly correlated with other prison climate scales, especially with the scales staff-prisoner relationships and procedural justice, but also the scales satisfaction with activities and availability of meaningful activities (Beijersbergen, 2016;Goodstein et al., 1984). ...
Various survey measures have been developed to assess prison climate. Because these instruments have shortcomings, the Prison Climate Questionnaire (PCQ) was developed to measure prison climate and its related domains across a broad prison population. In this article, the instrument and its psychometric qualities are presented. Results show that the PCQ’s factor structure, reliability, and validity were in all aspects satisfactory. It was concluded that the PCQ is a promising instrument that can be used to measure and monitor individuals’ perceptions on the quality of prison life.
... At the center, there are controls that open and close the access points to each wing. Other layouts include the campus style, which consists of several independent buildings enclosed by a secure perimeter gate or wall, similar to a university campus (Johnston, 2000); the courtyard layout, in which buildings are placed in a square around a central courtyard (Fairweather & McConville, 2000); and the high-rise layout, multilayered facilities constructed upward and resembling skyscrapers (Beijersbergen, Dirkzwager, van der Laan, & Nieuwbeerta, 2016). ...
Facilities are important aspects of rehabilitative treatment. To fully understand the impact of a facility on the effectiveness of treatment, the direct perspectives of service providers are critical. We examine four autoethnographic accounts from correctional service providers to determine the role of the facility in their provision of care and organize these into considerations of three central aspects of correctional architecture—space, layout, and setting (SLS)—which play an important role in the efficacy of rehabilitative services. We conclude by proposing how research may advance in this area, especially through the use of practitioner accounts.
... 37 In more modern times, several researchers have studied how physical structures impact inmate health and wellbeing, examining institutional capacity, 38 location, 39 and facility layout. 40 We posit the exploration of sensory setting as well, through which a person interprets experience through all their senses. Sensory inputs such as the daily sight of defaced cell walls, the smell of uncleaned bathrooms, nightly sounds of despair, or intense heat in summer months can have a psychological effect on inmates. ...
The successful reentry of a person who has spent time incarcerated is dependent on the environments they are housed in and find themselves when released back into the community. This is particularly crucial for the African American community, which is disproportionately represented in the carceral population and, subsequently, among those formerly incarcerated. Using a placial and spatial justice lens, we review how the physical structure of correctional facilities and the spatial distribution of social service resources within African American communities contribute to mass incarceration, and provide recommendations to reduce the harms associated with incarceration.
In this paper we emphasise how science fiction, as a projection of the possible, can forewarn of dystopic dangers in emergent and future penal regimes. In this popular criminology we explore three archetypes of the prison as they have appeared across the Star Wars franchise: the panoptic prison; the labour camp; and the smart prison. The panoptic prison of the Galactic Republic invokes reflective nostalgia; prompting critical discussion of the deficiencies of the modern prison. Under the Galactic Empire prisons become labour camps, recalling the horrors of the Gulag as violent and cruel manifestations of underpinning ideology. Whilst the fall of the Galactic Empire signalled a return to governance based on democratic values, the representation of the smart prison in the New Republic continues to resonate as a techno-Gulag, reading as an allegory for a deeper crisis of liberal democracy. Analysed as such, prisons in Star Wars exist at the intersection of the past, present and possible futures of penal regimes, and in our current political climate can be a resource for resistance to technological trends and dystopic dangers. Star Wars, we conclude, and science fiction more broadly, is well-positioned to inform a radical re-imagining of future prisons and penal regimes.
Bullying is a perennial problem in correctional institutions. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of bullying perpetration in young correctional institutions, and to identify environmental and personal factors as predictors of bullying perpetration. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 289 male and female young people from eight correctional institutions in Malaysia. The Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist (DIPC-SCALEDr) was used to measure both bullying perpetration and victimization. The study reported more than 90% of the participants engaged in at least one behavior indicative of bullying others during the 1 month period. Participants reported involvement across six bullying forms. Direct logistic regression analysis identified eight significant predictors of bullying perpetration i.e. time served in the institution, disciplinary punishment; gang membership, no self-injury, respect, bureaucratic legitimacy, fairness, and family contact. To conclude, this study confirms bullying perpetration is determined by both personal and environmental factors. Juvenile justice system can use these key findings to anchor future interventions to prevent bullying and other forms of violence in correctional institution. In the future, this study might include a focus on staff-offender bullying and protective factors for bulling perpetration in correctional institutions.
The abstract principle of normalization can be interpreted and implemented in many different ways, despite its general objective to reduce the differences between the living conditions inside and outside prison. Instead of proposing a pre-defined notion of normalization, this chapter will introduce three components of any normalization process, i.e. its aims, focus areas and results, which together can be used as a framework to better understand the different interpretations of the normalization principle in different contexts. It is argued here that all three components need to be made explicit for one context, before they can be meaningfully compared between various contexts, which are in this case the two Belgian and two Norwegian prisons at the centre of this research.
The death of a loved one generates adverse and potentially damaging consequences for surviving family members and friends. The challenges of bereavement can be especially severe when experienced by incarcerated persons who must cope with and grieve the death while incarcerated. Yet, limited research evaluates bereavement among incarcerated persons and whether factors such as social support buffer against health-related consequences. Using data from the LoneStar Project—a study of 802 incarcerated men in Texas—we examine depressive symptoms among currently incarcerated persons with differential exposure to a loved one’s death (i.e., immediate family, friends, extended family). Importantly, a high rate of death exists among incarcerated persons’ loved ones, with 41% in the sample losing someone on the outside during their final year of incarceration. However, we find that external social support from family and friends and in-prison social cohesion from peers, significantly mitigate the harms of bereavement on depressive symptoms.
Research into the spatial dimensions of deprivation of liberty and psychiatric hospitalization has a long and complex tradition. In this context, the increasing numbers of prisoners and patients in forensic hospitals have impressively shown how difficult it is to ensure security, therapy and rehabilitation when space is scarce or not well-suited. In this narrative review, we present the main findings of recent lines of research on spaces in prisons and forensic psychiatric wards, with particular attention to the links between overcrowding in prisons and secure forensic psychiatric hospitals and violence, the foundations of prison and hospital architecture, and on how the design of spaces in prisons and hospitals can influence well-being. We assess and discuss these findings in the context of the current debate on how well-being in secure spaces can support the achievement of rehabilitation goals even in overcrowded institutions.
De erkende interventies die in Nederlandse gevangenissen worden ingezet bij volwassen gedetineerden zijn gericht op beïnvloeding van gedrag, niet op verbetering van de basisvoorwaarden voor een succesvolle re-integratie. Zo blijkt uit ons onderzoek in opdracht van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum (WODC).
We benadrukken dat de meeste gedetineerden te kort in detentie zitten om in die periode een interventie helemaal te kunnen doorlopen (de helft van de gedetineerden zit minder dan een maand in detentie). Twee belangrijke aanbevelingen: ervoor zorgen dat de interventies die in de PI zijn gestart doorlopen na vrijlating en werken aan een detentieklimaat waarin gedetineerden gestimuleerd worden met resocialisatie aan de slag te gaan.
In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Risikofaktoren für Drogenkonsum im Vollzug und Gewalt gegenüber Mitgefangenen untersucht. Die Prädiktoren dieser Regelverstöße wurden aus verschiedenen Theorien und Modellen zur Erklärung des (Fehl-)Verhaltens von Inhaftierten abgeleitet, namentlich der Deprivations- und Importationstheorie, dem Managementmodell, situativen Erklärungsansätzen sowie der Hypothese vom „Kreislauf der Gewalt“. Dabei werden sowohl Merkmale der individuellen Gefangenen als auch der Justizvollzugsanstalten beziehungsweise -abteilungen als Einflussfaktoren der Gewalt und des Substanzkonsums berücksichtigt. Die Daten, auf denen die präsentierten Forschungsergebnisse basieren, wurden im Rahmen einer standardisierten Fragebogenerhebung unter Gefangenen in Justizvollzugs- und Jugendstrafanstalten sowie einer schriftlichen Befragung von Anstaltsleitungen erhoben.
Die Ergebnisse der Studien zeigen in der Gesamtschau, dass sowohl Merkmale der individuellen Gefangenen (z.B. gewaltbefürwortende Einstellungen, Anlassdelikt) als auch der Gefangenenpopulation (z.B. Anteil der Inhaftierten mit Migrationshintergrund) und der Anstalt (z.B. Anstaltsgröße) signifikant mit dem Risiko von Substanzkonsum und Gewalt im Vollzug assoziiert sind. Ein Effekt des Alters auf die Begehung von Regelverstößen zeigt sich nur innerhalb der Gruppe der Gefangenen im Erwachsenenvollzug. Der „Kreislauf der Gewalt“ von Viktimisierungserfahrungen in der Kindheit hin zur Gewaltanwendung gegen Mitgefangene scheint für männliche und weibliche Inhaftierte gleichermaßen zu gelten. Ferner deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die simultane Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher theoretischer Perspektiven und der daraus abgeleiteten Variablen den vielversprechendsten Ansatz zum Verständnis von Regelverstößen im Vollzug darstellt.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore stakeholder' perspectives of control within general correctional and solitary confinement environments with findings focused on trust, sound, views to nature, routine, and time. Research was conducted at two medium security prisons in a large US state with male inmates. Using a survey methodology, interviews occurred with 10 inmates, 10 correctional officers, two superintendents, one staff psychologist, one nurse, and two correctional design architects. Observations and photography followed while visiting and leaving the prisons. Using grounded theory as a data analysis tool identified the themes of trust, views to nature, sound, time, and routine viewed through the overarching premise of control. Incongruence between rehabilitation and punitive environmental goals were found. Correctional officers who emphasized fear and trust valued visual surveillance despite its ability to lead to austere indoor and outdoor spaces. Inmates craved outdoor views along with personal possessions as these items established a more meaningful passage of time. Sound, as noted by the correctional architects, was not designed as a rehabilitative tool, but instead was used to denote impending attacks. And routine, so valued by inmates, was often taken away as a form of control. Implications suggest that the US prisons observed in this study exemplified control, dominance, and punishment. Future prison design should embrace the rehabilitative and healing strategies used in European models to help lower rates of recidivism which are problematic in the American prison system.
Scholars frequently characterize incarceration as a possible turning point in criminal activity. This implies a two‐stage process: 1) change in life‐course mechanisms around confinement and reentry result in 2) subsequent change in criminal activity relative to preconfinement. Following this model, we examine change in criminal activity, criminal identity, and social/structural challenges using data from the Prison Project, a cohort of adult males with short‐term confinement in the Netherlands in 2010–2011. Results of a novel test for within‐individual change in arrests from preconfinement to post‐reentry show that most individuals are stable—yet there is a substantial group who go down meaningfully and a much smaller group who go up. Even though changes in criminal identity from the intervening period do not predict these change groups, increases in social/structural challenges predict those who go up in criminal activity. We build from prior work on desistance and reentry, contrasting our findings and highlighting the unique insight gained from, as well as challenges of, measuring individual change within our two‐stage turning point model. Although life‐course mechanisms often correspond with changes in criminal activity concurrently, identifying individual changes that are predictors of subsequent shifts in criminal offending remains elusive.
Zusammenfassung
Das Anstaltsklima ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Thema der Forschung auch im deutschen Justizvollzug geworden. Diese positive Entwicklung leidet jedoch bisher unter einer hohen Fragmentierung der verschiedenen Projekte und einer Reihe theoretischer, forschungspraktischer und methodischer Probleme. Diese reichen von der Frage der Definition über mangelnde Berücksichtigung von Mehrebenenstrukturen und der Beschränkung auf querschnittliche Forschungsdesigns bis hin zu Problemen der Objektivität angesichts unterschiedlicher Perspektiven. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt eine kurze Literaturübersicht über Forschungsprojekte jüngeren Datums zum Klima im Justizvollzug in Deutschland anhand von Veröffentlichungen ab der Jahrtausendwende. Im Anschluss werden methodische und konzeptuelle Herausforderungen hervorgehoben, die mit der Erhebung und Erforschung des Klimas im Justizvollzug in Theorie und Praxis einhergehen. Aus diesen werden eine Reihe von Empfehlungen für die Klimaforschung im Justizvollzug abgeleitet und diskutiert.
This article analyses the penitentiary architecture evolution, based on the notion of punishment deployed in a particular historical period. In this sense, it is described how the alteration on the understanding and on the underlying purpose of the chastisement, affects the designs and facilities of the prisons around the world. This study conducts a review throughout the prison history from antique times to our days through theories of criminal law. In this historical review it will be observed how the imprisonment became the mayor way of punishment as of nineteenth century. Today, the prison still remain in force in the penal system, nevertheless, two different prison models have emerged in the last century: on one side, the re-socialising prisons and, on the other side, the fully vigilant prisons.
This chapter explores the police custody cell from the perspective of policing staff. Legally it is the cornerstone of the criminal investigation process, being the place where arrested persons are taken while charging decisions are made. Police custody is a liminal space, one where detainees are monitored extensively and where detainees are ‘betwixt and between’ their previous existence. It is therefore a complex and multi-faceted environment that has, until recently, been treated in a fairly monolithic way. This chapter draws on 15 hours of observations and 12 interviews with police officers and custody staff. It argues that the police custody cell is a space where the monitoring of risk and emotional turmoil is managed by staff.
People with mental health issues are vastly overrepresented in the Australian prison system. This paper discusses the master planning and design of Ravenhall Correctional Centre in Victoria, Australia to increase outcomes for male prisoners living with physical, mental health disability and other conditions. Major innovations in the design of Ravenhall Correctional Centre have included a forensic mental health unit on site, and the master planning of the prison into separate communities with a variety of housing types to provide prisoners opportunities to experience various levels of self-care and greater autonomy. The prison was designed to increase feelings of wellness, to provide program and training spaces to service various groups, and to allow prisoners to experience greater levels of individual control. The project is discussed through an architectural lens to allow readers to understand the complexities of master planning and designing a major people-oriented, multi-faceted prison with a forensic mental health unit within the perimeter. The paper notes that large scale prisons may be designed in a more therapeutic manner where accommodation, facilities and programs can provide prisoners opportunities to connect with external environments, engage in meaningful activities and retain a level of autonomy and individual control. The integration of the forensic mental health unit means that greater numbers of prisoners are able to access in and outpatient services. The paper concludes that since the prison was commissioned in 2017, the prisoner cohort has changed, resulting in a deviation from the intended purpose of focusing on innovative programs for sentenced prisoners. This may have diminished the capacity for prisoners to effectively engage in the programs for which the prison was designed.
Dieser Forschungsbeitrag aus Italien stellt eine quantitative Untersuchung (mittels standardisierter Fragebögen) der positiven Wirkungen eines standardisierten hundegestützten Interventionsprogramms auf Inhaftierte mit Suchterkrankungen in einer norditalienischen Haftanstalt (Due Palazzi) vor. Die Analyse unterstreicht die Potenziale tiergestützter Therapieprogramme in der Verbesserung sozialer Kompetenzen, der Senkung psychischer Belastungen und damit verknüpft der Verringerung von Angst und Depressionen bei drogenabhängigen erwachsenen Männern.
Rastući broj zavisnika od opojnih droga i razorne posledice ovog zdravstvenog, socijalnog i kriminalnog fenomena nameće potrebu za iznalaženjem najefikasnijih načina za njihovo lečenje i socijalnu rein-tegraciju. U slučajevima kada je zavisniku izrečena kazna zatvora i/ili medicinska mera bezbednosti javljaju se dodatni izazovi i problemi. Do-sadašnja praksa terapije uz pomoć životinja (konja i pasa) kao dodatka lečenju bolesti, psihičkih poremećaja i poremećaja ponašanja ukazu-je da taj inovativni metod može biti delotvoran i u procesu lečenja pre-stupnika zavisnih od opojnih droga. Imajući to u vidu, autor analizira postojeće izazove lečenja zavisnika, sa fokusom na one koji spadaju u zatvorsku populaciju, modalitete državne reakcije na ovaj fenomen, kao i mogućnosti i perspektive uključivanja životinja u njihovu terapiju. Po-sebnu pažnju autor posvećuje italijanskom rešenju koje razmatra kao primer dobre prakse uključivanja životinja u tretman prestupnika zavi-snih od opojnih droga i mogući uzor za domaće zakonodavstvo i praksu.
Ključne reči: droga, zavisnost, tretman, terapija, zatvor, životinje
In this chapter we will describe and discuss some practical ways of creating rehabilitative cultures in prisons housing people convicted of sexual offences. Our interest in prison culture began in 2002 when we conducted a study of why some men in prison deny their sexual offending (Mann, Webster, Wakeling, & Keylock, 2013). Before we began that study, we expected to find individual psychological explanations for denial, such as shame, or family factors, such as family support for denial. These explanations certainly existed, but more notably we found that men talked about feeling unsafe, feeling stigmatised, and feeling humiliated by other people in prison and also by staff. The overall finding was that when men convicted of sexual offences felt psychologically and physically unsafe in prison, their personal resources were consumed by finding ways to feel safe, and denial of their offences was one useful way to reduce their anxiety.
Purpose
The Life in Custody (LIC) Study is a nationwide prospective cohort study examining the quality of prison life in the Netherlands. The purpose of this paper is to describe Dutch prisoners’ perceptions of prison climate, as well as differences across regimes.
Design/methodology/approach
The target population of the study consisted of all male and female adult prisoners in the Netherlands who were incarcerated in various regimes in a total of 28 prisons, between January and April 2017. An intensive and personal recruitment strategy was employed. Participants completed a detailed survey, the prison climate questionnaire (PCQ). Self-reported information on a variety of topics was collected, including perceived prison climate, well-being and self-reported behaviour.
Findings
In total, 4,938 prisoners participated in the survey, which amounts to a high response rate of 81 per cent. Analyses show that respondents’ characteristics are almost identical to those of non-respondents. Ratings of prison climate vary across domains and regimes, with more positive scores for minimum-security regimes.
Practical implications
A detailed methodological approach is described that can be adopted to achieve a high response rate with survey research among prisoners. The paper alerts researchers and practitioners to a large ongoing study and first findings on prison climate in the Netherlands. The PCQ can be requested from the authors and used in future research (internationally) to gain information about the perceived quality of prison life. The paper gives insight in how different regimes are associated with differences in perceived prison climate. Collaboration on the research project can be sought with the authors.
Originality/value
Findings of the LIC study illustrate the value of having data on prison climate. Results of the study will contribute to more knowledge on imprisonment and what can be done to improve the humane treatment of offenders by the criminal justice system. Moreover, knowledge about the methodology of the study may enable future comparative research on prison climate.
Two cases of prison reform in the 1990s had widely divergent results. New Mexico privatized several prisons and these prisons were quickly beset by multiple riots. New York's publicly run Rikers Island prison, by contrast, adopted reforms that ended many years of riots and violence. Prevailing theories of prison riots cannot account for these divergent outcomes. A state-centered theory of social order explains both cases, showing how prison administrators and state and national governments can create the conditions under which social order breaks down or is restored. This analysis has implications for forging social order in other hierarchical institutions, such as schools, that are responsible for the welfare of their dependent clients.
Although living in prison is difficult for all inmates, anecdotal evidence and a small number of qualitative studies on women's prisons suggest that females have greater social support needs while incarcerated. This claim is important for a more complete understanding of adjustment to prisons. In particular, extra and intrainstitutional social support mechanisms may reduce the inmate-perceived stresses associated with imprisonment and yield fewer official rule infractions. Using a multilevel analysis, the authors explore ties between social support mechanisms and reported rules infractions of a nationally representative sample of male and female state prison inmates. Findings suggest that female inmates experienced more social support than did their male counterparts. Some of the included social support mechanisms seem to affect inmates'adjustment to prison, and the effect of marital status on misconduct varies by gender. The implications of these findings for understanding prison life and for prison administrators are also examined.
This article considers the contribution that physical environment makes to the pains of imprisonment. Synthesizing concepts and theories from critical organization studies with those that have informed criminological studies of prison design and the lived experience of imprisonment, the article discusses the ways in which the architecture and aesthetics of penal environments might be better understood with reference to the restricted economies of space found in industrial and bureaucratic organizations. It is argued that a grasp of the limits historically placed on the subjective growth of individual workers (workspaces frequently being characterized as ‘iron cages’ or ‘psychic prisons’) can enhance our understanding of the physical and psychological confinement of those in custody. Moreover, critical organization studies can inform emerging debates about what future prisons should look like and alert us to the potential fallacy in assuming that ‘modern’ equates to ‘better’. While clean, humane and safe environments are unquestionably desirable for both prisoners and prison staff, and considerations such as natural daylight, access to outside space and aesthetic stimuli are increasingly being incorporated into penal environments around the world, this article will critically interrogate the value of such initiatives arguing that they may, in fact, represent a new and potentially more insidious form of control that bring their own distinctive ‘pains’.
Empirical research on the moral quality of life in prison suggests that some prisons are more survivable than others. Prisoners describe stark differences in the moral and emotional climates of prisons serving similar functions. The ‘differences that matter’ concern interpersonal relationships and treatment, and the use of authority, which lead to stark differences in perceived fairness and safety and different outcomes for prisoners, including rates of suicide. These identifiable differences between prisons in one jurisdiction may provide the beginnings of a framework for addressing the broader question of standards being set by the European Court of Human Rights. Concepts like ‘dignity’ and ‘humanity’ are difficult to operationalize and practise. Prisoners are articulate about them, however, and know the difference between ‘feeling humiliated’ and ‘retaining an identity’. The worlds of ‘moral measurement’ and ‘human rights standards’ in penology should be brought closer together in a way that deepens the conversation about prison life and experience.
Twenty years ago, David Downes in his classic study, Contrasts in Tolerance, interviewed Dutch prisoners held in England and English prisoners held in the Netherlands and concluded that the Dutch provided a more humane penal system. Since that time, there have been significant changes in penal policies in both England and the Netherlands, which call into question both his conclusions and many of the current comparative analyses of penal trends. We examine the conditions of confinement for both Dutch prisoners held in English prisons and English prisoners held in the Netherlands to determine whether and how these carceral environments have changed over time. We draw on recent organizational research on ‘inhabited institutions’ to help advance our understanding of both transformations and continuities in penal trends across different political contexts.
In light of the dramatic increase over the past decade in the number of women incarcerated in the Netherlands, we examined 251 female inmates’ psychological reactions to imprisonment with a survey that taps importation and deprivation factors and related life experiences. While depressive complaints, irritability and risk of self-harm were all predicted by both sets of factors, the evidence suggests that deprivation factors have a greater impact on these measures of well-being than importation factors. Previous treatment for psychological problems was the most important covariate for psychological complaints and post-traumatic stress. The most important deprivation factors were treatment by staff and other inmates, and environmental stress. Accordingly, we suggest that in order to further our understanding of women prisoners’ adaptations to incarceration greater attention should be directed to women’s conditions of confinement and less to their histories of victimization and drug abuse.
This paper discusses the quality of prison life and prison size in relation to the notion of ‘Scandinavian exceptionalism’. Using the questionnaires ‘Measuring the Quality of Prison Life’ (MQPL) for prisoners and ‘Staff Measuring the Quality of Prison Life’ (SQL) for staff, data were collected from all 32 closed prisons in Norway. Based on the assumption that prison officers’ working lives, their perspectives and their values influence prisoners’ quality of life, the main focus in the paper is on the officers. Small prisons (fewer than 50 prisoners) obtain more positive results than medium-sized (50–100) and large (more than 100) prisons, on several dimensions measured. The relationship between officers and prisoners seems to be of better quality in small prisons than in medium-sized and large prisons. Officers in small prisons also report more positive relationships with senior management than their colleagues in medium-sized and large prisons. The results are discussed in light of previous studies on officers and prison working life dynamics.
This article explores one interesting finding emerging from early findings of studies comparing private and public prisons in the UK: the relationship between prisoners and staff. These relationships appear to be better in some private prisons than in the public sector, at least during the early years of privatization. After presenting these findings, the authors provide three possible explanations for the positively evaluated prisoner—staff relationships in many private prisons during these early years: first, an intentional focus on relaxed and less formal regimes; second, the distinct balance of power which is the outcome of more powerless and inexperienced staff working in private prisons; and third, the legacy of a punitive atmosphere which still persists in some public sector prisons. While these findings do not constitute an argument in favour of privatization, they provide an opportunity to be less romantic about public sector values and practices, and more circumspect about the dangers of imprisonment more generally.
A prison setting was used to examine self-report and biochemical evidence of architecturally mediated crowding stress. Further, the relationship among illness complaints, perceived crowding, and urinary catecholamines was explored. Inmates of a federal corrections institution provided urine samples assayed for epinephrine and norepinephrine, and they supplied self-report data on their perceptions of crowding. Infirmary records were reviewed for each inmate's health history. Inmates resided in one of three housing types that varied in degree to which privacy and crowding were afforded. Housing type with the lowest social density was a private cell, while open dormitories had the highest. An intermediate level of social density was represented by inmates in partitioned dormitories or cubicles. Lower levels of social density were expected to be associated with lower perceived crowding, lower levels of urinary catecholamines, and fewer health complaints. Across all inmates, perceived crowding was positively correlated with levels of urinary catecholamines. Single cell inmates reported less crowding and exhibited lower levels of urinary catecholamines than
Using structured interview data and official records from an incarcerated sample of adult males housed in a Slovene prison, this study tests hypotheses derived from the process-based model of regulation (Tyler, in M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice, pp. 283–357, 2003). The findings show that inmates who evaluate prison officers’ use of authority as procedurally just are less likely to report engaging in misconduct and are charged with violating fewer institutional rules. The observed association between procedural justice and legitimacy is indistinguishable from zero. Although legitimacy is inversely related to both prisoner misconduct measures, the associations are relatively weak. Overall, these findings partially support Tyler's social–psychological framework, and also provide empirical justification for fair and respectful offender management.
This paper suggests that although carceral space seems to be sharply demarcated from the outside world, the prison wall is in fact more porous than might be assumed. The paper critiques Goffman’s theory of the ‘total institution’ by deploying a geographical engagement with liminality to theorise prison visiting rooms as spaces in which prisoners come face-to-face with persons and objects which come from and represent their lives on the ‘outside’. Drawing on a specific empirical example from recent research into imprisonment in the contemporary Russian prison system, it uses the example of visiting suites designed for long term ‘residential’ visits to explore the ways in which visiting spaces act as a space of betweenness where a metaphorical threshold-crossing takes place between outside and inside. The paper specifically explores the expression of that betweenness in the materiality of visiting, and in the destabilisation of rules and identities in visiting space. It contests the sense of linear transformation with which liminal spaces have previously been associated, suggesting that rather than spaces of linear transition from one state to another, liminal spaces can constitute a frustratingly repetitive, static or equilibriating form of transformation which is cumulative rather than immediate, and relates this suggestion to the wider study of prison visitation.
Summarizes the results of a research program on the effects of crowding in prisons and jails. The relationship of crowding to rates of suicides, violent and nonviolent deaths, psychiatric commitments, inmate-on-inmate assaults, disciplinary infractions, and attempted suicides and self-mutilations as evidenced in archival records of 175,000+ inmates from 4 state prison systems were examined. Field research in prisons and jails yielded data on 2,500+ individual inmates, including illness complaints, blood pressure, perceived crowding, and housing evaluations. The impact of space and social density are discussed, focusing on the various housing arrangements available in prisons. Findings show that, in general, crowding in prisons was related to increased pathology. Theoretical considerations of the effects of crowding are discussed in terms of a social interaction demand model that incorporates uncertainty, goal interference, and cognitive load. Implications of the model and outcomes of a crowded situation are addressed. It is concluded that the primary causes of negative effects related to crowding are due to cognitive strain, anxiety or fear, and frustration intrinsic to most social interactions in crowded settings. (56 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Researchers have not yet devoted sufficient attention to the effect of prison architecture on inmate misconduct. Using data from the population of male prisoners in Texas, the authors explored the association between two prison architectural design types (as determined by satellite imagery) and inmate misconduct. The results from multilevel statistical analyses suggest that architectural design is associated with nonviolent misconduct but not violent misconduct. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Findings from an empirical study into needs and preferences of Aboriginal prisoners in custody - practice of shared accommodation for such prisoners may be inappropriate - adverse implications for institutional culture and behaviour modification practices applied in custodial environments - socio-economic options for custodial accommodation that are significant to prisoner outcomes.
To summarize briefly, key general points in this presentation include the following: To promote wellness, healthcare facilities should be designed to support patients in coping with stress. As general compass points for designers, scientific research suggests that healthcare environments will support coping with stress and promote wellness if they are designed to foster: 1. Sense of control; 2. Access to social support; 3. Access to positive distractions, and lack of exposure to negative distractions; A growing amount of scientific evidence suggests that nature elements or views can be effective as stress-reducing, positive distractions that promote wellness in healthcare environments. In considering the needs of different types of users of healthcare facilities--patients, visitors, staff--it should be kept in mind that these groups sometimes have conflicting needs or orientations with respect to control, social support, and positive distractions. It is important for designers to recognize such differing orientations as potential sources of conflict and stress in health facilities (Schumaker and Pequegnat, 1989). For instance, a receptionist in a waiting area may understandably wish to control the programs on a television that he or she is continuously exposed to; however, patients in the waiting area may experience some stress if they cannot select the programs or elect to turn off the television. Some staff may prefer bright, arousing art for corridors and patient rooms where they spend much of their time; however, for many patients, such art may increase rather than reduce stress. A difficult but important challenge for designers is to be sensitive to such group differences in orientations, and try to assess the gains or losses for one group vis-a-vis the other in attempting to achieve the goal of psychologically supportive design. Designers should also consider programs or strategies that combine or mesh different stress-reducing components. For example, it seems possible that a program enabling patients to select at least some of their wall art or pictures would foster both control and access to positive distraction. As another example, the theory outlined in this paper suggests that an "artist-in-residence" program, wherein an artist with a caring, supportive disposition would work with patients, might foster social support in addition to control and access to positive distraction. Running through this presentation is the conviction that scientific research can be useful in informing the intuition, sensitivity, and creativity of designers, and thereby can help to create psychologically supportive healthcare environments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
In this article, we describe the translation and validation of the Dutch Big Five Inventory (BFI; John & Srivastava, 1999), a short instrument designed to measure the Big Five factors of personality. We obtained evidence of the instrument's good psychometric properties in terms of factorial equivalence to the English original and other BFI translations and the relative independence and internal consistency of the five scales. The findings suggest that the instrument can be used in diverse age groups without substantial changes in factor structure. The Dutch BFI scales showed similar demographic correlates as the English original, with higher Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and lower Neuroticism values in older participants, higher Neuroticism values in women, and higher Openness and Conscientiousness values in better educated participants. Use of the Dutch BFI will allow researchers to integrate their findings with the extant Big Five research literature. The brevity of the instrument will be appealing to researchers who are concerned about taxing the time and motivation of their participants.
Preface
Morals reformed—health preserved—industry invigorated—instruction diffused—public burthens lightened—Economy seated, as it were, upon a rock—the gordian knot of the Poor-Laws not cut, but untied—all by a simple idea in Architecture! ——Thus much I ventured to say on laying down the pen—and thus much I should...
The incidence of acts of interpersonal violence in prisons is influenced by the characteristics of inmates but also by aspects of the prison environment and by the continual dynamic interaction between prisoners, prison staff, and the physical and social context within which they are placed. Enhanced physical restrictions can often reduce levels of violence due to restrictions on opportunity but may also sometimes lead to a loss of legitimacy that can escalate violence. Previously understudied aspects of prison social life include routines and staff-prisoner relationships, both of which are central to the maintenance of everyday social order. Prisoner-staff assaults are particularly associated with the potential "friction points" of the prison regime and the prison day, but some officers seem more skilled at handling these friction points in ways that avoid violence. The study of prisoner-prisoner violence presents a paradox, with a frequently described pervasiveness of the rule of force within inmate soc...
This paper attempts to theorize some aspects of problems of order in prisons in the light of recent contributions in the theory of legitimacy by Beetham (1991) and Tyler (1990). Previous work in the sociology of imprisonment has generally raised the problem of legitimation only implicitly, and often merely to deny its possibility. Drawing on fieldwork in two English maximum security prisons, we argue that while prisons present chronic problems of legitimacy, it may nevertheless be possible to specify circumstances under which prisoners are more or less likely to confer or withhold degrees of recognition of legitimate authority of prison staff and regimes. Such conditions include not only the regularity and efficiency of service delivery, but also perceived distributive and procedural fairness of treatment, as well as human qualities in the nature of routines. We deploy these considerations in analysing aspects of current British penal politics.
Postwar developments in Dutch penal policy encompass one period of sustained reduction in the scale of imprisonment (1947-74), producing the most humane penal system in Europe, followed by a second (1975 to date) in which that trend reversed, producing an imprisonment rate that exceeds the European average, with adverse consequences for the character of prison regimes. The causes of the initial period are not self-evident, taking place while crime was rising, and based on a philosophy of minimizing the resort to custody. Key elements of that approach continued from 1975 to the mid-1980s, during a period of sharply rising crime rates. The period of sustained recarceration after 1985, and its prolongation, into the 1990s and beyond, entailed a sweeping reconfiguration of penal policy. Managerial, instrumental, and incapacitative measures took precedence over previous goals of resocialization and restorative justice.
The dismal life in prison (1775-1825) death, discipline and depravity in crowded prison factories (1821-1850) socialization by social isolation - experiments with penitentiaries in England and the US barbarian scaffold versus civilized solitude - from external to internal constraint.
This article presents a typology of prison officer approaches to caring for prisoners, based on qualitative fieldwork in one men’s and one women’s prison. Five distinct approaches were identified: true carer, limited carer, old school, conflicted and ‘damaged’. Officers with each caring style shared a particular view of prisoners as a group, and varied in their adherence to traditional prison officer cultural norms. Length of experience and gender were related to caring approach, as were work environment and experience of trauma. I argue that all prison officers contended with care in their work, and I consider the personal and institutional factors that shaped the quality of care for prisoners.
The paper reports on a study that looks at the impact of a corrections environment upon prisoners through a process of monitoring inmate attendance at sick call clinic. Contrasting cell block designs and characteristics are compared on the basis of significant differential demands for health care services emanating from specific areas. Known psychological and physiological responses to situations perceived to be threatening provide the theory that health behavior may be used as one indirect measure of environmentally induced stress. Findings suggest there are architectural design features of the prison environment that provide basis of perceived threats to inmate safety and survival. Loss of privacy on several dimensions appears to be a critical environmental characteristic.
Using Power, Champion, and Aris's Significant Others Scale, the present study examined the function and structure of social support in a group of incarcerated young offenders. Support across nine key relationships from both outside and inside the prison were examined. The study aimed to examine social support as a key variable in coping with incarceration. Furthermore, the study examined the role that social support plays in the experience of self-reported psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and hopelessness) while incarcerated The importance of prison relationships-with a close friend and members of prison staff in the experience of psychological distress-was highlighted, where distressed inmates were more likely to report discrepancies in the actual/ideal levels of both emotional and practical support. Regression analyses highlighted the importance of relationships with the staff as predictors of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness.
The results of evaluations of two specially designed federal detention centers are presented. While the designs of the two institutions had different strengths and weaknesses, inmate responses to the environments were similar in several critical areas. Both facilities appeared to provide atmospheres perceived as less stressful, less threatening, and more comfortable than most jails. There was little evidence of violent or destructive behavior. Both facilities had problems related to space restriction and boredom. Important design issues included the ability of planners to accurately predict eventual use of space, and the design of spaces which allow user control of environmental conditions.
This study examined the effect of remunerative and coercive controls on inmate assault, net of traditional controls. The sample included 4,168 male inmates nested within 185 state correctional facilities. The results suggest a complex relationship between remunerative controls and inmate assault. Remunerative controls were not significant predictors of inmate-on-inmate assault; however, prisoners involved in work programs were significantly less likely to assault staff, net of control variables. A significant relationship was not found between coercive control and inmate assault.
This article describes an effort to develop and test a standardized, generic set of evaluation instruments for assessing behavioral effects of the design of correctional institutions. The goal was to provide a system for rapid, efficient, and comprehensive environmental evaluation. The system was to produce information useful to individual institutions any yield pooled data from many institutions concerning environmental influences on behavior. Instruments were developed to obtain attitudinal and environmental perception data, to perform behavioral observations, to record information about the physical setting, to assess organization type and style, and obtain archival data. Portions of the data from two case studies in which these instruments were pilot tested are presented in this article.
Contrary to a widespread belief about the undesirability of relatively large prisons, a review of the criminological literature yields no empirical evidence that prison size influences behavior inside or after leaving prison. The English prison statistics show that prison offenses, and more specifically assaults, are less likely in larger prisons. However, it was impossible in these analyses to control for the kinds of inmates in each prison. In a more controlled analysis of correctional effectiveness (defined as the difference between predicted and actual reconviction rates), there was a strong tendency for the more overcrowded prisons to be less effective. Size was only weakly related to effectiveness, and this association was reduced further after controlling for overcrowding. It was concluded that an important priority for governmental agencies should be to reduce overcrowding in prisons.
Suicide is a legal and social problem that plagues the criminal justice system. Jails were constructed for the single purpose of detaining persons for short periods of time as they awaited their trials. Now jails must be built and staffed to provide for the health, safety and welfare of pretrial detainment and sentenced misdemeanants
Architecturale behoeften van gevangenisbewoners en gebruikers
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In de geborgenheid van de gevangenis. De betekening van de nieuwe Nederlandse gevangenisbouw [The meaning of new Dutch prison construction] . Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Prison architecture: An international survey of representative closed institution and analysis of current trends in prison design
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Meerpersoonscelgebruik [The use of double bunking
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The evolution of prison architecture
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Forms of constraint: A history of prison architecture
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Prisons and their moral performance: A study of values, quality and prison life
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Revisiting prison suicide: The role of fairness and distress
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