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Collecting societies, competition, and the Services Directive
... Many commentators suggest the decreasing average costs of CRMOs cast them as historically efficient natural monopolies (Merges 1996;Balogh 2010;Aggarwal and Walden 2009). CRMOs also capitalize on economies of scope in collective rights management, because the profitability of producing licenses can be increased when combining the rights that are to be managed (Riis 2011). The pooling of copyrighted works is justified because a single point of access minimizes search and information costs, as well as the bargaining and decision costs for both users and rightsholders. ...
... If collective rights management continues to operate at the national level, the transaction cost reductions that justify CRMOs will decline as digital technology evolves. CRMOs must be able to assume EU-wide scope in their licensing operations if these advantages are to be preserved (Riis 2011). ...
... This formed the basis for the recent CISAC decision. The European Commission argued that CRMOs should compete based on service quality and administration costs, presenting the recent IFPI Simulcasting Agreement in the USA as a prototype for efficient competition in collective rights management (Riis 2011). This agreement restricts competition amongst American CRMOs to the level of administrative fees charged to members. ...
The identification and clearance of music copyright is a complex process that suffers from high transaction costs when managed by individual rightsholders. The pooling of music copyright in collective rights management organizations has historically reduced these costs, while providing a larger, and thus more attractive, repertoire to commercial users via the issuance of blanket licenses.However, the development of digital distribution channels and automated clearance technologies for music copyright across multiple borders presents a number of challenges to the current system. As music consumption increasingly takes digital forms, Europe must modernize its collective rights management system in response. The results of this study show there is a very large market for digital music in Europe. As broadband penetration increases and competition amongst Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Europe enhances access to the Internet, this market will grow rapidly. The market is valued at over 2.6 billion Euro in France, Germany and the UK alone. This constitutes a potential royalty market of 212 million Euro. Yet, only 49 million Euro in royalty revenue from online sources was collected by SACEM, GEMA and PRS for Music. Moreover, the majority of this revenue was collected by PRS for Music in the UK, which is the smallest of the three markets but by far the most efficient CRMO for the collection of royalties from online sources. Other nations in Europe, though significantly smaller, still represent a valuable market opportunity. The disparity between potential and actual revenue for all of the European markets suggests there are problems with the current collective rights management system. The percentage of the royalty market captured in the USA was over 4% more than the European average. New solutions should be sought to capitalize on the market opportunity of digital music services in light of increasing broadband penetration and changing consumer patterns in Europe. This should help unlock the potential of digital music markets, consolidate the single European market, increase competition in the administration of collective rights, and provide better services to European consumers.
... Ту, на пример, спадају: Италија у којој је 1882. године основана организација Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori (SIAE); 161 160 Један од разлога за то може се тражити у чињеници да се индустријска револуција није истовремено догодила у свим деловима света, односно њени ефекти нису свуда истовремено почели да се испољавају. Ту су и други фактори: културне и социјалне прилике, број становништава итд. ...
... Ту су и други фактори: културне и социјалне прилике, број становништава итд. 161 163 Треба поменути и Русију, у којој су одређене активности на успостављању система колективног остваривања ауторског права учињене већ током 19. века. ...
Колективно остваривање ауторског права је витални део корпуса модерних ауторскоправних система. Без њега се остваривање, па и постојање ауторског права тешко може замислити. Упркос томе, у последње две деценије све се више поставља питање његове сврсисходности у данашњем добу информационог друштва. Предмет истраживања је управо подробнија анализа одређених аспеката интеракције система колективног остваривања ауторског права и нових прилика у информационом друштву. Анализом се жели постићи двоструки циљ: теоријски и практични. Теоријски циљ је да се одговори на следећа два питања:
I Да ли је и под којим условима систем колективног остваривања ауторског права сврсисходан у савременом добу информационог друштва?
II Који су могући сврсисходни правци даљег развоја система колективног остваривања ауторског права у информационом друштву?
Практични циљ је да се покаже како добијени теоријски налази могу да се искористе у креирању и планирању националне политике развоја система колективног остваривања ауторског права у информационом друштву, и то на примеру Србије.
Одговори на два теоријска питања и решење за практични задатак се, при томе, траже кроз призму конструкције друштвеног контекста, која је посебно детерминисана за потребе истраживања, тако да је чине спољашњи слој – четири групе друштвених фактора (технолошки, економски, културолошко-вредносни и политички) и унутрашњи слој – ауторско право.
Спроведено истраживање је дало наредне одговоре. Колективно остваривање ауторског права је и даље сврсисходно у информационом друштву, будући да још увек постоји довољна друштвена потреба за његовим традиционалним улогама и оно те своје улоге може делотворно да извршава. Ипак, како би остало сврсисходно на дужи рок, колективно остваривање ауторског права мора да се развија, да се реформише. Могући сврсисходни правци даљег развоја система колективног остваривања ауторског права разликују се међу државама због разлика које постоје у њиховим локалним друштвеним контекстима. Они се крећу од привременог инсистирања на традиционалном устројству, преко умерене реформе (као најуниверзалније опције), до фундаменталне реформе колективног система. На основу тих теоријских налаза, напослетку су пружене и смернице за планирање политике даљег развојa система колективног остваривања ауторског права у Србији.
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Collective management of copyright represents a vital segment of modern copyright systems. Without it, the management and even existence of copyright would be hard to imagine. Despite that, in the course of the last two decades, in the new surroundings of the information society, the question of the purpose/relevance of collective management of copyright has become prevalent.
This research aims to provide detailed analysis of particular aspects of the interaction of the existing copyright collective management system and new circumstances in the information society. The analysis is twofold: theoretical and practical. The theoretical aim is meant to answer the following two questions:
I Does the system of collective management of copyright have a purpose in the present-day information society and under what conditions?
II What are the directions for the appropriate development of collective management of copyright in the information society?
The practical aim refers to how the obtained theoretical findings could serve the goal of creating and planning of national policies for the further development of the copyright collective management system, having Serbia as an example.
The answers to the two theoretical questions and the practical task are sought by relying on the construction of the social context, specifically made within this research, so that it consists of the outer layer – four groups of social factors (technological, economic, cultural and political) and the inner layer – the copyright law.
The conducted research has provided the following answers. Collective management of copyright still has its purpose in the information society. The sufficient social need for the traditional functions of the copyright collective management system still exists. And those functions could be performed effectively by the system. Nevertheless, the copyright collective management system needs to be changed/reformed to remain relevant in the long term. Directions for the appropriate development/changes of the copyright collective management system differ among countries due to differences in their local social contexts. They range from insisting on the traditional system (at least in the short term), and moderate reform (as the most universal option) to fundamental reform. Finally, based on the acquired theoretical findings, guidelines for the planning of the copyright collective management policy in Serbia are provided.
... The national approach to solving the problem of the correlation between antitrust regulation and intellectual property rights will significantly reduce the control of domestic agribusinesses by global companies -rights holders of molecular breeding agents. The method of technological transfer relies on foreign experience that confirms the effectiveness of antitrust measures [10]. ...
The article is devoted to the problems of formation of favorable competitive environment in the domestic seed market, reducing the dependence of the domestic market on foreign breeding and genetic materials. The aim of the study is to substantiate new requirements for anti-monopoly regulation of intellectual property in agricultural markets to level out risks to competition. Theoretical basis of the study consists of the publications of modern domestic and foreign scientists on the assessment of risks of restricting access to innovative products and technologies for potential competitors, the development of competition at different levels of the food supply chain. The processes of companies' consolidation at the world seed market and control of the market by the players with intellectual property rights to biotechnologies were reflected. The expediency of development of antitrust regulation in the sphere of intellectual property in the domestic seed market through technological transfer of innovative material to Russian companies is shown. Theoretical significance of the conducted study consists in development of some approaches to anti-monopoly regulation in the sphere of intellectual property in the domestic seed market. The practical significance of the study lies in improving the management of innovation process in the agricultural sector.
VGen handeln in einzelnen Kulturmärkten als natürliche Monopole. Doch die technologische Entwicklung der Digitalisierung und Veränderungen der regulato-rischen Umwelt durch die EU-Richtlinie von fordern die etablierten VGen und ihre Marktposition heraus. Diese Situation betrachte ich im Musikgeschäft und befrage VG-Alternativen danach, wie sie ihr Angebot gestalten, um sich von etablierten VGen zu unterscheiden. Durch einen multiplen Fallvergleich zeigt dieser Überblick, dass sich VG-Alternativen regelmäßig als global vernetzt und technologisch versiert präsentieren oder um die Entwicklung spezi scher, lokaler Märkte bemüht sind. Weniger sichtbar beziehungsweise geplant sind Alternati-ven, die sich bisher marginalisiertem Repertoire wie Creative-Commons-lizen-zierter Musik annehmen. Schlagwörter: Alternativen, Monopole, Digitalisierung, Musikwirtschaft.
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the impact of digital technologies for intangible assets management. The authors analyse how technological innovations and regulations of intellectual property affect business models of companies or intellectual property rights (IPR) intensive industries to determine the impact of digital transformation on intangible assets management, highlighting emerging issues and future effects of the digital technology revolution.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors use a case study method to answer our research questions. The authors use Soundreef SpA as our case study, a collecting company that develops technology for monitoring, collecting and maximising the earnings of songwriters and music publishers. The authors also elaborate and adopt the framework of the enhanced intellectual capital as the theoretical lens for presenting and analysing our case study, determining how the digital transformation caused business model innovation and more transparent and timely performance measurement in copyright-based companies.
Findings
The analysis of Soundreef SpA’s business model allows us to demonstrate how using new technologies drives the performance measurement of copyright holders and improve the collecting societies’ performance, introducing a new key performance indicator. This turning point is made possible by digital transformation and regulatory change. In the IPR industry, copyright holders’ performance has never been calculated, so the distribution of copyright revenues was based on the criteria approved by governance bodies/management.
Originality/value
In the study, the authors demonstrate that digital transformation is able to enhance the intellectual capital of IPR-intensive companies introducing new ways to manage intangible assets and to measure performance.
This article clarifies the concept of remuneration rights and examines remuneration rights in EU copyright law. Specifically, the article examines the criteria for the calculation of remuneration under the different remuneration rights in copyright law and evaluates how they conform to the normative methodology based on Calabresi and Melamed’s distinction between property rules and liability rules. In the EU copyright acquis, in some cases remuneration reflects the market value of the use of the work, whereas in others it reflects the harm inflicted on the rightholder through use of the work. In spite of overlaps between harm and market value when used as the basis for the calculation of remuneration, the two criteria are fundamentally different. In yet other cases, remuneration is not closely tied to either market value or harm but is a means for the redistribution of surplus. The article concludes that a harm-based remuneration right is a young cuckoo bird in the nest of copyright law and that the calculation of remuneration ought always to be based on market value, unless the purpose of the right is to pursue specific policy objectives by redistribution of surplus. The article recommends that courts, de sententia ferenda, exploit the overlap between harm and market value and shift the focus of interpretation towards the latter.
Licensing and Access to Content in the European Union - by Sebastian Felix Schwemer May 2019
Licensing and Access to Content in the European Union - by Sebastian Felix Schwemer May 2019
Licensing and Access to Content in the European Union - by Sebastian Felix Schwemer May 2019
Cambridge Core - Competition Law - Licensing and Access to Content in the European Union - by Sebastian Felix Schwemer
For over two decades, the collective management of rights in the Nigerian music industry has witnessed a fierce rivalry between the Copyright Society of Nigeria (COSON) and the Musical Copyright Society of Nigeria (MCSN). While the Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC) approved the former, it refused to approve the latter. Despite this, MCSN has continually acted as a CMO; a development that has led to litigations between it and rights users on the one hand, and between it and the NCC and COSON on the other. However, in March 2017 the Attorney General of the Federation (AGF) mandated the immediate approval of MCSN as a permanent solution to the industry’s problem. This article focuses on this approval. Apart from examining the legality of the AGF’s directive and the likely effect(s) of a multiplicity of CMOs on the music industry, the article also proffers measures that may help reposition collective management in the industry for optimal performance.
On 20 February 2014, the Council of the European Union adopted the new Directive on Collective Rights Management. In its Proposal for this Directive, the Commission argued that cross-border collective rights management services are liberalised pursuant to Article 16 of the Services Directive of 2006. Yet, only one week after the adoption of the new Directive, the Commission’s view was rejected by the Court of Justice of the EU in the OSA judgment. This chapter analyses the relationship between the principle of free movement of services and national sector-specific regulation of CMOs in more detail in order to explore to which extent the principle of free movement of services and the need for specific rules for collective management of copyrights could be better coordinated in the future.
The Directive of February 2014 regarding the collective management of copyright and the multi-territorial licensing of online rights in musical works is part of a broader framework of initiatives that the European Commission has been promoting in the past years, acting both as competition guarantor and as EU legislator, to facilitate the emergence of a European single market for the exploitation of musical works in digital format. This study will analyze the framework put forward by the new Directive 2014/26/EU with regard to the management of online rights in musical works by collective management organizations (CMOs) to see whether the EU legislators have succeeded in introducing a set of rules capable of fostering the emergence of a competitive EU-wide market for the provision of multi-territorial licences. As will be shown, not only several provisions contained in the new Directive offer reasons for concern as regards the protection of both competition and intellectual property rights in the new market for multi-territorial licences, but also recent judgments by both the General Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CISAC and OSA judgments respectively) seem to go against the spirit of the Directive. © 2015, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition, Munich.
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