Tourism and the Implications of Climate Change: Issues and Actions
... Many publications, as usefully summarised by key books on the topic (Becken & Hay, 2007;Hall & Higham, 2005; have examined the volatile interrelationship between tourism and climate change and highlighted the wide range of possible impacts triggered by a continued appetite for carbon-intensive life styles, which commonly include a significant propensity to travel internationally (Gössling & Peeters, 2009). Of particular concern in this context, is that the world's developing countries are particularly vulnerable to both the direct and indirect impacts of climate change (Schott, Reisinger, & Milfont, 2010), even though, their per capita carbon footprint is generally a fraction of the per capita footprint of developed countries (EIA, 2012). While the degree of reliance on fossil fuel-powered forms of transport differs between geographical regions, such as large land masses, as in the case of continental Europe (Peeters, 2010) and island nations such as New Zealand (Pearce & Schott, 2010), the great majority of transport modes used to travel internationally are currently powered by fossil fuels. ...
... In light of this sobering agenda, the calls to move away from the carbon-intensive lifestyles that are enjoyed by many nations are numerous (Becken, 2007;Becken & Hay, 2007;Hares, Dickinson, & Wilkes, 2009;Schott, Reisinger, & Milfont, 2010). However, global carbon emissions have nevertheless increased at a considerable rate over the last decade, both in total global and per capita emissions (EIA, 2012). ...
... Too often there is a tendency to adopt a narrowly-focused approach which is likely to limit options for solutions and may negate opportunities for synergies to be created. For a holistically-minded perspective to be offered by undergraduate students in Tourism Management is very encouraging because the notion of a holistic approach to understanding, and by implication addressing, climate change is formulated by Schott et al. (2010) as one seven research themes that are believed to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between tourism and climate change. ...
It is widely recognised that international mobility has been steadily increasing over the last
few decades. This is largely credited to the compression of time and space in conjunction
with economic factors, which has allowed a variety of different forms of mobilities to
become well established; leisure mobility for example is now considered routine for many
(Gössling & Hall, 2006). Although tourism, when defined in terms of its traditional
conceptualisation, is only one form of leisure- oriented temporary mobility (Hall, 2004) it is
arguably the most prominent form of international mobility today. This rise in international
mobility has been accompanied in the literature by mounting concern about the
interrelationships between forms of mobility, such as tourism, and climate change due to
the fossil fuel reliance of the vast majority of international transport options.
Many publications, as usefully summarised by key books on the topic (Becken & Hay, 2007;
Gössling & Hall, 2006; Hall & Higham, 2005; Schott, 2010) have examined the volatile
interrelationship between tourism and climate change and highlighted the wide range of
possible impacts triggered by a continued appetite for carbon-intensive life styles, which
commonly include a significant propensity to travel internationally (Gössling & Peeters,
2009). Of particular concern in this context, is that the world’s developing countries are
particularly vulnerable to both the direct and indirect impacts of climate change (Schott,
Reisinger, & Milfont, 2010), even though, their per capita carbon footprint is generally a
fraction of the per capita footprint of developed countries (EIA, 2012). While the degree of
reliance on fossil fuel-powered forms of transport differs between geographical regions,
such as large land masses, as in the case of continental Europe (Peeters, 2010) and island
nations such as New Zealand (Pearce & Schott, 2010), the great majority of transport modes
used to travel internationally are currently powered by fossil fuels. As such, society is faced
with a very real and present dilemma, which puts personal freedom and the many benefits
that have been associated with different forms of international mobility at odds with the
needs of future generations; as measured against today’s criteria of human needs.....
... Over the last decade, there has been an increased interest in the interrelationship between tourism and climate change. Certain destinations and tourism businesses are susceptible to climate change Schott, 2010) and significant tourism environmental resources, such as fresh water, snow depth and biodiversity are affected by the climate . Due to higher risk of exposure to climate change and poor adaptive capacity, developing countries that depend on tourism as a means of economic growth are likely to be more affected by the impact of climate change (Schott, 2010). ...
... Certain destinations and tourism businesses are susceptible to climate change Schott, 2010) and significant tourism environmental resources, such as fresh water, snow depth and biodiversity are affected by the climate . Due to higher risk of exposure to climate change and poor adaptive capacity, developing countries that depend on tourism as a means of economic growth are likely to be more affected by the impact of climate change (Schott, 2010). ...
While studies have examined people's understanding of climate change and its relationship to tourism, these focus largely on developed country populations. Much future tourism growth will come from developing countries following economic development; often countries where climate change will be strongly felt. Do tourists from developing countries have the same knowledge gaps about travel, tourism, and climate change as in the developed world? Will behavioral change policies be successful in encouraging more environmentally friendly approaches to climate change and tourism in developing countries? This paper presents findings from 20 in-depth interviews with active Nigerian tourists, analyzing their understanding of climate change, the links known, or not, between their travel and climate change, and their willingness to change their tourism patterns. Understanding of climate change was limited and there was conceptual confusion. Participants did not view their own travel as a cause of climate change and many were embedded in air travel practice. Participants were unwilling to change their tourism patterns to reduce their contribution to climate change. Significant structural barriers limit low carbon tourism travel in Nigeria (and other developing countries), including reliability, availability safety, and speed. Behavioral change will be difficult to achieve.
... As noted by many researchers, and is also evident from the results presented above, people do not want to give up the freedom to travel (Becken, 2007; Hares et al., 2010; Lorenzoni et al., 2007). However, in order to reduce the negative impact that tourism has on the environment, there has to be a change in behaviour towards less travel (Peeters, 2010; Schott et al., 2010). It is thus clear that current mitigation initiatives are not adequate to deal with the increasing problem that GHG emissions from tourism present. ...
... An example of a piece of legislation which is expected to lead to tangible long-term impacts on travel behaviour is the UK's increased departure tax, commonly referred to as a " green tax " (Pearce & Schott, 2010); the tax requires an additional charge of NZ$144 for one person to fly economy class from the UK to New Zealand, compared to the pre 2007 Air Passenger Duty. However, this does not mean that valuable psychological insights into the barriers to voluntary action (Schott et al., 2010) should be dismissed, but rather more research on these barriers and how to overcome them is required. ...
While it is now widely accepted by scientists and governments that human activity contributes to climate change, there is a lack of understanding whether this realisation is now gaining greater attraction with the general public than it had 5 or 10 years ago. Additional gaps in knowledge relate to the link between awareness and action, which could be hypothesised to have become stronger in light of evidence being produced of some projected climate changes occurring already. This article examines climate change awareness and the link with travel-related decision-making by adopting an under-utilised origin perspective in Wellington, New Zealand. The findings, generated by a household mail survey, indicate that the majority of the respondents are aware of tourism's contribution to climate change and think that it is likely that their lives in New Zealand will be negatively affected by climate change. However, when examining the respondents' recent holiday decision-making, it is evident that for the overwhelming majority, climate change awareness does not appear to influence travel-related decisions. This article concludes by discussing demand-focused measures aimed at reducing the GHG emissions generated by tourism.
... Not only is tourism vulnerable to the physical effects of climate change on destinations, but it is also a contributor to the cause of climate change in the form of greenhouse gas emissions from transport and travelrelated activities. Government and industry have responded to these challenges by advocating both adaptation strategies to minimize the effect of climate change on tourism businesses and mitigation strategies based on eco-efficiency actions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and operational costs (Becken & Hay, 2007 Gössling, 2010; Hall & Higham, 2005; Schott, 2010; STCRC, 2009; WTO & UNEP, 2008; Zeppel, 2012b). In this paper, " Mitigation of climate change involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance carbon sinks " (STCRC, 2009, p. 5). ...
... A range of recent textbooks address the impacts of climate change on tourism and review a range of mitigation policies and practices for tourism enterprises to reduce carbon emissions. Climate mitigation actions are profiled for destinations, transportation, accommodation, facilities, and tour operators (Becken & Hay, 2007 Gössling, 2010; Schott, 2010;). The focus is on carbon offsetting in aviation and by air travellers (), and web-based carbon offset products for air travel such as Climate Care and Atmosfair (Becken & Hay, 2007). ...
This paper presents survey results on tourism operator preferences and motivations for carbon offset options by environmentally certified tourism enterprises in Queensland, Australia. It found less than a third are involved in carbon offset programs while just over a third plan to implement offsetting in the near future. Preferred offset projects are regional tree planting or renewable energy. Motivations for offsetting related to environmental concern, commercial benefits of climate-friendly tourism, and financially supporting offset projects. This study found motivations for offsetting by larger tourism enterprises align with the more general business motivations and drivers for adopting corporate social and environmental responsibility practices. However, the extra cost and uncertainty about carbon issues limited the uptake of offsetting by smaller tourism operators.
... Good weather is a major factor in terms of attracting tourists to specific destinations; amount of time required for a visit is another (Becken and Wilson, 2013;Schott, 2010). Fine weather facilitates tourism to natural areas which are primarily dependent on outdoor activities, such as picnicking, to enhance satisfaction (Falk, 2014 ...
This case study aims to identify, inventory and classify existing and potential tourism
resources in Iraq al-Amir and its surrounding areas, which could be used as baseline data by decision-makers for future tourism development to develop, promote, and market the area. Additionally, it uses evaluation criteria to identify potential tourism resources, in order to determine suitability and likelihood of success if development does take place. Three distinct tourism segments are considered: cultural heritage, nature-based, and agritourism.
Study findings are primarily based on qualitative methodology, in the form of interviews and field observations. Quantitative methodology was used to extract some of the data from maps of the case study area, as data for some of the criteria was not provided by the respondents. Analysis of the data confirms that Iraq al-Amir and its surrounding areas have abundant potential tourism resources for all three of the tourism segments analysed, particularly in terms of diversification.
Findings reveal that the case study area has inadequate basic infrastructure. A major drawback to the feasibility of future tourism activities is the lack of easy access. The main access road is narrow and very winding, but it would be possible for visitors to use three existing alternative roads to access the area if they were upgraded and signposted. The lack of infrastructure is a direct result of ineffective coordination and cooperation among stakeholders, from both the public and private sectors, together with complicated regulations and laws, which has limited the extent to which the local community tourism is able to benefit from development and investment opportunities which a strong tourism industry could potentially provide.
Conclusions from the case study affirm that Iraq al-Amir and its surrounding areas are
suitable for tourism development, due to its diverse range of attractions, one of the major
factors relating to successful tourism. Diversity of attractions is a key motivation for tourists to visit a destination. Without attractions, there is no need to supply facilities and services. Potential facilities and services provided for tourist related activities could also be used by the local population, thus significantly improving quality of life in the case study area, which currently lacks such infrastructure
... Yani kısa dönemli hava olaylarını kapsamaktadır. İklim ise, bir bölgedeki uzun dönemli hava olaylarıyla birlikte atmosferik süreci bir arada kapsamaktadır (Schott, 2010). Tarım, enerji ve endüstri sektörleri gibi çevre ve iklimle yakından bağlantılı olan turizm, iklime karşı duyarlılığı yüksek bir ekonomik sektör olarak değerlendirilmektedir. ...
... Good weather is a major factor in terms of attracting tourists to specific destinations; amount of time required for a visit is another (Becken and Wilson, 2013;Schott, 2010). Fine weather facilitates tourism to natural areas which are primarily dependent on outdoor activities, such as picnicking, to enhance satisfaction (Falk, 2014 ...
This case study aims to identify, inventory and classify existing and potential tourism
resources in Iraq al-Amir and its surrounding areas, which could be used as baseline data by decision-makers for future tourism development to develop, promote, and market the area. Additionally, it uses evaluation criteria to identify potential tourism resources, in order to determine suitability and likelihood of success if development does take place.
Three distinct tourism segments are considered: cultural heritage, nature-based, and agritourism.
Study findings are primarily based on qualitative methodology, in the form of interviews and field observations. Quantitative methodology was used to extract some of the data from maps of the case study area, as data for some of the criteria was not provided by the respondents. Analysis of the data confirms that Iraq al-Amir and its surrounding areas have abundant potential tourism resources for all three of the tourism segments analysed, particularly in terms of diversification.
Findings reveal that the case study area has inadequate basic infrastructure. A major drawback to the feasibility of future tourism activities is the lack of easy access. The main access road is narrow and very winding, but it would be possible for visitors to use three existing alternative roads to access the area if they were upgraded and signposted. The lack of infrastructure is a direct result of ineffective coordination and cooperation among stakeholders, from both the public and private sectors, together with complicated regulations and laws, which has limited the extent to which the local community tourism is able to benefit from development and investment opportunities which a strong tourism industry could potentially provide.
Conclusions from the case study affirm that Iraq al-Amir and its surrounding areas are
suitable for tourism development, due to its diverse range of attractions, one of the major
factors relating to successful tourism. Diversity of attractions is a key motivation for tourists
to visit a destination. Without attractions, there is no need to supply facilities and services.
Potential facilities and services provided for tourist related activities could also be used by the
local population, thus significantly improving quality of life in the case study area, which
currently lacks such infrastructure.
... Within this body of literature, scholars have identified considerable gaps in current knowledge about the social dimensions of tourism climate adaptation, with a heavy focus on tourism policies rather than actual practices within the industry. More attention, therefore, needs to be given to understanding the socio-cultural factors that enable adaptation within the SIDS tourism industry (Schott, 2010). We address this knowledge gap by examining Samoan accommodation providers' adaptive capacity and the important role Samoan cultural values and social structures play in enabling actions in response to climate and weather conditions. ...
Many of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are known to be very vulnerable to climate change impacts. This is particularly so where national economies are highly dependent on tourism-related revenue. Yet, little is known of the adaptive capacities of tourism providers in SIDS and how they respond to climate variability and change. This research uses a case study of Samoa, a Pacific island nation, that is highly dependent on beach tourism and already vulnerable to a variety of natural hazards. The research examines the adaptive capacity of tourism operators in Samoa and the ways in which Fa‘asamoa (the Samoan way of life) is a fundamental part of how tourism operators plan for and respond to climate variability and extremes. The findings indicate that key components of adaptive capacity for Samoan tourism operators include their past experiences of extreme events, access to resources, social networks, and worldviews. In many cases, Samoan cultural values and socio-cultural governance systems play a critical role in how adaptation takes place. In the Samoan context, this means that an indigenous Samoan tourism operator is rarely one individual, but a part of a wider social network, which influences how a business can or cannot adapt to climate variability and change and hazards.
... Thus, weather functions as a major factor when choosing a destination for recreation [1][2][3]. Weather plays an even more vital role in destinations where weather conditions are the main attraction, especially destinations for outdoor water activities [4]. ...
The purpose of this study is to predict changes in the season for outdoor water activities due to climate change. Nine public outdoor swimming pools in three megacities of South Korea (Seoul, Daegu, and Busan) were selected as study sites. To determine the preferred weather conditions for outdoor water activities, the preference functions of weather elements for outdoor water activities were structured by finding the best-fitting lines with the Z-score of the number of visitors, which is calculated for each swimming pool each year, and the inflection points or the stabilized point of preference functions are set as thresholds for preferred weather conditions for outdoor water activities. To predict changes in the preferred season for outdoor water activities, future weather data for the 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s derived from RCP scenarios are adapted to the thresholds of preferred weather conditions. The results of this study show that the preferred temperature range for outdoor water activities is: 24.6 °C to 35.0 °C in Seoul, 25.5 °C to 35.5 °C in Daegu, and 27.4 °C to 34.4 °C in Busan, and that the maximum threshold for precipitation is: 36.5 mm in Seoul, 31.5 mm in Daegu, and 26.5 mm in Busan. The results of this study show that the preferred season for outdoor water activities will expand compared to its current duration due to warmer temperatures in the future, and the preferred period for these activities will shift from June to September to May to June and September to October due to extremely hot weather in July and August beginning in the 2030s. The results of this study imply that there will be major changes in the demand and operation of outdoor water activities due to climate change, making it necessary to begin preparations to combat and respond to climate change.
... Destinations like the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are especially problematic from a sustainability perspective as they (i) represent globally significant cultural heritage under severe threat from multiple sources including climate change[10]; and (ii) are complex governance domains: they present significant management challenges as they are protected areas of social-cultural significance from the local to the global level and often entail cross-sectoral governance. They also contain multiple stakeholders whose diverse characteristics, values and interests may result in a wide range of perceptions and attitudes towards climate change and impact management (see[11,12]). The GBR, for instance, is a World Heritage Area and visitor destination, as well as a protected marine park, and its extensive geographic range off the east coast of Australia intersects multiple state and local jurisdictions and impacts numerous coastal communities. ...
This paper examines the issue of climate change pedagogy and social action in tourism, with particular interest in globally-significant destinations under threat from climate change. Little is understood of the role and responsibility of visitors as key stakeholders in climate change-related action or the potential of such sites to foster environmental learning, as well as social and political action on climate change. Drawing on insights from Aldo Leopold and John Dewey, it is argued here that destinations that are valued intrinsically for their ecological and cultural importance are (or ought to be) sites of enjoyment and pedagogy, facilitating experiential learning, care, responsibility and civic action towards their conservation. An exploratory case study of visitors to the Great Barrier Reef offers corroborative insights for such a “reef ethic” as described in this paper, related to visitor experience, learning and action in this World Heritage Area. The results of this paper support the need for a stronger pedagogic role to be adopted by tourism experience providers and site managers to facilitate climate change literacy and responsible action (hence facilitating global environmental citizenship). Their responsibility and that of reef visitors is discussed further.
... More recent work includes edited books on issues and actions (e.g. Schott, 2010), and monographs such as Becken and Hays on 'risks and opportunities' (Becken & Hays, 2007) and the more action-oriented 'from policy to process' (Becken & Hays, 2012). ...
There has been increasing interest over the last decade in the issues around climate change and tourism. However, in much of this literature, present climate change is often presented as a new phenomenon, one creating new issues and challenges for researchers and for the tourism industry. But this conceptual paper reminds us that climate change has been a constant through the pre history and history of humanity, and as far as is known, of tourism as well. The paper briefly surveys the history of tourism, linking developments to changes in climate and considering the interactions between the two. Several themes are identified and a number of conclusions presented. The first conclusion is that there may be a confusion about climate change being a ‘new’ issue, perhaps due to a mistaken perception that climate change = anthropogenic (or human induced) climate change. Secondly, and related to this, is a perceived lack of understanding that climate and climate change has had significant impacts on travel and tourism throughout history. Thirdly, that perhaps current research and teaching in the climate change/tourism arena could benefit from lessons learned from examining past experience in tourism adaptation to climate change.
... Further research on the psychology underpinning the behaviour that results in climate change is needed, because most environmental problems are rooted in human behaviour (Gifford, 2008;Schott, Reisinger, & Milfont, 2010). Planned behaviour theory, attribution theory and the val-ueÀbeliefÀnorm theory of environmentalism have recently been used to explain the justifications given by tourists to restore the misalignment of beliefs and behaviours seen in cognitive dissonance (Juvan & Dolnicar, 2014). ...
This article proposes that reactance theory can be used to better understand how tourists’ perceptions of climate change affect their travel decisions. Reactance theory explains how individuals value their perceived freedom to make choices, and why they react negatively to any threats to their freedom. We study the psychological consequences of threatening tourist's freedoms, using a range of projective techniques: directly, using photo-expression, and indirectly, through collage, photo-interviewing and scenarios. We find that reactance theory helps to explain the extent of travel to two destinations: Svalbard and Venice, providing a nuanced understanding of how travellers restore their freedom to travel through three incremental stages: denying the climate change threat, reducing tensions arising from travel and heightening demand particularly for the most visibly threatened destinations. The theory suggests a fourth stage, helplessness, reached when consumers dismiss the value of destinations once they can no longer be enjoyed, but for which we, as yet, have no data. Reactance theory questions the validity of awareness-raising campaigns as behavioural change vehicles, provides alternative explanations of why the most self-proclaimed, environmentally aware individuals travel frequently, and helps identify nuanced, socially acceptable forms of sustainability marketing, capable of reducing resistance to change.理解旅游者对由于气候变化而失去旅游自由的威胁的感抗：一个鼓励微妙的行为改变的新的可选择的方法该文章提出感抗理论可以被用来更好的理解旅游者对气候变化的看法如何改变他们的旅行决策。感抗理论解释了个体如何看重他们认为的自由来做决定，并且为什么他们对于他们自由的威胁如此负面地抵抗。我们研究威胁到旅游者自由的心理后果，使用一系列的投射技术：直接地，使用照片表达，和间接地，通过拼接，照片采访和场景分析。我们发现感抗理论帮助解释旅行到两个不同目的地的程度：斯瓦尔巴群岛和威尼斯，提供一个对旅游者如何通过三个递增阶段存储他们的自由来旅行的微妙理解。这三个阶段为：否认气候变化威胁，减少因旅行而引起的紧张，提高需求特别是对最受威胁的目的地。理论建议第四个阶段，无助，当消费者不再享受，他们将目的地的价值驳回。这种情况对我们来说，还没有数据。感抗理论对提高活动作为行为改变的方法的认知是否有效性提出疑问，提供了另外的解释，关于最经常自我宣布具有环保认知个人旅行的，和帮助对可持续性市场营销微妙地确认，社会接受形式的，有能力减少对抗改变。
... This study contributes to tourism climate literature in several ways: Firstly, there is a paucity of empirical research on the application of TEM in the tourism climate nexus [47]. This study fills this gap by developing a model that functions in the context of TEM on the basis of a land management system performed to integrate socio-ecological issues (tourism and climate) and technology (GIS). ...
Weather and climate have a crucial influence on tourism activities. As a result, tourism is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. One important category of such effects is the change in climatic suitability of tourist destinations. This study proposes a model for landscape management based on climate attractiveness for tourists within the context of the Theory of Ecological Modernization (TEM). The modelling process conforms to Ackoff’s wisdom hierarchy, which transforms data into information, knowledge and wisdom. Data were obtained from a meteorological station in Northern Cyprus where the Mediterranean Sea and its favorable climate are key resources for the tourism sector. The monthly Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was used at all stations and was digitized in Geographical Information System (GIS) setting. Spatial analysis was performed using Geostatistical methods, and tourism climate maps were produced for a 12 month period , aiming to identify temporal variations of TCI values on the island. A Recreation Management System (RMS) is proposed to determine three variables that are both spatial and temporal drivers for tourism activities: climate, environment and social factors. The main application of this process is the mitigation of problems of “seasonality”, as they always pose a challenge for the managers of different destinations
... The impacts of global climate change may be experienced and examined on a local or regional level but this is clearly an issue warranting more worldwide research and responses as shown by the work of the IPCC. Research on tourism and climate change has not yet been structured to the same degree but international collaborative efforts and larger-scale studies are beginning to show what might be done in this field and to demonstrate the value of taking a bigger picture (Schott 2010). On a rather different topic, that of destination competitiveness, Enright and Newton (2004, p. 781) observe that "competitiveness cannot be assessed in a vacuum." ...
This article examines the internationalization of tourism research in the context of the worldwide growth in tourism and a marked increase in tourism studies. Its goal is to stimulate debate, to encourage further analysis of the directions tourism research is taking, and to foster discussion of the implications of the trends identified. The article is based on a systematic and wide-ranging review of the literature. Five major questions are addressed: what is meant by internationalization; what patterns are emerging; what is driving internationalization; what is the role of language in internationalization; and what is the significance and impact of internationalization? The types and levels of internationalization of tourism research vary considerably but overall levels are rather low. The benefits and disadvantages of internationalization are then discussed in terms of the underlying tension between standardization and diversity. Finally, ways forward are outlined.
... Tourism's critical role in the context of global citizenship is undeniable, as a global phenomenon, where the pleasure-seeking of guests from one part of the world has impacts on the social, cultural, and economic wellbeing of hosts in the locales (often in other corners of the world) they visit (Wall & Mathieson, 2006). The environmental impacts of tourism activity affect the entire planet and its complex climate system, including communities that neither travel widely nor benefit from tourism (Schott, Reisinger, & Milfont, 2010). More positively, however, tourism is also a global force that has powerful potential to encourage cross-cultural communication and peace-building (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2006). ...
... CO 2 emission from the three main subsectors of international and domestic tourism is estimated to be 4.0-6.0% of the total global emission in 2005 (UNWTO-UNEP-WMO, 2008). Hospitality and tourism industries contribute significantly to climate change through the use of fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission, which are the principal causes of global warming (Scott, 2010). Among the sectors of these industries, transportation, accommodation, and other tourism activities account for approximately 5% of the total global CO 2 emission. ...
... Recent tourism textbooks also evaluate the climate change risks, challenges, actions (i.e. adaptation or mitigation), and opportunities for the tourism industry (Hall and Higham, 2005;Becken and Hay, 2007;Peeters, 2007;Schott, 2010). Climate change will impact on tourism futures and holiday plans (Yeoman, 2008). ...
There is a growing body of knowledge about the impacts of climate change on tourism destinations and about tourism’s commitment to address these impacts. However, there has been limited research about climate change responses by national or sub-national tourism agencies and the role they play in providing information, incentives and leadership to encourage the uptake of climate change actions by the industry. This paper assesses the climate change responses of nine Australian government tourism agencies. Information on climate change, sustainability and green business practices is drawn from the corporate websites, annual reports, tourism plans, fact sheets, and case studies produced by one national, six state and two territory tourism agencies from 2007 to 2010. The paper focuses on how government tourism agencies are addressing climate change mitigation by promoting carbon reduction initiatives and carbon offsetting schemes. Climate change tourism responses are more developed in Australian states with climate change policies and in destinations vulnerable to the impacts of climate change or dependent on long haul travellers. To date, few government tourism agencies report on their own carbon footprint or mitigation and offset measures. This study highlights a range of mitigation options that will assist government tourism agencies to address climate change impacts through policies, strategic plans and green business advice for tourism operators.
... Recent studies of tourism operators suggest that, while some do not perceive a connection between their operations and climate change (Byrnes & Warnken, 2006; Hall, 2006; Su, Hall, & Ozanne, 2013), others are becoming aware of the link and the need for action on emissions reduction (Gössling & Schumacher, 2010; Zeppel, 2012a). However, of the few studies undertaken to date, industry, along with adaptation strategies to manage the biophysical impacts of climate change on destinations (Becken & Hay, 2007, 2012 Gössling, 2011; Hall & Higham, 2005; Schott, 2010; ; Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre [STCRC], 2009; Zeppel, 2012a Zeppel, , 2012b). However, tourism operators have been reluctant to allocate expenditure on implementing adaptation strategies in the face of uncertainty and skepticism surrounding climate change issues (Turton et al., 2010). ...
Tourism is susceptible to the impacts of climate change on destinations and businesses, but also contributes to the causes of climate change via greenhouse gas emissions from travel. This article reports on carbon mitigation actions by environmentally certified tourism enterprises in
Queensland, Australia. The survey results profile attitudes to climate change, emissions auditing, carbon mitigation actions, and motives for emissions reduction. The study revealed that most operators believed climate change was an important issue for tourism and had implemented a range of
carbon mitigation actions in energy, water, and waste reduction. The most popular actions were energy efficiency and reducing energy use, while less popular measures were adopting renewable energy and carbon offsetting. Tourism operators preferred lower cost actions that were easy to implement
and would provide cost savings. The key motives for tourism operators implementing these carbon actions related to ecological responsibility and business competitiveness via cost savings and differentiating their business as “climate friendly.” These motivations align with general
business principles driving the implementation of socially and environmentally responsible practices by companies. The findings suggest that environmentally certified tourism enterprises now consider emissions reduction measures to be an integral part of sustainable tourism development.
... Recent tourism textbooks also evaluate the climate change risks, challenges, actions (i.e. adaptation or mitigation), and opportunities for the tourism industry (Hall and Higham, 2005;Becken and Hay, 2007;Peeters, 2007;Schott, 2010). Climate change will impact on tourism futures and holiday plans (Yeoman, 2008). ...
There is a growing body of knowledge about the impacts of climate change on tourism destinations and about tourism’s commitment to address these impacts. However, there has been limited research about climate change responses by national or sub-national tourism agencies and the role they play in providing information, incentives and leadership to encourage the uptake of climate change actions by the industry. This paper assesses the climate change responses of nine Australian government tourism agencies. Information on climate change, sustainability and green business practices is drawn from the corporate websites, annual reports, tourism plans, fact sheets, and case studies produced by one national, six state and two territory tourism agencies from 2007 to 2010. The paper focuses on how government tourism agencies are addressing climate change mitigation by promoting carbon reduction initiatives and carbon offsetting schemes. Climate change tourism responses are more developed in Australian states with climate change policies and in destinations vulnerable to the impacts of climate change or dependent on long haul travellers. To date, few government tourism agencies report on their own carbon footprint or mitigation and offset measures. This study highlights a range of mitigation options that will assist government tourism agencies to address climate change impacts through policies, strategic plans and green business advice for tourism operators.
... Recent tourism textbooks evaluate the climate change risks, challenges, actions (i.e. adaptation or mitigation), and opportunities for the tourism industry (Becken & Hay, 2007; Hall & Higham, 2005; Peeters, 2007; Schott, 2010). Awareness of tourism and other human impacts on biodiversity, natural resources, and the atmosphere is thus increasing, along with research interest in environmental , climate, and sustainability governance (Cadman, 2011). ...
The Australian tourism industry is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on natural areas and the destination choices of long-haul travellers concerned about carbon emissions. A National Tourism and Climate Change Taskforce was established in 2007; with a national action plan for Tourism and Climate Change produced in 2008. Implementing these climate change actions requires new partnerships between tourism agencies, business programmes, carbon consultants, and offset providers. This paper assesses collaborative governance of climate change in Australian tourism, with a focus on low-carbon initiatives promoted to tourism operators by state and territory government tourism agencies. The paper compares the climate change initiatives of these tourism agencies based on six key dimensions of governance including: accountability, transparency, involvement, structure, effectiveness, and power [Ruhanen, L., Scott, N., Ritchie, B., & Tkaczynski, A. (2010). Governance: A review and synthesis of the literature. Tourism Review, 65(4), 4–16]. While most state and territory tourism agencies provided resources on climate change initiatives for tourism operators there was little accountability for emissions reduction within the agency. Collaborative governance of climate change was also more developed in states with climate change policies, destinations vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (e.g. Great Barrier Reef, Queensland), or dependent on long-haul travellers. Further research is needed on the governance and effective delivery of carbon emissions reduction programmes by tourism agencies.
The Algarve region, which socio-economy is mostly based on Sun and Sea tourism, may experience a decline due to the loss of beach area as a tourist resource because of sea level rise. As such, an adaptation pathway to enhance the regional resilience of Mediterranean regions such as the Algarve is necessary in a changing climate. Thereby, knowing that the sector diversification conduces to a regional resilience enhancement, a reduction in the Sun and Sea tourism suitability in the Algarve region could be compensated by a strategy of economic diversification, supported by sustainable touristic products, inherently contributing to increment regional resilience and to avoid the decline considering future degradations. Therefore, a paramount opportunity lies in finding nature-based, cultural, and creative tourism products to be promoted to ensure resilient long-term prosperity through economic diversification. This chapter aims to present strategic guidelines for tourism diversification for other tourism products for the Algarve region in a changing climate. Thus, a survey was applied to 400 tourists and to 400 residents, and a Delphi survey was conducted to 3 experts, 7 decision-makers, and 15 tour operators in order to assess which tourism pathways should be followed for the sustainable development of this region.
Climate change is leading to an annual increase in extreme conditions. Public health is closely related to weather conditions; hence, climate change becomes a major factor concerning every-day human health conditions. The most common extreme natural phenomenon that affects people’s health is the summer heat wave. During the 21st century, as the air temperature continues to rise, the sea surface temperature (SST) rises along with it, especially along the seacoasts. More massive water bodies, such as seas or larger lagoons, that warm up during the day do not allow the ambient air to cool down quickly, causing the air temperature to often be warmer at night in the coastal area than in the continental part of the continent. Currently, not only an increase in the number of days with heat waves is observed, but also an increase in the number of tropical nights in the coastal zone of the Southeastern Baltic Sea. In this work, heat waves are analyzed in the seaside resorts of Lithuania, where the effects of the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon are most dominant.
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the human-biometeorological conditions at two resorts in Ukraine: a coastal resort located at Odesa in southern Ukraine and an inland resort situated by the lake at Svityaz situated in northwest Ukraine. The results of this study can facilitate the assessment of the tourist potentials of both locations by the tourism industry, tour operators, and tourists. The evaluation is based on an analysis of the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and parameters presented through the Climate–Tourism/Transfer–Information Scheme (CTIS) for the period 1991–2020. The CTIS data reveal that better conditions in terms of thermal comfort can be found during the warm period from May to September at both sites. The results show that the highest frequency of all grades of heat stress are observed in the last 10-day period of July and in the first 10-day period of August at both stations, but at Odesa, the frequency of heat stress of any grade is approximately 10% higher than at Svityaz. The frequency of moderate, strong and extreme heat stress during the daytime in July and in the first two 10-day periods of August at Odesa ranged from 51.3% to 66.5%, and at Svityaz it ranged between 40.2 and 54.6%. Human-biometeorological conditions during heat waves are more strenuous at Odesa. The frequency of days with extreme heat stress at 12 UTC during summer heat waves is 48.4% at Odesa and 35.6% at Svityaz. The results show a higher frequency of thermal stress at Odesa, which makes this resort less comfortable for people vulnerable to heat stress.
Atıf (Citation): Derinöz, B. (2021). Küresel Isınmanın Eşiğinde Sürdürülebilir Turizm, Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar Odağında Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları - II, 1. Basım, Editör: Dr. Mustafa Dinç, ISBN: 978-625-8009-67-5, Paradigma Akademi Yayınları, Çanakkale.
Mixed methods were used to gain an understanding of Colorado ski resort employees’ perceptions of diffusion of sustainability innovation. Data included eight semi-structured interviews with sustainability managers from six ski areas in Colorado and quantitative data from online surveys (N = 264) distributed to employees from five Colorado ski resorts. A sustainability framework coupled with diffusion of innovations theory linked the qualitative and quantitative data. The strongest indicator of corporate sustainability was innovativeness as it relates to leadership. General agreement between the two study groups pertained to drivers and barriers of corporate sustainability from the external environment, including competition, customer demand, and government regulations as well as the role of company size and financial structure. While sustainability managers considered innovation characteristics as important factors affecting corporate sustainability, the second study group (employees not holding sustainability-related positions) felt those items affected just one dimension of sustainability. Internal communication within the resort and the possible lack of understanding of corporate sustainability at all organizational levels was a concern. Challenges and opportunities for organizational change towards corporate sustainability were noted from the mixed-methods approach.
Keywords: Colorado, corporate sustainability, diffusion, innovation, ski resorts, tourism
Mediterranean destinations that rely on sun and beach tourism—like the Algarve region, south of Portugal—are in a fragile situation. Challenges related to an aging population and climate change (e.g. extreme temperatures and sea level rise) will have consequences on the development of Mediterranean regions. In this context, sea level rise and beach area reduction could have a disruptive impact in these touristic regions. This chapter discusses how a strategy of regional resilience enhancement could allow for a transition and a differentiation from mainstream sun and beach touristic activities to alternative and sustainable types of tourism, such as nature-based and cultural-landscape touring. It outlines a touristic green infrastructure spatial planning approach to reinforce regional resilience as a competitive, cultural and systemic adaptation strategy, diversifying regional development basis overall.
Heat waves, for which there is no definition until now, have negative consequences on human health. In the era of climate change, their intensity and persistence will be stronger. Adaptation and also protection of humans are required. The German Weather Service has established an early warning system for heat stress since 2005.
Hitzewellen, für die es bis jetzt keine Definition gibt, haben negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit von Menschen. Im Zuge des Klimawandels wird Ihre Intensität und Andauer stärker. Somit sind eine Anpassung und auch ein Schutz der Menschen erforderlich. Der Deutsche Wetterdienst hat ein Frühwarnsystem für Hitze bei Menschen seit 2005 im Einsatz und es zeichnen sich erste Erfolge ab.
This presentation intends to summarize the perceptions of Chinese visitors on Australian cities, with the underlying questions: how do you remain authentically Australian while customizing your product for the Chinese traveller? Between innovate and renovate, how should the cities adapt with Chinese visitors in mind? This paper is divided in three parts. The first part provides a brief overview of the relevance of tourism to be developed in synergy with city planning and management, as well as some worldwide renown examples. The second part addresses the topic of Chinese visitors, who they are and why they come to Australia. The last part questions the proposed “innovate or renovate” theme and offers some avenues to be explored.
Understanding market responses to climate change impacts has important implications for the sustainability of Australia's winter tourism destinations. Utilising a framework incorporating push–pull tourist motivations and the theory of leisure substitutability, this study sought to explore how winter tourists in Australia will adapt to changes in snow cover in Australia's alpine regions under future climate change scenarios. The results of a questionnaire completed by 231 respondents indicated that tourist motivations were related to behavioural adaptation, and that there is a general preference among the current winter market for spatial substitution in the event of poor snow. Those motivated by recreation specialisation or snow-related attributes were likely to opt for spatial substitution, while tourists motivated by self-expression and après ski activities displayed resilience to poor snow conditions. The results demonstrate a clear division between leisure-driven tourists who valued participation in sport, and experience-driven tourists, who displayed higher resilience to reduced snow under projected climate change scenarios. These results have practical implications for winter tourism destinations, both in terms of targeting experience-driven tourists in the case of reduced snow as well as the longer term sustainability and viability of winter tourism destinations.
Climatic change to natural and social environments in recreation areas and tourism destinations can affect access and attractiveness, mitigated by engineering responses and marketing. Tourist flows are affected by social and financial costs of travel and by changing climates in countries of origin, though with little response as yet. The degree to which commercial tourism businesses can adapt to these changes depends on the breadth of their portfolios. The measures they take also influence the products, prices, and infrastructure available.
In this article, we discuss the results of a survey on the perception of climate change in the 14 "tourist zones" (as defined by the Spanish Statistical Institute, INE) that stretch from the French border to Gibraltar alongside the Spanish Mediterranean coast, including the Balearic Islands. Our sample consisted of 1,014 telephone interviews stratified according to the number of tourists staying in each zone. Respondents showed concern for the likely impacts of climate change on jobs and thought that climate change would reduce the economic activity of their areas. Responses were also pessimistic regarding future water availability but agreed with the development of alternative sources such as desalination and water re-use. Household size, educational levels, and employment tended to be the most significant statistical explanatory factors regarding attitudes toward climate change. Respondents in larger households (a variable not tested in the literature as far as we know), respondents with higher education, and respondents working for a wage tended to express more concerns than the rest.
Climate Change and Australian Tourism: A Research Bibliography
The emerging challenges of the tourism market determine a strategic and urgent need to introduce the sustainability paradigm into destination planning in order to pursue balanced development and achieve or maintain a long-term competitive advantage. This chapter focuses on destination governance to build projects on the principles of sustainability by involving local stakeholders in decision making. The discussion on the application of an embedded governance model relates to marginal rural areas of Central European countries (Italy, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovenia), where the European Project Listen to the Voice of Villages leverages sustainable tourism to improve the welfare and quality of life of local communities.
The climate tourism potential of a region can be described by methods used in human biometeorology and applied climatology. Frequency analyses based on complex thermal bioclimatic indices (e.g. physiologically equivalent temperature) and diagrams of precipitation patterns based on thresholds offer new approaches of visualisation. An inte-gral approach for tourism climatologic analyses is provided by the climate–tourism/transfer–information–scheme that also bases on frequency distributions of relevant factors and parameters which are important for a destination. The knowledge about the vertical variability of tourism climato-logic factors is of high importance because of the several kinds of tourism activities affected by weather. The same holds for a quantification of extreme events like heat waves because of their possible effects on health and recreation over a year's course. The results show that the vertical gradient of bioclimatic and tourism-related parameters can be of value when developing strategies of adaption to climate change.
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