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Following in the footsteps of terrorism? Cybersecurity as a crowded policy implementation space

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... As Barry and Bratt have described, Canada's security strategies are a 'defense against help', that is, doing enough to prevent the United States from acting unilaterally on Canada's behalf (Barry & Bratt, 2008). This situation also explains Canada's limited funding to securitize cyberspace, its delay in formulating a cyberpolicy framework, and its relative lack of transparency about its cyber policy options (Levin, Goodrick, & Ilkina, 2013;Van der Meulen, 2013). Secrecy, combined with Canada's desire to preserve market autonomy in the face of American ICT network effects, has produced an oligopolistic ISP market with close ties to government interests. ...
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This paper situates Canada–China relations in the context of recent internet developments and debates about information and communication technologies (ICTs) infrastructure. I argue that protest events in Hong Kong surrounding the #occupycentral movement help us understand the tension between internet access, technological innovation and state centric forms of internet governance. By foregrounding the tension between the horizontal exchange of ideas and national surveillance and control, it is possible to identify important similarities between Canadian and Chinese state and the experience of internet users. In the wake of the Hong Kong occupy protests, it is possible to see how the internet promotes the practices of ‘Other Diplomacies’, functional relationships between citizen, market and foreign actors that present challenges for national regulation and traditional diplomatic mechanisms. The paper proposes a revival of the concept of Cyber-Diplomacy to better explain the challenges of state-to-state relations in an era of ICT innovation.
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