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Trophies of War and Empire: The Archival Heritage of Ukraine, World War II, and the International Politics of Restitution
... Command Force of Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg (German: Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, hereinafter referred to as the ERR), which during the years of occupation became one of the largest Nazi organizations, engaged into massive plundering of cultural property in the Nazi-occupied countries of Europe [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] 1 . The documents of these structures have so far been used by scientists to a small extent in their historical research, or have not been introduced into scientific circulation at all, while they contain the valuable information on the conduct of the ideological struggle against the USSR and the occupation, and a significant part of German researchers paid little attention namely to this fact. ...
... June 15, 1942 on the need to attract all available forces in the public interest, first of all, they contribute to the combined use of German scientific research in the struggle and their provision for the set goals [17,30]. According to the tasks of the Office, determined by H. Härtle, it was supposed to entrust German scientists and teachers with the work to collect various materials, to give the public educational lectures on the topic of ideology and topics, important for waging war, at all significant cultural centers in cooperation with the state, primarily with the Ministry of Propaganda of the Third Reich and the Reich Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with other structures of the NSDAP itself, Wehrmacht services, scientific institutions, etc.; publication of materials about public events, organized with participation of the Office [17,9], organization of work in camps of members in the Imperial Union of High School Teachers (or the National Socialist Imperial Union of Associate Professors) (German: Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund), lecturing during educational events in the Wehrmacht. It was supposed to use radio, scientific periodicals and serials; reformatting the thematic work plans of research organizations, plans for preparation of dissertations at universities (in accordance with military topics), selection of the most ideological teachers to work with students. ...
... Окремі групи документів Штабу зберігаються в Москві, Мінську, Вільнюсі, Парижі, Амстердамі, Нью-Йорку та інших містах світу. Загалом найкраще загальний документальний масив Оперативного штабу висвітлено в публікаціях американської дослідниці Патриції Кеннеді Грімстед [12][13][14]. ...
... Крім того, 147 фільмів знаходилися там само, але ще не були описаними, а 83 ролики на той момент були передані Імперській службі з використання фільмів та зображень у науці і навчанні (нім.: Reichsanstalt für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht) [21, арк. [10][11][12]. ...
The aim of the research is to analyse the documents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Headquarters archives as sources for the use of Soviet film strips and documentary film strips confiscated throughout the Nazi-occupied territory of the USSR, that is the films of various kinds and contents, for propaganda and political training, both in different Nazi civilian institutions and within military structures of The Third Reich, devoted to theideological struggle against the Soviet Union and Bolshevism during the Second World War. The methodology of research is comprised of the historical-archival and historicalcomparative research methods, as well as methods of source analysis. The use of such methodology made it possible to determine the content as well as determine the informational potential of this kind of documents in the archive of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Headquarters, which covers the issue of confiscation of Soviet documentary films on the occupied territories, inventory and processing, export to the Third Reich, as well as their use in anti-Soviet propaganda. Scientific novelty of the research. The documents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Headquarters, dedicated to one of the aspects of its activities on the Nazi-occupied territory of the USSR, namely the confiscation of documentary films, which have not been put into scientific circulation until today are the objects of this research and source study. A separate place in the study also covers the issue of the use of the resources by both the Operational Headquarters and other Nazi structures of Soviet films of scientific and popular science content, documentaries, and newsreels in political education and in specialised training during World War II, which until now have not been the subject of scientific research, neither in Ukraine nor abroad. Conclusions. The carried out source analysis of the documents allows us to conclude that the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Headquarters, in addition to cultural values - art objects, confiscated in the USSR and exported to the Reich, collections of film materials as sources both for learning about life in the Soviet Union. Evidences for this notion are supplied by the various documents from the Headquarters archives - reports of employees, lists of confiscated films and correspondence.
... (дата звернення: 05.02.2024). 8 Робота архівних установ в умовах дії особливих правових режимів : методичні рекомендації / Держ. арх. ...
... 11 січня 1918 р. Бібліотечно-архівний відділ разом із Музеєм війни і революції звернулися до Генерального секретарства справ військових із пропозицією видати наказ про збирання матеріалів з історії війни та припинити передавання відповідних документів до російських архівів 13 . ...
... Retrieved from: http://nlu.org.ua/storage/files/Infocentr/Tematich_ogliadi/2017/cinnosti.pdf 4 However, the ERR did not carry out its activities in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and in the General Governorate (governor-general), primarily because they had a different status, and the issue of cultural property management in these territories was within the competence of other structures and individual representatives of the state. administration, as well as in the German Allies, for example, in Italy, where ERR employees analyzed press material for national socialism and collected material on the history of Freemasonry, as well as in Hungary. ...
... "In Odesa," Grimsted writes, "archivists protested the destruction order and refused to destroy pre-revolutionary records," but after it became clear no more could be evacuated, the order was fulfilled. 83 While such extreme circumstances and stark choices may be rare, more common roles for archivists in nations under siege also present ethical and professional complexities that are easy to overlook. In his 1941 address, Archivists in Times of National Emergency, for example, SAA president Waldo G. Leland noted that in times of war, the archivist "has public duties of transcendent importance" and that the "[f]irst of such duties is the obligation to take the necessary steps to assure the physical safety of the records in his custody." ...
The prominent role of the SAA in the recent controversy over the fate of Iraqi records and archives highlights crucial questions about the tension between national and international interests in archives and the role of archives and archivists during armed conflict. This article seeks to frame these questions and fill gaps in the debate within the archival community about wartime preservation, controversies over the postwar return of archives, and the role of archivists in war. Archivists will undoubtedly face such issues, which have never been more complex or more relevant, again in the future; this article seeks to promote renewed, vigorous, and respectful debate.
... On the plunder of archives in Belgium, compare Herrebout (2010); on Eastern Europe, see alsoLehr (2007) andGrimsted (2001). ...
This article analyses the role of national archives for the construction of national master narratives. It starts off by discussing the different origins of national archives, the merits of talking about proto-national archives and the importance of the French revolution for establishing the modern national archive system. It goes on to highlight the difficulties of historians with obtaining access to the archives in the nineteenth century. The importance of archives in authenticating and legitimating the authority of historical work meant that archives became increasingly important for the professionalization of history writing. As history writing saw one of its prime tasks in legitimating the nation-state, archives soon occupied an important position for nation-building projects. They got involved in editing sources regarded as being of national importance, and they played a role in projects of national pedagogy. The article also charts efforts to centralize archives at the national level which resulted in failure almost everywhere. Nevertheless, whilst archives were clearly important for imperial and also subnational projects, it was the national archives that captured the imagination of nation-states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Despite the importance of national archives, the articles goes on to argue that it is striking that most national master narratives in the modern period were not based on archival work.
The article describes fragments of book collections from five Ukrainian institutions – the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the “Studion” in Lviv, “Ridna Shkola” Ukrainian Pedagogical Society, the National Museum in Lviv, and the Greek Catholic Chapter in Przemyśl – which are currently housed in the Early Printed Books Department at the Ossolineum in Wrocław. In addition to the list of books from these collections, the publication provides a brief overview of their history and fortunes after World War II and the circumstances under which these books found their way to the collection of the Ossoliński National Institute in Wrocław.
У середині 1941 р. мережа державних архівів Української РСР була такою: 7 центральних, 2 військово-історичних, 23 обласних та 21 філія, 746 районних і 65 міських архівів. Протягом липня – вересня 1941 р. з 37 державних архівів 19 областей було евакуйовано 6500 фондів, які налічували 1,5 млн справ, що, в цілому, складало 60 вагонів документального матеріалу. Упродовж 1942 року співробітниками архівів НКВС була виконана значна та різноманітна за напрямами робота. З окупованої німецькими військами території була евакуйована більшість самих співробітників. Штат центральних державних архівів УРСР на 1942 р. був затверджений у складі 24 працівників. З них: 7 осіб керівного складу, 11 наукових співробітників і 5 архівно-технічних. Налагоджена була також робота на нових місцях, куди вивезли архіви: знайдені приміщення, їх частково відремонтували, упорядковувалися фонди архівів. Значна частина робочого часу архівістів приділялася «оперативно-чекістській» роботі: перегляду та аналізу історичного матеріалу, починаючи з доби Української революції 1917–1921 рр. Вишукувалися усі, хто був причетний до національно-державного будівництва в цей час, зокрема, до діяльності Української Центральної Ради, Української Держави гетьмана П. Скоропадського, Директорії УНР, ЗУНР. Також вивчалися архівні матеріали, що стосувалися 1920-х років: діяльності троцькістської та «правоухильницької» опозицій, критиків недоліків у діяльності радянської влади, особисто Сталіна чи когось із членів комуністичного керівництва СРСР та УРСР. У цій діяльності були досягнуті значні результати, – накреслений керівництвом план цих робіт, весь час перевиконувався, про що з гордістю доповідалося керівництву НКВС. Було вивчено 28 тис. одних лише газет, укладено картки на більш, ніж 80 тис. осіб, які кваліфікувалися як «контрреволюційні елементи». Таким чином, нібито рутинна та малопомітна архівна робота сприяла створенню доказової бази для масових репресій, адже мова йшла про десятки тисяч людей.
У статті з’ясовуються обсяги втрат бібліотек і музеїв України, які були пограбовані гітлерівською Німеччиною. На багатьох прикладах досліджено проблему вивезених з України бібліотечних фондів, культурних цінностей та їх повоєнні долі. Доведена обґрунтованість претензії української сторони на викрадені нацистами під час Другої світової війни культурні цінності. Проаналізовано проблеми, які значно ускладнюють або роблять малоймовірним повернення викрадених колекцій бібліотечних та архівних установ і музейних зібрань. Висвітлено практику повернення в Україну цінних книг, архівних документів, інкунабул, художніх творів, передачу спадкоємцям або їх нащадкам тих об’єктів, які були відчужені у роки Другої світової війни. Ключові слова: бібліотеки, книги, архівні зібрання, музеї, твори мистецтва, Україна, нацизм, втрати, пошуки, повернення, реституція.
Professionally-oriented English lexical competence in prospective hotel and catering
specialists’ speaking is envisaged as their integrated quality to correctly furnish lexical
presentation of the utterances in monological and dialogical speeches, to successfully organize oral communication of foreign language activity with the aim to perform professional function, proceeding from professional motives, qualities and skills in professionally-oriented communication. The main components of the competence are: lexical knowledge, lexical skills (receptive and reproductive), lexical awareness.
The goal of the article is to characterize the main stages of the formation and subsequent existence of a private collection Bibikov - E. A. Lvov (part of which is now in the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine), to identify its characteristic features, and to find out the role of D. H. Bibikov, E. A. Lvov and Z. D. Cassini in the formation of this book collection. To complete the study historical, logical, comparative and biographical research methods were used. The formation of book collections is one of the topical issues that should be explored in order to properly assess the intellectual potential of society in different eras. It will make possible to understand the professional and personal preferences of the usually wealthy owners of private collections who have exerted some influence on the socio-political and economic life of the country; in the view of the author of this article, the history of D. H. Bibikov Library is a striking example. For the first time the attention was focused on the personalities of prince E. A. Lvov (1831-1878) in the context of the creation of the corresponding Library. The author has established that to date, the topic of completing the private collection of D. H. Bibikov was regarded by researchers as dominated one, and they did not suggest any periodization of the history of origin and subsequent existence of the collection. For the first time, a thorough analysis of the historiographical work on the topic has been carried out. The author proposes to replace the commonly used scientific term «Library of D. H. Bibikov» on «Library of D. H. Bibikov - E. A. Lvov»; it is not just a name change, but, in fact, a new interpretation of the phenomenon. For the first time, the original periodization of the history of the formation and subsequent existence of the Bibikov Collection was proposed. On the basis of the available exlibrises, it can be stated that, at different times, Lvov and V. O. Cordt were involved in this case. Much damage to the collection was caused by the voluntary actions and German invaders (World War II). Today, once a whole collection has been scattered between the institutions (V.Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine and M. Maksimovich Scientific Library of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv), and some have been lost.
У статті охарактеризовано основні групи джерел для історико-антропологічного дослідження життя Церкви «під комунізмом» на прикладі Російської Православної Церкви та насильницьки «возз’єднаної» з нею греко-католицької громади в повоєнній Українській РСР середини 1940-х – початку 1970-х рр. Також надано характеристику архівним сховищам і фондам як в Україні, так і за кордоном, де зберігаються ці джерела. Авторка прописує методологічні засади дослідження і вибудовує аналіз з урахуванням сучасних дискусій щодо джерельної цінності та достовірності текстів радянської доби. Значне розширення дослідницьких питань, а тому і джерел, що дають змогу їх вивчити, є одним із наслідків застосування історико-антропологічного підходу до дослідження «радянського» загалом і життя Церкви в радянській державі зокрема. Залучення найрізноманітніших джерел – від офіційних документів до его-свідчень, від статистичних матеріалів до усноісторичних інтерв’ю, від періодичних видань до «листів у владу» – водночас стає своєрідним викликом, адже дослідник має розуміти характер кожної з групи джерел і володіти методологічним інструментарієм для їхнього аналізу.
To encourage needed study of art loss and displacements on the Eastern Front, this article, based on newly opened sources, presents a case study of German seizure of art and icons from two neighboring museums in Kyiv, both founded on rich nationalized prerevolutionary collections. What are now the Kyiv National Museum of Russian Art and the Bohdan and Varvara khanenko National Museum of Arts were combined during German occupation as divisions of the Kyiv Provincial Museum (Landesmuseum Kiew). Lists found in Moscow reveal many art objects "borrowed" from those museums to embellish German offices and lodgings (Autumn 1941-1942). During retreat from Kyiv (September-October 1943) the Germans transferred approximately 80 crates of art from those two museums (including an estimated 500 icons from the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra earlier moved to the Russian Museum) to Kam''ianets'-Podil's'kyi, and another 5 crates to RKU headquarters in Rivne. Erich Koch, Reich Commissar of Ukraine, and Gauleiter and Oberprasident of East Prussia, ordered all that art transferred to Kdnigsberg by January 1944, together with Ukrainian museum curator Polina KuPzhenko. Some paintings were removed for Koch's personal collection, but most of the art from Kyiv was stored first on the estate of Richau (now Rus. Tel'manovo; c.70 km east of Königsberg). In November 1944, Königsberg Museum director Alfred Rohde moved the 78 crates to Wil- denhoff (70 km south of Königsberg, now in Poland). The Germans intentionally burned down the mansion when the Red Army arrived in February 1945. Copies of German crate lists discovered in a Moscow archive detail content of a total of 16 crates (over half the 29 reported) removed from the Western Division (c. 112 paintings and 13 sculptures), and 37 crates (out of 54) removed from the East European Division (646 paintings and 320 icons) - presumably prepared by the Ukrainian curators. German 1944 reports about the seized art from Ukraine in East Prussia with crate inventories were prepared as US Nuremberg documents. One was submitted as an official Soviet IMT Exhibit, but the Soviet Prosecutor did not mention the total destruction. While that 1944 IMT report was published, the crate inventories never were (in addition to those in Moscow, copies remain with the Nuremberg records in the US National Archives). The art destroyed in East Prussia was among the most substantial Ukrainian cultural losses in the Second World War. Speculations continue about possible survivors because one Dutch and one Flemish painting from the Khanenko Collection - both on a March 1942 'borrowed' list - were gifted to a Perm museum, one in 1966 and another in 1975, having been "purchased" by Soviet officers in Königsberg in 1945; both have returned to Kyiv. In the past two years, two paintings surfaced on auction in the West, one of them listed on German shipping lists to Königsberg, the other not; restitution negotiations are pending for their return to Kyiv. A third painting (17th c. Dutch) was reportedly spotted in London. Further international disclosure in a well-documented database of losses is badly needed.
Thesis for a candidate degree in Science of History in speciality 01.00.01 – History of Ukraine. – Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University. – Chernivtsi, 2014.
The following thesis comprehensively investigates history of founding and development of library occupation in Ukrainian western regions from 1939 till 1991 based on a variety of sources. The author introduced a chain of non-published sources into scientific circulation that enabled to expose peculiarities of libraries’ operation in regions of western Ukraine.
Special features of mass libraries’ system foundation, development and their influence on public opinion, cultural life of the region were characterized. Character and peculiarities of departmental libraries’ activity in the region were ascertained. Forms and activity methods of libraries in western regions of Ukraine were analyzed. The author’s considerable attention is drawn to elucidation of educational institutions that specialize in training of library employees and studying of formation and particularities of librarians’ heightening qualification system activities. Particular attention was focused on revealing the main tendencies of organization and thematic trends of libraries’ funds; censorship was introduced into library occupation of the region.
Key words: library, Western Ukraine, library system, library censorship, service of readers, Soviet Union promotion.
Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук по специальности 01.00.01 – история Украины. – Черновицкий национальный университет имени Юрия Федьковича. – Черновцы, 2014.
В диссертации на основе широкого круга источников комплексно изучена история становления и развития библиотечного дела в западноукраинских областях в 1939-1991 гг. Введен в научный оборот ряд неопубликованных источников, которые позволили раскрыть особенности деятельности библиотек в регионе.
С установлением советского режима в западных областях УССР сформировалась его культурная политика, в соответствии с которой были ликвидированы библиотеки общественных организаций и государственных учреждений. Для реализации процесса советизации региона, внедрения коммунистической идеологии среди населения создавалась сеть культурно-образовательных учреждений, где библиотеки занимали главное место. В работе охарактеризованы особенности формирования и развития сети массовых библиотек и их влияние на культурную жизнь региона. Темпы развития библиотечной сети, процент охвата библиотечным обслуживанием, рост книжных фондов в областях были выше, чем в целом по Украине. В то же время идеологическая составляющая, формальный подход к библиотечному делу, акцентирование внимания на количественных показателях значительно нивелировали эффективность деятельности библиотек как информационных и культурно-образовательных учреждений.
Установлено, что развитие общего среднего образования, расширение подготовки специалистов с высшим и средним образованием, развитие медицины, науки, промышленности в регионе вызвали необходимость в значительном развитии системы ведомственных библиотек, в том числе образовательных, научных и медицинских учреждений, библиотек производственного направления (профсоюзных, технических и сельскохозяйственных). Отвечая за библиотечное обслуживание информационных потребностей специалистов народного хозяйства, эти библиотеки одновременно были инструментом распространения коммунистической идеологии и пропаганды советского образа жизни в регионе. Деятельность их подавляющего большинства была формальной и неэффективной.
Значительное внимание в работе уделено анализу деятельности учебных заведений по подготовке библиотечных работников и изучению становления и особенности деятельности системы повышения квалификации библиотекарей. Процесс формирования кадров для библиотек осуществлялся в соответствии с идеологическими догмами и партийными постановлениями. Вся работа в учебных заведениях была подчинена деле воспитания и подготовки образованных, преданных коммунистической партии и советскому государству квалифицированных библиотечных работников. В западных областях Украины, кроме разветвленной сети учебных заведений, была сформирована и развилась целая система повышения квалификации библиотечных работников, где идейно-политическая тематика, в той или иной степени, была представлена во всех ее формах.
Особое внимание уделено освещению состояния и формирования фондов библиотек, введение цензуры в библиотечном деле региона. Развитие библиотек в западноукраинских областях по советскому образцу привело почти к полному уничтожению фондов библиотек, созданных в предыдущие годы. Избыточность в массовых библиотеках литературы общественно-политической тематики, произведений классиков марксизма-ленинизма, партийных документов предопределяла дисбаланс между накоплением и использованием фондов.
Ключевые слова: библиотека, Западная Украина, сеть библиотек, библиотечная цензура, обслуживание читателей, советизация.
The Kiev Institute of Jewish (from the early 1930s “Proletarian”) Culture (Institut Evreiskoi Proletarskoi Kul'tury, IEPK), based at the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAS), was one of two such organisations in the inter-war period. This article discusses the fate of its archive, a rich source that included material from Leningrad and elsewhere, in the wake of two interventions; firstly, its sudden closure in 1936 by the Soviet authorities and, secondly, the Nazi occupation of Kiev in the Second World War. As a consequence, the archive was scattered to the winds, ending up in two continents.
The article is dedicated to the official decrees issued by Joseph Stalin in 1945 ordering the Soviet removal of cultural property from Eastern European and German territories occupied by the Red Army. As opposed to popular belief dominant today in Russia, such decrees were few. Preparation for the removal of cultural property from enemy countries had started before the fate of the war was decided. In 1943 on the request of academician Igor Grabar, the Bureau of Experts was established with the task of composing lists of so-called “eventual equivalents,” which Soviet officials wanted to receive after the war as “restitution in kind,” to compensate for the cultural losses of the USSR. The listed equivalents included art works from museums and private collections in the Axis countries. However, the projected provisions for “restitution in kind” were never approved by the Allies, in large part because during the last months of the war and immediately thereafter, the Soviet Union had already begun massive removal of cultural property from territories occupied by the Red Army. Different trophy brigades sent to the front lines were authorized or ordered to send back home whole collections of German museums and libraries. Only rarely were any of the ‘trophies’ labeled “compensation.”
Displaced and nationalized cultural property remains hidden in the vast holdings of museums, libraries, and archives around the world. Some governments holding these “trophies” of war and conquest refuse to return such cultural treasures to their rightful owners even when their provenance has been identified. They assert that the collections were obtained through expropriation and nationalization, and that divestiture of a museum, library, or archive would jeopardize the existence of these institutions and cause societal discord.
This article discusses the struggle of an orthodox Jewish organization to recover from the Russian Federation a collection of sacred, irreplaceable books and manuscripts seized in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution and during World War II. The story of Agudas Chasidei Chabad's efforts to recover these core religious texts of its spiritual leaders has involved appeals by U.S. presidents, congress, and the U.S. Helsinki Commission, as well as lawsuits in the Soviet Union/Russia and United States.
After prolonged litigation in the United States, a federal court of appeals in Washington DC ruled in 2008 that American courts have jurisdiction over Chabad's suit against the Russian Federation to recover its religious texts. This ruling may pave the way for the resolution of this dispute and also lead to the filing of other suits in American courts seeking to recover looted cultural property, even if that property is located outside U.S. borders.
The article examines the transition of (West) German archivists from the Nazi period to the time of Allied occupation and
on into the early years of the Federal Republic of Germany. After considering the extent of the profession’s nazification,
the article focuses on Allied denazification efforts after the war and discusses the strategies archivists devised in order
to maneuver through these dangerous times. In the end, the archival profession mastered the transition with only minor “denazification
damage.” The article closes with an examination of the consequences of the continuity of personnel especially among the leading
archivists of the former Prussian Archival Administration (Preussische Archivverwaltung) for the reconstruction of the archival
profession in West Germany.
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