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Biología del pasador del fruto del aguacate Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) y búsqueda de sus posibles enemigos naturales.
Abstract and Figures
With the aim to contribute to the generation of integrated pest management
strategies that minimize the use of chemical inputs, studies on the biology of
S. catenifer were conducted under laboratory conditions. Natural occurring
populations of parasitoids of lepidopteran eggs were collected using sentinel eggs
of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Also the percentage of
damage the avocado fruit borer causes was measured in four Departments. Twentytwo
mm, 5th-instars S. catenifer larvae emerged from fruits collected which turned
into the prepupal stage after 1.28 days. During the transition from prepupae to
pupae changes in the tonality of individuals was observed from bright turquoise
blue to bright brown over a period of 0.15 days. The time from pupa to adult took
10.7 days. Longevity was 4.74 days and oviposition took place from the second
day after the emergence of the adult moths. It was possible to detect specimens
from the Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) genus in
the municipality of El Cerrito in the Department of Valle del Cauca at 1,920 masl;
and in the municipalities of Herveo at 1,876 masl., and Fresno at 1,148 masl. in
the Department of Tolima.
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... Stenoma catenifer es una de las plagas más importantes del aguacate en el nuevo mundo. Ha sido priorizado por los agricultores como el mayor limitante entomológico para la producción competitiva de aguacate (Manrique. et al, 2014). Es considerada plaga cuarentenaria que puede causar pérdidas totales en la producción (Hohmann y Meneguim, 1993;Manrique et al, 2014) Esta plaga se distribuye en varias regiones de México, así como en algunos países de América Central y del Sur (Walsingham, 1909). Stenoma catenifer fue encontrada por primera vez en las tierras altas de ...
... et al, 2014). Es considerada plaga cuarentenaria que puede causar pérdidas totales en la producción (Hohmann y Meneguim, 1993;Manrique et al, 2014) Esta plaga se distribuye en varias regiones de México, así como en algunos países de América Central y del Sur (Walsingham, 1909). Stenoma catenifer fue encontrada por primera vez en las tierras altas de Guatemala (Walsingham, 1909;Busck, 1919). ...
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de registrar la presencia y daños causados por la larva de la polilla barrenadora del fruto del aguacate Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) en Panamá. Se muestrearon un total de 560 frutos de Persea americana, de la variedad Antillana, correspondiente a 12 árboles de aguacate. Se realizaron seis visitas a la plantación, dos salidas en cada mes, abril, mayo y junio de 2017, en la comunidad de Altos del María, Sorá, Capira, provincia de Panamá Oeste, Panamá. Revista científica CENTROS 15 de junio de 2018-Vol. 7 No. 1 Se autoriza la reproducción total o parcial de este artículo, siempre y cuando se cite la fuente completa y su dirección electrónica. http://www.revistacentros.com indexada en http://www.latindex.unam.m x/ http://miar.ub.edu/issn/230 4
... Palabras Clave: Persea americana; palomilla barrenadora de la semilla del aguacate; trampas con feromona sexual; monitoreo Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae), the avocado seed moth, is native to neotropical areas of the Americas (Nava et al. 2006), including several Central and South American countries (Hohmann et al. 2001;Hoddle & Hoddle 2012;Manrique 2014). ...
Stenoma catenifer Walsingham is a quarantine pest of avocado. Therefore, its detection in avocado-growing regions of Mexico that had been designated pest-free can halt national and international trade. One option for monitoring S. catenifer is the use of synthetic sex pheromone traps. In this study we determined the optimal density of pheromone-baited traps for monitoring S. catenifer. The experiment was conducted in 4 commercial Hass avocado orchards in Colima, Mexico, each with different pest infestation levels. Trap densities were established at 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 traps per ha. The traps were checked every 15 d and the number of moths recorded. The density of 3 traps per ha captured the most moths per trap followed by 1 trap per ha; similar small numbers of moths were captured at densities of 0.5 and 2 traps per ha. In general, there was a linear relationship between trap catch and trap density per ha. The overall default error rate, i.e., the proportion of traps did not detect moths when they were present, was 5.5% at a density of 3 traps per ha and 2.7% at trap densities of 0.5 and 2 traps per ha. Furthermore, at a density of 1 trap per ha all traps captured moths and so there was no default error. Since S. catenifer is a quarantine pest that must be detected promptly to reduce the risk of dispersal and establishment in moth-free areas, it is suggested that a density of 1 trap per ha should be used in avocado orchards to effectively monitor for the presence of this pest. However, this estimate was obtained through the bootstrapping technique, which involves the creation of pseudoreplicate datasets by resampling. Randomized field experiments with true replicates are needed to corroborate this result. La presencia de Stenoma catenifer Walsingham, una plaga cuarentenaria, puede cancelar la comercializacin nacional e internacional de aguacate Hass de zonas libres de plagas reglamentadas del aguacatero. Una opcin para su oportuna deteccin es el uso de trampas con feromona sexual sinttica. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la densidad de estas de trampas para el monitoreo de S. catenifer. El experimento se estableci en cuatro huertos comerciales de aguacate Hass, con diferentes niveles de infestacin de la plaga, en Colima, Mxico. En los huertos, se establecieron las densidades siguientes: 0.5, 1, 2, y 3 trampas por ha. Las trampas se revisaron cada 15 das para registrar el nmero de palomillas capturadas. La densidad de 3 trampas por ha captur el mayor nmero de palomillas, seguida de la densidad de 1 trampa por ha, mientras que las capturas con 0.5 y 2 trampas por ha fueron las menores, pero muy similares entre s. En general, las densidades de 0.5, 1, y 2 trampas por ha en relacin con la densidad de 3 trampas por ha estuvieron linealmente relacionadas en la mayora de los casos. La tasa de error global por omisin, i.e., no detectar la palomilla cuando est presente, con referencia a la densidad de 3 trampas por ha fue de 5.5%, y de 2.7% para las densidades de 0.5 y 2 trampas por ha, mientras que en la densidad de 1 trampa por ha siempre se detectaron palomillas y no tuvo omisin de error. Por tratarse de una plaga de importancia cuarentenaria y por el inters de detectarla oportunamente y as reducir el riesgo de dispersin y establecimiento a las reas libres, se sugiere usar la densidad de una trampa por hectrea de aguacate. Sin embargo, este estimado se obtuvo mediate la tcnica de bootstrapping que utiliza pseudor-replicas. Para validar este resultado, se requieren experimentos de campo con repeticiones verdaderas.
... Also, there is a clear lack of information about the ecology of insectfruit interaction and its consequences on wild Lauraceae populations. Although there are several reports of insects associated with neotropical Lauraceae fruits, most of them are restricted to pest insects of commercial fruits such as avocado (Persea americana;Coria-Ávalos, 1999;Hoddle & Hoddle, 2012;Manrique et al., 2014;Muñiz, 1970). ...
Besides recruitment and dispersal, fruits are key resources for the maintenance of insect communities. This study is focused on the insects inhabiting the fruits of 4 wild Lauraceae species. Although the trees of this family are important elements of tropical forests, their interaction with insects, especially in association with fruits, remains poorly studied in wild tree species. Our study aims to characterize the diversity of insects associated with fruits of Damburneya ambigens, Damburneya gentlei, Damburneya salicifolia, and Nectandra turbacensis, in the rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz. We present an illustrated taxonomic list of species, annotated with a comprehensive review of the insects’ natural history and their interactions with Lauraceae species. We reared 54 insect species from approximately 6,500 fruits, some of which represent potential new species and records for Mexico. Insect species diversity was high and differed between Lauraceae species. The reared insects comprise a wide variety of distributional ranges, feeding types, and habitats. This research provides novel information about the interactions among insects and fruits of Lauraceae and the complexity of their trophic networks in tropical rainforests. Furthermore, it evidences the importance of wild fruits as resources for insect communities.
... Los trabajos de investigación relacionados con insectos de importancia económica para el cultivo de aguacate están concentrados en las regiones productoras del centro del país, especialmente en los departamentos de Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda, Tolima y Valle del Cauca (Saldarriaga 1977;Rubio et al. 2009;Kondo et al. 2011;Cruz, et al. 2016;Kondo y Muñoz 2016; Mira y Yepes 2019). Estos trabajos describen especies de importancia económica como trips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), larvas rizófagas y/o escarabajos marceños (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae), chinches (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), escamas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae, Coccidae, Pseudococcidae), mosca blanca (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), enrolladores de hojas (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) y especies de importancia cuarentenarias como los barrenadores de frutos, ramas y tallos (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) que limitan la exportación (Caicedo et al. 2010;Manrique et al. 2014;Diaz-Grisales et al. 2017). ...
Con el objetivo de determinar la riqueza y composición de los insectos fitófagos asociados a plantaciones de aguacate para la región Caribe colombiana, se realizaron estudios de campo en los tres principales núcleos productivos: Montes de María (MM), Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM) y Serranía del Perijá (SP). El trabajo se realizó en 78 fincas, abarcando 26 municipios de muestreo. Para la captura de insectos fitófagos se utilizó el método de captura manual a nivel de planta y se instalaron trampas de luz color blanco y trampas atrayentes tipo Ecoiapar a nivel de parcelas. Con los datos obtenidos se construyeron curvas de acumulación de especies, análisis Multi Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) para determinar diferencias en la composición de especies y análisis de especies indicadoras por núcleo productor. Se identificaron 42 especies de insectos fitófagos, agrupadas en siete órdenes y 12 familias. Los grupos taxonómicos más frecuentes fueron termitas (Blattodea: Isoptera), escamas (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) y barrenadores de ramas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Se registró entre el 63,4 % y el 84,2 % de la riqueza de especies esperada por núcleo productivo según los estimadores Chao-2 y Jacknife-1. La mayor riqueza de especies se obtuvo en SP (30 especies), seguido de MM (26 especies) y SNSM (16 especies). El análisis MRPP detectó diferencias significativas en la composición de especies entre núcleos productivos (p ≤ 0,05). Las especies Nasutitermes sp. para MM, Xylosandrus morigerus para SNSM y Atta sp. para SP obtuvieron valores de indicador que difirieron de los esperados al azar.
... Las larvas de quinto instar tienen una coloración morada en la parte dorsal y azul turquesa en la parte ventral (figura 29c). En condiciones de laboratorio, se han registrado hasta diez larvas de último estadio emergiendo de un solo fruto de aguacate(Manrique et al., 2014). 29. ...
Esta Guía permite la rápida identificación y conocimiento en campo de las principales plagas (insectos y ácaros) del aguacate en Colombia, en especial, del cultivar Hass. Además de los referentes fotográficos, la Guía resume aspectos básicos relevantes para reconocer las plagas de importancia económica y las plagas cuarentenarias. Estas últimas, desde el punto de vista de la aplicación y validación de los planes de trabajo desarrollados por el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA).
... After hatching, first instar larvae pierce the shell (exocarp) and initially feed on the pulp (mesocarp), reaching the endocarp and then the seed, causing serious damage to the fruits, and in most cases causes the fruit to fall Parra 2005, Hohmann andMeneguim 2006); thus, damage by this pest results in fruit that cannot be sold. Stenoma catenifer pupates in the soil after leaving the fruit on which they fed (Manrique et al. 2014). ...
Native to the neotropics, the avocado seed moth Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) is a specialist pest of the family Lauraceae and considered one of the most important pests of avocados worldwide. However, little is known regarding its spatial distribution within a single tree. Therefore, we designed a study to evaluate the effects of canopy height and aspect (i.e., side of the tree) on fruit infestation by S. catenifer larvae in avocados. The study was conducted in three commercial organic avocado orchards located in São Paulo, Brazil. At each orchard, 40 fruit from 30 random trees were sampled weekly from October 2017 through February 2018, evaluating the number of fruits infested by S. catenifer larvae at three tree heights (bottom, middle, and top). In addition, fruits on the ground were also sampled. We also evaluated the effect of the side of the tree where the fruits were collected, i.e., whether they were on the side facing the east (sunrise) or the west (sunset). Within the avocado canopy, the level of fruit infestation by S. catenifer larvae was significantly higher at the top of the trees than in the middle and bottom. Fruit on the ground had lower levels of infestation than those on the tree canopy. The level of fruit infestation was also higher on the side of avocado trees facing the east (sunrise). Understanding the within-tree distribution of S. catenifer will help to better target monitoring and control activities against this pest in avocados.
... El desconocimiento de la bioecología de esta especie en las condiciones locales dificulta su control y ha llevado a los agricultores a realizar aplicaciones indiscriminadas de insecticidas para su manejo en campo; estas medidas son contrarias a las exigencias de los mercados internacionales en relación con los bajos niveles de residuos de plaguicidas en productos frescos (Manrique et al., 2014). Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la biología de H. lauri en Colombia, se determinó el ciclo de vida bajo condiciones de laboratorio y se realizó la descripción morfológica de cada uno de sus estados de desarrollo, aspectos fundamentales para diseñar estrategias de manejo integrado de esta especie plaga. ...
RESUMEN. Heilipus lauri Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) es una especie que afecta los frutos de Persea americana Miller (Lauraceae) y está catalogada como plaga cuarentenaria para el mercado de Estados Unidos. En Colombia se ha detectado en varios departamentos, no obstante, su manejo se dificulta debido a la escasa información sobre su biología y hábitos. Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de la biología de esta especie, se determinó el ciclo de vida en laboratorio (21,6 ± 1,8 °C y humedad relativa de 66 ± 8%) y se realizó la descripción morfológica de cada uno de sus estados de desarrollo. El ciclo de vida de huevo hasta la emergencia del adulto duró 76,14 ± 7,31 días. De éstos, la etapa de huevo tuvo una duración de 12,70 ± 1,87 días, el estado larval 48,68 ± 6,41 días y la pupa 14,76 ± 1,13 días. Estos resultados representan el primer registro de duración del ciclo de vida de especímenes de H. lauri asociados a P. americana cv. Hass en Colombia, y podrían constituir la base para el desarrollo e implementación de programas de manejo integrado de plagas.
The Hass avocado is a crop with significant growth potential for Colombia as an export product; however, the country has reported quarantine-type pest insect species that limit its export. The objective of this research was to evaluate gamma radiation treatments of fruit in order to study its use as a post-harvest treatment. Gamma radiation levels were evaluated at 100, 200, 400 and 800 Gy and compared against a control without irradiation. The harvest maturity status was established as a blocking factor. The evaluation was carried out for 20 days after the application of the treatments, emulating conditions of refrigerated transport at 7 °C. The variables firmness, exocarp and mesocarp color, soluble solids, dry mass, respiration, and weight loss were analyzed longitudinally at five evaluation points, where time acted as an intrasubject factor in the analysis of longitudinal multivariate variance. The variables lipid peroxidation and ethylene production rate were evaluated only once at the end of the test. We found that the highest radiation treatment affected the color of the exocarp and the content of total soluble solids, while all treatments affected the respiratory intensity, increased lipid peroxidation, altering the color of the mesocarp, which is the tissue of greater commercial interest for fresh fruits. All the treatments affected the visual quality of the fruits independent of the point of harvest maturity.
One of the most important problems of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is the maturaty of its floral parts in different times, which make difficult the free pollination. The insects are the most important vectors of the pollen grains from the anthers to the stigmas. Several insects were found which intervene in the pollination. Among this insects one can find representatives of eight families: Vespidae, Apidae, Ichneumonidae, Taquinidae, Sarcophagidae, Lampyridae, Sirphidae and Carabidae. All of them are members of three orders (Colepotera, Diptera, Hymenoptera).The most effective insect in the pollination is the honey bee(Apies mellifera; Hymenoptera; Apidae). This bee visit ven 61 flowers in five minutes, while the rest of insects visit from four to eleven flowers in the same time.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma técnica de criação que permita manter em laboratório Stenoma catenifer Walsingham, 1912 durante todo o ano, propiciando a realização de estudos de bioecologia, comportamento e controle biológico, visando fornecer subsídios para a implementação de estratégias de controle dentro dos preceitos de Manejo Integrado de Pragas. Foi observado que, para a postura, a broca-do-abacate necessitou da associação de um estímulo químico (fruto de abacate) e físico (papel toalha com depressões). A oviposição ocorreu na escotofase, com 80% se concentrando entre as 20:00 e 24:00h. As sementes de abacates foram mais adequadas nutricionalmente para a criação da broca-do-abacate, sendo que, a dieta artificial, à base de feijão branco, cenoura e levedura, pode substituir o alimento natural (sementes). Para os adultos, foi necessário o fornecimento de água ou uma solução de mel a 10% na gaiola, para maior longevidade e fecundidade. Insetos criados em dieta artificial por sete gerações sucessivas, mantiveram as características biológicas de insetos criados em dieta natural. A duração e a viabilidade das diferentes fases do ciclo biológico da broca-do-abacate foram variáveis em função da temperatura, sendo que, a viabilidade e a fecundidade diminuíram nas temperaturas de 30 e 32ðC. Os valores do limiar térmico inferior de desenvolvimento (Tb) e a constante térmica (K), para o ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto), foram. (Continuação) Com base nas exigências térmicas foram estimadas 7,8 gerações anuais e 5,1 gerações por ciclo de produção, na região de São Tomás de Aquino, MG. A flutuação populacional da broca-do-abacate em campo, pode ser utilizada como um indicativo do número de gerações, baseando-se nas exigências térmicas da praga. Cinco espécies de parasitóides da família Braconidae (Dolichogenidea sp., Hypomicrogaster sp., Apanteles sp., Chelonus sp. e Hymenochaonia sp.) e duas da família Ichneumonidae (Eudeleboea sp. e Pristomerus sp.) foram encontradas parasitando S. catenifer, sendo Dolichogenidea sp. e Apanteles sp. as mais freqüentes. O pico de emergência dos parasitóides foi observado no mês de agosto, quando foi verificado um parasitismo larval de 30%. A população da broca-do-abacate foi crescente de dezembro a julho, sendo registrada, próximo à colheita, uma porcentagem de ataque de 60% dos frutos. A maior porcentagem de frutos atacados pela broca-do-abacate ocorreu nas alturas inferior e média das plantas, dando uma indicação para a amostragem da praga. A maior porcentagem dos frutos atacados possuía de uma a quatro lagartas. As perdas ocasionadas pela broca no final da safra agrícola podem chegar a 27%. O ensacamento dos frutos infestados foi uma medida cultural adequada para redução da população da broca-do-abacate, sendo, a mortalidade das lagartas nesses frutos ensacados, proporcional à temperatura vigente na época do ensacame. Tese (Doutorado).
The avocado fruit borer, Stenoma catenifer (Wals.) has been a limiting factor in growing avocados over the last years in many Brazilian states. This is a result of the lack of safe and feasible management practices to minimize the fruit borer damage. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the pest biology and ecology as well as on the role of natural enemies to define strategies to control the pest. Samples were taken biweekly and consisted of 20 fruits collected randomly (10 from the upper half and 10 from the lower half of the plant) in ten plants, cv. Margarida, in a commercial avocado grove in Arapongas and Cambé regions, PR, from October/2001 to September/2002. Laboratory determinations of the percentage of damaged fruit per plant region, location and number of bored fruit sites, and the number and location of the fruit borer eggs, including parasitized ones, were performed. The results showed that S. catenifer preferred to oviposit and attack fruits located on the upper half of the trees. The majority of the eggs were laid on the fruit pedicel whereas the damage was mainly located on the lower half of the fruits. Trichogrammatids were the most constant and abundant parasitoids found in both localities throughout the study period.
A 10-wk study of the avocado seed-feeding moth Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae), was conducted in a commercial 'Hass' avocado (Persea americana Miller [Lauraceae]) orchard in Guatemala. Up to 45% of fruit in the orchard were damaged by larval S. catenifer. Larval-to-adult survivorship for 1,881 S. catenifer larvae in Hass fruit was 37%, and adult sex ratio was 51% female. Four species of larval parasitoid were reared from field-collected S. catenifer larvae. The most common parasitoid reared was a gregarious Apanteles sp., which parasitized 53% of larvae and produced on average eight to nine cocoons per host. Apanteles sp. sex ratio was 47% female and 87% of parasitoids emerged successfully from cocoons. Apanteles sp. longevity was approximately equal to 1.5 d in the absence of food, and when provisioned with honey, parasitoids survived for 5-7 d. The mean number of cocoons produced by Apanteles sp. per host, and larval parasitism rates were not significantly affected by the number of S. catenifer larvae inhabiting seeds. Oviposition studies conducted with S. catenifer in the laboratory indicated that this moth lays significantly more eggs on the branch to which the fruit pedicel is attached than on avocado fruit. When given a choice between Hass and non-Hass avocados, S. catenifer lays up to 2.69 times more eggs on Hass.
Pollination of avocado, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae) was investigated. A wide array of insects was involved in pollinating avocado in orchards, with the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L., playing a leading role. Introduction of beehives during flowering significantly improved fruit set. A density of two hives per ha was sufficient to improve the yield but three hives per ha significantly increased the mean fruit weight of experimental trees.
erepresent a large group of minute parasitic wasps which attack eggs of various insects, many of which are of economic importance. The small size of trichogrammatids and the relatively uniform morphology of species within each genus have made taxonomic studies difficult, and this has resulted in many nomenclatorial problems. Descriptions of species have often been rather vague, frequently based on one sex, and, in the absence of good type specimens, verification of descriptions has not always been possible. The most recent and comprehensive revisionary study of the family has been made by Doutt & Viggiani (6) , who not only developed an excellent key for separation of the 70-odd genera and subgenera, but have also synonymized many of these groups. These authors have observed that the minuteness of these winged insects has apparently increased their chances of dispersion by wind, and as a result they are even found on remote isolated oceanic islands. Moreover, they are unique in that they occupy all kinds of habitats, from swampy marshlands to hot dry deserts, and occur on low-lying vegetation or in strictly arboreal habitats.
The influence of chemical and physical stimuli on the diel patterns of oviposition behavior of the borer Stenoma catenifer Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) were investigated. All experiments were conducted in the laboratory (25 ± 2°C, 60 ± 20% RH, photoperiod of 14:10 [L:D] h) by using five pairs per cage (n = 5). To evaluate response to chemical stimulation, the cages were lined internally with a paper towel containing different treatments: 1 and 2) avocado fruit of ‘Margarida’ and ‘Breda’, 3) artificial fruit, and 4) no fruit (natural or artificial). Quilted paper towel, nonquilted paper towel, and a smooth sheet of paper were used to evaluate response to the substrate. The numbers of eggs in all treatments that included avocado fruit were statistically higher than the others. Likewise, the numbers of eggs on quilted paper towel were statistically higher than on nonquilted paper towel or on smooth paper. The peak egg-laying time in the laboratory occurred from 2000 to 2400 hours.