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... To shed light on ICV's definition phase, we adopt a cognitive or schema lens. It suggests that realized business models are shaped by how managers think or conceive of them (see Barr et al., 1992;Bingham & Kahl, 2013;Dane, 2010;Huff, 1990;Weick, 1995). In particular, business model schemas represent managerial understandings of how value is created and captured (c.f. ...
... Schemas are theories of action or knowledge structures that contain concepts-the salient elements of a situation-and the interrelationships between these concepts (Bingham & Kahl, 2013;Dane, 2010;Elsbach et al., 2005;Fiske & Dyer, 1985). For instance, scholars studied managers' schemas of technology (see Bingham & Kahl, 2013), of the corporate strategy (see Barr & Huff, 1997;Huff, 1990;Nadkarni & Narayanan, 2007) or corporate sustainability (see Gröschl et al., 2019;Hahn et al., 2014). In turn, these schemas shape what is enacted (Weick, 1995). ...
... Although the literature has offered different business model typologies (e.g., Baden-Fuller & Mangematin, 2013;Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010), we were interested in the ICV managers' understandings of the ICV's business model in line with our interpretive lens. We adopted a causal mapping approach that centered on the patterns of cause-effect relationships in the ICV managers' understandings of EMOB's value creation and value capture (see Furnari, 2015;Huff, 1990). Such maps represent "graphical representations of the structure of individuals' idiosyncratic belief systems in a particular domain." ...
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Established firms often develop new businesses through internal corporate venturing (ICV), for instance, to capture value from novel sustainable technologies. We illuminate the early definition stage of ICV’s by asking: When and how business model schemas—that is, managerial understandings of how value is created and captured— change in ICV? We conduct a qualitative, embedded case study of the change in a business model schema for e-mobility in a Swiss utility’s ICV. We uncover a key trigger: strategic re-framing—the active re-formulation of the definition of a given situation within ICV–top manager interactions. The strategic re-framing’s specificity level provokes either schema restrictions or expansions via the distinct accommodation practices it induces. Our theoretical model of business model schema change contributes to the literatures on managerial cognition, business models, and ICV, suggesting that business model schema change in ICV is a semi-autonomous process that involves both independent and joint endeavors.
... Studies in strategy process cover broad issues, and different terminology has been utilised to represent these sub-divisional theoretical domains. It has been a long tradition to divide strategy process into areas of strategy formulation and strategy implementation (Andrews, 1971;Huff, 1990). Strategy formulation deals with the issues of how decisions are formulated or should be formulated in organisations; whereas strategy implementation is concerned with the way of implementing strategic decisions so as to bring effective change to corporations (Chakravarthy and Doz, 1992;Huff and Reger, 1987). ...
... However, some research suggests that cognitive capabilities of a top management team will matter more (Huff, 1990;Miller and Toulouse, 1986;Schwenk, 1984Schwenk, , 1988Simon, 1987). Despite the incoherent findings from literature, the strategic choice perspective has drawn the strategy process research to recognise the significant power of leaders or top management teams, which has been fundamentally ignored by the environmental determinism. ...
... It is after the 1980s that the cognitive theory becomes widely used because cognition of strategists determines strategic issue formulation and other aspects of strategy formation (Button et al., 1983;Schwenk, 1984Schwenk, , 1988. The issues regarding cognitive heuristics and cognitive mapping have greatly contributed to the understanding of strategic thinking (Huff, 1990;Miller and Toulouse, 1986;Schwenk, 1984Schwenk, , 1988Simon, 1987). These studies suggest that strategy formation happens in the mind of strategists with information flowing through their distorting filters; strategies emerge as cognitive maps, schema or as subjective construction towards environment (Huff, 1990;Miller and Toulouse, 1986;Schwenk, 1984Schwenk, , 1988Sknon, 1987). ...
Thesis
p>This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of strategy formation in Chinese Private Enterprises, given their increasing status in the Chinese economic system. This understanding is particularly significant for effectuating managerial practices in strategy development within Chinese Private Enterprises, and for assisting Western organisations to succeed in the future Chinese market. In order to achieve the research aim, interpretive paradigm and grounded theory were employed to guide the whole research process so as to obtain a deeper understanding of strategy formation from the participant’s point of view. A single longitudinal case research provided a bounded system for this investigation and has also helped to capture the richness and dynamics of strategy formation over a period of two years. This study has developed a grounded theory of ‘intention legitimising’ as the central answer to explain strategy formation in the Chinese Private Enterprise. The research suggests that ‘intention legitimising’ is an aggregate effect of multilevel factors consisting of environmental, organisational and individual levels, with Chinese siying qiyejia (private entrepreneurs) as the determinant factor and organisational guanxi (connections or relations) as one major means for ‘intention legitimising’. This emergent grounded theory of ‘intention legitimising’ contributes to remedying the current lack of knowledge about strategy formation in Chinese Private Enterprises. It also enhances our insights into strategy formation in the Western context via the presentation of an empirical case under a dramatically different national setting. Relevant managerial implications are also provided for both Chinese Private Enterprises and Western organisations who have business interests in China.</p
... Schemata are also sometimes called (especially interchangeably with mental models) paradigms and cognitive maps (Kuhn, 2009;Huff, 1990). Schemata are, at their essence, complex structures of mental representations (Goldberg, 2011), either innate or acquired through experience and socialization (Zerubavel, 1997). ...
... , pp.[34][35] 1 . Agents' schemas contain rules referring not only to what has already happened but also to what could have happened -formulation of expectations and making forecasts(Stacey, 1996, p. 32). ...
... Cognitive maps are further classified into various types (Huff, 1990), causal map is one of them. Causal map is used to represent the tacit knowledge using graphical representation (nodes indicate the subject's belief and edges indicates the association between the construct), in which concepts are bound together by some relation (causality relation). ...
... Causal maps are one of the most promising techniques that explicates the tacit knowledge, as it mainly focuses on actions (Huff, 1990). Tacit skill is represented as the task or doing things, and relation (causalities) indicates the procedure knowledge (working and step by step procedure). ...
Article
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Tacit knowledge is undocumented knowledge, gained by an individual by virtue of his/her experience on an activity. It rests with the individual, is hard to discover, express and articulate. It is a valuable body of knowledge, hence is essential to solicit, gather and explicate, so as to facilitate its percolation to the younger generation. In this paper, characteristics of tacit knowledge, the issues and mechanisms of explicating have been presented. Seismic data interpretation, as a tacit knowledge domain has been identified, issues faced in its explication and process followed in development of explicit knowledge capsule is detailed. In order to infer the tacit knowledge sharing behavior of an individual a large approximate 5000 survey responses from participant base of individuals from IT firms, Educational Institutions, Government Organizations, Research Organization and Students Community were obtained. The validity and reliability of the measure were verified. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on received valid responses. Based on the analysis, the concrete inference was deliberated.
... It can be a useful technique for allowing us to discover and describe the focus of individual, group, institutional, or social attention, to determine the psycological state of persons or groups, to identify the various characteritics of a person and so on (Weber, 1990: p. 9). In addition, Content analysis assumes that groups of words or a whole sentence disclose latent thems and that, for istance, cooccurences of keywords can be interpreted as reflecting association between the underlying concepts (Huff ,1990;Weber, 1990). Trough Content analysis it is possible to distil words or whole sentences into fewer content related categories. ...
... The key assumption is that the analysis of texts lets the researcher understand other people's cognitive schemas (Duriau, Reger and Pfarrer, 2007: p. 6). In addition, content analysis assumes that groups of words or a whole sentence disclose latent thems and that, for istance, co-occurences of keywords can be interpeted as reflecting association between the underlying concepts (Huff, 1990;Weber, 1990). Main categories was created from the analysis of data and after identifing relationship between them and theoretical models taken into consideration. ...
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The aim of the present work is to underline that the partecipation in sport activies may be linked to identity formation and to the process of redefinition of identity, following events that led to phisical disabilities. Sport can be a tool capable of helping people with supervening disability to rebuild their identity. In addition, it may contibute to the modification of the common place which considers the disabled persons as an unfit person. In seeking to prove these assumptions, this study, by applying the Content Analysis, has qualitatively investigated, trough analyse of some open ended interviews, conducted from journalist to disabled people who practice sports, the most meanigful aspects of partecipation in adptive sports and if this partecipation can help the process of redefining of the identity or its negotiation and can help to bring out the resilient capacity of the subject.
... It is an aggregate of interrelated information of concepts and relationships, enabling individuals to understand various situations (Barr et al., 1992). They function as 'maps' enabling individuals to perceive environments on a larger scale, beyond the range of immediate perception (Huff, 1990). Dynamic in nature, cognitive maps undergo alterations as new information is perceived, learning processes occur and new ideas are formed. ...
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The relationship between a chief executive officer’s childhood experience of family decline and his or her firm’s social responsibility rating was explored using data on more than 1000 Chinese listed firms. Such childhood experience is shown to predict better CSR ratings. This may be because adversity in childhood shifts the cognitive map through accommodation process, and further fosters cognitive processing ability and a long-term orientation. Career variety and education level are shown to moderate the imprinting effect by altering its strength. Career variety weakens the relationship whereas education level strengthens it.
... Developments in Managerial and Organisational Cognition (MOC) increased interest and use of cognitive mapping techniques in organisation studies (Huff, 1990;Fiol and Huff, 1992;Eden and Spender, 1998;Huff and Jenkins, 2002;Hodgkinson and Maule, 2004;Narayanan and Armstrong, 2005). Hodgkinson and colleagues provide comprehensive reviews of research on causal mapping, a form of the cognitive mapping technique (see Hodgkinson and Healey, 2008;Hodgkinson and Clarkson, 2005;Hodgkinson et al., 2017). ...
... In any content analysis, the connection between the content of the analyzed texts and the characteristics of the outlet that produced the texts may introduce ambiguity with respect to inferences, (Huff, 1990) but this concern should be addressed by the use of different outlets in a replicable research paradigm, especially when delivered policy messages might be simultaneously framed in totally distinctive ways by different governmental media outlets. (Barkho, 2010) According to the findings of this research project, English represents a barrier to Iraqi independent media, which may define the target audience in Iraq, including Iraqi journalists. ...
Article
I use the term mediated policy to refer to messages about Iraq sent by international news media outlets of foreign governments during the Iraqi parliamentary elections of 2010, and I hypothesize that US Mediated Policy, Iranian Mediated Policy, and Saudi Mediated Policy are three latent constructs interacting in a structural model where they influence a fourth latent variable, Iraqi Independent Media. To feed the model with data, I run a content analysis of relevant international and domestic media coverage. I measure saliences of two news media frames, Former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and Former Iraqi Prime Minister Ayad Allawi. The analysis shows that in 2010: (1) English represented a barrier to Iraqi independent media. (2) US foreign policy simultaneously dealt with two opposing regional policies, Iranian and Saudi. (3) There were significant policy messages about Iraq carried by international news media of foreign governments, which evidently influenced Iraqi independent media.
... A causal map is a concept representation to capture causality or influence relationships [17]. It has been widely employed in structuring intervention related problems [18][19], serving as an effective tool to represent subjective knowledge about a phenomenon, a discourse on perceived causes and effects [18]. ...
Conference Paper
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Leveraging the concept of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), we propose a simple and systematic approach, namely Transmission Cause and Effect Analysis (TCEA), to achieve a defined goal of reducing transmission risk through effective preventive and control actions in real-world environments. Specifically, the transmission risk of an infectious disease (e.g., COVID-19) is perceived as a combination of the presence of a transmission agent (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 virus or its variants) and the requisite factors that lead to infection of humans and the associated aftermath of infection. TCEA adopts a causal map to represent all possible transmission risks via a brainstorming process. Next, appropriate preventive and control actions associated with each transmission risk are identified. Similar to FMEA, a Risk Priority Number model with Severity, Occurrence, and Detection ratings is adopted for analysis, prioritization, and decision-making. To demonstrate the usefulness of TCEA, a real-world case study on COVID-19 is conducted. The empirical results indicate that TCEA provide a simple, systematic and easy-to-implement approach to effectively analyze and manage transmission risks of COVID-19 in non-healthcare workplaces.
... The rise of sensemaking marks a deep change in both organizational and social studies underlining how meaning drives the action of organizing and focusing attention on the cognitive dimension of organizations and societies (Stigliani and Ravasi, 2012;Westley & McGowan, 2017). It is a collaborative process of creating shared awareness and understanding of different individuals' perspectives, and interests (Huff, 1990;Stigliani and Ravasi, 2012). Thus, as a process of creation, interpretation, and enactment, sensemaking is influenced by multiple dimensions such as individual/organizational identities and even sensory perceptions (Cillo et al., 2019), cognitive frames, social/market goals (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979;Maitlis & Christianson, 2014;Sandberg & Tsoukas, 2015), ethics, common goods. ...
Article
Purpose The paper positions social and technological innovation as pivotal counterforces to conservative resistance against change, particularly in light of the recurrent economic and technological upheavals characterizing the present shape of capitalism. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a qualitative methodology, rooted in a comparative case study approach, offering a critical retrospective analysis of societal disruptions and transformations. Central to this methodological framework is the construct of sensemaking, which is characterized as the process by which collective entities retrospectively develop plausible narratives that rationalize their experiences. The approach is informed by the dynamics of socio-ecological systems, which are understood to undergo cyclical phases of growth, stabilization, collapse, and regeneration. Findings The study shows evidence that resilience and adaptability are more authentically gauged by socio-technological responses to cyclical disruptions and recoveries. It delineates sensemaking as a crucial socioecological mechanism through which elicitation emerges and societies and organizations navigate these cycles, forging shared narratives from collective experiences that are driven by plausibility rather than mere accuracy. Practical implications The research calls for the development of policies that synthesize disruptive innovations with strategies for social cohesion. Such policies must ensure the protection of the socioeconomic texture from implicit structural precariousness arising from innovation. The ability to integrate and institutionalize change is emphasized as crucial, demanding a synergy between innovative creativity, new normative frameworks, and the preservation of fundamental societal values. Originality/value The paper challenges reductionist technological interpretations of societal changes, advocating for a holistic perspective that accounts for the redistributive and elicitation roles as vital to the evolution of socio-economic systems. The value of this research lies in its comprehensive framing of these transformations, underscoring the importance of a multi-faceted understanding in the effective management of socioeconomic change.
... Bilişsel şemaları anlamamıza ve mesaj içeriğini sistematik olarak araştırmamıza yardımcı olur (Neuendorf, 2002). Bu yöntemin temel varsayımı, bilişsel şemaları anlamaya yardımcı olduğudur (Duria, Reger ve Pfarrer, 2007;Gephart, 2018;Huff, 1990;Woodrum, 1984). Reklam içeriğinin görsel ve sözel öğelerinin bilişsel düzeyde analiz edilmesine imkân vermesi bakımından bu çalışmada içerik analizi en uygun yöntem olarak değerlendirilmiştir. ...
... In fact, it is in this context of analysis that our work takes place, through which we aim to present a new technique for modeling and analyzing the mental representation that investors make when making decisions. The latter is constructed through the aggregation of individual cognitive maps according to Huff (1990). ...
Article
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Purpose A separate study of the different behavioral biases does not allow for a full understanding of the complexity and stability of the heterogeneity of beliefs. Therefore, through a more global view of these anomalies, the authors wish to show that they can converge on a single concept, which is the heterogeneity of beliefs. Design/methodology/approach It is therefore essential to stress that the importance of this study is mainly reflected in the methodological approach used in the construction and analysis of the map and not only in the results achieved. This contribution states that structural analysis, as a means of building the cognitive map, can facilitate the task of investors and other decision-makers, in the identification and analysis of the heterogeneity of beliefs that can therefore guide investors' strategy in decision-making. Findings The authors have studied the behavior of the investor and its way of interpreting the information and the authors have emphasized the value of studying the concept of heterogeneity of beliefs in its complexity. So that part of the work seems to be relevant and crucial to filling, if you will, that void. In this sense, the authors have shown that behavioral abnormalities are multidimensional concepts: “self-deception”, “cognitive bias”, “emotional bias” and “social bias”. Originality/value In particular, this article will aim to achieve the objective of proposing a model for measuring the heterogeneity of beliefs. Thus, the authors want to show that the heterogeneity of beliefs can be measured directly through the different behavioral anomalies.
... To do this, we visited each individual once per quarter for a two-year period, during which time they were exploring and developing a strategic opportunity, or multiple opportunities. To frame the discussions with each individual, we utilised cognitive maps, which are a means of articulating the individual participants' thinking about an issue at the given moment (Huff 1990). This was done to try and avoid post-hoc rationalisation, particularly regarding the use of intuition. ...
Chapter
Managers in modern organisations face a complex and ever changing timescape. This is particularly true when creating and developing new opportunities. In this chapter we describe the use of temporal intuition as seen in our research cases as managers were navigating and making decisions relating to timeframes, tempo, temporality, synchronisation, sequence, pauses and simultaneity. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of temporal intuition in each of these areas and we hope provide some guidance for practicing managers to make the most of their own temporal intuition.
... By 1990, there were many different applications of similar ideas, including an edited book (Huff, 1990) that offered a unitary approach to 'concept mapping' in the United States. Most authors (Ackermann and Alexander, 2016: 892;Clarkson and Hodgkinson, 2005: 319;Fiol and Huff, 1992: 268;Laukkanen, 2012: 2;Narayanan, 2005: 2) use a broadly similar definition of a causal map: A causal map is a diagram, or graphical structure, in which nodes (which we call factors) are joined by directed edges or arrows (which we call links), so that a link from factor C to factor E means that someone (P) believes that C in some sense causally influences E. There is a constructive ambiguity (Eden, 1992) about what a collective map is a map of: While maps constructed as a consensus within a group can plausibly be claimed to map 'what the group thinks', this is more problematic for maps constructed post hoc by synthesising individual maps. ...
Article
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Evaluators are interested in capturing how things causally influence one another. They are also interested in capturing how stakeholders think things causally influence one another. Causal mapping – the collection, coding and visualisation of interconnected causal claims – has been used widely for several decades across many disciplines for this purpose. It makes the provenance or source of such claims explicit and provides tools for gathering and dealing with this kind of data and for managing its Janus-like double-life: on the one hand, providing information about what people believe causes what, and on the other hand, preparing this information for possible evaluative judgements about what causes what. Specific reference to causal mapping in the evaluation literature is sparse, which we aim to redress here. In particular, the authors address the Janus dilemma by suggesting that causal maps can be understood neither as models of beliefs about causal pathways nor as models of causal pathways per se but as repositories of evidence for those pathways.
... The strength of these capabilities is critical for competitive advantages because managers differ in their ability to make strategic decisions and orchestrate the firm's asset portfolio (Adner and Helfat 2003;Helfat and Martin 2015a). DMCs are a multifaceted construct composed of three interdependent subcomponents: managerial human capital (Becker 1983;Helfat 1991, 2001), managerial social capital (Geletkanycz et al. 2001;Burt 2009), and managerial cognition (Hambrick and Mason 1984;Huff 1990;Walsh 1995;Johnson and Hoopes 2003). ...
Article
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Given the complexities of today’s hypercompetitive economy and challenges imposed by recent crises, managerial capabilities have become critical for realizing strategic change. Dynamic managerial capability (DMC) theory offers a useful theoretical lens for analyzing how managers make strategic decisions to build and sustain competitive advantages in dynamic environments. Despite receiving less attention than the broader field of dynamic capabilities, the existing body of research has reached a point where a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of knowledge is warranted. Past reviews of DMCs are either outdated or do not comprehensively examine this multifaceted construct, making a review of research highly necessary and timely. This review systematically synthesizes 54 empirical studies on DMCs. It contributes to the literature by systematically synthesizing DMC research and summarizing these findings into a multi-level framework. This review demonstrates that research on DMCs has significantly progressed over the years, for example, through conceptual expansions, new levels of analysis, or methodological advancements. The developed framework provides an overview of the nomological network surrounding DMCs. A systematic historical analysis of research limitations and recommendations offers a rich research agenda for DMCs. These findings guide scholars and managers by overviewing the foundations of DMCs, demonstrating why strong DMCs are critical for achieving sustainable competitive advantage, and how this theory applies to management practice. Altogether, this review presents an up-to-date review of DMC literature by systematically synthesizing its developments—looking back—and pointing to central research opportunities—looking forward.
... The sustainability schemes were examined quantitatively through the method of content analysis, via the technique of text mining. Content analysis allows researchers to understand communicators by unveiling data related to underlying themes and concepts (Huff, 1990). Benefits of content analysis include insight into unspoken thoughts, language use, and unobtrusiveness (Krippendorff, 1989). ...
Article
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While sustainability research is expansive, studies of business-internal practices and resulting sustainability outcomes are largely unexplored. This research fills this gap by assessing the sustainability schemes that organizations internally employ to guide sustainability efforts. Content analysis is applied to 20 environmentally oriented sustainability schemes, through the triangulated lenses of strong sustainability and sen-semaking theories. Each scheme is quantitatively assessed for positioning within the Stages of Sustainability model and rank abundance curves are generated to compare relative sustainability strength among the schemes for potential recommendations in practice or future research. Results show that 100% of the sustainability schemes in this study align with various forms of weak sustainability, although five commendable schemes are more advanced than the others. Given this finding, it is expected that applying the sustainability schemes from our sample in research and practice will perpetuate weak, business-as-usual, sustainability while prolonging the wait for strong ecological sustainability. Novel contributions of this research include empirical evidence to support claims that sustainability schemes are aligned with weak sustainability , and the identification of the sustainability strength of sustainability schemes. Additionally, numerous calls from researchers to consider sustainability strength in research are heeded. Implications for practitioners, scheme developers, and academics relate to the development of schemes, business-internal practices, research, and teaching that aligns with ecological science-oriented, strong sustainability instead of the current approach that aligns with weak sustainability. K E Y W O R D S content analysis, sensemaking theory, strong sustainability theory, sustainability frameworks, sustainability schemes, sustainability standards
... This assumption is consistent with prior findings in the linguistics literature that frequency counts often represent the intensity of concern in a given document [57,59]. Similar assumptions have been made in prior strategy studies that utilize the textual analysis technique and the word-count approach [2,25,28]. Furthermore, the word frequency ratio could effectively mitigate the effect of the number of total words (document size) on the test results [38]. ...
Article
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In this study, we examine how competitive strategy affects firm-level stock liquidity. Following Porter’s (1980) classification of generic strategies, we categorize firms into differentiators and cost leaders, where differentiators aim to differentiate themselves by delivering unique products and services while cost leaders attempt to achieve a low-cost position through efficient cost control. We hypothesize that firms emphasizing differentiation strategies show higher stock liquidity than those adopting cost leadership strategies because differentiators attract more investor attention and trading activities due to their larger growth potential. Employing a competitive strategy measure developed by a machine-learning-based natural language processing approach of Seed-Words plus Word2Vec Similarity Word Extension, we find results supporting our hypothesis among China’s A-share listed firms. Additional analyses suggest that differentiators may improve stock liquidity by enhancing earnings quality, increasing asset liquidity, and reducing information asymmetry. Overall, our study highlights the importance of strategic positioning in improving the stock market performance.
... Il sensemaking è il processo attraverso il quale intere società danno significato alle loro esperienze collettive, è "il continuo sviluppo retrospettivo di immagini plausibili che razionalizzano ciò che le persone stanno facendo" (Weick et al., 2005, p. 409). Weick ha introdotto questo concetto negli anni '70, con l'obiettivo di incoraggiare il passaggio dal processo decisionale al processo di costruzione del significato delle decisioni e dei comportamenti focalizzando l'attenzione sulla dimensione cognitiva delle organizzazioni e delle società (Stigliani e Ravasi, 2012;Westley & McGowan, 2017): si tratta di un processo collaborativo di creazione di consapevolezza e comprensione condivisa a partire da identità, prospettive e interessi di individui diversi (Huff, 1990;Stigliani e Ravasi, 2012). ...
Chapter
In questo contributo che si inserisce nel Volume dedicato alla produzione scientifica del Prof. Pietro Genco, si è scelto di affrontare il tema del cambiamento di paradigma nelle rappresentazioni socioeconomiche. Impiegando la prospettiva del sensemaking, l'articolo si propone di studiare le diverse discontinuità che hanno attraversato il capitalismo e le innovazioni sociali necessarie alla nascita e all'affermarsi di nuovi paradigmi socioeconomici. Il saggio contribuisce alla letteratura esistente lungo due diverse direttrici. In primo luogo, descrive l'innovazione sociale come il risultato di un processo di costruzione del senso, il risultato di una capacità di riorganizzazione collettiva a seguito di perturbazioni ambientali, politiche, economiche e sociali; in secondo luogo, fornisce ai policymaker un approccio attraverso il quale stabilire l'intensità della pressione sociale e la suscettibilità al cambiamento di precedenti rappresentazioni sociali.
... By 1990, there were many different applications of similar ideas, including an edited book (Huff, 1990) that offered a unitary approach to 'concept mapping' in the United States. Most authors (Ackermann and Alexander, 2016: 892; Clarkson and Hodgkinson, 2005: 319; Fiol and Huff, 1992: 268; Laukkanen, 2012: 2; Narayanan, 2005: 2) use a broadly similar definition of a causal map: A causal map is a diagram, or graphical structure, in which nodes (which we call factors) are joined by directed edges or arrows (which we call links), so that a link from factor C to factor E means that someone (P) believes that C in some sense causally influences E. There is a constructive ambiguity (Eden, 1992) about what a collective map is a map of: While maps constructed as a consensus within a group can plausibly be claimed to map 'what the group thinks', this is more problematic for maps constructed post hoc by synthesising individual maps. ...
Preprint
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p> Evaluators are interested in capturing how things causally influence one another. They are also interested in capturing how stakeholders think things causally influence one another. Causal mapping, the collection, coding and visualisation of interconnected causal claims, has been used widely for several decades across many disciplines for this purpose. It makes the provenance or source of such claims explicit and provides tools for gathering and dealing with this kind of data, and for managing its Janus-like double-life: on the one hand providing information about what people believe causes what and on the other hand preparing this information for possible evaluative judgements about what actually causes what. Specific reference to causal mapping in the evaluation literature is sparse, which we aim to redress here. In particular we address the Janus dilemma by suggesting that causal maps can be understood neither as models of beliefs about causal pathways nor as models of causal pathways per se but as repositories of evidence for those pathways.</p
... By 1990, there were many different applications of similar ideas, including an edited book (Huff, 1990) that offered a unitary approach to 'concept mapping' in the USA. Most authors (Ackermann and Alexander, 2016: 892;Clarkson and Hodgkinson, 2005: 319;Fiol and Huff, 1992: 268;Laukkanen, 2012: 2;Narayanan, 2005: 2) use a broadly similar definition of a causal map. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
p> Evaluators are interested in capturing how things causally influence one another. They are also interested in capturing how stakeholders think things causally influence one another. Causal mapping, the collection, coding and visualisation of interconnected causal claims, has been used widely for several decades across many disciplines for this purpose. It makes the provenance or source of such claims explicit and provides tools for gathering and dealing with this kind of data, and for managing its Janus-like double-life: on the one hand providing information about what people believe causes what and on the other hand preparing this information for possible evaluative judgements about what actually causes what. Specific reference to causal mapping in the evaluation literature is sparse, which we aim to redress here. In particular we address the Janus dilemma by suggesting that causal maps can be understood neither as models of beliefs about causal pathways nor as models of causal pathways per se but as repositories of evidence for those pathways.</p
... A través de la interpretación los individuos desarrollan mapas cognitivos sobre los distintos dominios en los cuales operan (HUFF, 1990). La clave de la interpretación es la acción coherente y colectiva, para lo cual es necesario el logro de una visión compartida por parte de los miembros de la organización. ...
Article
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El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación existente entre las políticas de gestión de recursos humanos y el aprendizaje organizativo, considerado por numerosos académicos y profesionales la única fuente de ventaja competitiva sostenible. Las hipótesis planteadas son contrastadas sobre una muestra de 195 empresas, con más de 200 trabajadores, que desarrollan su actividad en el territorio español. Los resultados indican que el establecimiento de políticas de contratación selectiva, formación estratégica, participación de los trabajadores en la toma de decisiones y retribución contingente favorecen la capacidad de aprendizaje de la organización.
... 'Causal mapping' (Ackermann & Eden, 2004;Axelrod, 2015;Eden et al., 1992;Laukkanen, 1994;Nadkarni & Shenoy, 2004) has been used quite widely for several decades across a variety of disciplines and fields and provides very useful tools for these tasks. In particular, it has been frequently used in the field of strategic management to not only map but also inform strategic management decision-making (Buckley, 2018;Hodgkinson et al., 2004;Huff, 1990;Laukkanen, 1994). Similar approaches sometimes appear under different names, but reference to it in the evaluation literature is relatively sparse. ...
Chapter
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What do the intended beneficiaries of international development programmes think about the causal drivers of change in their livelihoods and lives? Do their perceptions match up with the theories of change constructed by organizations trying to support them? This case study looks at an entrepreneurship programme aiming to economically empower rural women smallholders in Ghana. The programme provided a combination of financial services, training and peer support to improve the women’s productivity, and purchase and sale options. It was implemented by two Ghanian savings and credit organizations, Opportunity International Savings and Loans, and Sinapi Aba Savings and Loans, with support from the development organization Opportunity International UK (OIUK). We report on a mid-term qualitative evaluation of the programme that used the Qualitative Impact Protocol (QuIP) to gather stories of change directly from the programme participants. These stories were coded, analysed and visualized using a web application called Causal Map.
... And the strategy-as-practice research has shown that when it comes to solve strategic problems, visualization is most valuable because of its cognitive benefits (EPPLER;PLATTS, 2009), once it can help to elicit managers' implicit mental models and align the management team's assumptions (HUFF, 1990;EPPLER;PLATTS, 2009). ...
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and the Strategic Model Canvas, in order to know whether both tools can renew the managers’ ways of strategizing. Originality/value: Our paper brings contributions to the strategy-as-practice paradigm by suggesting new practices and combinations between strategy ‘soft’ tools and analytical tools. Design/methodology/approach: Using an action research method, we have followed the strategy process of four Brazilian companies. Results: We have shown empirical evidences that the combined use of the Business Model Canvas and the Strategic Model Canvas has helped managers to understand and solve strategic problems in a way that other traditional strategy tools haven’t. Keywords – Business Model Canvas; Strategic Model Canvas; Strategy-as-practice.
... Analytic tools used included conceptual diagrams, cause maps and mini-frameworks to assist the analysis process. Cause or cognitive maps were pictorial presentations of concepts which refer to a phenomenon's constituent elements and the causal relationships between them (Huff, 1990) and ...
Thesis
p>The introduction of market mechanisms within the remit of public organisations in the United Kingdom has provided these organisations with the opportunity to operate and compete commercially, whilst the Government retained ownership. However, the commercialisation of public sector agencies has also given rise to a new set of dualities and antagonisms within which these organisations have to operate: existing neither in the strictly public realm of state action nor in the strictly private realm of commercial relationships; being expected to function like businesses -efficient, customer driven, and client oriented - yet having to perform tasks that are inherently public; fulfilling their strategic role as government agencies, yet providing high- quality services to their customers, citizens and users in a dynamic marketplace; capitalising on their commercial and operating freedoms, whilst safeguarding the shareholders interests and ensuring the continuous provision of quality services. Current models of HRM suggest that expectations about the roles HR departments should play are changing as organisations are striving to make their HR functions leaner and more 'strategic'. However, the unique characteristics and the specific context within which commercialising public sector organisations operate may add different constraints to developing such a strategic HR agenda. There is thus a need to develop a more tailored approach to the analysis of strategic HRM in the public sector by taking into consideration what is distinctive about public sector transformation in terms of the strategic priorities and demands it creates, and the kind of responses it elicits firom HR functions. Drawing on qualitative, longitudinal case-study research carried out between 2001 and 2005, this thesis explores the changing role of the HR function within two contrasting British public sector organisations responding to the 'commercialisation' agenda. The study also addresses the contextual factors that influence the role played by the HR function and reveals the way in which critical differences in organisational and HR micro-processes can serve to facilitate or constrain the contribution of the HR function. Longitudinal data were collected & om four main sources: interview data; documentary and archival data; notes taken from informal conversations; and observational data gathered at management meetings. the The contribution of this research is both and present study is a comparative case analysis of the role of the HR function in strategic change in two commercialising public sector organisations informed by the perspectives of role theory and the concept of negotiated order. The study presents an alternate conceptual famework that a /eveZ, At ii</p
... In addition, they capture nonlinear relationships in belief structures and dynamic feedback loops. While there are only a few existing examples of cognitive maps in the senior-leader diversity domain (e.g., Kumbure, Tarkiainen, Luukka, Stoklasa, & Jantunen, 2020;Tegarden, Tegarden, & Sheetz, 2009), there are many examples in other types of macro organizational research (e.g., Bougon, Weick, & Binkhorst, 1977;Huff, 1990;Kiss & Barr, 2014;Village, Salustri, & Neumann, 2016). Moreover, advances in measurement and analysis tools for these maps have been exponentially increasing as many fields have embraced "fuzzy cognitive mapping" (e.g., Bevilacqua, Ciarapica, Marcucci, & Mazzuto, 2020;Blacketer, Brownlee, Baldwin, & Bowen, 2021;Kumbure et al., 2020;Markaki & Askounis, 2021;Sa ul, Sanfeliciano, Botella, Perea, & Gonzalez-Puerto, 2022). ...
... All participants were experienced managers, so we were able to draw on expert intuition as well as the other types of intuition we hoped to find. We did not want to rely on simple self-reporting as a means of capturing the role of intuition owing to known limitations (Hodgkinson, 2002) and so decided to use causal cognitive maps (Huff, 1990) as a means of engaging with participants. Cognitive maps are a visual representation of how an individual perceives the range of factors that influence a particular situation, environment, or strategic landscape and the causal relationships between these factors. ...
Article
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In today’s rapidly changing but data-rich environments, managers at all organisational levels need to use appropriate intuition, balanced with analytic thinking, to create and capture opportunities. Intuition is often thought of as a single construct, but our two-year longitudinal study of multiple managers developing opportunities uncovered four distinct types of intuition: expert intuition, based on previous experience; creative intuition, based on a sense of direction for a novel solution; social intuition, based on a sense of interpersonal relationships; and temporal intuition, based on a sense of the timing being right to create or capture an opportunity. We offer a range of recommendations regarding the strengths and limitations of each type of intuition. With a more nuanced understanding of the types of intuition, managers will be better equipped to leverage the strengths—and be wary of the limitations—of intuition in their own decision making and that of others.
... Researchers argue that 'These cause-effect beliefs about the environment-strategy relationship frame specific strategic issues and affect how they are interpreted and what strategic actions are initiated' (Nadkarni andBarr 2008: 1398). Therefore, signals from the environment are not acted upon until decisionmakers interpret the casual relationships with the organization (Huff 1990). Hence, as a way of understanding why or how decision makers and social actors react to global phenomenon, it would be helpful to first understand their interpretation of causal relationships between global phenomena and organizational strategy or national policy. ...
Chapter
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Entrepreneurial activities in rural context play a significant role in creating employment, food security, and general rural livelihood. However, gendered constraints to the disadvantage of women pose a huge constraint. Digitalization has significant possibilities to minimize these constraints. However, less has been documented on how digitalization addresses the gender constraints to enhance women’s engagement in rural entrepreneurship.
... Based on the above explanations, also supported by Huff's (1992) findings which explained that the stage of managerial perceptions on one certain situation is shaped by managers' limited point of view, affected by their selective perceptions, cognitive base and value system resulting their interpretations upon the context. Accordingly, this current study argues that the more pressures perceived by managers, the higher the dynamic managerial capabilities required in the organisation. ...
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This study examines how Indonesia's hotel industry responds to environmental sustainability pressure and how dynamic managerial capabilities play a significant role in defining environmental proactiveness as a proxy of strategic response and its impact on a firm's performance. This will be done using a model that integrates institutional theory, resource dependence theory, and cognitive theoretical perspectives. The findings of this study indicate that stakeholder pressures perceived by hotel managers have a positive impact on hotels' environmental proactiveness through the mediating effect of dynamic managerial capabilities. This current study also finds a strong and positive relationship between environmental proactiveness and firm performance. Drawing from the results, research contributions, managerial implication, policy implication, and future avenues of inquiries for researchers are provided.
... The organizations literature has similarly focused on internal representations. Examples include Porac et al. (1989), which studies the internal representations used by managers in the Scottish knitwear industry; the chapters in Huff (1990) that describe various methods to map managers' internal representations; and all papers cited in the previous paragraph, which examine managers' internal representations. However, internal representations are not the only type of representation used by individuals. ...
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A long-standing question in the organizations literature is whether firms are better off by using simple or complex representations of their task environment. We address this question by developing a formal model of how firm performance depends on the process by which firms learn and use representations. Building on ideas from cognitive science, our model conceptualizes this process in terms of how firms construct a representation of the environment and then use that representation when making decisions. Our model identifies the optimal level of representational complexity as a function of (a) the environment’s complexity and uncertainty and (b) the firm’s experience and knowledge about the environment’s deep structure. We use this model to delineate the conditions under which firms should use simple versus complex representations; in doing so, we provide a coherent framework that integrates previous conflicting results on which type of representation leaves firms better off. Among other results, we show that the optimal representational complexity generally depends more on the firm’s knowledge about the environment than it does on the environment’s actual complexity. We also show that the relative advantage of heuristics vis-à-vis more complex representations critically depends on an unstated assumption of “informedness”: that managers can know what are the most relevant variables to pay attention to. We show that when this assumption does not hold, complex representations are usually better than simpler ones.
... Dynamic managerial capabilities are defined as "the capabilities with which managers build, integrate, and reconfigure organizational resources and competences" (Adner andHelfat 2003: 1012) and as "the capacity of managers to create, extend, or modify the resource base of the organization" (Helfat et al. 2007: 3). Prior research has identified managerial cognition (Huff 1990), managerial social capital (Burt 1992), and managerial human capital (Becker 1964) as the managerial processes which underpin dynamic managerial capabilities. Following the popular conceptualization of Teece (2007), recent research has conceptualized dynamic managerial capabilities in terms of managerial sensing capability, managerial seizing capability, and managerial reconfiguring capability (Kurtmollaiev et al. 2018). ...
Conference Paper
In the last decade and a half, social media usage has become ubiquitous in the workplace. Prior research has noted both the benefits as well as the potential pitfalls of allowing employees to use social media during work hours. In this research-in-progress paper, we propose a conceptual model that shows how the use of social media may help in the enablement of dynamic managerial capabilities by enhancing the managerial social capital. Thus, this paper adds to the literature on the business value of social media. This paper also shows how two distinct types of social media (i.e., public social media and enterprise social media) play complementary roles in the enhancement of managerial social capital, and consequently, in the enablement of dynamic managerial capabilities. Managerial implications are also discussed.
... Managerial cognition (Huff, 1990), managerial social capital (Burt, 1992), and managerial human capital (Becker, 1964) have been proposed to be the managerial resources that underpin dynamic managerial capabilities (Adner & Helfat, 2003). While these managerial resources also underpin managerial operational capabilities (i.e., capabilities that help sustain current operations of the firm), in the context of dynamic managerial capabilities we are interested in their role in enabling managers to manage and effect strategic change (Helfat & Martin, 2015). ...
Conference Paper
Existing academic literature has established the benefits of dynamic capabilities for firms operating in environments characterized by dynamism, volatility, complexity, and uncertainty. Also, the role of IT as a critical enabler of dynamic capabilities has been demonstrated. However, the empirical studies in the information systems domain have largely studied IT-enabled dynamic capabilities at the level of analysis of the firm or particular processes such as new product development (NPD). However, managers play a key role in the dynamic capabilities framework, which has been investigated using the concept of dynamic managerial capabilities. Thus, there is a theoretical gap pertaining to the role of IT in enabling dynamic capabilities at the level of the individual manager. This study develops a conceptual framework linking individual IT leveraging capability with the three underpinnings of dynamic managerial capabilities (i.e., managerial social capital, managerial cognition, and managerial human capital). The establishment of the linkage between IT and dynamic managerial capabilities extends the literature on the business value of IT. This work also adds to the literature on dynamic managerial capabilities by providing a theoretically-grounded argument that IT can act as an antecedent of such capabilities.
... From the analytical perspective, the followers of behavioral decision theory addressed cognition by regarding the traits and characteristics of decision-makers as proxies for managerial cognition behind the strategic choices of organizations (e.g., Hambrick & Mason, 1984). However, Huff's (1990) study and Walsh's (1995) landmark review of managerial cognition gave new momentum to the field to examine cognition more directly by focusing on, for example, cognitive representations and mental maps (see, e.g., Hodgkinson & Healey, 2008;Kaplan, 2011;Narayanan et al., 2011). The recent research has particularly considered how knowledge structures evolve through practice and experience (Bingham & Eisenhardt, 2011;Helfat & Peteraf, 2015;. ...
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Managerial cognition has a fundamental role in the internationalization of firms. However, there exists no coherent understanding of how prior research has examined and captured the cognitive foundations of internationalization. This paper provides a systematic review of this body of literature. The review identifies three main streams of research that, overall, consists of nine more specific research areas. We show that especially the areas addressing (1) managerial learning, (2) characteristics of upper echelons, (3) intra-organizational perceptions, and (4) external actors’ perceptions provide opportunities for the further advancement of internationalization literature. For harnessing these opportunities, we find that the microfoundational approach could support the empirical examination of the cognitive foundations and would notably contribute to the Uppsala model-based theorization of the firm internationalization process.
Book
Behavioral strategy has emerged as one of the most important currents in contemporary strategic management. But, what is it? Where does it come from? Why is it important? This Element provides a review of key streams in behavioral, interpreting behavioral strategy as a consistently microfoundational approach to strategy that is grounded in evidence-based insight in behaviors and interaction. We show that there is considerable room for furthering the microfoundations of behavioral strategy and point to research opportunities and methods that may realize this aim. The Element is of interest to strategy scholars in general, and to Ph.D. students in strategy research in particular.
Chapter
This chapter investigates current methodologies for failure. A survey of current troubleshooting and risk analysis methodologies shows that the majority of approaches are element-reductive and have limited effectiveness in their application. In the field of social systems science, the author has examined the Normal Accident Theory (Perrow), Man-made Disaster (Turner and Pidgeon), Heinrich’s law, and the “normalized deviance effect” as the cause of space shuttle accidents. As a result, it was found that although they attempt to understand system failures from a broader perspective than troubleshooting and risk analysis methodologies, the models are abstract and difficult to apply to real-world system failures. The self-organization approach is another important contribution from the field of cybernetics, but it is difficult to apply to reality. Finally, the warnings from our predecessors pointed out the importance of the viewpoints from which we look at the world and the essentials of decision-making that were full of insights. In summary, the author pointed out the following three issues with the current methodology: It does not address the worldviews of multiple stakeholders. It does not address emergent failures. It does not address the dynamic behavior of the system to avoid the normalized deviance effect.
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This paper presents spiritual values and spiritual value education practices in the procession of the Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina. These values are extracted from the Sirah Nabi text written in the book "The Life of Muhammad" by Muhammad Husain Haekal. By using the analytical-descriptive history method, the selected sirah texts were analyzed using the semiotic-narrative model. The spiritual values found are the spiritual values of amali in the form of strategic intelligence; careful; strong keep secrets; trust; dzikr; and pray. Meanwhile the spiritual value of maqamy is raja’ '(hopeful); patient; ta'at (obey); and tawakkal. Included in the spiritual values of ahwali are muraqabah (being alert or feeling watched); and yaqin (true belief). The value education practice shown by the Prophet in the description of the text is a value education practice that is very nice, integral and comprehensive. Apik (nice) means that the value education process takes place neatly and systematically from the internalization of a certain spiritual value to the next spiritual value. Integral is characterized by value education activities integrated into the routine activities of preaching and the daily activities of the Prophet Muhammad as part of the community. While comprehensive, it is seen that the goal of the Prophet's spiritual value education practice is comprehensive both for friends and foes. The methods of internalizing values vary in the form of teaching, modeling, habituation, disciplining, developing values and facilitating the ease of value internalization.
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Sürdürülebilirlik hiç olmadığı kadar önem kazanmıştır. Firmalar da bu kapsamda çeşitli kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (KSS) faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu faaliyetlerin paydaşlar üzerindeki etkileri ise hem yazında hem uygulamada ilgi uyandırmaktadır. Buna karşın KSS haberleri ile ilgili çok kısıtlı sayıda çalışma bulunması ve bunların hiçbirinin ürün ve üretim süreç haberlerini kapsamaması bu çalışmanın amacını belirlemiştir. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin en güçlü markalarından olan Arçelik’in sürdürülebilir ürün ve üretim haberlerinin tespit edilip bunların firma değeri üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Dünya Gazetesinde tüm zamanları kapsayan bir haber taraması yapılmış ve ulaşılan 23 haberin etkisi olay çalışması yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre olumsuz haberin olumsuz bir tepkiye neden olduğu, olumlu haberlerin özellik bakımından ilk olması durumunda olumlu bir etki yaratabildiği, takip eden benzer olayların bir etkiye sebep olmadığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte sadece iki olumlu haber için olumsuz tepki gözlemlenmiştir. Bütün KSS haberleri öncesinde medyada yer alan diğer tüm haberler incelendiğinde sadece ilgili iki KSS haberi öncesinde kar düşüş haberlerine rastlanmış olup olumsuz etki bununla açıklanabilir.
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We investigated the role of heuristics in decision making in infrequent and heterogeneous organizational processes. In our multiple‐case study, we tracked individual managers’ knowledge, how managers collectively articulated and codified knowledge, and how they used it in mergers and acquisitions decision‐making. We developed a process model that explains (a) the evolution and the interplay between heuristics and causal knowledge, and (b) the implications of these processes for decision making. More precisely, we found that some managers possessed and used rough heuristics—heuristics developed via limited or nonexistent first‐hand experience. Because rough heuristics were often faulty, they led to errors if used in a different context. In contrast, other managers possessed and used causal knowledge—knowledge explaining causal regularities in the environment. Causal knowledge was associated with higher quality decision‐making and better performance in subsequent acquisitions. The problem that our focal companies faced was that causal knowledge often evaporated during attempts at collective articulation and codification, causing the conversion of causal knowledge into rough heuristics. We contribute to the organizational heuristics literature by improving our understanding of the role of heuristics in infrequent and heterogeneous organizational processes. At a more general level, we contribute to the capabilities development literature by identifying three paths that capabilities development can take. We also offer important implications for managers.
Chapter
Acquiring and representing data in ITS is a time-consuming and challenging endeavor that requires considerable expertise. This has been the subject of a flurry of studies on artificial intelligence. It is the purpose of this chapter to examine various approaches and procedures. As a result of domain knowledge engineering, a major epistemological dilemma has arisen, which is discussed in detail in the first section of this work. Following that, a range of knowledge representation languages considers factors such as expressiveness, inferential power, cognition plausibility, and pedagogical emphasis.
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We present a longitudinal, empirical study of the entrepreneurial opportunity development process, focused specifically on intuition in multiple forms. By following the opportunity development process for several participants over a two-year period, we were able to extract empirical instances of various types of intuition applied to the development of entrepreneurial opportunities. We found that the entrepreneurs in the study used at least four distinct types of intuition: problem-solving, creative, social, and temporal. Of these, we propose temporal intuition as a type not yet discussed in extant literature, while the others have not previously been studied in the entrepreneurial context. There are strong connections between these various aspects of intuition, and we discuss how the four types interact in a dynamic, unfolding process we tentatively define as opportunity intuition.
Article
El propósito de este artículo es exponer el desarrollo del pensamiento estratégico, que ha afectado a las presunciones dominantes en las que se basaba tradicionalmente la conceptualización de la empresa. Presunciones que se han visto sometidas a un fuerte escrutinio, y que ha conducido a una vuelta hacia el interior de las empresas, al ser conscientes las direcciones, tal y como afirma la Teoría de los Recursos y Capacidades, que únicamente mediante la adquisición de competencias distintivas se puede ser competitiva en la actualidad.
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Most research in decision making focuses on the application of systems and situational approaches to decision making. However, the information environment, the emergence of Big Data, the growth of the rate of change, crisis phenomena, etc. these are the conditions in which the manager is forced to make decisions on a daily basis. Generally accepted decision-making approaches are losing their effectiveness, because for the effective and competitive functioning of the organization, the manager needs to make informed decisions in a short time. Thus, we propose a new approach to solving the issues of making managerial decisions in a crisis – the econometric approach. The theoretical and practical aspects of the application of the econometric approach to making managerial decisions in a crisis at the micro and macro levels are highlighted. The author's understanding of the concepts «econometric approach to managerial decision making», «information and analytical support of managerial decisions» is proposed. Figures 37, Tables 46, References 281 items.
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Many policy makers today accept that climate change poses substantial risks to human and natural systems and that effective adaptation is essential. An important element of adaptation policy making and disaster risk management is how to best combine individual with communitarian approaches to resilience building. The difficulty for effective leadership in this effort resides in comprehending various understandings of, and approaches to, resilience and their real-life consequences for affected populations to deal with disasters induced by climate change. Here, we conduct a comparative analysis of 89 influential disaster management leaders in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. We examine the extent to which their perspectives on resilience and vulnerability are framed by either communitarian or individual-focused notions. Our quantitative analysis of an initial questionnaire and subsequent content analysis of interview transcripts indicate three core findings. Firstly, a tendency towards a communitarian understanding of resilience emerging from the questionnaire was replaced by a more diverse picture during the interviews, including a stronger focus on individual resilience. Secondly, most leaders asserted it was reasonable to expect citizens to be resilient to climate change, particularly when feeling overwhelmed by their responsibility for providing protection during extreme events. Finally, world views among leaders that encourage individual responsibility occluded systemic or reflexive thinking and action to minimize loss. Our study highlights the need for a relational leadership framework underpinned by an ethic of compassion that supports leaders pursuing and implementing policies that reduce harm and suffering in the face of disasters influenced by climate change. Key policy insights • Communitarian approaches to resilience and vulnerability provide opportunities for disaster management leaders to better appreciate human suffering and improve their policy advice and decision making to minimize it. • Conversely, individualistic approaches drive disaster management leaders’ narrow world views that downplay vulnerability whilst shifting responsibility for resilience too far towards individuals. • Governments would be well advised to specifically address the root causes of socio-economic vulnerability in resilience policy frameworks. • Disaster management leaders would benefit from an ethic of compassion supported by a relational leadership framework that guides their resilience policy advice and decision making to further minimize suffering from disasters.
Chapter
Die Psychologie ist eine der wichtigsten Grundlagenwissenschaften, die zum Verständnis der Unternehmenskommunikation beiträgt. Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Bedeutung der psychologischen Perspektive für vier zentrale Aspekte der Unternehmenskommunikation: (1) die Rolle der Kommunikation in der strategischen Führung einer Organisation, (2) die Zielsetzungen der Unternehmenskommunikation und die mit ihnen verbundenen Herausforderungen, (3) Ansätze für die Beziehungspflege mit den Stakeholdern und (4) die Evaluation des strategischen Erfolgsbeitrags der Unternehmenskommunikation.
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The study stemmed from the idea of “Action belief gap” in the sense that often institutions talk of ideals and when comes to action, it ends up in indifference to it. Vision statement one such thing, often it remains as a mere rhetoric in many companies. While Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) is an external litmus test of brand power, this research is an internal driver of brand and Brand Vision, Brand Objectives,Brand Essence, Brand Culture and Brand Resource and Implementation as variables studied. The study was a pan India one with Business Schools across the nation with the use of questionnaire to find efforts under way to build the brand around the institution. The study being a first of its kind globally, now the questionnaire serves as template for an institution to introspect on their work on branding.
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