The Enlargement of the Suez Canal and Introduction of Non-Indigenous Species to the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract

The Suez Canal is one of the most important waterways in the world – during the last year 17,148 ships passed through the Canal – reducing emissions, saving time, and operating costs to shippers. The rapid increase in ship size from the " Post-Suezmax " (> 12,000 TEU) to the latest container vessels (> 19,000 TEU) now requires enlargements of port facilities and canals. A project of this magnitude, and with potentially negative environmental outcomes , requires a transparent and scientifically sound " Environmental Impact Assessment " (EIA). An explicit obligation on Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (https://www.cbd.int/doc/ legal/cbd-en.pdf) was made to consider transboundary impacts on biodiversity, particularly those associated with invasive non-indigenous species. Although a non-binding instrument, the " Rio Declaration on Environment and Development " sets forth important principles of international environmental law (UN 1992): States are responsible for ensuring that activities within their jurisdiction do not damage the environment of other States, and EIA, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment. To our knowledge, no Environmental Impact Assessment has been fig. 1. The number of nonindigenous species in some Mediterranean countries. In red, the fraction of species likely introduced through the Suez Canal.

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letter to the editors
may 2015 © 2015 Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
The Enlargement of the Suez
Canal and Introduction of
Non-Indigenous Species to
the Mediterranean Sea
Bella Galil, Ferdinando Boero, Simona Fraschetti, Stefano Piraino, Marnie Campbell,
Chad Hewitt, James Carlton, Elizabeth Cook, Anders Jelmert, Enrique Macpherson,
Agnese Marchini, Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Cynthia Mckenzie, Dan Minchin, Henn
Ojaveer, Sergej Olenin, and Greg Ruiz
The Suez Canal is one of the most impor-
tant waterways in the world – during the
last year 17,148 ships passed through the
Canal – reducing emissions, saving time,
and operating costs to shippers. The rapid
increase in ship size from the “Post-Suezmax”
(> 12,000 TEU) to the latest container vessels
(> 19,000 TEU) now requires enlargements of
port facilities and canals.
A project of this magnitude, and with
potentially negative environmental out-
comes, requires a transparent and scien-
tifically sound “Environmental Impact
Assessment” (EIA). An explicit obligation
on Parties to the Convention on Biologi-
cal Diversity (https://www.cbd.int/doc/
legal/cbd-en.pdf) was made to consider
transboundary impacts on biodiversity,
particularly those associated with invasive
non-indigenous species. Although a non-
binding instrument, the “Rio Declaration
on Environment and Development” sets
forth important principles of international
environmental law (UN 1992): States are
responsible for ensuring that activities
within their jurisdiction do not damage the
environment of other States, and EIA, as
a national instrument, shall be undertaken
for proposed activities that are likely to
have a significant adverse impact on the
environment. To our knowledge, no Envi-
ronmental Impact Assessment has been
Fig. 1. The number of nonindigenous species in some Mediterranean countries. In red, the fraction of species
likely introduced through the Suez Canal.

3
may 2015
made available for public view, should it
exist.
We are particularly concerned about the
possibility that the enlargement will facilitate
further introduction of Red Sea species into
the Mediterranean Sea. To-date, 443 species
of macrophytes, invertebrates and sh are
likely to have entered the Mediterranean Sea
through the Suez Canal, of which number 89
have been recorded in ve or more countries.
Some of these species have had signicant
impacts. A scyphozoan jellysh, Rhopilema
nomadica, recorded since the early 1980s,
forms huge swarms each summer along the
Levantine coast, which adversely aecting
tourism, sheries and coastal installations.
The “silverside” puersh, Lagocephalus sceler-
atus, was likely introduced through the Canal
to the eastern Mediterranean in 2003 and has
recently spread from the Black Sea to Spain.
This species poses severe health hazards
because its internal organs contain a strong
paralytic neurotoxin, inducing vomiting, res-
piratory arrest, seizures, coma, and occasion-
ally, death. It also damages shing nets and
lines causing economic losses for shermen.
Finally, two herbivorous rabbit shes, Siganus
luridus and S. rivulatus, are responsible for an
extraordinary shift in the Levantine Basin
from well-developed algal assemblages in the
rocky infralittoral to extensive “barrens,” with
a dramatic decline in biogenic habitat com-
plexity, biodiversity and biomass.
Similarly, Article 4.3(d) of the Regional
Sea Convention – the Convention for the
Protection of the Marine Environment and
the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean
(“Barcelona Convention”) promotes “cooper-
ation between and among States in environ-
mental impact assessment procedures related
to activities under their jurisdiction or control
which are likely to have a signicant adverse
eect on the marine environment of other
States or areas beyond the limits of national
jurisdiction.” Egypt is a signatory to both con-
ventions.
We acknowledge the important role
of the Suez Canal in global trade; how-
ever, we are concerned about the inatten-
tion to international agreements and the
neglect of sustainable practices that might
be employed to minimize deleterious envi-
ronmental impacts with long term conse-
quences. EIA is a scientically valid, formal
process to identify potential adverse eects
as a consequence of planned activities, both
during the development and operational
phases of a project. An EIA would facilitate
evaluation of and choices for the implemen-
tation of cost-eective mitigating strategies
and infrastructure.
We are writing as concerned scientists, whose
research deals with the eects of unrestrained
introduction of invasive non-indigenous species.
This is one opportunity to prevent, or mini-
mise, a potential great ecological setback to the
biodiversity and the ecosystem of the Mediter-
ranean Sea that should not be missed. We have
already expressed our concerns in open letters,
signed by scientists from 39 countries, sent to
the intergovernmental organizations and to the
appropriate EC Commissioners.
Fig. 2. Cumulative number of species thought to be introduced through the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean sea.
Fig. 3. A swarm of the scyphozoan jellyfish, Rhopilema nomadica, likely introduced through the Suez Canal,
blocked water-intake pipes of power plant in Israel, 2011.

4may 2015 © 2015 Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
There is still much more that can be done –
we invite you to join us. If you agree, please
send a brief email with your name and alia-
tion to bella@ocean.org.il
Reference
UN (1992). Report of the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro
3-14 June 1992. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I).
Bella Galil, National Institute of Oceanography,
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research,
Haifa, Israel, bella@ocean.org.il
Stefano Piraino, Simona Fraschetti, Ferdinando
Boero, Department of Biological and Environmental
Science and Technologies, University of Salento,
Lecce, Italy, ferdinando.boero@unisalento.
it, simona.fraschetti@unisalento.it, stefano.
piraino@unisalento.it
Chad Hewitt, Marnie Campbell, School of Science,
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand,
mcampbel@waikato.ac.nz, chewitt@waikato.ac.nz
James Carlton, Maritime Studies Program,
Williams College-Mystic Seaport, Mystic, CT,
USA, James.T.Carlton@williams.edu
Elizabeth Cook, Scottish Marine Institute,
Oban, Argyll, UK, Elizabeth.Cook@sams.ac.uk
Anders Jelmert, Flødevigen Marine Research
Station, Institute of Marine Research, His
Norway, anders.jelmert@imr.no
Enrique Macpherson, Centro de Estudios
Avanzados de Blanes (CSIC), Blanes Girona,
Spain, macpherson@ceab.csic.es
Anna Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Agnese Marchini,
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, agnese.marchini@
unipv.itocchipin@unipv.it
Cynthia Mckenzie, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries
Centre, St. John’s, NL, Canada, Cynthia.Mckenzie@
dfo-mpo.gc.ca
Dan Minchin, Marine Organism Investigations,
3 Marina Village, Ballina Killaloe, Co Clare,
Irelandmoiireland@yahoo.ie
Henn Ojaveer, Estonian Marine Institute, University
of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia, henn.ojaveer@ut.ee
Sergej Olenin, Coastal Research and Planning
Institute, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda,
Lithuania, sergej@corpi.ku.lt
Greg Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center, Edgewater, MD, USA, ruizg@si.edu
Fig. 4. A school of the twospot cardinalfish, Cheilodipterus novemstriatus at Rosh HaNikra canyon, Israel, 2012.
The species was first recorded off Israel in 2010 (Photo: B.S. Rothman).