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Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Happiness among College Students
Abstract
Wellbeing is the ultimate goal for everyone, not only for adolescence. Present study explored the relationships between gratitude and forgiveness with happiness among college student. A total of 81 undergarduate psychology students were recruited in this study from a private university in Jogjakarta. 29.6% (24) of the sample were males and 70.4% (57) were females. Regression analysis was used to predict the relationship between all variables. Regression analysis predict relationship between gratitude and forgiveness with happiness, explaining 28.9% of the variance (Adjusted R 2 = 0.289).Gratitude give the biggest contribution to happiness (= .536 p= .000), but forgiveness has no significance relationship to happiness (= .078, p= .414). This result means that gratitude is an important factor contributes to happiness among undergraduate student in this sample.
... There is significant evidence confirming that forgiveness and life satisfaction are related (Dahiya and Rangnekar, 2020a;2020b;Yu et al., 2014). Also, benevolence, forgiveness and affect are the most stable variables that can enhance or improve an individual's life satisfaction (Allemand et al., 2012;Hofer et al., 2006;Safaria, 2014;Sastre et al., 2003). Therefore, more studies, which can offer an overall picture of the associations between the four interrelated variables (benevolence, forgiveness, positive and negative affect), are required to explain these relationships (Dahiya and Rangnekar, 2020b). ...
... Another remarkable study on forgiveness by Gull (2013) revealed that negative affections are aroused by unforgiving imagery whereas positive affections are induced by forgiving imagery. Also, past studies have documented that forgiveness contributes to life satisfaction in such a way that individuals with a high tendency to forgive also score high on positive affect and low on negative affect, which enhances their well-being and life satisfaction (Safaria, 2014;Zhu, 2015). We propose that: ...
... There is significant evidence confirming that forgiveness and life satisfaction are related (Dahiya and Rangnekar, 2020a;2020b;Yu et al., 2014). Also, benevolence, forgiveness and affect are the most stable variables that can enhance or improve an individual's life satisfaction (Allemand et al., 2012;Hofer et al., 2006;Safaria, 2014;Sastre et al., 2003). Therefore, more studies, which can offer an overall picture of the associations between the four interrelated variables (benevolence, forgiveness, positive and negative affect), are required to explain these relationships (Dahiya and Rangnekar, 2020b). ...
... Another remarkable study on forgiveness by Gull (2013) revealed that negative affections are aroused by unforgiving imagery whereas positive affections are induced by forgiving imagery. Also, past studies have documented that forgiveness contributes to life satisfaction in such a way that individuals with a high tendency to forgive also score high on positive affect and low on negative affect, which enhances their well-being and life satisfaction (Safaria, 2014;Zhu, 2015). We propose that: ...
... Undoubtedly, the consequences of huge demands on employees reflect as poor state of heath, low productivity and less satisfaction (Obiorah & Iwuoha, 2013). On the other hand, when bank leaders lose highly skilled employees, the loss might have potential consequences for productivity, costs, and profits (Anvaria et al., 2014;Lloyd et al., 2015;Safaria, 2014). The aforementioned are the premises and justification for the need to investigate job demands and turnover intentions among bank employees. ...
... There are chances that the characteristic features of resilience could help prevent the negative outcomes associated with high demands and turnover intentions among bank employees. When bank leaders lose highly skilled employees, the loss might have potential consequences for productivity, costs, and profits (Anvaria, JoanFub, & Chermahini, 2014;Lloyd et al., 2015;Safaria, 2014). Thus, the present research seeks to explore and understand the connectivity among the identified variables. ...
Major difficulties entangling and reoccurring in the banking sector are work pressure and job insecurity. This has necessitated more research on job demand and turnover intention among bank employees. This study thus examined the role of resilience on job demand and turnover intention of bank employees considering gender differences. Sampling 276 bank workers (male= 154; female= 122) with mean age of 31.68 (SD=5.28), measures on resilience, job demand and turnover intentions were administered and obtained data were utilised to test six hypotheses. The results revealed that job demand and turnover intention were positively related among both genders. There were significant gender differences in resilience and turnover intention of employees. Turnover intention and job demand decreases with significant increase in resilience of both gender, but slightly differently. Recommendations were put forth based on the findings with the intent of managing and preventing work pressures and fear of losing the job respectively.
... Gratitude brings positive emotional states [41], is related to prosocial behavior [42], satisfaction and acceptance of difficult circumstances [43], happiness [44], and long-term subjective well-being [39,40]. In college students, being grateful contributes to their happiness [45], improves retention and academic performance [46], and promotes social support [47]. In the context of the pandemic, the evidence available shows that gratitude lessened mental health difficulties and promoted resilience [48], and that interventions fostering gratitude were effective in improving the mental health of college students during the crisis [49]. ...
College students face unique challenges that the consequences of COVID-19 might aggravate. To explore the pandemic’s consequences on college students’ well-being, we conducted an online survey with 634 students from a private university in Cali, Colombia. The study sought to assess students’ well-being due to COVID-19, and to explore the mediating effects of optimism, gratitude, and emotional closeness on college students’ well-being. Results showed that COVID-19 affected students’ mental health and well-being. Being optimistic and grateful mediated with life satisfaction and happiness. Optimism, emotional closeness, and gratitude also mediated the negative effect of fear of infection and the pandemic’s impact on students’ academic performance. The results of this analysis will promote discussion of the implementation of coping strategies to help students thrive, promote resilience, and contribute to students’ well-being and better mental health.
... En esa línea conceptual, McCullough (2000) define el perdón como un constructo motivacional que implica cambios internos en la persona que se orientan hacia la prosocialidad; mientras que Beltrán et al. (2015) le ubican como un fenómeno interpersonal, y Enright y Fitzgibbons (2015) le conciben como la reducción de sentimientos negativos y el incremento de emociones positivas. Precisamente, la relevancia del perdón para la psicología y la salud mental, se evidencia en las diversas relaciones positivas que mantiene con la gratitud, la felicidad, la humildad, el buen humor, el bienestar subjetivo, la empatía, la esperanza, la satisfacción con la vida, el crecimiento personal y la conducta prosocial (Casarjian, 2013;Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2015;Fehr et al., 2010;Hampes, 2016;Kimmes & Durtschi, 2016;McCullough, 2000;McCullough et al., 2001;Muñoz et al., 2003;Safaria, 2014;Sapmaz et al., 2016;Toussaint et al., 2012). ...
... Hasil penelitian telah membuktikan aktivasi rasa syukur berperan penting untuk meningkatkan subjective well-being pada subjek beragam (Emmons & McCulhough, 2003;Martinez, dkk., 2010;review Wood, dkk., 2010, Tofangchi, 2013Froh, dkk., 2009;Froh, dkk., 2011;Datu, 2014, Safaria, 2014. Hasil penelitian memperkuat hasil temuan sebelumya bahwa rasa syukur merupakan prediktor yang berpengaruh langsung terhadap subjective well-being pada ibu "muda" (Prastuti, Tairas & Hartini, 2019 (Fredrickson, 2002;2003;2004). ...
... The first hypothesis of the study was supported with statistically significant results, empirically establishing that an increase in gratitude leads to an increase in subjective well-being . The support for this hypothesis is shown in the Bivariate results in Table 2. Association of gratitude and subjective well-being was statistically significant and consistent with previous studies McCullough et al., 2002;Safaria, 2014). The results suggest that an increase in the levels of gratitude would significantly increase the levels of subjective well-being. ...
The present study was aimed to explore the impact of gratitude and forgiveness in predicting subjective well-being in young adults. The sample for the study included 300 participants between the ages of 18 and 24 years who were conveniently selected from a university in Karachi city. Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough et al., 2002), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Thompson et al., 2005) and Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2010) were used as the measures to collect data. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed gratitude to be nonsignificant predictor of subjective well-being, whereas, forgiveness was found to be a significant predictor of subjective well-being . Further, weak positive relation of gratitude with subjective well-being (r = .14), and forgiveness with subjective well-being (r = .34) has been found. However, the explanatory power of this model was revealed to be significant (R2 = .12), suggesting that the variables share an important association which needs further extensive study. This study implies that forgiveness and gratitude may be effectively used in psychotherapy and substantially integrated in general counselling for young adult clients.
One-way text messaging services have the potential to support psychological wellbeing at scale without conversational partners. However, there is limited understanding of what challenges are faced in mapping interactions typically done face-to-face or via online interactive resources into a text messaging medium. To explore this design space, we developed seven text messages inspired by cognitive behavioral therapy. We then conducted an open-ended survey with 788 undergraduate students and follow-up interviews with students and clinical psychologists to understand how people perceived these messages and the factors they anticipated would drive their engagement. We leveraged those insights to revise our messages, after which we deployed our messages via a technology probe to 11 students for two weeks. Through our mixed-methods approach, we highlight challenges and opportunities for future text messaging services, such as the importance of concrete suggestions and flexible pre-scheduled message timing.
The present study aims at identifying the separate and interactive contribution of gratitude and mindfulness in predicting happiness; examining the relationship between these variables; identifying differences between students with high happiness and students with low happiness in gratitude and mindfulness; and identifying the levels of gratitude, mindfulness, and happiness among the students of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University. The research sample consisted of 447 female students aged 18-25 years. The research instruments included the Toronto Mindfulness Scale, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, as well as the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test-Short form. The study found out that gratitude and mindfulness had a significant contribution in predicting happiness among university students (31% and 41.5%, respectively). The interaction between the total scores of mindfulness and gratitude contributed 51.5% of the variance in happiness among university students. The interaction between mindfulness, sense of abundance, and simple appreciation contributed 54.4% of the variance in happiness among university students. The study found a positive correlation between mindfulness, gratitude (sense of abundance, simple appreciation, appreciation of others), and happiness. Additionally, it was found that students at Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University had moderate levels of mindfulness and moderate to high levels of gratitude and happiness. The sense of abundance domain was moderate, the simple appreciation domain was high, and the appreciation of others domain was moderate. Mindfulness, gratitude, sense of abundance, simple appreciation, and appreciation of others increased among the students with high happiness. Received: 8 March 2021 / Accepted: 22 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
Self esteem has become a household word. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, on the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcomes and benefits-an assumption that is critically evaluated in this review. Appraisal of the effects of self-esteem is complicated by several factors. Because many people with high self-esteem exaggerate their successes and good traits, we emphasize objective measures of outcomes. High self-esteem is also a heterogeneous category, encompassing people who frankly accept their good qualities along with narcissistic, defensive, and conceited individuals. The modest correlations between self-esteem and school performance do not indicate that high self-esteem leads to good performance. Instead, high self-esteem is partly the result of good school performance. Efforts to boost the self-esteem of pupils have not been shown to improve academic performance and may sometimes be counterproductive. Job performance in adults is sometimes related to self-esteem, although the correlations, vary widely, and the direction of causality has not been established. Occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. Alternatively, self-esteem may be helpful only in some job contexts. Laboratory studies have generally failed to find that self-esteem causes good task performance, with the important exception that high self-esteem facilitates persistence after failure. People high in self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships, and to make better impressions on others than people with low self-esteem, but objective measures disconfirm most of these beliefs. Narcissists are charming at first but tend to alienate others eventually. Self-esteem has not been shown to predict the quality or duration of relationships. High self-esteem makes people more willing to speak up in groups and to criticize the group's approach. Leadership does not stem directly from self-esteem, but self-esteem may have indirect effects. Relative, to people with low self-esteem, those with high self-esteem show stronger in-group favoritism, which may increase prejudice and discrimination. Neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause, of violence. Narcissism leads,to increased aggression in retaliation, for wounded pride. Low self-esteem may contribute to externalizing behavior and delinquency, although some studies have found that there are no effects or that the effect of self-esteem vanishes when other variables are controlled. The highest and. lowest rates of cheating and bullying are found in different subcategories of high self-esteem. Self-esteem has a strong relation to happiness. Although the research has not clearly established causation, we are persuaded that high self-esteem does lead to greater happiness., Low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Some studies support the buffer hypothesis, which is that high self-esteem mitigates the effects of stress, but other studies come to the opposite conclusion, indicating that I the negative effects of low self-esteem are, mainly felt in good times. Still others find that high self-esteem leads to happier outcomes regardless of stress or other circumstances. High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or engaging in early sex. If anything high self-esteem fosters experimentation, which may increase early sexual activity or drinking, but in general effects of self-esteem are negligible. One important exception is that high self-esteem reduces the chances of bulimia in females. Overall, the benefits of high self-esteem fall into two categories: enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings. We have not found evidence that boosting self-esteem (by therapeutic, interventions or school programs) causes benefits. Our findings do not support continued widespread efforts to boost self-esteem in the hope that it will by itself foster improved outcomes. In view of the heterogeneity of high self-esteem, indiscriminate praise might just as easily promote narcissism, with its less desirable consequences. Instead, we recommend using praise to boost self-esteem as a reward for socially desirable behavior and self-improvement.
Experimental evidence suggests that when people are transgressed against interpersonally, they often react by experiencing unforgiveness. Unforgiveness is conceptualized as a stress reaction. Forgiveness is one (of many) ways people reduce unforgiveness. Forgiveness is conceptualized as an emotional juxtaposition of positive emotions (i.e., empathy, sympathy, compassion, or love) against the negative emotions of unforgiveness. Forgiveness can thus be used as an emotion-focused coping strategy to reduce a stressful reaction to a transgression. Direct empirical research suggests that forgiveness is related to health outcomes and to mediating physiological processes in such a way as to support the conceptualization that forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy. Indirect mechanisms might also affect the forgiveness-health relationship. Namely, forgiveness might affect health by working through social support, relationship quality, and religion.
Do changes in the performance of professional sports players relate to changes in their moods? Thirty-three professional county cricketers from four teams used pocket computers to provide ratings of their moods and performance three times a day for up to 4 days during a championship match. Pooled time-series analysis and correlation analysis showed that players' subjective and objective performances were related to their happiness, energy, enthusiasm, focus and confidence during the match. The majority of players also performed better when they felt less tense, but some performed better when they felt more tense. Differences in players' recollection of their moods during best and worst performances reinforced the findings. The results suggest that professional cricketers' performances are influenced by their moods.
The purpose of these studies was to develop a valid measure of trait gratitude, and to evaluate the relationship of gratitude to subjective well-being (SWB). Four studies were conducted evaluating the reliability and validity of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT),
a measure of dispositional gratitude. This measure was shown to have good internal consistency and temporal stability. The GRAT was shown to relate positively to various measures of SWB. In two experiments, it was shown that grateful thinking improved mood, and results also supported the predictive
validity of the GRAT. These studies support the theory that gratitude is an affective trait important to SWB.
In four studies, the authors examined the correlates of the disposition toward gratitude. Study 1 revealed that self-ratings and observer ratings of the grateful disposition are associated with positive affect and well-being prosocial behaviors and traits, and religiousness/spirituality. Study 2 replicated these findings in a large nonstudent sample. Study 3 yielded similar results to Studies 1 and 2 and provided evidence that gratitude is negatively associated with envy and materialistic attitudes. Study 4 yielded evidence that these associations persist after controlling for Extraversion/positive affectivity, Neuroticism/negative affectivity, and Agreeableness. The development of the Gratitude Questionnaire, a unidimensional measure with good psychometric properties, is also described.
This contribution offers a review, comprehensive to date, of a 15-year research program on the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Although centered on evidence that has emerged from Fredrickson's Positive Emotions and Psychophysiology Laboratory (PEP Lab), it features key findings from other laboratories as well. It begins with a description of 10 representative positive emotions, alongside approaches for assessing them, both directly with the modified Differential Emotions Scale and indirectly through physiological and implicit measures. Next, it offers the seeds of the broaden-and-build theory, including work on the undo effect of positive emotions. It then reviews the state of the evidence for the twin hypotheses that stem from the broaden-and-build theory, the broaden hypothesis and the build hypothesis, including a focus on upward spiral dynamics. It touches next on new frontiers for the theory, including deeper investigations into the biological resources that positive emotions build as well as clinical and organizational applications. Finally, this contribution closes with a brief presentation of two offshoots from the broaden-and-build theory, namely, the upward spiral model of lifestyle change and work on love as positivity resonance between and among people. Both are targets of increasing work in the PEP Lab.
A laboratory experiment tested whether conciliatory behavior predicts lower blood pressure following spouses' discussion of a recent marital transgression. Sixty‐eight married couples discussed unresolved transgressions—with random assignment determining whether the husband or the wife was in the victim role—and then rated victim and perpetrator conciliatory behavior (with the former akin to forgiveness and the latter akin to amends) while watching a videotape of their just‐completed discussion. Participants' blood pressure was measured 40 min later. Actor–partner interdependence modeling analyses revealed that victim conciliatory behavior during the discussion predicted not only lower victim blood pressure but also lower perpetrator blood pressure after the discussion. Perpetrator conciliatory behavior during the discussion was not associated with victim or perpetrator blood pressure.
3-5-year-old children were given instructions designed to evoke either a positive, negative, or neutral mood. They were then given a choice between an immediately available but less preferred reward or a delayed, preferred reward. It was found that positive-mood subjects were more likely to choose the delayed reward, while negative-mood subjects were more likely to choose the immediate reward. Results were interpreted in terms of processes of affect and self-gratification.
Unforgiveness and forgiveness are distinct. One cannot forgive unless unforgiveness has occurred, but one might reduce unforgiveness by many ways-only one of which is forgiveness. We present a model intended to further assist and guide subsequent empirical exploration. The model explains the personal, relationship, and environmental factors that lead people to either unforgiveness or forgiveness. Related areas are reviewed to stimulate as yet unexplored research and clinical efforts related to forgiveness. Clinical protocols for promoting forgiveness in enrichment, preventative, and therapeutic contexts are described.