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Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions
... Variables were entered as per theoretical significance and importance. For moderation graphs, Aiken and West's [91] method of mean centering was used. ...
... According to Preacher and Hayes [95], Hayes [96], Field [97], and Hair et al. [90], a change in R 2 with p-value significantly validates the moderation effect of the moderating variable. Aiken and West's [91] method of plots was used. Figure 2 indicates that a low EU is steeper than a high EU, which implies that a low level of EU could uplift sustainable public-private partnership project performance more as compared to a high EU. ...
... Two-way interactions between technical factors (TFs) and environmental uncertainty (EU) with sustainable public-private partnership performance (SPPPP) were plotted one standard deviation above and below the mean, as shown in Figure 2. The blue line represents a low EU, while the orange line represents a high EU. Aiken and West's [91] method of plots was used. Figure 2 indicates that a low EU is steeper than a high EU, which implies that a low level of EU could uplift sustainable public-private partnership project performance more as compared to a high EU. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the buffering (moderating) effect of environmental uncertainty (EU) on the relationship between the critical success factors (CSFs) of public–private partnership projects (PPPPs) and sustainable performance. A survey approach was adopted to collect primary data from construction industries that have signed an agreement with the public sector. The public sector includes federal and provincial government departments such as the National Highway Authority (NHA) and the Frontier Works Organization (FWO) for the construction of roads, and the private sector includes engineering companies registered with the Pakistan engineering council. The non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample, and the Krejcie and Morgan table was used to calculate the sample size. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed but 394 completed questionnaires were used in the analysis of the data, yielding a response rate of 78.8%. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to check the reliability and validity of the scales; the findings revealed that the scales met the threshold, and all the factor loadings, average variance extracted, composite reliability, Cronbach alpha, and discriminant validities met the cut-off level. Hence, the questionnaires were found to be reliable and valid. The results revealed that environmental uncertainty significantly moderates the CSFs (technical, procurement, and economic factors) of PPPs and the sustainable performance of PPPPs. Furthermore, the interaction terms of all moderating effects revealed negative beta values; this implies that a low level of uncertainty results in better economic performance, better technical and procurement factors, and highly sustainable performance. It is concluded from the findings that if EU is high, then the sustainability of PPPPs is low; moreover, fewer economic resources and no technical support and procurement also have a weak impact on enhancing sustainable performance. On the contrary, if EU is low, there is a high level of sustainability in PPPPs.
... A statistical interaction requires that at least two variables predict a third, with the joint effect being distinct from the separate effects (Cohen, Cohen, West, & Aiken, 2003). However, detecting interaction effects in non-experimental studies is rather difficult (Aiken & West, 1991;McClelland & Judd, 1993;Trautwein et al., 2015): No optimal distribution of the two predictors reduces the efficiency of estimating the moderator parameters and the statistical power. Therefore, targeted testing of presumed interaction effects in the context of experiments are required (Aiken & West, 1991;McClelland & Judd, 1993;Trautwein et al., 2015). ...
... However, detecting interaction effects in non-experimental studies is rather difficult (Aiken & West, 1991;McClelland & Judd, 1993;Trautwein et al., 2015): No optimal distribution of the two predictors reduces the efficiency of estimating the moderator parameters and the statistical power. Therefore, targeted testing of presumed interaction effects in the context of experiments are required (Aiken & West, 1991;McClelland & Judd, 1993;Trautwein et al., 2015). ...
... This could be due to the study design used in model testing. In this regard, the experimental design in Study 2 provides a better opportunity to capture the interaction effect (Aiken & West, 1991;McClelland & Judd, 1993;Trautwein et al., 2015;Zitzmann et al., 2023). ...
This report comprises two studies that more closely examined the conscientiousness × Interest Compensation (CONIC) model by Trautwein, Nagengast, Roberts, and Lüdtke (2019) under laboratory conditions. The model specifies individual and compensatory effects of conscientiousness and individual interest on academic effort.
... The moderator variables were addressed as 'for whom' and 'when' a predictor is more strongly related to an outcome (Frazier et al., 2004) [41] . However, the procedures outlined by Aiken and West (1991) [1] were followed prior to conducting the moderation analysis for this research. First, all of the variables (predictors, moderate variables and outcomes [optional]) were standardised using the descriptive statistics in the SPSS, (Dunlap and Kemery, 1987) [37] in order to avoid multi-collinearity (Cronbach, 1987;Dunlap & Kemery, 1987;Jaccard et al., 1990) [32,37,58] . ...
... The moderator variables were addressed as 'for whom' and 'when' a predictor is more strongly related to an outcome (Frazier et al., 2004) [41] . However, the procedures outlined by Aiken and West (1991) [1] were followed prior to conducting the moderation analysis for this research. First, all of the variables (predictors, moderate variables and outcomes [optional]) were standardised using the descriptive statistics in the SPSS, (Dunlap and Kemery, 1987) [37] in order to avoid multi-collinearity (Cronbach, 1987;Dunlap & Kemery, 1987;Jaccard et al., 1990) [32,37,58] . ...
... Secondly, the ordinary least squares regression and the causal steps approach were conducted to test the mediation hypotheses and moderation hypotheses (Edwards & Lambert, 2007). Following the recommendations of Aiken and West (1991), predictor variables of emotional exhaustion and meaningful work were centered on their major means of reducing problems caused by multicollinearity before building product terms of mediator and moderator and evaluating the regression equations. Thirdly, a bootstrapping analysis on 5,000 samples (Hayes, 2022) was performed to evaluate the significance of indirect effects. ...
... Educational level: 1 = high school and below; 2 = three years of college education in a technical field; 3 = four-year bachelor's program; 4 = graduate program or above − 0.06; p <.05); thus, Hypothesis 3 was supported. This significant interaction was plotted at ± 1 SD from the mean of meaningful work (see Fig. 2) (Aiken & West, 1991). For the group experiencing low levels of meaningful work (< 4.35), the simple slope of emotional exhaustion on time banditry was 0.36 (p <.001). ...
Although information and communication technologies are advantageous for enhancing employee performance, excessive use of technologies during non-working hours may increase employees’ experience of techno-invasion. Techno-invasion may cause them such emotional exhaustion that they will need to deal with non-work-related matters during working hours in order to relieve stress and preserve their limited time resources. Little research has systematically examined the role of techno-invasion in time banditry. The study treated in this paper explored why there is a positive relationship between techno-invasion and time banditry and its boundary conditions. The study used conservation of resources theory to address this research gap. Over four weeks, three hundred and seventy-eight working adults completed two waves of time-lagged surveys measuring techno-invasion, emotional exhaustion, time banditry, and meaningful work. The results showed that techno-invasion positively predicted a high level of time banditry, and emotional exhaustion played a mediating role in the positive relationship between techno-invasion and time banditry. Importantly, this study found that meaningful work acted as a buffer on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and time banditry. These findings extend our understanding of the negative consequences of techno-invasion and shed light on how to deal with them.
... In terms of the structural equation modeling analysis, we used the SPSS Macro Process 3.3 to confirm the mediating effects, with 5,000 bootstrap samples and a 95% biascorrected confidence interval. Next, we examined the interaction terms, performed sample slope analyses, and estimated the moderating effects following Aiken and West's (1991) approach. Finally, we used Preacher et al.'s (2007) approach to assess the indirect effects of under high and low conditions, confirming the moderated mediation hypotheses. ...
... Model 4 shows a significant positive interactive effect of death anxiety and mindfulness on safety participation (β ¼ 0.13, p ¼ 0.01). We then conducted the simple slope test (see Fig. 2) at different values of the moderator (AE1 SD of mean) as recommended by Aiken and West (1991). It was found that the negative relationship between death anxiety and safety participation is significantly weaker for workers with high levels of mindfulness compared with those with low levels of mindfulness (β ¼ −0.29, p < 0.001, þ1 SD; β ¼ −0.46, p < 0.001, −1 SD), thus providing support for Hypothesis 3a. ...
Working in risky environments, construction workers' actions to contribute to cultivating a safety-oriented environment (i.e., safety participation) have consistently emerged as a leading factor in construction safety incidents. Safety participation is crucial for improving workplace safety among construction workers. Although the perception of workplace risk has been found to influence safety participation behavior, the results have been inconsistent. Some studies suggest that risk perception decreases safety participation behavior, whereas others suggest it increases it. In this study, we consider anxiety and reflection about death as important psychological mechanisms to explain why risk perception may either increase or decrease safety participation behaviors. Based on emotion as social information theory, we propose from an emotional perspective that risk perception increases construction workers' death anxiety and thus decreases their safety participation behavior. Subsequently, we propose from a cognitive perspective that risk perception increases construction workers' death reflection, thereby increasing their safety participation behavior. Further, these relationships are affected by construction workers' mindfulness (an individual's awareness and attention to the experience of the present moment without judgment). Using data from 532 construction workers, we tested the proposed conceptual model. Construction workers with high levels of mindfulness showed a decrease in the negative effect of death anxiety on safety participation behavior, whereas the positive effect of death reflection on safety participation behavior increased. These findings extend the relevant literature on risk perception and safety participation behavior by adding two critical psychological explanatory mechanisms, death anxiety and reflection, and mindfulness, an essential contingent factor. In addition, this study enriches current theoretical perspectives by applying emotion as social information theory to explore the relationship between risk perception and safety participation behavior. Practical Applications: This research uncovers the complex role of risk perception in the safety participation of construction workers, indicating that risk perception may not only reduce safety behaviors by increasing death anxiety but also enhance safety behaviors by promoting death reflection. Furthermore, the mindfulness trait of construction workers, that is, the ability to focus on the current work state, is crucial for alleviating the negative impact of death anxiety and strengthening the positive influence of death reflection. These findings offer a new perspective for construction safety management, suggesting that introducing or enhancing mindfulness training can effectively improve the safety behaviors of construction workers. Construction organizations can implement specific measures to enhance safety, such as regularly organizing mindfulness exercises on-site, integrating mindfulness elements into risk assessments and safety training, and providing psychological health support for workers. These initiatives can raise safety awareness and promote proactive participation in safety management. By adopting these practical measures, the construction industry can not only reduce the occurrence of accidents but also elevate the safety standards across the sector.
... A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then conducted to determine whether polygyny refusal moderated the associations that traditional masculinity and positive attitudes toward polygyny had with anticipated threat to one's ego and pride. This was accomplished by regressing perception of anticipated threat to one's ego and pride onto traditional masculinity, positive attitudes toward polygyny, and the polygyny refusal condition (−1 = polygyny acceptance, 1 = polygyny refusal), with all continuous predictor variables centered for the purpose of testing interactions [46]. The main effects were entered on Step 1, the two-way interactions on Step 2, and the three-way interaction on Step 3. Simple slopes tests [46] were performed to clarify the interactions, using values one standard deviation above and below the mean to represent high or low levels of the variables. ...
... This was accomplished by regressing perception of anticipated threat to one's ego and pride onto traditional masculinity, positive attitudes toward polygyny, and the polygyny refusal condition (−1 = polygyny acceptance, 1 = polygyny refusal), with all continuous predictor variables centered for the purpose of testing interactions [46]. The main effects were entered on Step 1, the two-way interactions on Step 2, and the three-way interaction on Step 3. Simple slopes tests [46] were performed to clarify the interactions, using values one standard deviation above and below the mean to represent high or low levels of the variables. Table 1 presents the sociodemographic information for the participants. ...
Cultural traditions in Israel’s Bedouin-Arab community encourage and permit men to take up to four wives, a practice supported by Islamic teachings. Despite legal prohibitions against polygyny in Israel, such marriages remain common and have profound effects on women, children, and broader society. This study explores how traditional notions of masculinity and positive attitudes toward polygyny influence young Bedouin men’s reactions to a hypothetical scenario in which their wife refuses to accept a polygynous marriage as a threat to men’s ego and pride. The sample consisted of 459 young, unmarried Israeli Bedouin-Arab men, aged 16 to 25, a demographic frequently under family pressure to marry, making the issue of marriage highly relevant. We hypothesized that traditional masculinity and favorable attitudes toward polygyny would be positively associated with heightened perceptions of ego and pride threats in response to a wife’s refusal. Participants were randomly assigned to imagine either their wife refusing a polygynous arrangement (n = 228) or accepting a polygynous arrangement (n = 231) and then reporting their anticipated emotional responses. The results showed that traditional masculinity was linked to positive attitudes toward polygyny, and both were significantly associated with increased perceptions of ego and pride threats in the refusal scenario but not in the acceptance scenario. The findings suggest that men with strong masculine identities and favorable views of polygyny are especially vulnerable to feeling threatened by a wife’s refusal. This supports social construction theory and underscores the role of cultural norms in shaping emotional responses. The discussion highlights the psychological impacts of polygyny in patriarchal societies and calls for culturally sensitive interventions that challenge traditional norms while fostering psychological resilience and gender equality.
... The total usage time of all apps formed the variable "Literacy Usage Time" (LUT; ώ = 0.95). Z-standardised scores of this variable were used for inferential analyses to improve interpretability in our statistical models, which included interaction terms (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
... The scale ranges from 20 (unemployed) as the lowest value to 186.8 (physician) as the highest value and the complete range was found in our sample. All indicators of SES were z-standardised and mean values were used for the analyses to improve interpretability in interaction analyses (Aiken & West, 1991; ώ = 0.74). ...
Family background factors like socioeconomic status (SES) and migration background, along with child characteristics such as gender and intelligence, significantly influence early childhood competencies. Children from families with low SES and/or migration background often show weaker literacy outcomes than their peers. Game-based learning via apps can support children's competency development, but its effects may depend on children's app usage and how it interacts with child and family characteristics. We examined the effects of specifically developed literacy apps with N = 500 preschoolers (M Age = 60.96 months). The intervention was successful: Children who used our literacy apps obtained greater literacy competencies compared to a control group, even after accounting for family and child characteristics. Longer app usage time was associated with literacy gains, independent of SES and migration background, with a U-shaped relation, but only among girls. Consequently, game-based learning via apps can be successful; however, individual differences should be considered.
... Age, education level, years of relationship, having offspring, and physical health were included as covariates. Prior to model analyses, all predictors and moderators were mean-centered to reduce collinearity between the interaction term and its constituents [44]. To assess gender differences in the moderation model, an interaction term between the moderation and gender was included (self-perceptions of aging x dyadic coping x gender). ...
... We included a random intercept at the household level (Level 2) to account for the clustering of couples within a household, since about 28% of the total sample (n = 102) involved both individuals from a couple. Prior to model analyses, all predictors and moderators were mean-centered to reduce collinearity between the interaction term and its constituents [44]. To assess gender differences in the moderation model, an interaction term between the moderation and gender was included (self-perceptions of aging x dyadic coping x gender). ...
Negative self-perceptions of aging have been linked to poorer health and quality of life and predict significantly depressive symptomatology. The support provided by the partner may have an impact on the effects of self-perceptions of aging on depressive symptoms; a close relationship can go along with additional stress or resources and benefits. The present study analyzes the relationship between negative self-stereotypes and depressive symptomatology, considering positive and negative dyadic coping (DC) as moderator variables in this association. Method: Participants were 365 individuals (convenience sample) 40 years or older (M = 60.86) involved in a partner relationship. Participants completed a questionnaire that included the following variables: negative self-perceptions of aging, positive DC (e.g., “My partner shows empathy and understanding to me”), negative DC (e.g., “When I am stressed, my partner tends to withdraw”), and depressive symptomatology. Two moderation models were tested by linear regression. Results: The effect of negative self-perceptions of aging on depressive symptoms was moderated by positive and negative DC only in women. The effect of negative self-perceptions of aging appears to be smaller among those women with higher levels of positive DC and lower levels of negative DC. Conclusions: Positive DC might buffer the association between negative self-perceptions of aging and depressive symptoms. Negative DC might amplify this association, as it is associated with lower well-being among women who express negative self-perceptions of aging. Implications: Training couples in strategies for providing supportive dyadic coping may be a resource to buffer the negative effect of negative self-perceptions of aging on well-being.
... In order to figure out the degree to which a model contains multicollinearity, the values of the VIF are extremely important. According to [148,160], the VIF values should ideally be below 5 in order to avoid substantial multicollinearity difficulties. Values that are above 10 indicate that there is severe collinearity. ...
This article aims to find the determinants that affect patient satisfaction regarding the Mawiidi public portal in Moroccan public hospitals and assess its outpatient online booking system effectiveness using a model that integrates the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with the Information Systems Success Model (ISSM) while adopting a quantitative research methodology. The analysis was conducted using 348 self-administered questionnaires to analyze eight key constructs, such as information quality, patient satisfaction, perceived ease of use, and privacy protection, among others. The results of PLS-SEM verified six out of eleven hypotheses tested, which reflected that information quality has a positive influence on perceived ease of use, which again enhances patient satisfaction. The major factors influencing the satisfaction and trust of patients in online appointment scheduling systems at public hospitals are highlighted. Indeed, privacy protection enhances patient satisfaction and trust. Service quality positively affects satisfaction but to a lesser degree. Website-related anxiety impacts perceived ease of use, although it has a limited influence on satisfaction. Such findings can inform suggestions for the managers of hospitals and portal designers to increase user satisfaction. This study uses a model from the TAM and ISSM frameworks, including cultural and socioeconomic aspects that apply to Morocco’s healthcare context.
... This was obtained by including an interaction effect in the model and checking to examine where this interaction is statistically significant or not. To do that, all predictors (independent variables) have to be standardized or centred in order to avoid the problem of multicollinearity (Aiken & West, 1991). To determine whether the significance of moderating effect, the effect of interaction term (i.e., the interaction between the moderator and independent variable) on the dependent variable should be significant. ...
... Small businesses play a decisive role in creating employment, innovation, and the general economy, but a lot of them are financially unsustainable and have a high tendency to fail [20]. According to the findings, small businesses often suffer massive financial problems; approximately 20% of them fail within the initial two years and 45% fail within five years [21]. Lack of funds is always mentioned among the primary reasons of these failures and there is evident shortage of cash, unreliable access to financing and bad financial management that is present among many of the collapsed firms. ...
This research aims to investigate the small business finance based on five-hypotheses by using “Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)” as a statistical tool for analysing multifaceted causal links of business performances. Small business is vital component in economies around the world, although they are exposed to great risks such as fluctuating cash flows, financing difficulties, and other economic vulnerabilities that pose threat to their financial health. The primary objectives of this study are to analyse factors within a small business that affect its financial viability, choice of and access to financing, and the extent and role of financial literacy and cash flow management; and to assess the influence of macroeconomic factors on business performance. Subsequently, adopting SEM, this study examines not only the direct associations among these factors but also the intermediary effects on financial health. The data for this study is going to be gathered from 300 small business owners in diverse industries through the administration of a survey which is going to measure aspects such as, financial literacy, cash flow management, and financing. Understanding the detailed mechanisms that underlay the link between financial literacy and financial health and other factors of interest will be made possible by the results of SEM analysis and these findings will be useful to the businesspeople, the government and the financial institutions. In this context, the purpose of the study is to provide ideas useful to improve the financial stability and sustainability to achieve the tactical and strategic growth of small businesses.
... Furthermore, an inspection of multicollinearity revealed that all variance inflation factors were <10, and all tolerance coefficients were >.20, suggesting that there was no significant multicollinearity among the present study's primary variables of interest. We also meancentered our primary variables of interest before conducting regression analyses to increase interpretability of results (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
Asian Americans are highly underrepresented in alcohol use research, despite recent studies demonstrating the presence of hazardous alcohol use behaviors and increasing alcohol use rates among Asian Americans. Emotional abuse and emotional neglect serve as important individual factors that may impact hazardous alcohol use. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate (a) the association between childhood emotional trauma and hazardous alcohol use and (b) the role of resilience as a moderator. Asian American participants (N = 279) completed an online remote survey. Our findings revealed that childhood emotional neglect, but not emotional abuse, was significantly and positively associated with hazardous alcohol use. We found that resilience moderated the association between childhood emotional neglect and hazardous alcohol use so that only participants with average or high resilience experienced a significant association between childhood emotional neglect and hazardous alcohol use. The findings indicate that emotional neglect is a specific form of childhood trauma that is significantly associated with hazardous alcohol use, perhaps as a maladaptive coping mechanism. Additionally, marginalized populations that demonstrate resilience may suffer negative health outcomes such as hazardous alcohol use.
... Thereby, we followed the procedure outlined by Hayes [31] using the SPSS PRO-CESS macro. Following Dawson et al. [15], we plotted simple slopes to interpret the interaction effects at one and two standard deviations above and below the mean of the moderator [2]. For the quantitative measures, only male and female participants were included due to the limited small sample size of non-binary and undisclosed gender. ...
... However, such elevated VIFs for the squared terms are artificially elevated as a function of the way a quadratic term is generated, and do not create bias or influence inferences (Allison, 2012). Nevertheless, and as suggested by Aiken and West (1991), before calculating the quadratic terms we mean-centered the variables and then checked the VIF values after this transformation. As expected, the VIF values were all below the threshold of 10, and mean-centering did not change the model for the squared terms or their significance. ...
Managerial human capital is a valuable organizational resource comprising individual-level capacities that draw upon and leverage the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) gained by employees both before and after promotion to managerial positions. While all organizations need strategically valuable managerial human capital, asymmetrical information in external labor markets creates uncertainty when firms look to hire individuals who can develop and/or provide these capacities. In contrast, internal labor markets, with the unique insights they have on current employees, are better equipped to assess workers’ managerial potential and competencies. As a result, an individual’s career outcomes in their current organization signal important information about their managerial human capital to hiring firms. In this paper we explore how signals sent by an individual’s time to first managerial promotion and time in managerial roles relate to their external mobility. We argue that there are nuanced and sometimes countervailing demand- and supply-side theoretical mechanisms that result in inverted U-shaped associations between these signals of managerial human capital and external mobility. We test our theory using complete career histories from a unique longitudinal and population-level dataset of 2,079 professionals employed in the scouting operations of Major League Baseball franchisees from 1988 to 2010. In addition to contributing to our understanding of signals and external mobility, the results of our logistic discrete-time event history analysis inform broader discussions concerning firm-specific human capital resources and provide new insights on the unique challenges associated with managerial human capital selection.
... Because sexting motivations variables were nonnormal variables, they were logarithmically transformed before testing hypotheses about regression relations following the same procedure used by Bianchi et al. (2019). Following the suggestions of Aiken and West (1991), continuous variables were meancentered. In each regression model, each sexting motivation was respectively regressed on age, gender, sexual orientation, FoMO, and the three interaction terms (i.e., age*FoMO; gender*FoMO; sexual orientation*FoMO). ...
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) is characterized by an intense desire to continually stay connected with others and is strictly linked to motivational factors implicated in social interactions, particularly through online communication. FoMO represents a risk factor for problematic use of communication through social media platforms. Only a few studies have explored the relationship between FoMO and sexting. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between FoMO and three motivations for sexting (i.e., sexual purpose, body image reinforcement, and instrumental/aggravated reasons), while also examining the moderating effects of age, gender, and sexual orientation. The study involved 911 Italian heterosexual and LGB+ young adults aged 18–30 years ( M = 22.3; SD = 2.57; 74% women; 70.4% heterosexual). The findings reveal that FoMO predicts sexting across all its motivational components. No significant differences emerged between men and women in their levels of engagement in sexting for sexual purposes. However, women were more likely to engage in sexting for body image reinforcement compared to men. Conversely, men demonstrated a higher likelihood of sexting for instrumental/aggravated reasons than women. LGB+ people, compared to heterosexuals, demonstrated a higher propensity for engaging in sexting for sexual purposes, body image reinforcement, and instrumental/aggravated reasons. FoMO emerged as a strong predictor of sexting for body image reinforcement and instrumental/aggravated reasons, especially for LGB+ people. This study identifies FoMO as a predictor of sexting motivations, particularly among women and LGB+ individuals, who may seek validation or connection online. Preventive interventions are needed to foster autonomy, enhance body self-esteem, and promote mutual respect in online interactions, especially for people embodying marginalized identities.
... The square-rooted data were then centered to control multicollinearity by subtracting the grand mean from individual self-other ratings. The transformed scores had a mean of zero (Aiken and West, 1991;Kenny et al., 2006). Self and other difference scores were constructed by subtracting the other rating from the self-rating of the same scale. ...
In this study, we examined self–other agreement in married couples to examine the association between their perceptions of self and other psychological problems and dyadic adjustment. We also postulated that dyadic adjustment would moderate self–other agreement ratings on low- and high-visibility traits of psychological problems. Using a cross-informant assessment design, 101 married dyads in three marital groups (non-clinical, transplant, and divorcing dyads) provided reciprocal self and other ratings for psychological problems. Self–other agreement indices were quantified using self–other differences scores and Pearson r, qualifying (Q) correlations. The self–other agreement models yielded significant differences in dyadic adjustment across couple types. Couples that demonstrated moderate to elevated levels of self–other agreement for psychological problems had higher levels of dyadic adjustment. Differences in self–other psychological problem ratings were robust predictors of dyadic maladjustment and poor relational quality. Dyadic adjustment was found to moderate self–other agreement for psychological problems, especially for wives’ appraisals and husbands’ attunement to wives’ low-visibility problems. The findings validate the impact of self–other agreement in models of relationship conflict and adjustment. Wive’s other views tended to have large effect sizes in dyadic adjustment. The study’s limitations and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
... To further elucidate the interactions, Aiken and West's [33] approach was employed by separately addressing the high and low level of one of the variables. International Journal of Changes in Education Vol. 1 Iss. 4 2024 ...
Research indicates differences between the Jewish majority and the Arab minority groups in Israel in terms of academic achievements. Some explanations refer to cultural and social differences between the groups, which are expressed in greater reliance on family support among the students of Arab origin. The present research examined the relationship between social support from family and friends and first-year grades, of undergraduates studying together. In order to examine these questions, 204 students studying together were examined, half of them of Arab origin and half of them of Jewish average. For all the subjects, grades over time, the degree of social support, and a number of other variables were examined. The findings indicate a complex association between level of social support and student grades. Among students who sensed a high level of threat, social support actually correlated with lower grade levels. This effect was found mainly regarding family support among the students of Arab origin, and mainly regarding support from friends among the students of Jewish origin.
... The relational embedding was composed of three items, namely the contact frequency, degree of closeness and trust among organizations referred to the studies of Uzzi (1997) and Capaldo (2007). To measure the effect of multiple network interactive embedding, this paper referred to previous research (Aiken & West, 1991) and adopted the interaction terms of structural embedding and relational embedding (SE × RE). ...
Explaining the influence mechanism of multiple network interactive embedding (MNIE) on green dual innovation synergy from the perspective of dynamic capability is critical for the analysis of the characteristic of complexity and the essence of the initiative of green dual innovation. Based on embeddedness theory, dynamic capability theory, and attention-based view, this paper constructs the conceptual framework of “multiple network interactive embedding, green absorptive capability, green dual innovation synergy” moderated by the managerial attention (MA), and verifies the hypotheses by 246 samples of Chinese manufacturing firms according to the exploration of the balance and combined relationship of green dual innovation. The results show that MNIE has a negative impact on the balance dimension of green dual innovation synergy (BDG) and a positive impact on the combined dimension of green dual innovation synergy (CDG). The green absorptive capability includes absorptive capability in potential and realized absorptive capability, both of which have direct mediation impacts on the relationships between MNIE and the BDG and CDG, and play a chain mediation effect between MNIE and CDG in turn. MA can reduce the negative effect on BDG from MNIE, and strengthen the positive effect of MNIE on CDG and green realized absorptive capability, respectively. The study not only expands the research of the green dual innovation and its angle and range of the research, but also helps the management of enterprises to better understand the effect of multiple network embedding, green absorptive capability and managerial attention, scientifically coordinating green dual innovation.
... Model 2 of Table 4 shows the marginally significant main effect of EUET (β = 0.178; p < 0.1). Model 3 of Table 4 shows the coefficient on the interaction term between EUET and For further analysis, we conducted a simple slope test with numeric concreteness (Aiken & West, 1991;Dawson, 2014). Figure 2 shows that the slope for low numeric concreteness measured (gradient of slope for low numeric concreteness = 0.248; p-value < 0.05) is greater than for high narrative concreteness (gradient of slope for high numeric concreteness = 0.063; not sig). ...
The gap between a firm's "talk" and its "walk" has received significant research attention in the CSR literature: does the firm’s behavior represent “aspirational talk” or just “greenwashing?” We drew on the formative view of communication to explore the question of whether executives’ environmental talk triggers firms to take environmental action. The method we applied was to study executive presentations in less constrained environments where the executives have more discretion. Using 1456 transcripts of executive presentations made by publicly traded firms in polluting industries at broker-hosted conferences, we found that executive utterances on environmental topics in the events were marginally associated with an increase in a firm’s environmental action. In addition, this study appears to show that a presentation style characterized by numeric concreteness moderates that impact, while a presentation style that instead emphasizes narrative concreteness does not.
... In Study 1, a series of three multilevel structural equation models tested associations of chronic stress with hair cortisol to account for the nested structure of the longitudinal data given that there were more than two assessments of HCC (Luke, 2019 (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis is one mechanism through which chronic stress during pregnancy and parenthood may affect parental, child, and family health. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) may be well‐suited to elucidate associations between chronic stress and HPA axis regulation because HCC reflects cortisol output over several months. However, most previous studies that examine chronic stress in conjunction with cortisol in pregnant individuals or mothers use measures that reflect HPA axis output over a relatively limited time. We report findings from two longitudinal studies that tested associations between chronic stress and HCC in women during the perinatal period (Study 1; n = 144) and mothers of young children (Study 2; n = 102). Both studies measured chronic stress with a measure developed to comprehensively assess chronic stressors in community samples. Hair samples were collected three times in Study 1 (mid‐pregnancy, one month postpartum, and 12 months postpartum) and twice in Study 2, approximately one year apart. Chronic stress was associated with higher HCC in both studies. Exploratory analyses indicated that the strength of associations between chronic stress and HCC differed as a function of the life domain of chronic stress. Chronic work and family demands were associated with higher postpartum HCC in Study 1 whereas neighbourhood/housing and discrimination chronic stress were associated with higher HCC in Study 2. These findings provide evidence of a biological pathway through which chronic stress may influence health in mothers and support the utility of hair cortisol as a neuroendocrine measure of chronic stress during pregnancy and parenthood.
... Finally, we include interaction terms between MC and LD variables to test H3. We demean these variables to avoid multicollinearity problems (Aiken et al., 1991). Table 4 reports the results for models 1-6. ...
... In sensitivity analyses, we re-ran models after excluding those who denied past 30-day alcohol use at baseline (n = 7). To aid in the interpretation of cross-level interaction effects, person-level predictors were centered on the sample mean, and day-level predictors were centered on the person-level mean for each day in models including an interaction term (Aiken & West, 1991;Hox, 2002). Simple slopes were examined to probe statistically significant interaction effects. ...
Background
Alcohol and cannabis are commonly used together by young adults. With frequent pairings, use of one substance may become a conditioned cue for use of a second, commonly co‐used substance. Although this has been examined for alcohol and cannabis in laboratory conditions and with remote monitoring, no research has examined whether pharmacologically induced cross‐substance craving occurs in naturalistic conditions.
Methods
In a sample of 63 frequent cannabis‐using young adults (54% female) who completed 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment, we tested whether alcohol use was associated with stronger in‐the‐moment cannabis craving. We also examined whether sex moderated this association and whether cannabis craving was stronger at higher levels of alcohol consumption.
Results
Although alcohol use and cannabis craving were not significantly associated at the momentary level, there was evidence that this relation significantly differed by sex. Among female participants, there was a negative association between alcohol use since the last prompt and momentary cannabis craving (b = −0.33, SE = 0.14, p = 0.02), while the association among male participants was positive (b = 0.32, SE = 0.13, p = 0.01). Similarly, alcohol quantity was negatively associated with cannabis craving at the momentary level for female participants (b = −0.10, SE = 0.04, p = 0.009) but was not significantly associated for male participants (b = 0.05, SE = 0.04, p = 0.18).
Conclusions
Alcohol may enhance cannabis craving among male individuals but reduce desire for cannabis among female individuals. This may point to differing functions of co‐use by sex, highlighting a need for research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this increasingly common pattern of substance use.
... In addition, self-efficacy and the interaction terms between the primary and secondary terms of image anthropomorphism and self-efficacy all had a significant effect on algorithmic aversion, with regression coefficients of −0.744 (p < 0.001), 0.06 (p < 0.05), and 0.108 (p < 0.001), respectively. According to Aiken and West [78], if only the coefficient of the term "independent variable × moderating variable" is significant when testing the moderating effect of the quadratic curve, the moderating variable changes only the slope of the curve but not its shape (e.g., its curvature). If only the coefficient of the term "the square of the independent variable × the moderator variable" is significant, then the moderator variable changes only the shape of the curve without changing its overall inclination. ...
A growing number of enterprises are using virtual influencers on livestreaming e-commerce platforms to extend the duration for which live streamers stay online. This article uses the uncanny valley phenomenon to investigate the effects of the level of anthropomorphization of images of virtual influencers on the purchase intention of consumers. We divided the images of virtual influencers into three categories according to their level of anthropomorphization: cartoon images (low), medium-realistic images (medium), and hyper-realistic images (high). We identified a U-shaped relationship between the level of anthropomorphization of images of virtual influencers and consumers’ purchase intention. Virtual influencers represented by cartoon images and hyper-realistic images enhanced the purchase intentions of consumers, while streamers with medium-realistic images reduced them. Algorithmic aversion was found to play a mediating role in this relation. In addition, self-efficacy had an inhibitory effect on the inverted U-shaped relationship between the anthropomorphism of the image of the virtual influencer and algorithmic aversion. When the virtual influencer had a medium-realistic image, consumers exhibited the strongest algorithmic aversion, the lowest purchase intention, and the most significant inhibition in self-efficacy. This work provides guidance for designing images of virtual influencers for marketing-related activities on livestreaming e-commerce platforms.
... Therefore, H4 was supported. We plotted the interactive effect to determine the moderating influence of LS by using the [52] method (see Fig. 2). Figure 2 indicates that the positive relationship between the perception of STEM-based overqualification and CI (r = .49, p < .001) was stronger when the level of LS was high than when it was low (r = .09, ...
Women’s career progression and empowerment in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) sectors are critical to attaining SDG 5: Gender Equality because they promote equal access to education, job prospects, and leadership roles, building a more inclusive and equitable society. The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of perceived overqualification (POQ) on career anxiety and career decidedness (CD) among women in STEM disciplines while also considering the function of career identity (CI) and leadership support. With a total sample size of 1,045 participants, two distinct investigations were conducted, one in the educational field (N = 530) and one in an industry setting (N = 515 time-lag). To test the model, the analysis was carried out using the AMOS-24 software program. Our findings show a favorable association between women’s perceptions of overqualification in STEM and their CI. Furthermore, our research shows that a stronger CI among women in STEM corresponds to decreased career anxiety and increased CD. Additionally, we find that a CI is a mediator between POQ and both career anxiety and CD. Our findings also highlight the moderating effect of leadership support in this mediation process. We discuss the theoretical and practical ramifications of these findings.
... Bootstrap analysis with 5,000 resamples was used to test the significance of the mediation effects. 43 Following Aiken and West, 44 all interactions were probed at one standard deviation above (+1 SD) and one standard deviation below (-1 SD) the mean of the moderator. All continuous predictors were mean centred prior to calculating the interaction terms. ...
... The PD effect was indicated by a significant cross-level interaction, i.e., greater positive changes reported by the programme group than the changes reported by the control group. Simple slope analyses were conducted to explore the interaction pattern when an interaction term was significant (Aiken and West 1991). Because teaching experience was highly correlated with EM-related teaching experience, r(109) = .50, ...
The increase in ethnic and cultural diversity in kindergartens requires teachers to leverage their professional capacity to work competently with students from ethnically diverse backgrounds. This article reports the results of a teacher professional development (PD) programme infused with culturally responsive teaching for developing the multicultural teaching competence of early childhood teachers in Hong Kong regarding their knowledge, skills, and relationships. Sixty-six teachers attending the programme took 20 sessions of PD courses over eight months, whereas 58 teachers who did not attend were recruited to form a control group. The pre-and post-test data were examined via multilevel modelling. Results revealed significantly positive changes in programme group tea-chers' reported knowledge, skills, and relationships after controlling for teacher demographic characteristics. The promising PD effects suggested that the PD opportunities enhanced teachers' perceived multicultural competence; thus, they reported becoming more competent in engaging in culturally responsive practices upon completing the programme.
... SkewComments = 7.56). As per Aiken and West (1991), before running every regression, the numeric independent measures were scaled and mean-centered (via z-score) and shifted so that the minimum was equal to zero for the sake of interpretation ease. Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of the variables included in the models and their correlations. ...
Research Question: Current literature on athlete branding on
social media is divided into two streams: one explores athletes’
self-presentation strategies and the other investigates how
external audiences perceive these brands. However, existing
studies lack investigations that simultaneously examine athletes’
content strategies with audiences’ perceptions. Thus, this study
aims to answer the following research question: How are female
athlete brands’ self-presentation strategies perceived by their
online audiences?
Research Methods: We collected 1,903 posts from female athletes
playing in the Italian women’s first football division (Serie A),
employing the Model of Athlete Branding via Social Media
(MABSM) to categorize their self-presentation strategies.
Additionally, we quantified volume-based metrics of consumer
engagement on social media (CESM) and analyzed the content of
44,190 comments through top-down and bottom-up automated
textual analysis techniques.
Results and Findings: Female athletes are perceived as competing
athletes when sharing posts about their sport or personal lives and
as social media models when emphasizing their attractive
appearance. Notably, some followers tend to perceive athletes in
a sexually abusive manner, irrespective of the self-presentation
strategy employed. In contrast to male athletes, content focusing
on athletic performance generates a lower volume-based CESM in
the female context.
Implications: This research contributes valuable theoretical,
methodological, and practical implications to the growing body
of literature on athlete branding on social media. Specifically, our
study highlights the importance of understanding the nuanced
relationship between the types of content shared online by
athlete brands and the resulting audience engagement, both in
terms of volume and content.
... We tested the hypotheses using hierarchical regression analyses (see Table 2), mean-centering all predictor variables to interpret parameters and reduce multicollinearity (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
This study explores the relationships between group-affect tone, teams’ transactive memory systems (TMSs), and teams’ incremental creativity. Data were collected from 334 team members and 70 team leaders across 70 teams. Results indicate that positive group-affect tone enhances TMS, while negative group-affect tone impedes it. TMS positively impacts team incremental creativity. Additionally, both types of group-affect tone influence incremental creativity through TMS mediation. This research advances TMS theory and group-affect tone, substantiating the affect-cognition model and deepening the understanding of TMS’s role in incremental creativity.
... Employee intensity (EmpInt) and asset intensity (AssetInt) capture the firm-level adjustment costs. As in prior studies (e.g., Chen et al. 2012), all continuous variables used in the interaction terms are mean-centered (Aiken and West 1991). We report coefficients and t-statistics based on firm-clustered standard errors, with which we address heteroskedasticity and intrafirm error correlations inherent in the cost stickiness model (Kennedy 2008;Banker et al. 2014). ...
This paper documents the difference in asymmetric labor adjustment between male and female employees, as alluded to in the labor economics literature. Based on detailed gender-specific employment disclosures of Korean-listed firms, we report a significant presence of labor cost stickiness. Breaking labor costs down, we further show that labor cost stickiness is mainly attributable to the asymmetric adjustment of employment rather than that of wages. More importantly, this adjustment is more salient for males than it is for females, suggesting that managers tend to dismiss females to a greater extent than males during sales downturns than they recruit during sales upturns. In cross-sectional analyses, we present evidence that formal and informal institutions underlie the asymmetric labor adjustment. Lastly, gender differences in asymmetric labor adjustment widen the tenure gap across gender, which may contribute to the low likelihood of firms appointing and promoting female executives.
... The multiple regression models were tested in Mplus 7 (Muthén & Muthén, 1998-2012 with full information maximum likelihood estimator to address missing data (Enders, 2010). For significant interaction effects, simple slopes were probed and plotted at 1 SD above and below the mean (Aiken & West, 1991) and the regions of significance (RoS) were generated using the method developed by Fraley (2012) and cited in Roisman et al. (2012). ...
The importance of interactions between child temperament and parenting has been accepted ever since Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed their “goodness-of-fit” construct, but over the last three decades, pertinent research has grown exponentially. Researchers examining child characteristics that can moderate the effects of socialization have tested increasingly complex, nuanced, and sophisticated models, largely inspired by the highly influential frameworks of child plasticity or differential susceptibility (Belsky & Pluess, 2009). Yet, multiple questions remain unsettled. We addressed four such questions as applied to predicting children’s observed disregard for rules at age 4.5 in a study of 200 community families from the US Midwest. (a) We examined children’s observed negative emotionality at 16 months, most commonly seen as a plasticity “trait,” but separating anger and fear proneness, which may differently moderate effects of socialization. (b) We examined two separate aspects of observed parental socialization at age 3, mutually responsive orientation and power assertion. (c) We distinguished analytically diathesis-stress from differential susceptibility. (d) We examined all effects in mother– and father–child relationships. We supported both diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility, depending on the facet of negative emotionality, the aspect of socialization considered, and parental gender, highlighting the nuanced nature of the processes involved.
... To test our moderation hypotheses (H4a-H4b) we included the cross-level interactions (Child Academic Performance X Heterogeneity Beliefs; Child Academic Performance X Self-efficacy) in our models. For significant interactions, we followed recommendations by Aiken and West (1991) and tested the simple slopes between heterogeneity beliefs (resp. self-efficacy) and each outcome at higher (+1 SD) and lower levels (−1 SD) of children's academic performance. ...
Introduction
The goal of this study was to develop a self-report scale measuring the teacher’s interpersonal behavior in teacher-child dyads in elementary schools and to provide evidence of the scale’s validity. Using the framework of interpersonal theory, the Questionnaire on Dyadic Interpersonal Teacher Behavior (DITeB) models teacher behavior in an interpersonal circumplex that allows for the simultaneous analysis of teacher behavior along the two orthogonal dimensions of communion (warmth) and agency (guidance, monitoring).
Methods
We analyzed 440 dyadic teacher-child relationships derived from 88 teacher reports. Teachers rated the 20 items (8 scales) of the DITeB to describe their interpersonal behavior towards a child. To test the scale’s structural validity, we conducted confirmatory circumplex structural analyses. To test the scale’s construct validity, we used teachers ‘descriptions of relationship quality (closeness, conflict, dependency), and of their child related emotions (enjoyment, anger, anxiety). In addition, teachers reported on the child’s academic performance (numeric grades), as well as their professional beliefs about heterogeneity and self-efficacy for adaptive teaching, data which were used for further construct validation.
Results
We obtained empirical support for both structural and construct validity of the DITeB. Teacher interpersonal behavior correlated significantly with perceived relationship quality and emotions: high relationship quality and positive emotions were associated with high communion and low agency, whereas low relationship quality and negative emotions were associated with low communion and high agency, supporting construct validity. Additionally, as child’s academic performance improved, teachers’ agency decreased. Towards different groups of children, teachers’ interpersonal behaviors varied systematically based on their professional beliefs: teachers with strong heterogeneity beliefs tended to be more communal towards low-performing children compared to high-performing children. Moreover, teachers with strong self-efficacy towards adaptive teaching adjusted their agency more flexibly according to children’s performance in school, further supporting the construct validity of our instrument.
Discussion
We discuss how our instrument enriches the spectrum of existing scales on interpersonal teacher behavior. By focusing dyadic specific teacher behavior, the DITeB allows examining the extent to which the teacher adapts their behavior to child characteristics (adaptive teaching), and the effect of teacher behavior on child outcomes.
... For work enjoyment, only the inner resources by organizational support term was statistically significant. The interaction effect was probed using simple slopes analysis (Aiken and West, 1991). The slope of organizational support was statistically significantly different from zero at 1 SD above the mean of inner resources (0.18, p < 0.001), as well as −1SD, the mean of inner resources (0.28, p < 0.001). ...
In this study, we expanded upon the job demands–resources model to assess the role of employees’ vitality as an inner resource for their work engagement and job commitment. To assess vitality and related job resources, we developed an index of vitality outside of work and adapted measures of manager autonomy support and organizational support. For job demands, we measured work stress and predicted that each of these four variables would contribute independently to work-related outcomes. Then, in a preregistered study, we collected these measures from a sample of 5,280 American workers (primarily ages 18–34, 54% female). Results from multivariate regression analyses largely confirmed our hypotheses, showing that positive work-related outcomes, such as enthusiasm, enjoyment, and job satisfaction, were positively predicted by manager autonomy supports, organizational support, and individuals’ vitality, and negatively predicted by work stress. The reverse pattern was largely observed for the negative outcome of turnover intention. Exploratory analyses also suggested that individual vitality may buffer the negative effects of stress and low manager and organizational support. The results highlight the potential role of employee vitality outside of work and managerial support in bolstering work engagement and reducing turnover intentions, offering a basis for organizational strategies aimed at improving work culture and retaining talent.
... If zero is not in the 95% CI, it means statistical significance [86]. In addition, simple slope plots were employed to draw the functions of different parent-child relationships [87]. Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation matrix for the variables of video game playing, self-educational expectation, learning attitude, parent-child relationship, and academic achievement. ...
Internet access for adolescents is becoming more prevalent around the world. Although video game playing has been verified to be negatively related to adolescent academic achievement, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are also unknown. Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents from the China Education Panel Survey (2014–2015), this study aims to explore the parallel mediation roles of self-educational expectation and learning attitude in the link between video game playing and academic achievement, and whether the direct and indirect effects are moderated by parent-child relationship. The results indicate that video game playing in adolescents is both directly and indirectly related to their academic achievement, and self-educational expectation and learning attitude partially mediate this association. Moreover, the results reveal that parent-child relationship moderates the direct association between video game playing and academic achievement as well as the indirect association of video game playing on academic achievement via self-educational expectation, respectively. By showing empirical evidence for the usefulness of social cognitive theory to adolescents’ academics in the Internet Age, our research provides a supplement to existing literature.
... These include: Accordingly, relevant and desirable secondary data were sourced from the annual bulletins and reports of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and E-Payment Statistics Platforms, and were obtained from the annual accounts and reports of all the 15 quoted deposit money banks in Nigeria as at January 1, 2020, to examine the variables of the study as estimated and specified in the following model: Data obtained include aggregate annual transactional volumes and values of profitafter-tax and cheques of deposit money banks, and aggregate annual transactional volumes and values of point of sale and online loans, from 2012 to 2020. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics derived from E-Views 9.0 statistical software, at 95% confidence interval (Aiken & West, 1991). Pearson Moment Correlation and Linear Regression were used to analyze time series data. ...
The study seeks to appraise the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria, given the mounting pressure for cashless transactions and the increasing digitization and automation of financial services around the globe. Appropriately, the ex-post facto/casual comparative research design was adopted to obtain relevant and desirable secondary data from the Annual Bulletins of the Central Bank of Nigeria and E-payment Statistics Platforms from 2012 to 2020, to empirically appraise the profitability and turnover of all the 15 Nigerian deposit money banks quoted as at January 1, 2021, in the light of the non-bank led theory. Specifically, the study interrogates the effect of point of sale and online loans on the profitability and turnover of Nigerian deposit money banks, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Linear Regression Analysis. The conclusions from findings from E-View 9.0 (inferential) statistical results at 0.05 level of significance are that, while the increasing use and patronage of point-of-sale terminals significantly improves the profitability of Nigerian deposit money banks, it adversely affects their turnover insignificantly; and the flexibility of and increasing preference for online loan facilities adversely affect the profitability, but improves the turnover of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that deposit money banks should be operationally flexible and competitive, and fully automate their financial products and services.
... Thus, Hypothesis 3 was verified. Additionally, an interactive item of perceived organizational support and CSR for employees is created by the production of the mean-centered focal variables to reduce potential multicollinearity problems (Aiken & West, 1991). The results showed a significant and positive effect of the interaction term (see model 3, β = .13, ...
... Confirmation of moderated mediation was based on the index of moderated mediation (Hayes 2015). Like traditional moderation analyses, where a significant interaction suggests that the simple slopes are different from each other (Aiken and West 1991), a significant index of moderated mediation indicates that the moderator is linearly related to the indirect effect and implies that the conditional indirect effects defined by the two different values of the moderator are statistically different. The significance of the index of moderated mediation (i.e., evidence of moderation of the indirect effects of the relations between stressor pile-up and parent stress by family satisfaction and relationship satisfaction) is established when the bootstrap confidence interval for the index of moderated mediation excludes zero. ...
This study investigated family mechanisms through which pandemic stressors affect parental stress using the Double ABC‐X model of family stress and adaptation. Specifically, this study examines the moderated mediation effects to test the conditional indirect influence of a moderating variable (i.e., family resilience beliefs) on the relationship between a predictor (i.e., stressor pile‐up) and an outcome variable (i.e., stress) through potential mediators (i.e., family satisfaction and relationship satisfaction). The analytic sample included 9269 participants from 10 sub‐Saharan countries. The findings do not support the hypothesis predicting a second‐stage moderating mediation model where family resiliency beliefs would moderate the second‐stage indirect paths of family satisfaction and relationship satisfaction, creating conditional indirect effects. The findings suggest that interventions should involve community‐based programmes that emphasize family support and access to resources while recognizing the complex interplay between family resilience beliefs, cultural values and beliefs of African families.
... It is important to note that we did not assess monitoring accuracy due to no significant group differences found in preliminary analyses. Our model investigates how the group influences comprehension accuracy indirectly through state mind-wandering (M) and examines how this indirect relationship is moderated by the experimental condition (control vs. scaffolding) (W), in line with the mediation guidelines by Baron and Kenny (1986) and the moderation guidelines by Aiken and West (1991). ...
Background
Digital reading can heighten attention-sustaining challenges and escalate disparities in reading comprehension and monitoring between learners with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the adaptability of digital platforms enables the systematic integration of learning scaffolds. Thus, when optimally adapted, these platforms could present unique benefits for learners with ADHD who might not fully exploit generic in-depth processing instructions like summary generation.
Aims
This study aimed to investigate the effect of gradually incorporating metacognitive scaffolding on reading comprehension and monitoring in adults with and without ADHD. Moreover, it delved into the mediating role of mind-wandering, a phenomenon commonly linked with sustained attention difficulties.
Sample
The study comprised 210 adults aged 20–50, of which 50.05% were diagnosed with ADHD.
Method
Participants were randomized into either a control or scaffolding condition. Across both conditions, they read a lengthy expository digital text, composed a summary, evaluated their mind-wandering episodes, and then responded to comprehension questions while rating their confidence. The scaffolding condition provided additional stage-specific guidance to direct attention and enhance self-regulation.
Results
In the control condition, the ADHD group underperformed in reading comprehension and reported lower confidence compared to the non-ADHD group. However, within the scaffolding condition, comprehension and confidence levels were comparable across both groups. Notably, state mind-wandering mediated comprehension differences between the ADHD and non-ADHD groups, but only in the control condition.
Conclusions
Strategically incorporating instructions throughout distinct reading stages can mitigate the impact of excessive mind-wandering, narrowing the comprehension disparities between readers with and without ADHD.
... Fourth, the mediating role of future work self and the moderating role of future time perspective were tested by SPSS PROCESS 4.1 (Hayes & Rockwood, 2020; Model 8). When an interaction effect was significant, a simple slope (± 1 SD of mean moderator) analysis was done (Aiken & West, 1991). This study conducted mediation and moderation analyses using 5000 bootstrap samples and 95% confidence intervals. ...
This study examines future work self as a mediator and future time perspective as a moderator in the relationship between career maturity and career adaptability, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. A sample of 636 Chinese vocational high school students was investigated. The results indicated that career maturity was associated with a clearly envisioned future work self, which in turn was related to high career adaptability. The interaction effect of career maturity and future time perspective was significantly associated with career adaptability. These results offer valuable insights for career development among vocational high school students.
Extending the research on corporate brand image and recruitment, this study investigates the influence of industry image on organizational attractiveness in a cross–national context. Drawing from signaling theory and the application of the instrumental‐symbolic image framework, we apply an experimental vignette design in the renewable energy industry (REI) and the oil and gas exploration and production industry (OGI) with potential job applicants in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We conceptualize national context as collective signaling environments. Results from 550 respondents indicate that the REI and OGI differ in most of the instrumental and symbolic image dimensions. The instrumental image dimension of pay and the three symbolic image dimensions of sincerity, innovativeness, and prestige predict organizational attractiveness. Moreover, sincerity, innovativeness, and prestige carry a mediating effect in the link between industry affiliation and organizational attractiveness. Findings also demonstrate that image perceptions of the REI and OGI vary across countries such that the already more favorable image perceptions regarding the REI are for the most part even more pronounced in France. Implications for theory and tailored recommendations for practice are provided.
Objectives: This research aimed to explore how post-traumatic negative cognition and a traumatized selfsystem affect the relationship between experiences of child abuse and intent attribution. Specifically, the study sought to examine the role of a traumatized self-system on as a moderated mediator in the relationship between child abuse experiences and intent attribution through the post-traumatic negative cognition of university students.Methods: The study involved 363 university students, including 118 males (32.5%). These participants completed self-assessment surveys to evaluate their experiences of child abuse, post-traumatic negative cognition, traumatized self-system, and intent attribution. We tested the date for moderated mediating effects using Macro Process 4.2 with model 14.Results: First, the study revealed that post-traumatic negative cognition fully mediates the relationship between experiences of child abuse and intent attribution. Second, the effects of post-traumatic negative cognition on intent attribution, varied depending on the level of the traumatized self-system. Third, the study confirmed a moderated mediating effect of the traumatized self-system. Specifically, the mediating role of post-traumatic negative cognition was moderated by the traumatized self-system in the relationship between child abuse experiences and intent attribution. The data indicate that a higher level of traumatized self-system, corresponds to an increased level of intent attribution.Conclusion: This research significantly contributes to our understanding of intent attribution by emphasizing the role of child abuse experiences and post-traumatic negative cognition confirming these as risk factors for a traumatized self-system. The data from this study provide valuable insights for developing intervention programs aimed at reducing intent attribution among university students.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the Impact of Labor Laws and Social Security on Job performance and mediated by Rewards of textile industries of Pakistan. A survey base questionnaire was used to collect data from 250 customers of Textile Industries. The data was analyzing using SPSS 20.0 version software through different statistical tests. The findings revealed that there is a positive relationship between Labor Laws and Social Security on Job performance and mediated by Rewards of textile industries of Pakistan. Most studies relating Job performance to have limitations concerning selection of criterion measures and investigation of mediators. Therefore, this study examines relationships between rewards and multiple performance outcomes under different levels of environmental dynamism. Results revealed that charismatic leadership was positively related to common-source and multi-source perceptual performance outcomes. The results are discussed and Labor Laws and Social Security on Job performance and mediated by Rewards has positive significant results.
This study analyzes the impact of cultural, regional, and demographic factors on nation brand across 39 countries, and verifies the mediating and moderating effects. Firstly, the analysis was conducted using NBV (nation Brand Value) model which is a hybrid nation brand model incorporating both respondent’s perception surveys and secondary statistical data. Nation brand determinants of this model are categorized into five main components: national image, national relationships, nation brand strategy, national competitiveness, and nation brand earnings. National image includes leadership, human rights, stability, morality, and culture, while national relationships encompass current and past relationships, experiences, tourism, and physical distance. Secondly, the perception survey method involved investigating the nation brands of 39 countries through responses from 1,600 participants residing in 56 countries. Thirdly, the statistical survey method utilized data from international organizations on factors such as physical distance, corruption index, tourism, quality of citizens, and nation brand earnings. Lastly, this study statistically verifies that cultural factors play mediating role in the relationship between psychological proximity and nation brand, and identifies the moderating effects of regional and demographic factors by country. Furthermore, countries with similar or identical results regarding the moderating effects of regional and demographic factors were classified into five groups, and the characteristics of each group and country were analyzed. This research holds academic significance in that it verified the distinct role of cultural factors among the nation branding antecedent factors, and conducted case studies on groups and individual countries classified based on the moderating effects of regional and demographic factors. Practically, this enhances the understanding of cultural, regional, and demographic factors that influence nation brand, and helps to develop appropriate nation branding strategies tailored to each country.
Although online healthcare consultations (OHC) have become popular in recent years, OHC platforms struggle to attract patients to continue use. Extant research on predicting patients’ continued consultation behavior (CCB) has mainly focused on improving physicians’ service quality, whilst neglecting the impact of doctors’ information cues. This study proposes a model to uncover the underlying mechanisms by which physicians’ information cues (i.e., verbal and non-verbal) influence patients’ CCB. Leveraging 18,441 patient consultation records, this study found that: (i) for verbal cues, information intensity and interaction depth have significant positive impacts on patients’ CCB; (ii) vocal cues strengthen the positive impact of information intensity on patients’ CCB, but weaken the positive relationship between interaction depth and patients’ CCB; (iii) the effect of physicians’ interaction depth on patients’ CCB is stronger for patients with psychological diseases than for those with physical diseases. The result contributes to the sustainable development of OHC platforms.
This study seeks to identify more precisely the approaches to intrapreneurship implemented within small firms. In particular, we are interested in the internal context specific to these companies, which is likely to encourage intrapreneurship, as well as the measures implemented to stimulate the creative spirit of staff members. We focus mainly on three factors: 1) the organisational choices made by the company's management to create a work environment and autonomy conducive to initiative-taking and the emergence of innovations; 2) the role played by line management in supporting and encouraging intrapreneurs to develop their projects; and 3) the human resources management practices in place to detect, develop and stimulate intrapreneurial skills. We structure our thoughts as follows. We carried out a quantitative study among 42 SMEs (20 small and medium-sized businesses with 3 to 8 employees, and 22 SMEs with 25 to 137 employees) in different sectors marked by a strong need for innovation: architecture, electronics, energy, geo-technology, IT and software, advertising, business services, etc. Data collection was carried out via an electronic questionnaire sent to employees. A total of 311 employees were invited to complete the questionnaire. The employees' responses were cross-referenced with a questionnaire sent to their direct superiors. A total of 64-line managers were asked to complete a questionnaire on their subordinates. The questionnaires were designed using a range of complementary measurement scales. Findings suggest that SME managers wishing to stimulate intrapreneurial behaviour within their company need to pay particular attention to the choices they make in terms of human resources management. The implementation of "simple"; HR tricks designed to promote intrapreneurship is far from sufficient, and may even prove counterproductive in some cases. On the contrary, we need to think about and implement an HRM policy with an individualizing essence, conceived and articulated around the intrapreneurial objectives pursued. Before being generalized, however, these conclusions call for further empirical research, aimed in particular at gaining a better understanding of the possible interactions between the development of intrapreneurship, employee participation in the realization of innovative projects and employee loyalty to their company. We see these studies as a relevant complement to our own reflections and, more generally, to ongoing work on the stakes, ins and outs of intrapreneurship.
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