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Studies on products of browning reaction: Antioxidative activity of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine
Abstract
Products of browning reaction of glucosamine were prepared from glucosamine-HCl by incubating it at 37°C for 0-30 days, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning, aminosugar contents, pH, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the products were measured. In addition, the brown products prepared from glucosamine by incubation at 37°C for 0, 15 and 30 days were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning and pH of each fraction were also measured.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) When white powder of free glucosamine was allowed to stand for 3 days at 37°C, it transformed to a brown paste.
2) The strongest antioxidative activity was observed in the product obtained after incubation between 20 and 30 days.
3) The increase in antioxidative activity of the products of browning reaction was accompanied by the increase in the degree of browning.
4) The brown products prepared from glucosamine by long incubation were fractionated into fractions according to their molecular weights.
Antioxidative activity was detected in the fractions corresponding to intermediate molecular weight.
... • Khảo sát hiệu quả kháng oxy hóa dựa trên hoạt động khử sắt: Khả năng khử sắt của các cao chiết được thực hiện theo phương pháp của Oyaizu (1986). Hỗn hợp phản ứng lần lượt gồm 500 µL cao chiết, 500 µL đệm phosphate (0,2 M, pH = 6,6) và 500 µL K 3 Fe(CN) 6 1%. ...
... Phần dịch sau khi ly tâm được rút 500 µL cho vào 500 µL nước và 100 µL FeCl 3 0,1%, lắc đều. Độ hấp thu quang phổ của hỗn hợp phản ứng được đo ở bước sóng 700 nm (Oyaizu, 1986). ...
Gương sen là sản phẩm phụ của giống sen lấy hạt (Nelumbo nucifera), nó được phơi khô và sử dụng như chất đốt, sử dụng làm vật trang trí có độ thẩm mĩ cao hoặc được dùng để nấu nước uống. Dịch chiết từ gương sen chứa một số hoạt chất như alkaloid, polyphenol, flavonoid, glycoside, tanin, steroid, saponin.... Trong đó polyphenol là loại hợp chất thể hiện hoạt tính kháng oxy hóa mạnh. Trong bài báo này tiến hành khảo sát phương pháp chiết, dung môi để tăng hàm lượng polyphenol. Đồng thời đánh giá hàm lượng polyphenol, flavonoid, hiệu quả kháng oxy hóa của cao chiết gương sen. Kết quả cho thấy với phương pháp đun hồi lưu, dung môi ethanol 70%, thời gian chiết 90 phút, nhiệt độ 70oC, chiết 3 lần thu được cao chiết với hiệu suất 34,06%. Thành phần hóa học của gương sen gồm polyphenol, alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, tannin, coumarin. Hàm lượng flavonoid và polyphenol trong cao chiết đã được xác định cho giá trị lần lượt là 361,86 ± 11,16 mg QE/g và 585,12 ± 6,01 mg GAE/g. Kết quả cho thấy, gương sen có khả năng trung hòa gốc tự do DPPH, ABTS•+ và khả năng khử (RP) tương ứng với giá trị EC50 lần lượt là 11,1 ± 0,14 μg/mL, 6,78 ± 0,52 μg/mL, 56,05 ± 0,73 μg/mL. Từ kết quả này cho thấy gương sen là nguồn dược liệu kháng oxy hóa tiềm năng.
... Procedure: The procedure outlined by Oyaizu et al. (1986) can be used to evaluate the reduction power of the test substances. Different test substance concentrations (10-50 µg/ml) are blended with potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe[CN] 6 , 2.5 ml, 1% w/v) and phosphate buffer (2.5 ml, 0.2 M, pH 6.6) in distilled water (1 ml). ...
... As a benchmark, ascorbic acid is employed. Elevated absorption of the reaction medium demonstrated that it has a greater reductive capability [20]. ...
Background: The degenerative tendency of diabetes leads to micro-and macro-vascular complications due to abnormal levels of biochemicals, particularly in patients with poor diabetic control. Diabetes is supposed to be treated by reducing blood glucose levels, scavenging free radicals, and maintaining other relevant parameters close to normal ranges. In preclinical studies, numerous in vivo trials on animals as well as in vitro tests are used to assess the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the test substances. Since a substance that performs poorly in vitro won't perform better in vivo, the outcomes of in vitro studies can be utilized as a direct indicator of in vivo activities.
Objective: The objective of the present study is to provide research scholars with a comprehensive overview of laboratory methods and procedures for a few selected diabetic biomarkers and related parameters.
Method: The search was conducted on scientific database portals such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, BASE, DOAJ, etc.
Conclusion: The development of new biomarkers is greatly facilitated by modern technology such as cell culture research, lipidomics study, microRNA biomarkers, machine learning techniques, and improved electron microscopies. These biomarkers do, however, have some usage restrictions. There is a critical need to find more accurate and sensitive biomarkers. With a few modifications, these biomarkers can be used with or even replace conventional markers of diabetes.
Keywords: Diabetic biomarkers, diabetic parameters, in vitro methods, in vivo methods, cell culture, electron microscopy,
microRNA.
... The reducing power of the various extracts was determined according to the method described by Oyaizu [42] with some modifications. First, 70 µL of each extract prepared at various concentrations (from 0 to 250 µg/ mL) was diluted in phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and incubated for 20 min at 50 °C with 35 µL of potassium ferricyanide (1% w/v). ...
Polyphenols, a major group of bioactive compounds in plants, present excellent health benefits correlated to their antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to develop and optimize ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction, as a potential of green and eco-friendly extraction technique to obtain better yield of polyphenol and flavonoid compounds from Rhamnus alaternus leaves, and evaluate their antioxidant capacity. The DES selected was composed of choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl-Gly) in a molar ratio of 1:2 (v/v). Moreover, the optimization of extraction was investigated using response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design. The optimal extraction conditions (temperature 20 °C, extraction time 31.30 min, and water content in DES of 31.87%) resulted in extract containing 123.90 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (d.w.) of polyphenols and 38.39 mg quercetin/g d.w. of flavonoids. This optimal extract was endowed with DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50, 24.05 µg/mL), reducing activity (EC50, 128.03 µg/mL), and iron-chelation activity (EC50, 195.34 µg/mL). Additionally, some differences in the microstructure of the R. alaternus leaf sample investigated before and after optimal extraction were observed using scanning electron microscopy. To conclude, the ultrasound-assisted DES extraction process is a green and high-efficient technique to obtain extracts enriched in polyphenols and flavonoids and endowed with high antioxidant properties.
Graphical Abstract
... The IC50 (mg/mL) value of the results was used to express the concentration at which 50% of the absorbance was achieved. The effectiveness of the extracts as antioxidants is indicated by this value (Oyaizu, 1986). ...
The objective of this research was to assess the efficacy of extracts derived from Origanum grossii and Thymus pallidus leaves, focusing on their inherent phenolic compounds with varying antioxidant processes. The extracts were obtained through the utilization of a Soxhlet apparatus for hot extraction. Several parameters including overall phenolic and flavonoid content, total antioxidant activity (TAC), ferric reduction capacity (FRAP), DPPH scavenging capacity, and ABTS capability were investigated. The total phenolic content ranged from 292.91±1.51 to 3.804±0.22 mg/g DW in oregano samples and from 284.3±1.78 to 3.435±0.23 mg/g DW in thyme fractions, employing gallic acid equivalents as the measurement unit. The sequence of extraction effectiveness, ranked from highest to lowest, was methanolic extracts > aqueous extracts > ethyl acetate extracts for both, oregano and thyme. Furthermore, the methanolic extracts displayed the greatest reducing and antiradical power, along with the highest total antioxidant capacities, for both plant species. These remarkable antioxidant properties of the extracts demonstrated a strong correlation with the levels of total phenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF). Oregano and thyme leaves showcased promising antioxidant capacities, underscoring their potential as abundant sources of phenolic compounds with diverse antioxidant characteristics, thereby indicating their viability as natural preservatives.
... The reducing power of the hydrolysates was calculated according to the methodology described by Oyaizu [45] with slight modifications. Lyophilized peptides were dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH 6.6, 0.2 M) at several protein concentrations, and 4 mL of this test sample was mixed with 2 mL of 1% (w/v) potassium ferric cyanide. ...
Obtaining peptides with antioxidant properties by enzymatic hydrolysis has been widely described; however, the use of non-enzymatic methods to obtain peptides with antioxidant capacities has been poorly investigated. In this study, non-soluble proteins obtained from delipidated egg yolk granules were hydrolyzed with trypsin, and with a non-enzymatic method using sub-critical water hydrolysis under a non-oxidizing (nitrogen) and oxidizing (oxygen) atmosphere. The effect of the sub-critical water hydrolysis on the amino acids’ composition of the hydrolysates was assessed. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacities of the hydrolysates were evaluated using the ABTS•+ scavenging assay, the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and by measuring the reducing power of the peptides, the peptides’ ferrous ion chelating capacities, and the antioxidant effect of the peptides on beef homogenates. The hydrolysate obtained by sub-critical water hydrolysis under a nitrogen stream showed similar or better results in the antioxidant tests than those obtained using trypsin hydrolysis, except in the ferrous chelating capacity, where the trypsin hydrolysate showed the best performance. The oxidizing environment promoted by the oxygen in the other sub-critical water hydrolysis method tested produced the peptides with the lowest antioxidant capacities, due to changes in the primary structure of the peptides. These results suggest that the sub-critical water hydrolysis method under a nitrogen stream, in comparison with the enzymatic hydrolysis, is a reliable method to obtain peptides with good antioxidant capacities.
... The DPPH, H 2 O 2 radical scavenging activities, and reducing power assay of the plant samples were analyzed following the method of Brand-Williams et al. (1995), Ruch et al. (1989), and Oyaizu (1986). For the antioxidant analysis, dried and powdered plant samples were dissolved in methanol in the ratio of 1:10 (w/v) and subjected to incubation in a shaking incubator for 24 h at 180 rpm maintaining the temperature at 30 °C. ...
This study has investigated the impact of vehicle sourced heavy metals (HMs) on soil enzyme activities and plants in and around high traffic roadways near the metropolitan area. In detail, the defense response against HM pollution was studied by considering the commonly available herbs around the roadside area namely Alternanthera paronychioides, Ageratum conyzoides, Spilanthes acmella, and Parthenium hysterophorus. The study reported that the HM concentrations such as Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Cr were observed in the range of 6.05 ± 0.1 to 309 ± 0.5 mg/kg in roadside soil and 5.2 ± 0.1to 451 ± 4.2 mg/kg in the herbs collected from roadside area. The soil enzyme (urease, dehydrogenase, amylase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase) activities decreased by 22.56 to 77.84% in roadside soil and lower IC50 values were observed for DPPH (2.32–4.67) and H2O2 (1.59–2.15) free radical scavenging activities in plants collected from roadside area. The flavonoid and phenolic content in plants collected from the roadside area ranges from 12.65 ± 0.2 to 15.75 ± 0.3 mg quercitin/g and 0.61 ± 0.04 to 1.16 ± 0.1 mg gallic acid/g respectively while in plant collected from the control areas ranges from 7.96 ± 0.1 to 11.24 ± 0.05 and 0.47 ± 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.1. In addition, the contamination factor (CF) (1.53–11.92) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) (0.031–2.99) in soil and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) (0.72–2.73) of Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Crin plants indicated that the soil and plants growing along the highway were heavily contaminated with HM. Finally, Pearson correlation matrix confirmed the inhibition effect of HM on soil enzymatic activities and enzymatic defense of plants in response to the HM stress.
... Te reducing power of crude extract/fractions was determined according to the method described by Oyaizu [36] with some modifcations. To 2.5 mL extracts/fractions of various concentrations (100,200, 400, 800, and 1200 μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (25,50,100,200, and 300 μg/mL), 2.5 mL of phosphate bufer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 2.5 mL of potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , 1%, w/v) were mixed. ...
In the present study, the methanolic extract of Calotropis procera root bark was subjected to solvent-solvent partitioning using n-hexane fraction (HF), dichloromethane fraction (DMF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and methanol fraction (MF). The resultant fractions were tested for antioxidant activity using in vitro radical scavenging assay. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of varying proportions of secondary metabolites in solvent fractions such as glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenoids, sterols, and polyphenolic compounds. The total phenolic content of EAF was 25.7 ± 3.12 mg TAE/g followed by 19.05 ± 3.29 mg TAE/g in DMF. The total flavonoid content was 13.69 ± 1.74 mg QUE/g in DMF and 11.4 ± 1.88 mg QUE/g in EAF. The EAF showed significant radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, IC50 = 369.87 μg/mL), nitric oxide (IC50 = 317.46 μg/mL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 , IC50 = 396.85 μg/mL), and hydroxyl radicals (IC50 = 195.39 μg/mL). DMF was most effective in scavenging superoxide radicals (IC50 = 679.60 μg/mL), while greater metal chelating activity was exhibited by MF (IC50 = 614.73 μg/mL). Moreover, the total antioxidant activity for EAF was found to be 94.14 ± 9.114 mg AAE followed by DMF (68.10 ± 8.78 mg AAE). EAF also significantly reduced the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in a dose-dependent manner in CuSO4. The observed antioxidant effect might be attributed to the presence of secondary metabolites. Subsequent GC-MS analysis of EAF confirmed the presence of lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and ursolic acid. The current investigation reveals that the high polyphenolic and antioxidant pentacyclic triterpenes in EAF of C. procera root bark methanol extract correlates with its good antioxidant activity and can provide protection against free radicals-induced damage in a variety of chronic health conditions.
... The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was carried out according to [119]. The reaction mixture contained 10 µL of the extracts, 40 µL phosphate buffer (pH 6.6), and 50 µL potassium ferricyanide K 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ] (1%), was incubated at 50 • C for 20 min, then 50 µL of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (10%) and 40 µL of distilled water and 10 µL of ferric chloride FeCl 3 (0.1%) were added. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) has a great beneficial health effect; it has been used in traditional medicine by many cultures. Likewise, the α-amylase inhibitors are potential compounds in the development of drugs for the treatment of diabetes. The beneficial health effects of fenugreek lead us to explore the chemical composition of the seeds and their antioxidant and α-amylase inhibition activities. The flavonoid extraction from fenugreek seeds was achieved with methanol through a Soxhlet apparatus. Then, the flavonoid glycosides were characterized using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis. The antioxidant capacity of fenugreek seed was measured using DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays. Finally, the α-amylase inhibition activity was carried out using in vitro and in silico methods. The methanolic extract was found to contain high amounts of total phenolics (154.68 ± 1.50 μg GAE/mg E), flavonoids (37.69 ± 0.73 μg QE/mg E). The highest radical-scavenging ability was recorded for the methanolic extract against DPPH (IC50 = 556.6 ± 9.87 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 593.62 ± 9.35 μg/mL). The ME had the best reducing power according to the CUPRAC (A 0.5 = 451.90 ± 9.07 μg/mL). The results indicate that the methanolic extracts of fenugreek seed best α-amylase inhibition activities IC50 = 653.52 ± 3.24 μg/mL. Twenty-seven flavonoids were detected, and all studied flavonoids selected have good affinity and stabilize very well in the pocket of α-amylase. The interactions between the studied flavonoids with α-amylase were investigated. The flavonoids from fenugreek seed present a good inhibitory effect against α-amylase, which is beneficial for the prevention of diabetes and its complications.
... The analysis of the antioxidant activity, expressed as micromole Trolox equivalent (TE) per 100 g of LPI or EBJ, was performed via three methods adapted to microscale: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 acid (ABTS) method by Tumbas Šaponjac et al. [27], and the reducing power (RP) method by Oyaizu [28]. ...
Kefir is a fermented dairy product claimed to confer many health-promoting effects, but its acidic taste is not appealing to some consumers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to enhance the functional and sensorial quality attributes of kefir through fortification with encapsulated blackberry juice (EBJ). The blackberry juice was successfully encapsulated via freeze-drying using lentil protein isolate (LPI) as the carrier. The encapsulated blackberry juice showed good physicochemical, functional, and morphological properties, as well as microbiological safety for use as a food additive. The kefir was fortified with EBJ in concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w), stored for up to 28 days under refrigeration, and periodically evaluated. Parameters such as the viscosity, titrable acidity, and pH indicate that the kefir fortification did not affect its stability during storage. EBJ significantly increased the antioxidant properties of the kefir, depending on the fortification level. Additionally, all the fortified samples provided more anthocyanins than the daily recommended intake. Microbiological profiling demonstrated that good laboratory practice and hygiene were implemented during the experiments. Finally, the panelists showed that higher EBJ concentrations in the kefir resulted in greater overall acceptability, indicating that this encapsulate has the potential to be a substitute synthetic color additive in the dairy industry.
... The total reducing power of each tea extract was determined according to the previously described methodology reported by Oyaizu [31] with slight modifications [30]. An aliquot of 0.4 mL of each extract sample was mixed with 0.4 mL of 200 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.6 plus 0.4 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide (w/v). ...
The objective of this study was to investigate the variability of natural bioactive compounds, such as catechin, theaflavin, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), of Azorean black tea (Camellia sinensis L., O. Kuntze) as well as its antioxidant activities according to different withering times. The TPC, TFC, free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ferrous-ion-chelating (FIC) activities were determined by colorimetric methods, and catechin and theaflavin contents were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The FRSA shows similar results for the withering range of 6 to 16 h (hours). For FRAP, the best results were observed at 16 h, and for FIC, the highest value was at 20 h. The TPC and TFC showed the highest value at 9 h and the lowest at 20 h. For the total theaflavins, the highest results were obtained after 12 h of withering, and the lowest values were obtained at 16 and 20 h. According to the different withering times, the highest value of total catechin levels was at 12 h, while the lowest value was observed at 20 h. Regarding caffeine content, all samples presented similar results, with the exception of the 12 h time point. In conclusion, the best withering times were observed in the range of 9 to 16 h, showing decreased values at 20 h, with the exception of FIC.
... Antioxidant activity was evaluated through the method of reducing power according to the methodology of Oyaizu [36]. An aliquot of 100 µL of each extract of Jatobá bark (UBJB, MSJB, SMJB), leaves (UBJL, MSJL, SMJL), and seeds (UBJS, MSJS, SMJS) at a concentration of 100 µL mL −1 was conditioned in test tubes, and then 1 mL each of 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 6.0 and 1% potassium ferrocyanide aqueous solution was added to the same tubes. ...
Currently, biofilm-forming bacteria are difficult to treat by conventional antibiotic therapy and are, thus, becoming a clinical and epidemiological problem worldwide. Medicinal plants have been identified as novel alternative treatments due to their therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. In this context, the present study aimed to determine the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial and anti-biofilm potential of nine extracts of Hymenaea courbaril (Fabaceae), popularly known as Jatobá. Furthermore, extracts that exhibited biofilm inhibitory activity against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) were selected for UPLC-HRMS/MS chemical analysis. Our results showed a high total phenolic content, mainly in the stem bark extract, and that the plant is rich in compounds with antioxidant activity. In the anti-biofilm analysis, leaf extracts stood out in comparison with chloramphenicol, with inhibition percentages of 78.29% and 78.85%, respectively. Through chemical analysis by UPLC-HRMS/MS, chrysoeriol-7-O-neohesperidoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and 3,7-di-O-methylquercetin were annotated for the first time in the leaves of H. courbaril. Therefore, these results showed the potential use of H. courbaril as an antioxidant and point to its use in antimicrobial therapy with an anti-biofilm effect.
... The FRAP Analysis was performed after modifying the method that was applied by Oyaizu [44]. The plant extracts and standards at different concentrations were made up to 1 mL with pure water, and 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) was added along with 2.5 mL potassium ferric cyanide [K3Fe(CN)6] solution (1%). ...
Plants have been used in alternative medicine for centuries in the treatment of many diseases with the metabolites they contain. The goal of this work was to investigate the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity and biological activity of I. helenium subsp. pseudohelenium extracts. Phe-nolic (HPLC) substances in leaf ethanol (L-EtOH), leaf pure water (L-PW), root ethanol (R-EtOH), and root pure water (R-PW) extracts of Inula helenium subsp. pseudohelenium plant were investi-gated. Also, in vitro the antimicrobial (hollow agar), antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS.+, FRAP, CU-PRAC), antiproliferative (MTT assay against HT-29, MCF-7 and L-929), and DNA (Agarose gel electrophoresis) protective activities of the samples were examined. Although gallic acid was not detected in the extracts, the presence of curcumin was detected only in EtOH extracts. L-EtOH exhibited the best antimicrobial activity. According to the antioxidant results, it was found that the L-EtOH extract had an activity profile close to the standard antioxidants in general. It was also found that the L-EtOH extract stabilized the DNA by disrupting the scavenging effect of H2O2+DMSO. According to the antiproliferative activity results, EtOH extracts exhibited the strongest effect, especially against MCF7. When evaluated in general terms, it was found that L-EtOH extract showed better activity than other extracts. It is important to conduct more in vivo and in vitro studies after isolating the active components of extracts e.g. L-EtOH, which have good effects in terms of biological activity.
... The PFRAP method described in [27,28] was adapted to evaluate the AOAs of SBYEs and SBYCWs. A standard curve of ascorbic acid was prepared in the range of 20-80 µg/mL. ...
The increasing need for sustainable waste management and food fortification requires continuous agri-food biotechnological innovation. Spent brewer's yeast (SBY) is a mass-produced underutilized by-product of the brewery industry and has elevated bioactive potential. The current study presents a streamlined ultrasonic SBY cell lysis method, with the main goal of bioactive compound valorization. The influence of selected ultrasonication parameters on protein release and, implicitly, on the cell disruption efficiency, was assessed. The SBY derivatives resulting from the ultrasonic cell lysis were SBY extracts (SBYEs) and cell walls (SBYCWs), which were evaluated in terms of protein content, antioxidant activity (AOA) and total polyphenol content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to characterize SBYCWs in relation to the morphological and chemical transformations that follow ultrasonic yeast cell disruption. The optimal ultrasonication conditions of 6.25% SBY concentration, 40 • C and 33.33% duty cycle (DC) ensured the most efficient lysis. The SBY derivatives with the most elevated antioxidant activity were obtained at temperatures below 60 • C. SBYCWs had the highest polyphenol content and a relatively high content of β-glucan under these parameters. Optical microscopy and SEM confirmed the release of intracellular content and separation of SBYCWs.
... The method reported by Oyaizu (1986) was used with modifications. Under dark conditions, aliquots of 9 µL of extract of various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 mg/mL) were pipetted into a microplate. ...
The demand for organic vegetables is increasing worldwide, which has led to the growth of organic agriculture. However, information on chemical composition and antioxidant activity in vegetables grown organically under controlled conditions remains uncertain. For this study, 3 vegetables widely consumed in Brazil were cultivated in controlled organic and conventional cultivation systems: lettuce, coriander and tomato. Their chemical composition, mineral concentration, phenolic compound content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity (AA) were evaluated. The analyses of chemical and mineral composition revealed differences between the cultivation systems. Organic lettuce presented higher content of ashes, calcium and potassium. A higher content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was observed in most organic vegetables. Using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the organic tomato exhibited higher AA compared to conventional, while the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method showed higher AA for organic coriander and tomato than theirs conventional version. The correlation between bioactive compounds and AA was positive, higher and stronger for organic vegetables, considering phenolic compounds (including flavonoids) and DPPH or FRAP antioxidant activity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) disclosed that organic lettuce and coriander were grouped according bioactive components. In general, organic vegetables showed better results for bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity.
... The Fe 3+ reducing power of the plant extracts was assayed according to the method of Oyaizu (1986), and was compared with ascorbic acid as standard reference. Each concentration was mixed with potassium ferricyanide (2.5 ml, 1%) and phosphate buffer (2.5 ml, 0.2 M, PH 6.6). ...
This study was aimed to evaluate the extracts of in vitro growing three Egyptian medicinal plants e.g. namely carnation, thyme and basil as natural drugs in the pharmacological sector instead of chemo drugs. Presence of GA3 application in shootlets culture media was most efficient differentially for elongation process of all studied plant species as per GA3 concentrations. Auxins in a little concentration were the optimal for roots development of carnation and basil plants, whilst a free hormone MS-medium was the convenient system for thyme rooting process. Regarding the in vitro plantlets extracts, most of their efficient antimicrobial agents were exhibited by basil extract that possesses broader spectrum to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas floureceans and Bacillus subtlius. In comparison, thyme extract inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, Escheria coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while carnation extract inhibited barely Candida albicans growth only. In respect of the in vitro plantlets extract their potentials as antioxidant activity by DPPH, H2O2 and FRAP assays were increased with the extract concentration increment. The least values of IC50, indicate to significant free radicals scavenging activity, were occurred using carnation extract by the three antioxidant assays, and thyme extract by DPPH assay, whilst basil extracts never performed well IC50values, compared to ascorbic acid as positive control. The obtained findings indicate to the superior antioxidant activity of in vitro growing carnation plantlets extract, analogy with ascorbic acid as reference standard. However, in vitro growing basil plantlets extract applied more efficient antimicrobial influence against all the pathogenic microbial strains. This study documented the most powerful potency of the extracts of in vitro growing carnation, thyme and basil plantlets as antimicrobials and antioxidants to be promoted for health-boosting purposes.
... The FRAP test was carried out in accordance with a previously established method [27]. The assay involves the prevention of the formation of Fe(II)-ferrazine complexes when samples interact with ferrous iron. ...
Secondary metabolites derived from plants have demonstrated significant biological activity and hold both edible and medicinal significance. These compounds play a crucial role in the development of pharmaceuticals, particularly in the context of inflammatory disorders and chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characterization, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial properties of the aqueous extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (AEAP). To achieve this, we employed various analytical techniques including HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of the AEAP was assessed using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and reducing power assays, while antibacterial activity was evaluated against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium) using the broth microdilution assay. Our findings demonstrated significant antioxidant activity of the AEAP, as well as broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. HPLC analysis identified important bioactive compounds, notably pellitorine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, known for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Overall, the AEAP demonstrated potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities, suggesting its potential as a valuable natural source of bioactive compounds with various therapeutic applications.
... The reducing ability of the ferrous ions in B. licheniformis extract was assessed by the method of Oyaizu (1986). 0.1 mL of various concentrations of test samples (50 μg/mL -350 μg/mL) were dissolved in 1 ml of phosphate buffer (pH -7.4), and mixed properly. ...
The bioactive compounds from Actinomycetes have antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. The antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Bacillus licheniformis was determined by carrying out several assays. Preparation of a bioactive feed encapsulated with sodium alginate and chitosan was carried out for treating the bacterial infection in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. An experimental trial with three different groups was conducted to determine the effect of crude extract of B. licheniformis against pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila in freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii. The first group of prawns was given commercial diet. The second group of prawns challenged with A. hydrophila was given commercial feed. The third group of A. hydrophila challenged prawns was given the encapsulated B. licheniformis feed. The survival percentage of prawns was decreased in group 2 compared to the prawns of group 1 and group 3. The antioxidant properties were found to be significantly increased in case of group 3 prawns. Real time Reverse transcription - Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) study of three different groups with three immune genes - Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Crustin and Prophenoloxidase was carried out and antioxidant enzymatic activity, and immunological parameters were recorded. Group 1 was designated as control, injected with saline. Group 2 was designated as infected, challenged with A. hydrophila and group 3 as treated, challenged with A. hydrophila and injected with crude extract of B. licheniformis. The results revealed that the SOD and Prophenoloxidase of gills and hemolymph showed highest gene expression in the case of treated group compared to the infected and control group. The data indicated that B. licheniformis showed enhanced antioxidant activities, immune response, disease resistance, and gene expression in M. rosenbergii challenged with A. hydrophila.
Graphical abstract
... The iron-reducing power of GLE was determined according to the method speci ed by Oyaizu et al. (1986). The obtained value was compared with synthetic materials such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and 6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). ...
This study was carried out to examine the effects of the supplementation of ginger liquid extract (GLE) to whole milk on the growth, immune response, antioxidative defence mechanism, and general health of Holstein’s calves. Sixteen calves (4-d old) were included in the experiment and randomly assigned to groups, and they were fed whole milk containing GLE at a rate of 0, 0.50, 0.72, and 1% of the milk amount consumed. Calves consuming 1% GLE milk were weaned at an earlier age and gained better body weight (BW) compared to the other groups. The group fed with 0.50% GLE milk consumed less daily starter than the other groups. The supplementation of GLE decreased the fecal score (FS), the number of days with diarrhea (DDN), and illness (IDN) of calves non-significantly. Supplementation of 1% GLE significantly suppressed the growth of E. coli , but its effect on the growth of other pathogenic bacteria was not significant. No negative effect of GLE supplementation on hemogram and biochemical blood parameters was observed. Supplementation of 1% GLE decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidative status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) values insignificantly, however, it supported the antioxidative defence mechanism and immune response at non-significant. The results obtained study show that 1% GLE supplementation can be effective in raising healthy calves by improving their immune level and antioxidant capacity.
... The reducing power of extracts from P. calabrica was determined according to the protocol of Oyaizu [31]. A volume of 200 µL of each extract at different concentrations was mixed with 500 µl ml of phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml of potassium ferricyanide (K 3 Fe(CN) 6 ) (1%). ...
Background: Putoria calabrica is a common Mediterranean plant used topically in folk medicine for medical purposes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and antihemolytic properties of Putoria calabrica leaf extracts. Methods: Total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannins content (CTC) were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was tested using TAC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Agar diffusion method was used to determine the antimi-crobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Anti-hemolytic activity was evaluated by the measurement of erythrocytes turbidity and extracellular hemoglobin concentration using the AAPH method. Results: Methanol was the optimal solvent to extract the bioactive components with the highest extraction yield (30.11 ± 0.42%), TPC (142.11 ± 4.04 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (29.16 ± 0.99 mg QrE/g dry extract). In terms of antioxidant activity, methanol extract was the most effective against ABTS free radical (IC 50 = 5.02 ± 0.13 mg/ml) and FRAP (A 0.5 = 2.91 ± 0.09 mg/ml). While, acetone extract showed the highest TAC (214.05 ± 8.74 mg GAE/g dry extract) and DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 = 1.94 ± 0.02 mg/ml). The strongest antimicrobial effect at a concentration of 10.24 mg/well was observed with acetone extract against P. aeruginosa (22.52 ± 0.60 mm) and C. albicans (17.33 ± 0.41 mm). While, methanol extract was the most active against S. aureus (17.31 ± 0.98 mm). Aqueous extract showed a good capacity to protect erythrocytes from oxida-tive damage by preventing their hemolysis and the oxidation of hemoglobin induced by AAPH. Conclusion: P. calabrica leaves hold great importance as a source of therapeutic bioactive compounds .
... Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) FRAP analysis was evaluated according to the protocol of Oyaïzu (1986) [16] . Extracts (200 μL) were mixed with phosphate buffer (500μl, 2.0 M, pH 6.6) and potassium ferricyanide (2.5 mL, 1.0%), and the mixture was incubated at 50°C for 20min. ...
As part of the valuation of local medicinal plants, we are interested in the study of the physicochemical and phytochemical composition, and the antioxidant properties of different extracts (acetonic, ethanolic and methanolic extracts) prepared from the leaves of Artemisia herba-alba and Olea europaea L. The physicochemical analysis of the plants powder revealed that Artemisia herba-alba contained approximately 7.86 % water, 5.99 % mineral salts, and 4.94 % fat, while Olea europaea L. contained 8.23% water, 3.51% mineral salts, and 2.81% fat. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Artemisia herba-alba exhibited the highest level of phytochemicals (24.8 %) whereas for Olea europaea L. it was the ethanolic extract which showed substantial level of bioactive compounds (37.65 %). The highest concentrations of polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin and chlorophyll pigments were obtained with acetonic extracts for both studied plants. The strongest anti-free radical activity with DPPH, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were obtained with the acetonic extract for Artemisia herba-alba (IC50 = 0.611 mg/mL, EC50 = 5.03mg/mL, TAC = 97.91μg AAE/mg dw), and methanolic extract for Olea europaea L. (IC50 = 0.56 mg/mL, EC50 = 0.83 mg/mL, TAC = 150.49 μg AAE/mg dw).
... The reducing power of the extracts of both plants was determined using the methodology developed by Oyaizu [24]. A volume of 200 µL of each extract at different concentrations was mixed with 500 µL of phosphate buffer (0.2 M; pH = 6.6) and 2.5 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanate solution (K3Fe(CN)6) prepared in distilled water. ...
Medicinal plants are used in folk medicine to cure several human diseases. This work was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of Globularia alypum, Dittrichia viscosa, Juniperus oxycedrus, and Retama sphaerocarpa. The total phenolic content (TPC), the total flavonoid content (TFC), and the condensed tannin content (CTC) were determined spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activity was tested using TAC, DPPH and reducing power assays. The agar diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial activity against four bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and one fungus (Candida albicans). J. oxycedrus acetone extract showed the highest extraction yield (35.56±0.45%), TPC (504.96±14.82 mg GAE/g DE) and TFC (43.91±0.87 mg QE/g DE). The same extract exhibited the highest TAC (350.67±6.05 mg GAE/g DE) and was the most effective against the DPPH free radical (IC50 = 0.21±0.01 mg/mL). In contrast, the J. oxycedrus methanol extract showed the highest reducing power (A0.5 = 0.39 ± 0.09 mg/mL). All extracts tested showed antibacterial and anticandidal activities at different concentrations. The best antimicrobial effect was also observed with the acetone extract of J. oxycedrus against P. aeruginosa (26.77±0.06 mm), B. cereus (17.16±0.08 mm), E. coli (15.84±0.04 mm), and C. albicans (21.36±0.11 mm), while the ethanol extract of D. viscosa was the most active against S. aureus (24.54±0.03 mm). The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of these local plants and demonstrate their potential as sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactive compounds.
... The absorbance values of baicalin hydrate and references were recorded at 700 nm. The increased absorbance of the reaction mixture reflects an increasing reduction ability [36]. ...
Baicalin is the foremost prevalent flavonoid found in Scutellaria baicalensis. It also frequently occurs in many multi-herbal preparations utilized in Eastern countries. The current research has assessed and compared the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antiglaucoma properties of baicalin hydrate. Baicalin hydrate was tested for its antioxidant capacity using a variety of techniques, including N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride radical (DMPD•+) scavenging activity, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS•+) scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging activity, potassium ferric cyanide reduction ability, and cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing activities. Also, for comparative purposes, reference antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, α-Tocopherol, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were employed. Baicalin hydrate had an IC50 value of 13.40 μg/mL (r2: 0.9940) for DPPH radical scavenging, whereas BHA, BHT, Trolox, and α-Tocopherol had IC50 values of 10.10, 25.95, 7.059, and 11.31 μg/mL for DPPH• scavenging, respectively. These findings showed that baicalin hydrate had comparably close and similar DPPH• scavenging capability to BHA, α-tocopherol, and Trolox, but it performed better than BHT. Additionally, apart from these studies, baicalin hydrate was tested for its ability to inhibit a number of metabolic enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and α-glycosidase, which have been linked to several serious illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), glaucoma, and diabetes, where the Ki values of baicalin hydrate toward the aforementioned enzymes were 10.01 ± 2.86, 3.50 ± 0.68, 19.25 ± 1.79, and 26.98 ± 9.91 nM, respectively.
... Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Activity The FRAP analysis was carried out by modifying the method described by (Oyaizu, 1986). A volume of 0.25 mL of plant extracts was adjusted to 1.25 mL with 0.2 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.6). ...
This study aims to investigate the composition of essential oils, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antifungal and herbicidal activities of the methanol extract of Vaccinium myrtillus collected from two different locations. Using GC/MS analysis, the plant essential oils from Muğla and Mersin locations were found to contain 20 and 19 components, respectively. The main components identified in the essential oils from Muğla and Mersin were α-Pinene (29.16%-15.75%), Eucalyptol (22.19%-26.46%), and Linalool(12.66%-25.27%). The methanol extracts of plant collected from two different areas were tested for antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (SS), Fusarium oxysporum f sp. melonis (FOM), Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cucumerinum (FOC), and Rhizoctonia solani (RS). At a dose of 3000 ppm, the extracts inhibited mycelium growth by 78.00%, 73.31%, 46.33%, and 31.43% for SS, FOM, FOC, and RS, respectively. In allelopathy tests, the methanol extract of blueberry at a dose of 3000 ppm completely suppressed root-shoot development of Taraxacum officinale , while it significantly inhibited root-shoot development of Rumex crispus seed germination compared to the control. In addition, the plant exhibited significant antioxidant activity.These findings are significant as they provide insights for the development of new natural antifungal agents with potential applications in agriculture.
... The Oyaizu method [28] was used to evaluate the reducing power of the samples against potassium ferricyanide. An amount of 1 mL of the extract was combined with 5 mL PBS (phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.6) and 5 mL of 1% potassium ferricyanide in the test tube. ...
The chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and sensory aspects of sponge cakes with the addition of flours from edible insects (buffalo worm, cricket, and mealworm) were evaluated. The addition of edible-insect flours increased the protein, fat, and dietary fiber content in all cases. The utilization of edible insects demonstrated a notable augmentation in the phenolic compounds (especially protocatechuic acid and protocatechuic aldehyde, and syringic, ferulic, and sinapic acids). This resulted in an increase in the antioxidant activity measured against the ABTS radical cation, the DPPH radical, and ferric ions. The antioxidant potential, assessed by four different methods, unequivocally confirmed that the aforementioned polyphenolic compounds found in edible insects provide significant radical-scavenging and antioxidant activity in sponge cakes containing them. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were significantly lower in cakes with insect flour compared to the standard wheat cakes. Products and raw materials exhibited high values of the n − 6/n − 3 ratio, which may be associated with negative health effects, with a high oleic acid content. The amino acid score (AAS) for the essential amino acids exceeded 100% for all obtained products. The sponge cakes were accepted by consumers and the taste was the most important predictor for overall acceptability, whereas the structure and appearance had less impact.
... The free radical scavenging potency of M. oleifera fresh leaves and dried leaves powder was assessed using DPPH method 52 with some modifications 53,54 where the antioxidants minimize the free radicals absorbing light at 517 nm. The ability of aqueous and methanol extracts of Moringa fresh leaves and dried leaves powder to reduce iron (III) to iron (II) (total reducing power) was evaluated following Oyaizu 55 with slight modification 53,54 and compared to a strong reducing agent BHT. The absorbance (700 nm) of the samples was plotted against each concentration taken. ...
... Ferric reducing antioxidant power The ferric-reducing antioxidant power was evaluated according to the method described by Oyaizu (1986). A volume of 2.5 ml of the juice sample was mixed with 2.5 ml of phosphate buffer (0.2 M; pH 6.6) and 2.5 ml of potassium ferricyanide (1%). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating hydrosoluble Opuntia ficus indica seeds extract in unpasteurized prickly pear juice and monitoring its stability. For this purpose, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), browning index (BI), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), antiradical activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and microbial analysis were monitored for both enriched and controlled juices during different time and temperature storage. Before storage, the enriched juice values were respectively 0.096±0.001%, 14.1±0.01%, 0.756±0.01, 133.3±3.4mgGAE/100ml, 5.58±0.07mgQE/100ml, 95.89±14.27mgGAE/100ml and 59.34±5.52mgGAE/100ml for TA, TSS, BI, TPC, TF, DPPH and FRAP; while 0.16±0%, 14.1 ±0.001%, 1.2±0.01, 88.39±4.2mgGAE/100ml, 3.98±1.003mgQE/100ml, 51.08±14.27 mgGAE/100ml and 50.33±5.16mgGAE/100ml for the control juice. The microbial analysis revealed the absence of microorganisms even the juices were unpasteurized. Moreover, the results revealed that the enrichment attenuated significantly the effect of storage; indeed, the use of the prickly pear seeds extract in combination with the juices can be a good alternative to enhance the shelf life of unpasteurized prickly pear juice, and improve their quality attributes as well as to minimize the unwanted changes in the nutritional and organoleptic properties.
... FRAP was determined via a modified Oyaizu method [49,50]. Perilla extracts were evaporated under reduced pressure and redissolved in ethanol to attain a concentration of 1 mg/mL, which was further diluted to 500, 250, and 125 µg/mL. ...
Perilla frutescens leaves are hypothesized to possess antioxidant and amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation inhibitory properties primarily due to their polyphenol-type compounds. While these bioactivities fluctuate daily, the traditional methods for quantifying constituent contents and functional properties are both laborious and impractical for immediate field assessments. To address this limitation, the present study introduces an expedient approach for on-site analysis, employing fluorescence spectra obtained through excitation light irradiation of perilla leaves. Standard analytical techniques were employed to evaluate various constituent contents (chlorophyl (Chl), total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and rosmarinic acid (RA)) and functional attributes (DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and Aβ aggregation inhibitory activity). Correlations between the fluorescence spectra and these parameters were examined using normalized difference spectral index (NDSI), ratio spectral index (RSI), and difference spectral index (DSI) analyses. The resulting predictive model exhibited a high coefficient of determination, with R2 values equal to or greater than 0.57 for constituent contents and 0.49 for functional properties. This approach facilitates the convenient, simultaneous, and nondestructive monitoring of both the chemical constituents and the functional capabilities of perilla leaves, thereby simplifying the determination of optimal harvest times. The model derived from this method holds promise for real-time assessments, indicating its potential for the simultaneous evaluation of both constituents and functionalities in perilla leaves.
... Fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated after constructing the percent inhibition versus log curve. The total antioxidant capacity of samples was determined by the FRAP assay (Oyaizu, 1986). The absorbance was measured at 700 nm. ...
nternational fresh table grape trade has expanded tremendously over the last few decades. However, fresh table grapesdecay quickly due to pathogen infestation and water loss, which make it difficult to preserve without an effectivetreatment. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of CT, with SA on maintaining qualitycharacteristics of ‘Red Globe’ grapes during storage at 0.5°C and 90-95% RH in pomology laboratories of the faculty in2018-2019. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with treatments [1% CT and twoconcentrations of SA (0, 1 and 2 mM)] fora 60 day of storage time. To determine the effects of the treatmentsat 15-dayintervals, weight loss, fruit decay, chroma index, total soluble solids, titratable acidity (TA), pH, fruit flesh firmness andsecondary metabolites such as total phenolic contents, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins were determined. Also,antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity of the berry extracts determined by the DPPH and FRAP assays at eachsampling time. Results revealed no effect on total soluble solids and total phenolics However, there were significanteffects on the quality parameters fruit decay, weight loss, TA, pH, chroma index, and fruit flesh firmness. Chitosancoating was also found to be a potentially useful treatment for the phytochemical compounds and total antioxidantactivity. The pre-storage IC50 value of the berry extract was 0.53 mg mL-1 and by the end of storage period, the valueswere 0.49 mg mL-1 in control, 0.50 mg mL-1 in CT, 0.53 mg mL-1 in CT + 1 mM SA and 0.46 mg mL-1 in CT + 2 mMSA. Total antioxidant capacity of grapes was 23.7 mg BHT mL-1 before storage and this increased during storage forboth coated and uncoated grapes. Based on the findings, there was a strong relationship between total phenolic andflavonoid contents of the berries and antioxidant activity. It was concluded that the use of CT + 2 mM SA together with MAP is a potentially useful alternative to the use of SO2 in grape storage in commercial contexts.
Abstract: This study investigated the design of novel pasta enriched with different forms of wild garlic (WG): a powder, an extract and an encapsulated extract applied at three enrichment levels (low/middle/high). The effect of cooking on changes in the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidative activity, cooking behaviour, texture, colour and sensory properties of the cooked pasta was evaluated. WG preparations significantly increased the antioxidant potential (by 185–600%) as well
as the content of phenolics (by 26–146%), flavonoids (by 40–360%) and potassium (up to three-fold) in the cooked pasta, depending on WG type and enrichment level. Flavonoids were dominantly present in the free form. Cooking resulted in a significant loss of flavonoids (39–75%) whereas phenolics were liberated from the matrix. The highest increase in total phenolics and antioxidant activity was exerted
by the WG powder and extract. Pasta hardness and adhesiveness were increased, but encapsulated WG deteriorated cooking behaviour. The best-scored enriched pasta regarding sensory quality and texture was that enriched with WG powder at the low/moderate level.
During the period of COVID-19, the cases of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) have increased that leads to high blood glucose levels along with this also increased the consumption of various herbal supplements that are considered to be less toxic and have fewer side effects than allopathic medicines. So, the prime aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of ethanolic extracts of Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis cineraria by total phenolic and flavonoid content determination followed by FRAP and DPPH assay. The in-vitro anti-diabetic activities were determined by α-amylase enzyme assay carried out by DNSA method. In this study, it has been reported that the ethanolic bark extract of Prosopis cineraria contains large amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds that exhibited the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential. This plant even exhibited better in vitro antidiabetic potential as compared to the other plant extract in consideration.
Bu çalışma, Cephalaria tchihatchewii Boiss'in metanol ve su ekstrelerinin (MECT, WECT) UPLC-MS/MS kullanarak kapsamlı bir kimyasal karakterizasyonunu gerçekleştirmeyi ve bu ekstrelerin potansiyel antioksidan aktivitesinin ve bazı metabolik enzimler üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Antioksidan aktivite, DPPH, ABTS, DMPD, FRAP, KUPRAK ve Fe3+ indirgeme testleri dahil olmak üzere çeşitli testler kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. MECT ve WECT'in enzim inhibisyon IC50 değerleri, sırasıyla α-glikozidaz için 28.98 ve 34.19 μg/mL, asetilkolinesteraz için 21.82 ve 26.52 μg/mL ve karbonik anhidraz II için 27.75 ve 13.72 μg/mL’dir. MECT ve WECT'de bulunan fenolik bileşik miktarları sırasıyla 47.00 ve 46.00 μg GAE /mg ekstre, flavonoit miktarları 60.98 ve 49.34 μg KE/mg ekstre olarak belirlenmiştir. MECT ve WECT’in IC50 değerleri sırasıyla DPPH için 34.66 ve 57.76 μg/mL, ABTS için 20.39 ve 17.33 μg/mL ve DMPD için 53.32 ve 57.76 g/mL’dir. Ekstrelerin indirgeme yetenekleri ise sırasıyla Fe+3 indirgeme (λ700:0.377 ve 0.680), FRAP (λ593:0.690 ve 0.369) ve KUPRAK (λ450:0.458 ve 0.333)’dür. UPLC-MS/MS analiziyle elde edilen sonuçlara göre ana bileşenler MECT’in kinik asit 0.39844 µg/mL, klorojenik asit 38.412 µg/mL, fumarik asit 0.301 µg/mL ve WECT’in klorojenik asit 13.639 µg/mL, kinik asit 11.004 µg/mL, siyanidin-3-O-glukozit 0.778 µg/mL olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ekstrelerin, antioksidan aktivite ve α-glikosidaz, asetilkolinesteraz, karbonik anhidraz II enzim ihbisyon etkisi dahil olmak üzere çeşitli biyolojik aktivitelere sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. etnobotanikte önemli yeri olan Lamiaceae familyasına ait çiçekli bitki ailesindendir. Bu çalışmada bitkinin fitokimyasal kompozisyonu, asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) inhibisyonu, antiaterosklerotik aktivite için paraoksonaz (hPON 1) inhibisyonu ve antioksidan kapasitesi araştırıldı. Fitokimyasal içerik LC-MS/MS sistemi ile enzim inhibisyonu ve antioksidan kapasite çalışmaları ise spektrofotometre ile belirlendi. S. lavandulifolia ekstraktlarının (metanol, hekzan ve su) antioksidan kapasitesi ABTS, DPPH, FRAP ve CUPRAC yöntemleri uygulanarak belirlendi. S. lavandulifolia 'nın metanol ekstraktı AChE üzerinde önemli inhibisyon sergiledi (metanol ekstraktı için IC50 değeri 0.105± 0.17 mg/mL (R2:0.978)). Buna karşılık, S. lavandulifolia'nın metanol ve su ekstreleri hPON 1 üzerinde inhibisyon etkisi göstermedi. ABTS için en yüksek aktivite metanol ekstresinde %23.42 ve DPPH aktivitesi için metanol ekstresinde %50.07 olarak belirlendi. Metal indirgeme gücü deneyinde, FRAP su ekstraktı için 0.233± 0.47 ve CUPRAC metanol ekstraktı için 0.587±1.52 absorbans olarak tespit edildi. Bitkinin metanol ekstraktında LC-MS/MS analizlerine göre luteolin, fumarik asit, kafeik asit, siringik asit, hidroksibenzoik asit, kuersetin, salisilik asit, gallik asit, kateşin hidrat ve asetohidroksamik asit saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, antioksidan, anti-aterojenik ve anti-nörodejeneratif özelliklere sahip olan S. lavandulifolia, Alzheimer hastalarında kullanılan sentetik ilaçlar yerine doğal bir ilaç olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahiptir.
Probiotics play a critical role in supporting a healthy gut microbiome, which significantly impacts overall health and well-being. While there has been an increase in the availability of probiotic foods in recent years, there may still be limited options and accessibility in certain regions. This study focused on formulating a traditional Indian sweet called laddu enriched with millet and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The formulation of laddu ingredients was optimized using Design Expert software to create an optimal product for testing. The probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus culture was incorporated into the laddu in three forms: lyophilized, microencapsulated powder, and natural curd. The probiotic foxtail laddu was selected based on specific criteria such as color, odor, and texture. The nutritional analysis revealed that the laddu contained approximately 64.46 g of carbohydrates, 15.13 g of protein, and 5.06 g of fat per 100 g of laddu. A microbial count analysis was performed over a two-month storage period to assess the viability of the incorporated Lactobacillus acidophilus. The results showed that the lyophilized and microencapsulated culture demonstrated good viability, with counts of 6.10 ± 0.09 log CFU/g and 7.43 ± 0.02 log CFU/g, respectively, when stored at 4 °C. In comparison, storage at room temperature resulted in counts of 5.41 ± 0.08 log CFU/g and 6.97 ± 0.02 log CFU/g at the end of the storage period. Based on the findings, the probiotic millet laddu developed in this study has the potential to be a value-added food product that can enhance the overall health of consumers. Incorporating probiotics into traditional food items like laddu offers a convenient and enjoyable way to promote gut health and improve the product’s nutritional value.
The study aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils (EOs) of Origanum grossii and Thymus pallidus. The selection of these plants for the study was driven by a comprehensive survey conducted in the Ribat Elkheir region of Morocco, where these plants are widely utilized. The results reflect the valorization of these plants based on the findings of the regional survey. The GC–MS phytochemical analysis revealed that the main constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol and thymol for O. grossii and T. pallidus respectively. Quantitative assays demonstrated that O. grossii exhibited higher levels of polyphenols (0.136 mg AGE/mg EO) and flavonoids (0.207 mg QE/mg EO) compared to T. pallidus. The DPPH assay indicated that O. grossii EOs possessed approximately twice the antiradical activity of T. pallidus, with IC50 values of approximately 0.073 mg/mL and 0.131 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activity tests showed that both essential oils exhibited significant inhibition zones ranging from 26 to 42 mm against all tested bacterial strains. The MIC values varied among the bacteria, generally falling within the range of 0.31 to 2.44 µg/mL, demonstrating the potency of the EOs to serve as antibacterial. Molecular docking revealed that O. grossii and T. pallidus essential oils interact with antibacterial and antioxidant proteins (1AJ6 and 6QME). Key compounds in O. grossii include p-cymene, eucalyptol, and carvacrol, while T. pallidus contains potent chemicals like p-cymene, ɤ-maaliene, valencene, α-terpinene, caryophyllene, himachalene, and thymol. Notably, the most potent chemicals in Origanum grossii are p-cymene, eucalyptol, and carvacrol, while the most potent chemicals in Thymus pallidus are p-cymene, α-terpinene, and thymol. These findings suggest that these plant EOs could be used to develop new natural products with antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
This study focused on the use of lentisk oil and honey as natural sources to formulate margarine with ameliorated quality and oxidative stability. For this, five margarines were formulated with honey and different concentrations of lentisk oil. Analyses were performed on oil and honey used, and then physicochemical characterization and several oxidative stability tests were applied to assess margarine quality. The results showed a significant richness of lentisk oil and honey in total phenolics and total flavonoids and expressed good antioxidant activities. As well as the evaluation of oxidative stability of enriched margarines during 3 months of storage demonstrated that margarine added with 2% lentisk oil (M1) had the best resistance properties and longer Rancimat induction time (22.26 h), better than the control and margarines added with 5% (M2), 10% (M3), and 15% (M4) lentisk oil. Globally, margarines prepared with high concentrations of lentisk oil (M2–M4) were not different from the control, whereas only M1 was permitted to ameliorate the stability of margarine with a slight influence on physicochemical parameters. The elaboration of margarine supplemented with 2% lentisk oil improves the properties of the product, which could then be applied to margarine manufacturing.
Background
Marine cyanobacteria have been known to contain several unique bioactive compounds which have different therapeutic potentials. The current research focuses to identify the efficacy of Nostoc calcicola to counteract the harmful effects of free radicals and testing its anticancer activity against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29).
Results
Methanol is used as a solvent for the extraction of bioactive metabolites from Nostoc calcicola followed by phytochemical screening representing the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and steroids to find out bioactive metabolites. Furthermore, evaluation of the extract efficacy revealed the profound ability of Nostoc calcicola to scavenge free radicals by neutralizing different reactive oxygen species. At 100 µg/mL concentration, it inhibited DPPH radicals (73.4%), enhanced phosphomolybdenum reduction (53.5%), displayed ferric-reducing power (55.1%), and finally the extract revealed remarkable hydroxyl radicals scavenging capacity (94.8%), compared to the standards. These compelling results emphasize the robust antioxidant potential of the Nostoc calcicola extract. In vitro, studies demonstrated the selective cytotoxic effects of methanol extracts of Nostoc calcicola on the HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell line, as indicated by IC 50 values of 25 µg/mL for the extracts. Treatment with me Nostoc calcicola decreased the cell viability of HT-29 cells followed by consistent morphological changes leading to cytotoxicity. Nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation were observed using AO/EtBr and DAPI staining. Flow cytometry analysis further confirmed the incidence of apoptosis during the S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, western blotting analysis confirmed the activation of caspase 9, a pivotal enzyme in the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, suggesting the ability of Nostoc calcicola to induce apoptosis in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the potential of Nostoc calcicola as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties, warranting further investigation for their potential therapeutic applications in colorectal cancer.
Graphical Abstract
The synthesis of nanoparticles using biological molecules has become one of the current research areas due to the high toxic content, poor stability, and expensive production technologies of nanoparticles synthesized by physical and chemical technologies. With the approach called green synthesis, nanoparticles that do not contain toxic substances have been produced in a method that does not harm the environment and human health. The number of polyphenol compounds in the ethyl alcohol/water extract of propolis collected from the Muğla-Türkiye region was determined. The synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles were carried out using the ethyl alcohol/water extract of propolis. The descriptions of the synthesized nanoparticles were made using ultraviolet-visible absorption and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction methods were used for morphological examinations. Which polyphenol compound in the propolis content is effective in the synthesis of nanosilver particles was investigated with a Gaussian 16 package program. The electronic properties of the compounds were obtained by density functional theory using boundary orbitals theory, molecular electrostatic surface potential, and nonlinear optical properties. Epigallocatechin gallate, Kaempferol, and Quercetin are effective in obtaining nano-Ag and can be used as organic optical material in technology.
Please cite this article as: Zarrin Haris , Iqbal Ahmad , Evaluation of antioxidant-rich bioactive plant extracts with special reference to Moringa oleifera Lam. for their interference to bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm, Phytomedicine Plus (2023), doi: https://doi. 2 Graphical Abstract Evaluation of antioxidant-rich bioactive plant extracts with special reference to Moringa oleifera Lam. for their interference to bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm ABSTRACT Purpose: Screening of Indian medicinal plants to obtain antioxidant plant extracts for their interference to bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm. Results: The most bioactive fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves extract, i.e., MOEF, has been identified and characterized in this study. In Chromobacterium violaceum 12472, MOEF significantly reduced the amount of violacein produced, i.e.,>70%. Many virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were noticeably reduced in the presence of sub-MICs of MOEF. Adding MOEF to the culture media dramatically reduced prodigiosin, protease activity, and swarming of Serratia marcescens. With a >70% decrease in biofilm development by the test pathogens, MOEF demonstrated broad-spectrum antibiofilm activity. SEM and CLSM examination showed that the biofilm growth on the glass coverslip was significantly decreased. GC/MS detected the major bioactive compounds 2-oleo-3 palmitostearin, 4-O-methylphorbol-12,13-didecanoate. The most numerous compounds of MOEF were identified using LC-qTOF-MS analysis. Further, the in vivo efficacy of active fraction needs to be assessed to uncover the therapeutic potential of MOEF. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the most antioxidant fraction of M. oleifera, i.e., MOEF, demonstrated anti-infective efficacy in vitro against C. violaceum, P. aeruginosa, and S. marcescens. Concentration-dependent inhibition of Quorum-sensing regulated virulence factors and biofilms highlights its broad-spectrum action. It could be exploited in preparing standardized herbal bioactive products and developing modern phytomedicines. Further, the in vivo efficacy of active fraction needs to be assessed to uncover the therapeutic potential of MOEF.
Glaucium cappadocicum is an endemic plant in Turkey, but there have been no research on it. In this work, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts made from this plant were measured. Additionally, their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticholinesterase activities were assessed. The extracts' antioxidant properties were assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods, their antibacterial effects were assessed using the disk diffusion method on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and their ability to inhibit cholinesterase activity was assessed using the Ellman method. In all biological activity assays, the alkaloid extract had the maximum activity. Alkaloid extract shown higher inhibition than the common inhibitor Tacrine in investigations on enzyme inhibition, in particular. All of these investigations demonstrate the potent anticholinesterase and antibacterial properties of Glaucium cappadocicum as well as its value as a good source of antioxidant system defense.
Amyloid β (Aβ) plaque accumulation-mediated neuronal toxicity has been suggested to cause synaptic damage and consequent degeneration of brain cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD). With the increasing prerequisite of eco-friendly nanoparticles (NPs), research investigators are utilizing green approaches for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs for pharmaceutical applications. In this present study, ZnO NPs were synthesized from Acanthus ilicifolius to assess the neuroprotective properties in the AD model of transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strains CL2006 and CL4176 expressing Aβ aggregation. Our findings revealed that the therapeutic effect of green-synthesized ZnO NPs is associated with antioxidant activity. We also found that ZnO NPs significantly enhance the C. elegan's lifespan, locomotion, pharyngeal pumping, chemotaxis behavior also diminish the ROS deposition and intracellular productionMoreover, thioflavin T staining demonstrated that ZnO NPs substantially attenuated the Aβ deposition in the C. elegans strain as compared to untreated worms. With their antioxidant properties, the greenly synthesized ZnO NPs had a significant neuroprotective efficiency on Aβ-induced toxicity by reducing Aβ aggregation and specifically reducing the progression of paralysis in the C. elegans AD model. Our findings suggested that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs could be thought-provoking candidates for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders accompanied by oxidative stress.
A novel phenylethanoid, ferruginoside D, together with fourteen known compounds were isolated from the Verbascum leiocarpum for the first time. Chemical structures of isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis including HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR spectra. The antioxidant, α‐glucosidase inhibitory properties, and antiproliferative activities against multiple cell lines (A172, C6, HeLa, A2780, SW620, HT29, Beas2B, RPE, and HSF) of the isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro. According to the results, iridoids, flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin), and phenylethanoids (poliumoside and isoverbascoside) with strong antiproliferative potential were also found to have cytostatic effects. Furthermore, the investigation revealed that compounds luteolin, poliumoside, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, ferruginoside C, ferruginoside D, and ursolic acid show potent alpha‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, while compounds luteolin, verbascoside, and isoverbascoside exhibit substantial antioxidant activity. The new compound (ferruginoside D) was found moderately active against cancer cell lines, with strong alpha‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, and moderate antioxidant properties.
Introduction: Free radicals such as ROS and RNS are reactive molecules involved in many biological processes and up-regulated levels of these free radicals have been associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases. Balanites aegyptiaca Del medicinal plant belongs to family Zygophyllaceae has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous inflammatory-related diseases and best remedy for stomach ache and jaundice. Objectives: The present study was designed to undertake to evaluate the antioxidant potential of ethanolic stem bark extract of B. aegyptiaca by using various in vitro antioxidant assays. Methods: The stem bark ethanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca was obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus in 1:5 ratios (plant material and ethanol) and further subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and Total antioxidant capacity, in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Results: The quantitative phytochemical analysis of stem bark ethanolic extract B. aegyptiaca revealed that the presence of the considerable amount of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids and further, the total antioxidant activity of stem bark ethanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca was determined as 82.41µg/ 250µg, showed significant DPPH scavenging activity at 250μg/ml was 67.39% with the IC50 value of 55.41μg/ml and exhibited maximum reducing power was found at 250μg/ml was 0.412 O.D at 700 nm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that stem bark ethanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca showed promising reducing and DPPH radical scavenging activity due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and these compounds might serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants, for treatment of various oxidative stress-related diseases.
surpassed the conventional extraction method in several key aspects. Specifically, it exhibited superior performance in terms of extraction yield (outperforming the traditional method by 44%), total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities. These comparisons were based on the results of four distinct assays: DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and phenanthroline. Our study provides valuable insights into the correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities. UAE not only achieved higher phenolic compound yields but also demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity within a short extraction time. This eco-friendly method of extraction holds great potential as a source of antioxidants and finds applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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