Home Automation Systems - A Study

Abstract

With the increase in consumption of energy and
population, there is a grave need to conserve energy in every
way possible. The inability to access and control the
appliances from remote locations is one of the major reasons
for energy loss. A web or an android application is used by
the users to give instructions to these systems. This
system can make use of a host of communication methods
such as Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, ZigBee. Different controlling
devices and configurations can be found in existing systems.
Such systems have been found already in many places for a
wide variety of applications. This paper presents a survey of
all such systems.

Full text

International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 116 – No. 11, April 2015
11
Home Automation Systems - A Study
Satish
Palaniappan
CSE, SSN College
of Engineering,
Anna University,
Chennai,
India
Naveen
Hariharan
CSE, SSN College
of Engineering,
Anna University,
Chennai,
India
Naren T Kesh
CSE, SSN College
of Engineering,
Anna University,
Chennai,
India
Vidhyalakshimi S
CSE,
SSN College
of
Engineering,
Anna
University,
Chennai,
India
Angel Deborah S
Assistant Prof.,
CSE,
SSN
College of
Engineering,
Anna
University,
Chennai,
India
ABSTRACT
With the increase in consumption of energy and
population, there is a grave need to conserve energy in every
way possible. The inability to access and control the
appliances from remote locations is one of the major reasons
for energy loss. A web or an android application is used by
the users to give instructions to these systems. This
system can make use of a host of communication methods
such as Wi-Fi, GSM, Bluetooth, ZigBee. Different controlling
devices and configurations can be found in existing systems.
Such systems have been found already in many places for a
wide variety of applications. This paper presents a survey of
all such systems.
General Terms
Embedded Systems, Remote access Systems, Mobile
Applications, Web Applications and Home Automation
System
Keywords
Energy Conservation, Raspberry Pi, Portability, Physically
Challenged, Electrical and Electronic Devices, Home
Automation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Electronic and Electrical environment with respect to this
context is any environment which consists of appliances such
as fans, television sets, air conditioners, motors, heater,
lighting systems, etc. A remotely accessible environment is an
environment in which each appliance can be remotely
accessed and controlled using software as an interface, which
includes an Android application and a Web application. Such
remotely accessible systems are already available in the
market, but have a number of drawbacks as well. This paper
aims to perform a survey of all the existing such systems and
compare the available features.
The paper will also compare and contrast all the systems and
look at their various features and disadvantages. A wide
variety of options are available for the home automation
systems. All of these will be examined at length.
2. METHODOLOGIES
2.1 GSM based Home Automation System
The system proposed in [1] provides 3 means to control the
home: the GSM network, the Internet and through speech.
The real time monitoring has been an important feature that
can be used in the home automation systems. As a change in
the status of the devices occurs, the user can be informed in
real time. The user commands are transferred to a server
which is usually done by a PC. The server processes the user
commands and sends them to the relevant units. This can help
control the appliances. GSM is used as a communication
medium to help establish connection in places where there
may not be proper internet connectivity. The server uses AT
commands to communicate with the GSM modem. The
mobile interface is developed using J2ME. The server has 4
engines running – the web server, database, main control
program and speech recognition program. The system can be
controlled using SMS. It can send confirmation messages.
Speech processing is done with a dynamic time wrapping
algorithm. The voice activation has been tested and found to
be too impractical. As a more stable alternative, the voice
input can be activated through a wireless unit the user carries
along in the house. Each application node has four parts – the
transmitter, receiver, I/O device and a microcontroller. The
main control program in the server takes status information
from the devices’ transceiver in real time.
The system makes use of a PIC16F887 microcontroller for
home appliances control [2]. It makes use of GSM for control
of the appliances. This is an SMS based system. GSM has
been used due to its high availability, coverage and security.
The control of home appliances is done primarily through
SMS codes. AT commands can be sent through the GSM
network and this controls the home devices. Messages are sent
by the device to the user through SMS as well. This system
can however incur additional costs for the SMS. There is no
UI that the user can use to control the device. This system has
the drawback of not being able to program the devices. Also
SMS depends on the networks and there is a possibility of
delayed delivery. The system does not does not have any state
information related to the devices and expects the user to keep
track of it.
The system [3] is described as an M2M system. It uses GSM
for communication. GSM offers options for M2M which
include Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF), SMS and
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). This system chooses
to use the SMS along with AT (attention) commands. It has a
PC as a centre of commands. A GSM dial-up and
communication system is embedded in the PC. Visual C++ is
used for implementation. The PC decodes the received
messages via SMS and performs the commands required. It is
a system that can be programmed for the required application
as per requirements. The system also has the ability to control
mechanical appliances, through sensors that convert electrical
to mechanical signals. However, this system is not designed to
provide feedback to the user. The system is PC centric and
requires the PC to be on all the time. It cannot be used as a
real time control system.
The home server is built upon a SMS/GPRS mobile cell
module and a microcontroller [4]. This allows the user to
monitor and control any appliances at home using any Java
enabled cell phone. The paper presents the design and

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12
implementation of AT modem driver, text based command
processing software and power failure resilient output from
the microcontroller. The mobile phones are used to provide a
user friendly interface. They also serve to send commands and
receive feedback from the system as SMS strings. The
hardware components include an Atmel microcontroller,
which is connected with a RS232 serial port. It also has
EEPROM memory to ensure that the relevant details are
stored. A password based authentication system has to be
used. The text messages sent will contain the password which
is used to ensure the message is sent from a valid source. The
main drawback of this system is that it relies heavily on the
SMS, which is not very fast and dependable. There can be
delays in delivery. Also security of the system is
compromised since passwords are sent freely over the
network.
A system based on GSM network via SMS [5] is used to
control the home appliances as shown in figure 1. An Arduino
board is the controller used to interface the appliances. It uses
certain peripheral drivers and relays to achieve this
interfacing. The smart phone is the user interface device. The
system uses the ‘App Inventor’ visual programming tool to
develop the interface and other tools to deploy the app. The
app generates SMS messages based on the user commands
and sends it to the GSM modem attached to the Arduino. This
allows the user to control the home appliances. The system
suffers from the same drawbacks of cost and reliability of
SMS. Also the interface is pre programmed and cannot be
customized based on devices.
Figure 1 GSM based HAS
A voice control system is proposed [6] that will enable the
elderly and disabled to control appliances remotely. The
primary communication means is through GSM. An Android
mobile phone is used to get the voice commands and converts
them into text. This is sent via SMS to another phone through
the GSM network. This other phone uses Bluetooth and sends
the text commands to the Bluetooth module. This module is
connected to a microchip controller of the PIC16F877A
family. This controller interprets the commands and performs
the appropriate actions. The control of electrical circuits is
done with a separated system, to isolate the load from the
control circuitry. The system also sends back feedback to alert
the user about the result of the command. This system’s voice
command feature makes it universally accessible. However
the usage of SMS makes it unreliable. Also the necessity of
two phones, one with the user and another in proximity to the
controller can lead to additional expenses.
A system [7] uses the GSM network along with an AVR
microcontroller. This is also an SMS based system. The user
enters the commands .These are sent via SMS. However, this
system uses a standardized AVR code that can be easily
interpreted by the microcontroller. There is a GSM module
that is attached to the AVR. This will receive the commands
that are sent via SMS. AT commands are used to
communicate with the modem. The AVR in turn instructs a
driver circuit to control the appliances as necessary. This
system has remote access capabilities from all over the world.
However it cannot function in real time.
A PIC16F887 microcontroller along with GSM [8] can form a
home automation system. The commands are sent from the
mobile phone via GSM to the GSM modem. This command is
converted to text and sent to the controller through a RS-232
bus. These commands are interpreted by the microcontroller
and the corresponding action is performed. The drawback of
this system is that it requires external power supply. Also, it
cannot control multiple appliances concurrently. The system
cannot verify the status of the appliances at a time.

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2.2 Bluetooth Based Home Automation
The system shown in figure 2 makes use of a cell phone and
Bluetooth technology [9]. Bluetooth technology is secured and
low cost. It makes use of an Arduino Bluetooth board. An
interactive python program is used in the cell phone to
provide the user interface. The I/O ports of the Bluetooth
board and relays are used for interfacing with the devices
which are to be controlled. The Bluetooth is password
protected to ensure that the system is secure and not misused
by any intruders. The Bluetooth has a range of 10 to 100
meters, 2.4 GHz bandwidth and 3Mbps speed. The python app
on the phone is portable. It is also a fast and cost effective
system. There is a diagnostic system that can detect problems
in the circuitry. A feedback system will report status of
devices after every signal toggle. The main drawback with
respect to Bluetooth is that it takes a long time to discover and
access devices in its vicinity. It does not provide energy
conservation tips. Real time access cannot be achieved.
Anywhere access to the devices cannot be achieved. Access is
limited to within the Bluetooth range.
Figure 2 Block Diagram of Home Automation
Bluetooth technology is used to control home appliances [10].
The client is a PC that is connected via USB to the Bluetooth
module, sensor circuit and a pulse width modulation circuit.
Sensors and actuators are used to control the circuit. The
Bluetooth module that is connected to it will allow it to
receive various commands via Bluetooth. Bluetooth devices
can scan and detect other devices easily. It might also be
possible to check whether devices are working properly or
not. The system also has an illumination sensor that can turn
on lights when external light is dull and a temperature sensor.
This system also suffers from the drawback of the range of
Bluetooth being around 10 meters only. This system has the
advantage of being able to fit onto an existing system. There
is also low cost involved in this system.
2.3 Phone Based Home Automation
Some systems [11] are described as an enabling system that can
be used to provide a common framework for home
Automation. It provides a sy stem for a smart home
tha t includes facilities such as a system controller, house-
wide wiring and a common interface. This will enable
using the existing system for home automation.
A hardware based remote controller for power point control
has been described [12]. The function of this remote controller
is to control the power supplied to devices at a remote
location. The system uses the telephone line for transmitting
the commands. The controller is a logic system built entirely
of hardware. It eliminates the cost incurred with
microcontrollers. It uses a DTMF transceiver which is
interfaced with a solid state relay to control the power supply.
It could also be implemented experimentally with infra red
signals and AC power line carrier technology.
A home automation system makes use of the dual tone multi
frequency (DTMF) used in telephone lines [13]. The system as
shown in figure 3 uses the standard public-switched telephone
lines. There are three components in the system. The first is
the DTMF receiver and ring detector. The second part is the
IO interface unit. The third part is the PC which does the
online operations. The PC detects the ringing of the line and
then authenticates the user. After this the user will be allowed
to use the keypad tones to control the devices as required. An
example of stepper motor control is taken up. This system has
the advantage of being secure and allowing international
standardization. This is because the DTMF tones are the same
all over the world. But it suffers from the drawback that the
number of appliances is limited by the number of keys in the
keypad. An ordinary phone usually has 12 keys only.

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2.4 ZigBee Based Home Automation
The ZigBee wireless communication technology can be
applied [14] for home automation. The system uses PIC
microcontroller and voice recognition for this purpose. The
voice commands are taken from a mike. They are compared
with a voice store and processed. The PIC microcontroller
then transmits the commands through ZigBee to the receiver.
The receiver unit has another PIC microcontroller that can
process the command. It uses relays to control the respective
appliances. This system has the drawback that ZigBee is a low
range communication medium. So remote access is hindered
from faraway locations. Also, the voice recognition module
could become unwieldy. This system has the added feature of
integrating a smoke detector to the system. When smoke is
sensed, it sends a message to the user’s built-in mobile
number.
Figure 3 Smart Control System to control Appliances
remotely by phone
Figure 4. Block Diagram of Transmission Unit
2.5 Wireless Control Systems
Systems using wireless communication can be made [15] by
linking up stand alone appliances that are present at home or
in office and integrating to form a co operating network. A
combination of various technologies like Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth are used to integrate the system. Such a system is
laid out as illustrated in figure 5 & 6.The universal Plug and
play capability is used to provide a transparent network of
devices to the user. The system makes use of the Open
Service Gateway Interface (OSGi). The appliances are
connected via different networking technologies. The user
application layer makes use of web browsers, pocket PC
application and a central console. Speech based commands
can also be used for controlling the appliances. Advanced
features are provided such as device discovery and device
connection. The entire system is implemented in a Linux
platform. The system also has the ability to add intelligent
control modules. These control modules are capable of
knowledge capturing and pattern recognition. The universal
plug and play system uses many standard protocols for
interoperability. The main advantage of the system is its
interoperability. Another advantage is the dynamic discovery
of the service. It also has the ability for sharing of service.

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Figure 5 Block Diagram of Transmitter Section
Figure 6 Block Diagram of a receiver Section
The system proposed uses an Arduino board along with Wi-Fi
communication technology [16]. It also has the option of
another automated mode where there are temperature and light
sensors which can be set to control the appliances depending
on the conditions. The system uses an Android smart phone
to communicate with a home PC those servers as a server.
The PC is connected to and controls the Arduino board. The
GUI is designed using MATLAB. The mobile phone can
communicate with the PC through Internet. Internet access is
through Wi-Fi. However, this extension is not implemented in
the system. The system has the advantage of remote access
through the phone. The drawback is that the PC needs to be
left on all the time. Also it depends on Wi-Fi for internet
access which is not reliable and not widely available.
2.6 Mixed Type
Home automation is achieved [17] with a combination of GSM,
Bluetooth and ZigBee technologies. The user interfacing is
done through an Android application. This application takes
user voice input and maps it to a set of textual commands.
These commands are sent through SMS to another phone at
home. This in turn transfers the commands through Bluetooth
to a PIC controller. This is called a remote unit. This remote
unit will then send the commands to a ZigBee transceiver.
This transfers these commands through ZigBee to the main
controller. The controller interprets the commands and
performs the required operations. It also sends back status
information through ZigBee. This system is usable and can
offer remote access. However, the system can become
expensive due the use of multiple controllers and
technologies. Also, the SMS system can prove to be
unreliable.
A study of the various technologies that can be applied to
home automation is done [18]. Specifically, it talks about how
modern day networking protocols can be applied to enable
home automation. It proposes that standardization of home
automation technologies can be achieved using Internet
Protocol (IP). The UPnP is an extension of the plug and play
capabilities. The paper recommends use of GSM networks as
a backup facility, while a web based application can be the
primary user interface. Technologies like Wi-Fi and X-10
protocols can be used to ensure connectivity with the home

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network. It also emphasizes the role of a good UI. The system
is illustrated in figure 7.
Figure 7 Remote-Controlled HAS
An alternate solutions for home automation [19] combines
GSM and ZigBee. It uses SMS to send commands from the
remote mobile to the home mobile. In case of suspect activity,
the system can make use of GSM to send SMS alert or
automated calls to the user. By replying the user can take
appropriate measures. The hardware is implemented using
ZigBee EM357 module, Atmega128 MCU (microcontroller
unit) and Sony Ericsson T290i mobile phone set. The MCU
will deal with both the ZigBee and GSM networks. The
sensors communicate with the MCU using the ZigBee system.
The entire system can be implemented using C language. The
relay controls the home appliances. The relays are isolated
from the control section due to the presence of the ZigBee
network. The advantage of the system is its low cost and user
friendliness. It also offers home security which is an added
feature. However, it is not a real time system.
Many non conventional systems for home automation [20] are
available. A combination of GSM along with a FPGA (Field
Programmable Gate Array) system. This is due to the
flexibility provided by the FPGA which can be programmed
to suit the users’ needs. It is also less expensive compared to a
microcontroller. This helps to decrease the price of such
systems. The FPGA is interfaced with a GSM modem. The
modem is used to communicate with the devices. The FPGA
makes the decisions regarding the control of devices. A
UART is used to allow the interfacing between the GSM
modem and the FPGA. The advantage of such a system is that
they can be used as real time systems. They offer security as
they are hard wired and cannot be attacked by malicious
intent. They can also add or subtract features as required by
the user.
3. DISCUSSION
This paper also gives a comparison of all the above systems
described. The systems that have been studied have certain
common features. All these systems use a basic underlying
communications technology. The advantages and drawbacks
of the system derive from this underlying technology. All the
systems have a control circuitry that is used to interface
withthe electrical appliances. There has to be a common
command system that will be used to issue commands to the
control circuits. The next important feature of the system is
the user interface. This determines how the user will interact
with the system and extent of control the user exerts over the
system. This influences the usability of the system. Most
systems also have security features to ensure only authorized
access.
Table 1 Consolidated Comparison Report of all System
System
Primary
Communication
Remote access
Number of
Devices
Cost
Speed
Real Time
GSM
SMS messages
Access from
anywhere in the
world
Unlimited
High cost due
to SMS charges
Slow due to
delivery issues
No
Bluetooth
Bluetooth and
AT commands
Restricted to
Bluetooth
range- 10
metres
Unlimited
Fast due to
proximity
Fast due to
proximity
Yes

International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 116 – No. 11, April 2015
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Phone Based
Phone lines
Anywhere with
a phone line
12 due to 12
frequencies of
DTMF
Fast
Fast
No
Zigbee
Zigbee and AT
commands
Around 10
metres
Unlimited
Fast
Fast
Yes
Wireless
Radio, infrared
or other waves
Depending on
range and
spectrum of
waves used
Unlimited
High cost due
to licensing and
other spectrum
issues
Slow due to
interferences
Yes
The most common types of methodologies seen from the
above surveyed systems are GSM, Bluetooth, based, wireless
and combinations of these.
GSM systems primarily use SMS messages to communicate
the commands issued by the user to the main control system at
home. This system offers the ability to control the appliances
from all over the world. However, the cost incurred can be
large depending on the location. Another significant drawback
is that the system lacks reliability. There is no assurance of the
delivery of the message to the system. Thus such a system
cannot be used as a real time system. GSM can be used as a
method of Internet access and a web application can be used
as a method of user interfacing.
A Bluetooth system may use either a mobile phone or a PC as
the receiver. The Bluetooth system can offer comprehensive
control of the home appliances as long as the user is at home.
It can function as a real time system. The speed of
communication is high. This means that the user can be
alerted about events as and when required. There is also
greater security in Bluetooth technology. However, it cannot
offer control when outside home. The range of Bluetooth
appliances is around 10 meters. This is a significant drawback
of this system.
Phone based systems can use the dual tone multiple frequency
to transmit commands. This system depends on the ability to
make phone calls from a remote location to a phone line at
home. This has the advantage of offering remote access from
anywhere in the world from where they can make a call. This
can offer an almost real-time system. The drawback here is
that it limits the number of possible devices to the number of
possible DTMF tones. Also, it is hard for the system to give
feedback to the user.
ZigBee is an alternate technology that is similar to Bluetooth.
This has the same advantages and drawbacks as the Bluetooth
based system. This is a fairly new technology.
Wireless automation systems can use a host of wireless
communication techniques. This may be radio frequency
waves or infrared waves. This can also be used to power a real
time system. The only downside her is the range and
availability of the spectrum. Radio waves have a much larger
range and offer good options for remote access. However the
availability of the spectrum has to be taken into account.
Certain bands of the spectrum are in demand while the
unlicensed bands are used by many other applications. There
is the possibility of interference. This compromises the
security of the system.
Many systems exist that use a combination of the
methodologies to compensate for the drawbacks of each. Such
a composite implementation can lead to sound systems. The
only thing that may affect such systems is the cost of the
systems and the possibility of redundancy.
The user interface is another aspect in which systems vary
widely. Early systems used minimal UI or had no UI and used
keypads for the user to enter commands to the controllers. But
modern systems have intuitive UIs and a lot of care is taken in
designing them. Android smart phones are the most popular
choice. They have a wide variety of tools allowing easy
development. Smart phones in general are a handy tool for
controlling home automation systems. Another option is
through web applications which could run in browsers. This is
also a popular choice, but not as handy. Refer to Table 1 for a
consolidated comparison of all the systems.
4. CONCLUSION
Based on all the systems surveyed and their advantages and
drawbacks, this paper presents the features to be possessed by
an ideal system for home automation with remote access. An
ideal system should be available from all over the world to a
user and in real time. A GSM network is identified as a
candidate for this. However, the data channel of GSM must be
used, to provide internet access. Only the Internet can ensure
that access can be made available at all times. This will give
rise to a standard access method for the home appliances using
the Internet protocol. The user interface should be a web
application that has an associated mobile application. So that
people of all kinds can access the system. Such a system
should also have the feature of being easy to install. Only then
can automated homes become commercially viable. There
should be a lot of thought put into the design of the user
interface for these apps. Plug and play capabilities will be an
added bonus for the system. Ease of adding a new device to
an automated house will play an important role in taking
forward the systems commercially.
Future scope for the home automation systems involves
making homes even smarter. Homes can be interfaced with
sensors including motion sensors, light sensors and
temperature sensors and provide automated toggling of
devices based on conditions. More energy can be conserved
by ensuring occupation of the house before turning on devices
and checking brightness and turning off lights if not
necessary. The system can be integrated closely with home
security solutions to allow greater control and safety for home
owners. The next step would be to extend this system to
automate a large scale environment, such as offices and
factories.
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