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Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions
... Following the recommendations of Aiken and West (1991), we performed hierarchical multiple regression analyses (HMR) for the dependent variables of pro-Black attitude, anti-Black attitude, and intergroup solidarity by using IBM SPSS version 28 (see Table 3). ...
... Step 4 included the product terms of internalized racism x general contact, internalized racism x close contact, MMM-AO x general contact, MMM-AO x close contact, MMM-UM x general contact, and MMM-UM x close contact to test interactions between ideological and experiential variables. The raw scores of predictors were standardized to reduce potential problems with multicollinearity (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
... All variables combined explained 26.3% of the variance in intergroup solidarity. Following the computational procedure recommended by Aiken and West (1991), we conducted simple slope analyses (plotted at ±1 SD of the mean) to examine the nature of these moderations (see Figure 1). MMM-AO x General Contact. ...
Drawing on the theories of Kim’s racial triangulation and Allport’s intergroup contact, this study examined ideological and experiential predictors of Asian Americans’ interracial attitudes and solidarity with Black Americans. In a community sample of 249 Asian Americans, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the ideological variables of internalized racism and model minority myth were associated with greater anti-Black attitudes. Internalized model minority myth of unrestricted mobility was also related to reduced intergroup solidarity. Conversely, the experiential variables of close and general contact with Black Americans were respectively related to greater pro-Black attitudes and intergroup solidarity. Additionally, higher quality of general contact buffered the negative association between internalized model minority myth and intergroup solidarity. The findings highlight the importance of deconstructing internalized racial beliefs rooted in White supremacy and cultivating quality intergroup contact between Black and Asian Americans. Implications for practice, community intervention, training, and research are discussed.
... A large and growing body of literature finds that a lack of social connection can have profound social and economic consequences across varied populations [1]. Specifically, socially isolated individuals are unable to participate fully in economic, social, and cultural life and benefit from social connection within a given society [2]. ...
... In sociology literature on social isolation, one study asked an important question: how do individuals living in our modern society, where opportunities for making connections with others are ubiquitous, become socially isolated [1]? Such a question begs serious examination of social structures that connect people, especially during our time when social media plays critical roles in making those connections. ...
... Such a question begs serious examination of social structures that connect people, especially during our time when social media plays critical roles in making those connections. Parigi and Henson's timely and painstaking analyses of this topic reveals that social isolations entail two aspects: individuals without connections or individuals with connections that carry little meaning [1]. The latter process is the new face of social isolation. ...
Using data from the General Social Survey, we investigate whether political views increase the risk of social isolation for Black and White Americans. Our findings reveal an increase in conservative political views differently shaping social isolation patterns for Black and White Americans. For instance, changes in political views from liberal to conservative are associated with reduced risk of social isolation for White Americans, whereas a rise in conservative political views is related to increases in social isolation for Black Americans. Results also demonstrate that these patterns remain after accounting for important covariates such as gender, age, education, occupation, marital status, social class, work status, and religion. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of social relationships, race, and political polarization in the U.S.
... Hypothesis 2 stated that moral identity would moderate the relationship between the justice violations and moral anger, such that the relationship would be stronger for those with a strong versus weak moral identity. We used multiple regression using procedures outlined by Aiken and West (1991). All independent variables were mean-centered (see Table 2). ...
... The Distributive Injustice ϫ Moral Identity interaction term was not significant (b ϭ Ϫ.04, p ϭ .980). We analyzed the shape of the significant interaction using procedures recommended by Aiken and West (1991). We compared the effect of interpersonal injustice on moral anger for participants with weak (Ϫ1 SD) and strong (ϩ1 SD) moral identity. ...
This research takes a moral perspective to studying third parties’ reactions to injustice as a function of their moral identity. Drawing from theories of deontic justice, moral intuition, moral heuristics, and moral identity, we develop and test a model of the moral underpinnings of third parties’ reactions to injustice. First, we compare third parties’ responses with interpersonal, distributive, and procedural justice violations. We hypothesize that third parties are more likely to intuit that interpersonal justice violations are morally wrong, compared with distributive and procedural justice violations. As a result, third parties are more likely to experience stronger moral anger and punish violators in response to interpersonal transgressions compared with distributive and procedural justice transgressions. Second, we test the proposition that third parties with a strong moral identity will react more strongly to justice violations than third parties with a comparatively weak moral identity. Results from 3 studies support these predictions.
... To more closely examine the moderating effects, we decomposed the interaction term and plotted Figure 1 following Aiken and West (1991). Additionally, we conducted a simple effect test to precisely describe the moderating effect of subgroup perception. ...
... Moreover, the explained variance substantially increased after the interaction term for task conflict and subgroup perception was included in the regression (⌬R 2 ϭ 0.03, p Ͻ .01). Furthermore, we performed a simple slope test and plotted the relationships following Aiken and West (1991); the results are depicted in Figure 2. Figure 2 also reveals the significant moderating effect on intragroup conflict, the transformational process from task conflict to relationship conflict was contingent on the level of subgroup perception. Specifically, when a team was clearly divided into several subgroups, task conflict was more likely to evoke relationship conflict. ...
In this study, we closely examined the transformation from task conflict to relationship conflict and the conditions under which this transformational process is more likely to occur. Based on social identity approach, we suggest that when differing opinions originate from outgroup rather than ingroup members, team members will tend to misattribute the motivations of the conflicting behaviors, causing task conflict to evolve into relationship conflict. We conducted 2 studies to test our hypothesis. In Study 1, 60 4-person teams participated in a simulated task. In Study 2, we used 45 operational teams to further confirm our hypothesis and validate the generalization of the results. The results of both studies support our hypothesis that under a high level of subgroup perception, task conflict is more likely to transform into relationship conflict, which also demonstrates the significance of information source is just as important as, or even more important than the conflicting ideas themselves. The theoretical implications of this study and the new insights that it offers are noted.
... According to previous studies [34,35], for a multiple regression model including an interaction term, a sample size of approximately 200 individuals would allow 80% power for the detection of an interaction with a medium effect size, assuming the probability of α error of 0.05 and scale reliability of 0.75 or better. We tried to enroll as many participants as we could to increase the reliability of the study. ...
... Five thousand bootstrapping samples were generated according to random sampling. Before testing, the independent and moderation variables were mean-centered based on the recommendation of Aiken and his colleagues [35]. ...
Nature conservation is an essential topic in the area of sustainability. Understanding how nature benefits humans, particularly human mental health, contributes to the awareness and promotion of nature conservation. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the positive effects of nature on human well-being. However, not all individuals derive the same benefits from engaging with nature. Dispositional mindful observation may play a significant role in the interaction between humans and nature, subsequently influencing the degree of benefit attained. In exploring an efficacious approach to amplify the benefits of nature, this study examined the moderating impact of gender and dispositional mindful observation on the association between nature contact and psychological distress. A total of 786 Chinese participants (490 females; mean age = 22.39 years) were recruited to complete an online survey regarding nature contact, dispositional mindful observation, and psychological distress. The results revealed that dispositional mindful observation significantly moderated the relationship between nature contact and psychological distress. Higher dispositional mindful observation significantly amplified the positive impact of contact with nature on mental health. Body observation showed the strongest moderating effect among the three dispositional mindful observation facets, followed by emotional awareness and external perception. No significant gender difference was found in the mental health benefits of nature contact. In conclusion, dispositional mindful observation may be a valuable focus for amplifying the mental health benefits obtained from engaging with nature.
... The significance of the interaction was determined by examining the significance of the increment in criterion variance that is explained by the interaction term. To examine the nature of this interaction, the interaction effect was plotted using the values of one standard deviation below and above the mean for both the predictor variable and moderator variable (Cohen & Cohen, 1983;Aiken & West, 1991). To reduce the multicollinearity among the main effect variables and their interaction terms, the scores on work engagement (independent variable) and agreeableness (moderator variable), and their interaction term were meancentered (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
... To examine the nature of this interaction, the interaction effect was plotted using the values of one standard deviation below and above the mean for both the predictor variable and moderator variable (Cohen & Cohen, 1983;Aiken & West, 1991). To reduce the multicollinearity among the main effect variables and their interaction terms, the scores on work engagement (independent variable) and agreeableness (moderator variable), and their interaction term were meancentered (Aiken & West, 1991). ...
Although previous researchers have paid significant attention to the effect of employee work engagement on employee involvement in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), only a few have specifically examined the joint effects of employee work engagement and employee personality on employee involvement in OCB. Drawing upon the Social Exchange Theory, this study specifically examined the role of employee personality (agreeableness) as a moderator in the work engagement-OCB relationship. A total of 646 employees from three public healthcare institutions in Malaysia participated in this study. Moderated hierarchical regression results indicated a positive effect of work engagement with OCB and a significant interaction between work engagement and agreeableness personality in predicting OCB. However, the effect of work engagement on OCB was stronger for those respondents low in agreeableness than for those high in agreeableness personality, contrary to the hypothesis. Managerial implications and directions for future research are discussed.
... Concerning moderating Hypothesis 3, we expected that power distance would moderate the positive relationship between spiritual leadership and proactive customer service performance. Before testing the moderating effect, we mean-centered the independent variable and moderating variable to generate robust moderation results (Aiken and West, 1991). To test Hypothesis 3, we tested Model 1 of PROCESS macro in SPSS. ...
... As shown in Table 2, the interaction effect was significant (B = −0.11, p < 0.05), providing support for Hypothesis 3. To further probe moderating results, we followed Aiken and West (1991) and plotted the interaction effect presented in Fig. 2. Simple slop test results presented in Table 3 reveal that power distance significantly moderated the relationship of spiritual leadership with proactive customer service performance in a way that at a low level of power distance, the relationship of spiritual leadership with proactive customer service performance was strongest (B = 0.43, p < 0.001) rather than at higher level power distance (B = 0.21, p < 0.01). These results provide further support for Hypothesis 3. ...
Scholars have consistently demonstrated that spiritual leadership yields positive outcomes for employees. However, it is not clear how spiritual leadership influences proactive customer service performance. The purpose of this research is to develop a model, grounded in social cognitive theory, to identify why and when spiritual leadership promotes proactive customer service performance. Specifically, the focus is on how spiritual leadership through employee psychological empowerment facilitates proactive customer service performance under the condition of power distance. The empirical analysis, conducted through regression analysis using the PROCESS macro, is based on questionnaire data from 263 leaders and employees in the hospitality industry. Findings reveal that spiritual leadership has a positive effect on boosting employees’ psychological empowerment, subsequently nurturing their engagement in proactive customer service performance. Moreover, it is found that within an environment of low power distance, the favorable impact of spiritual leadership on proactive customer service performance is amplified, as employees are more inclined to challenge authority and norms and engage in proactively solving problems related to customer service. Key implications suggest scholars and managers ways to enhance proactive customer service performance.
... Model 14 in process v3.5 (Hayes, 2018) was used to test the regulated moderation model while controlling for gender and grade level. The results ( To better visualize the moderation effect of PPLI, according to Aiken and West (1991), the moderation variables are grouped by adding and subtracting one standard deviation from the mean: the mean plus one standard deviation was high PPLI group, and the mean minus one standard deviation was low PPLI group (see Figures 3 and 4). In terms of the In terms of the moderation effect of PPLI on the relationship between FLCA and WTC, it can be seen from Figure 4 that the predictive effect of FLCA on WTC was more significant in the low PPLI group compared to the high PPLI group ...
The importance of "willingness to communicate" (WTC) in foreign language learning has been widely discussed. However , the current research on WTC mainly focuses on traditional classrooms, and there is insufficient attention to WTC in L3 online learning. This study explored the psychological process among motivation, WTC, foreign language enjoyment (FLE), foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA), and perceived positive language interaction (PPLI). Based on data collected from 492 college students who were taking the online L3 course, results showed that: (1) L3 learners were somewhat willing to use L3 for communicating in online classes; (2) motivation was positively related to WTC; (3) FLE and FLCA mediated the relationship between motivation and WTC differently; (4) PPLI had moderating effects on both the relationship between FLE and WTC and between FLCA and WTC. Implications of online foreign language learning were discussed. K E Y W O R D S foreign language enjoyment, motivation, online language teaching and learning, third language (L3), willingness to communicate (WTC) Int J Appl Linguist. 2023;1-19.
... En este estudio, las interacciones propuestas evalúan cómo el efecto de nuestras variables independientes [propensión y autocontrol respectivamente] sobre la dependiente [delitos contra la seguridad vial] varían con los cambios en nuestras variables moderadoras [autocontrol y propensión respectivamente] (Friedrich, 1982). Desde un punto de vista analítico, una interacción puede evaluarse de distintas formas (Aiken y West, 1991;Jaccard y Turrisi, 2013). En estadística, este tipo de análisis suelen denominarse análisis de moderación simple. ...
La punitividad en materia de delincuencia vial ha aumentado en los últimos años, sin apreciarse un correspondiente descenso de la criminalidad. Este trabajo analiza las posibles causas de esta forma de criminalidad en el marco de la Teoría de la Acción Situacional. Utilizando una muestra online de conductores (n=414), los resultados indican que el bajo autocontrol y la propensión criminal son factores causalmente relevantes de criminalidad vial.
... p = .018). Simple slopes of imagined contact were calculated for ATLG, gays-thermometer, gay trust, and gay anxiety (Aiken & West, 1991; l + 1 SD = ''frequent contact,'' 6.20 on a 1-9 scale, l -1 SD = ''infrequent contact,'' 2.06 on a 1-9 scale; see Figure 1). Imagined contact had a marginal negative effect on ATLG at infrequent (b = À.15, p = .058) ...
Imagined contact is a widely-used methodology for decreasing prejudice. Recently, however, the effectiveness and replicability of imagined contact have been debated. To the extent that imagined contact is theoretically a valuable intervention when actual contact is absent or less feasible, previous intergroup contact experiences presumably moderate the efficacy of imagined contact. The present investigation found that imagined contact effects were stronger among heterosexuals with infrequent (vs. frequent) previous contact with gays, improving their intergroup emotions and attitudes (Study 1, N = 261). In contrast, there were no such effects of imagined contact with Muslims among non-Muslims (Study 2, N = 320). These findings highlight the potential for moderators to impact the efficacy of experimental contact simulations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... The results in Table 3 demonstrate a significant interaction effect (b ϭ Ϫ1.71, p Ͻ .05). We graph the interaction (Aiken & West, 1991) in Figure 3, which shows how the relationship between break length and resources is stronger for fewer breaks per day (although simple slopes were nonsignificant for both lines). However, for shorter average break length, more resources are associated with frequent short breaks per day than infrequent short breaks. ...
Surprisingly little research investigates employee breaks at work, and even less research provides prescriptive suggestions for better workday breaks in terms of when, where, and how break activities are most beneficial. Based on the effort–recovery model and using experience sampling methodology, we examined the characteristics of employee workday breaks with 95 employees across 5 workdays. In addition, we examined resources as a mediator between break characteristics and well-being. Multilevel analysis results indicated that activities that were preferred and earlier in the work shift related to more resource recovery following the break. We also found that resources mediated the influence of preferred break activities and time of break on health symptoms and that resource recovery benefited person-level outcomes of emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. Finally, break length interacted with the number of breaks per day such that longer breaks and frequent short breaks were associated with more resources than infrequent short breaks.
... Continuous predictor variables were mean-centered for all regression analyses, and simple slopes analyses were conducted to explore significant interactions and determine whether slopes differed from zero for each study condition. (Aiken & West, 1991). To control for family-wise Type I error, we employed Bonferroni-Holm corrections of alpha levels (Holm, 1979;Ludbrook, 1998) for each set of predictors (restraint scale, condition, restraint by condition, expectancies and the interaction between condition and expectancies) that were tested multiple times on our dependent variables. ...
Objective: Restrained eaters attempt to employ cognitive control over decisions to eat, which leaves them prone to eat in a disinhibited manner. This eating style is associated with elevated rates of smoking compared to the general population. The current study merged smoking and eating research methodology to investigate a mechanism that may underlie this association by testing whether a food prime, which has been found to elicit disinhibited eating in restrained eaters, could also motivate smoking as an alternative to eating. Method: Using a randomized, 2-arm (Prime/No-Prime) between-subjects design, it was hypothesized that young adult female smokers who endorsed elevated dietary restraint and received a food prime would smoke more when given the option, compared to smokers who did not receive the food prime. Results: As predicted, restraint score moderated the effect of the food prime upon smoking behavior (latency to first puff, β = 1, t = 3.8, df = 123, p < .001) and cigarette craving (β = −.79, t = −2.9, df = 127, p < .005), suggesting that after a food prime, restrained-eating smokers may opt to smoke to prevent further food intake. Conclusion: This study identified a pathway, namely violation of dietary restraint, linking eating and smoking behaviors that may contribute to the population-based covariance between disordered eating and tobacco use.
... and enjoyment was a nonsignificant main effect, t(92) Ͻ 1, ns,  ϭ Ϫ.04. Using the Aiken and West (1991) procedure, we created Figure 1, which displays predicted passivity scores as a function of the three experimental conditions (no choice, low choice, and high choice) and at different levels of anticipated enjoyment. ...
The current research tested the hypothesis that making many choices impairs subsequent self-control. Drawing from a limited-resource model of self-regulation and executive function, the authors hypothesized that decision making depletes the same resource used for self-control and active responding. In 4 laboratory studies, some participants made choices among consumer goods or college course options, whereas others thought about the same options without making choices. Making choices led to reduced self-control (i.e., less physical stamina, reduced persistence in the face of failure, more procrastination, and less quality and quantity of arithmetic calculations). A field study then found that reduced self-control was predicted by shoppers’ self-reported degree of previous active decision making. Further studies suggested that choosing is more depleting than merely deliberating and forming preferences about options and more depleting than implementing choices made by someone else and that anticipating the choice task as enjoyable can reduce the depleting effect for the first choices but not for many choices.
... with R 2 = 7.7%. So, in order to understand the nature of the effect, we use a method of regression equation of slopes(Aiken & West 1991) where we compare the regression slopes for low (-1SD) and high (+ 1SD) levels of perceived extroversion. We created two categories of the perceived extroversion of the agent.InFig. ...
Embodied virtual agents (EVAs) are increasingly used as means of communication with individuals in everyday life. However, first and foremost, these artificial intelligence technologies need to be trusted and liked if users are to widely adopt it. The utilization of implicit nonverbal cues, can play a key role in human-agent interaction by eliciting positive feelings, to stimulate adoption. The aim of this paper is to examine whether nonverbal cues applied to an embodied agent’s appearance, i.e., facial expressions and body posture cues, affect trust and likeability. In accordance with a prior human study categorizing non-verbal cues into extroverted and introverted categories, a selection of such non-verbal cues was made. Afterwards, 382 individuals recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk agreed to participate in the study. Participants’ personality traits were assessed using the Big Five Inventory – 2S and agent’s perceived extroversion trait was defined with two items from the 10-item measurement of the Big Five. The results showed that an agent’s perceived extroversion class (introvert vs extrovert) based on facial expressions and body posture, was correctly identified by participants (p=.014). Besides, there is evidence for significant results verifying the similarity effect on trust (p <.01) but not on likability. Participants trusted more the agent that was perceived with similar level of extroversion but they liked more the agent perceived as extrovert regardless of their level of extroversion. Thus, manipulating perceived extroversion of EVAs may be an important factor which should be incorporated into human-agent interaction.
... The response to drought stress was replaced by vernalization for the standardized variance partitioning of germination, while it was replaced by the morph type for the bee view, herkogamy and biochemical self-incompatibility. Marginal effects of individual model terms were graphically represented using 'sjPlot v. 2.8.9' (Lüdecke, 2021) and 'ggplot2 v. 3.3.6' (Wickham, 2016) with habitat fragmentation as moderator variable using all observed values (Aiken & West, 1991;Dawson & Richter, 2006). Contributed proportions of the explained variance (Lüdecke et al., 2021;Zhang, 2021) of separate variables were based on their proportion relative to the three-way interaction effect: ...
Climate change and the resulting increased drought frequencies pose considerable threats to forest herb populations, particularly where additional environmental challenges jeopardize responses to selection. Specifically, habitat fragmentation may hamper climate adaptation by altering the distribution of adaptive genetic variation and may also induce evolutionary changes in mating systems.
To assess how habitat fragmentation disrupts climate adaptation, we conducted a common garden experiment with Primula elatior offspring originating from 24 populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient with varying climate and landscape characteristics. We then quantified a range of vegetative, regulatory and reproductive traits under distinct soil moisture regimes to evaluate imprints of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Additionally, we conducted a more extensive field campaign in 60 populations along the same latitudinal gradient to evaluate the potential evolutionary breakdown of reciprocal herkogamy.
For large, connected populations, our results demonstrated an evolutionary shift from a strategy in southern populations that seems aligned with drought avoidance—where plants minimize their exposure to dry conditions and optimize photosynthesis—to a drought tolerance strategy in northern populations, where plants are adapted to function despite water scarcity. However, habitat fragmentation disrupted climate clines and the adaptive responses to drought stress in key traits related to growth, biomass allocation and water regulation. Additionally, our findings indicate the onset of evolutionary breakdown in reciprocal herkogamy and divergence in other key flower traits. The disruption of climate clines, drought responses and adaptations in mating systems contributed to a substantially diminished flowering investment across the distribution range, with the most pronounced effects observed in southern fragmented populations.
Synthesis . We present novel empirical evidence of how habitat fragmentation disrupts climate adaptation and drought tolerance in a wide range of traits along the range of the forest herb Primula elatior . These findings emphasize the need to account for habitat fragmentation while designing effective conservation strategies in order to preserve and restore resilient meta‐populations of forest herbs amidst ongoing global changes.
... However, this study took in account all conventional significance levels involving 1, 5, and 10 percent. In addition, interactions for conditional indirect effects have been reported through interaction plots (Aiken & West, 1996). Mediation of Information Elaboration: For Hypothesis 1 age diversity (Table 2) showed the model explained variance (R 2 = .64, ...
This study examined the role of group size through moderated mediation where information
elaboration was used as a mediator. A total of 1036 respondents were used to collect the data from Pakistan
and China. With regard for age diversity, full mediation was observed for education diversity. The large
group size showed significant relationship of conditional direct effects for both types of diversity on
individual creativity. However, conditional indirect effects of the interaction were only significant for
education diversity
... To facilitate the interpretation of interaction effects, we use procedures by Aiken & West (1991) to plot the interaction effects of two moderating variables. Fig. 2 illustrates the combined effect of political connections and highly-skilled HR slack on firm innovation. ...
This study explores how political connections help firms promote innovation in emerging markets by facilitating the acquisition of required resources and knowledge and establishing collaborative relationships with external partners. Further, we emphasize that reconfiguration and acquisition of resources and knowledge are critical for firms to seize the opportunities by focusing on the role of human resource (HR) slack and state ownership in the innovation process. By specifying the HR slack based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of employees, we explain that the way firms integrate the resources and knowledge from political connections with an appropriate type of HR slack critically affects firm innovation. We also argue that state ownership strengthens the capabilities of politically connected firms to acquire resources and knowledge for firm innovation because political connections and state ownership enable firms to establish a dual pathway to access resources and knowledge. Based on data from 3,229 Chinese listed firms over a decade, our findings show the importance of highly-skilled HR slack to adequately allocate and absorb the resources and knowledge from political connections to foster firm innovation. The results also highlight the significance of state ownership in promoting innovation within politically connected firms.
... В четвертой модели набор предикторов дополнялся субъективно оцениваемой частотой возникновения конфликтогенных ситуаций в жизни испытуемого, а в пятой модели -показателем субъективной удовлетворенности жизнью. В соответствии с существующими рекомендациями все предикторы были предварительно подвергнуты процедуре центрации [29]. Прирост объема объяснимой дисперсии, обусловленный расширением состава предикторов, оценивался с помощью инкрементного F-теста. ...
Представлены результаты кросскультурного (белорусско-польского) исследования, посвященного проблеме взаимосвязи ценностных конфликтов и смысложизненного кризиса в развитии личности. На основе концепции базовых человеческих ценностей Ш. Шварца показано, что внутриличностные конфликты ценностей «самовозвышение – самотрансценденция» и «открытость изменениям – консерватизм» провоцируют переживание личностью смысложизненного кризиса. Установлено, что дополнительным условием возникновения кризиса выступает частота столкновения человека с ситуациями выбора одной из относительно равнозначных смысложизненных ценностей. Раскрыт психологический механизм кризисогенеза, в котором функцию связующего звена между конфликтным смыслом жизни и смысложизненным кризисом выполняет непродуктивность самореализации личности, переживаемая в форме субъективной неудовлетворенности жизнью.
... Because our variables are measured by multi-item, five-point Likert scales, OSR is a more appropriate analytical approach because OSR is based on a non-linear transformation for categorical variables and iterates until it finds the best regression model (Zhang, 2002). The predictor variables were mean-centered to reduce multicollinearity prior to creating the interaction terms (Aiken & West, 1991). The variance inflation factors (VIFs) in all models were below 2.525 (see Table 4), which shows that multicollinearity is not a problem in this study. ...
This study takes a managerial cognition perspective and investigates how managerial negative interpretation of the external environment infuences frm engagement in environmental CSR. We also explore how ownership structure and market
demand uncertainty afect this relationship. The analysis of survey data from 189
frms in China shows that when managers interpret their external environment in
a negative light, they frst increase their attention to frms’ environmental footprint
and then decrease their environmental commitment as the assessment of the external
environment becomes increasingly negative. Our results also suggest that both state
ownership and market uncertainty strengthen this curvilinear relationship.
... The grand mean or group mean is subtracted from the raw data and converted into a deviation score. According to Aiken and West (1991) and Kraemer and Blasey (2004), centering can address the issue of collinearity. ...
This study adopts the hierarchical linear growth modeling approach to analyze the differences in the changes of repeat-sales house prices in Kaohsiung City from 2012 to 2020. The Level 1 time-varying factors include house age and the time of repeat-sales; the Level 2 factors include house attributes such as house area, house type, and house location. Based on the results of the null model, the estimated variance is 0.42816, with a 1% level of significance. This shows that significant differences exist in the mean repeat-sales prices between houses. The interclass correlation coefficient is 91.65%, showing that the interclass variation and intraclass variation of the mean repeat-sales prices are 91.65% and 8.35%, respectively. The estimation results of the non-randomly varying slope model indicate that the sales time and sales time squared significantly affect repeat-sales prices. The annual growth rate and quadratic growth of sales prices do not differ by house type (luxury condominiums and apartment buildings) but are affected by house area and house location. The effect of house age on repeat-sales prices is moderated by house area, house type, and house location.
... The simple slope was examined to visualize the interaction effect. Following Aiken and West's (1991) recommendation, we plotted the interactions at conditional values of receiving NWG (1 standard deviation above and below the mean). As shown in Fig. 3, T1 leader humor was more strongly related to T2 authentic self-expression when T1 receiving NWG was high (b = 0.28, p < 0.001) but was not related to T2 authentic self-expression when T1 receiving NWG was low (b = 0.06, p > 0.05). ...
Employee proactivity has been shown to play an important role in contemporary organizations. In the present study, we intended to understand the predictors of employees’ proactive work design behaviors, such as task i-deals and job crafting, based on the symbolic interactionist perspective on identity. Specifically, we investigated the effects of leader humor on employees’ task i-deals and job crafting behaviors through the mediating mechanism of authentic self-expression and the moderating role of receiving negative workplace gossip from an identity perspective. The four-wave data were collected from a sample of 320 employees to test the hypotheses. The results confirmed that leader humor as a form of positive social interaction promoted employees’ proactive behaviors by influencing the levels of authentic self-expression. In addition, the effect of leader humor became more pronounced in a gossipy work environment. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
... At the same time, in order to effectively reduce multicollinearity and facilitate the interpretation of the results, when calculating the three second-order polynomial items contained in the polynomial regression equation (Aiken & West, 1991), the congruence variables (team patient orientation and medical staff patient orientation) were centrifuged first. The basic equations of this study are as follows (for simplification, the control variables are omitted here): ...
This study draws on conservation of resources theory to propose a moderated mediation model in which team–medical staff incongruence in patient orientation affects medical service quality through emotional exhaustion. In addition, we identify patient’s identification with medical staff as a key first-stage moderator in shaping the mediation process. Based on survey data from 213 medical staff on 37 medical teams at two hospitals in China, our findings revealed that team–medical staff incongruence in patient orientation led to high emotional exhaustion of medical staffs. Further, when the patient orientation of the medical staffs was higher than that of the team, medical staffs perceived higher emotional exhaustion, and the effect of the team–medical staff incongruence in patient orientation on medical service quality was mediated by the emotional exhaustion of medical staffs. Finally, our results found that patient’s identification with medical staff moderates the indirectly relationship between team–medical staff incongruence in patient orientation and medical service quality via emotional exhaustion. Our findings enrich the academic understanding of the team–medical staff incongruence in patient orientation and provide practical suggestions for hospital management.
... Table IA.10 in the Internet Appendix shows the correlations between the dimensions of message credibility.17 To avoid potential multicollinearity problems, the interaction terms used are centered on their means(Aiken & West, 1991). ...
Research assigns significant share price relevance to linguistic tone in earnings conference calls. Tone is, however, only one facet in the mosaic of the soft information that is disseminated in the interactive conference call setting. We argue that investors exploit further aspects of this soft information to simultaneously assess the tone's credibility. Drawing on the communication literature, we focus on the role of perceived sender and message credibility in conference calls in altering investor reactions to tone. We measure sender credibility as the trustworthiness originating from the manager's perceived personality (i.e., Big 5 traits), and message credibility as characteristics of a credible communication style and structure. We find corroborating evidence that investor reactions to tone are stronger in the presence of higher sender and message credibility. We also find the credibility effect to be stronger in weaker information environments, where we expect the reliance on simultaneously perceived credibility signals from soft information to be higher. Finally, we find that sender and message credibility strongly attenuate the negative post-conference-call drift in the investor reaction to tone. Our results provide evidence that investors benefit from considering credibility signals from the simultaneously perceived soft information when reacting to tone in conference calls.
... Further, the chain mediated effect of FOC and loneliness in this association was analyzed, while exploring the moderating role of gender between family support and FOC [101]. Before constructing our model, we performed mean-centered continuous variable analysis [102]. This study set the number of repeated samples to 10,000 when using bootstrap for mediation and moderation effect analysis. ...
Sleep problems in middle-aged and older people can threaten their physical and mental health. Family support is regarded as a key factor that affects sleep quality, but the influence mechanism remains underexplored. This study analyzes the mediating effects of fear of crime (FOC) and loneliness in the relationship between family support and sleep quality, and explores whether gender plays a moderating role between family support and FOC. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1043 Chinese middle-aged and older people aged 45–93 years. Using 10,000 bootstrapped samples, the study shows that middle-aged and older people who receive more family support have better sleep quality, and FOC and loneliness play mediating role in this association. Gender moderates the relationship between family support and FOC. Compared with men, family support for females has a greater impact on their FOC condition, and the mediating effect of family support on sleep quality through FOC is also greater among women. Family support can affect sleep quality through the chain mediating effect of FOC and loneliness for women. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between family support and sleep quality.
... The corruption measure was designed to tap into a holistic view of how dishonest individuals view the entire industry. The continuous measure of perceived industry corruption was averaged and mean centered before analysis to minimize potential issues with multicollinearity in interactions (Aiken & West, 1991). All measures from this study are included in the Appendix. ...
Consumer perceptions of industry corruption influences with whom and how they are willing to engage. This study explores the intersection of financial advisors’ gender and consumers’ industry corruption perceptions on the likelihood of using a female advisor as females are perceived as more trustworthy and less prone to corruption than their male counterparts. Analyses reveal individuals prefer female advisors when corruption is low, but these preferences wane as corruption perceptions heighten. This suggests the interpersonal characteristics of females being more trustworthy and ethi- cal do not carry as much weight for consumers when they perceive the industry as corrupt.
... Results of the moderation analyses showed that trait selfcontrol significantly moderated the effect of priming mindfulness on aggression (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Simple slope analyses (with −1 and + 1 SD; Aiken & West, 1991;Hayes, 2018) revealed that the mindfulness priming condition predicted Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
Objectives
Previous research shows that a novel experimental paradigm consisting of implicitly activating (“priming”) concepts associated with mindfulness through a scrambled sentence task yields positive social effects on cognition and affect. Yet, the effects of this paradigm on social behaviour warrant further investigation. As several studies link mindfulness to lower aggression, aggression represents a promising candidate to investigate within the current paradigm. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that personality traits—such as trait mindfulness—moderate the effect of the mindfulness prime, highlighting the importance of identifying potential moderators.
Method
In an exploratory Study 1, we investigated which of several personality variables most meaningfully related to the priming mindfulness procedure. In confirmatory follow-up studies, we attempted to replicate those results using the same methodology but using larger samples and only a few measures of interest (Study 2) or additional measures (Study 3).
Results
Self-control emerged as the only meaningful moderator of the effect of the mindfulness prime on behaviour. Accordingly, we specifically tested the interaction between self-control and the mindfulness priming procedure in the two follow-up studies. The findings regarding the role of self-control from the first study did not replicate in the subsequent studies.
Conclusions
Despite promising initial results, our confirmatory follow-up findings suggest that trait self-control does not moderate the effect of implicitly activating mindfulness on aggressive behaviour.
Preregistration
Study 1 was not preregistered. Studies 2 and 3 were preregistered on OSF: https://osf.io/582wx/ and https://osf.io/w46r9/.
... Conditions 1 (significant direct effect of the independent on the dependent variable) and 3 (significant direct effect of the mediator on the dependent variable) were already confirmed by the analysis in the previous section (Table 3). To test Condition 2, the study focused on the predictor and moderator variables prior to creating the conditions to test for interaction effects (Aiken & West, 1991). Hypothesis 2 predicted that the relationship between girls' religiosity and their participation in extracurricular activities would be moderated by their parents' level of education. ...
The present study aims to determine whether girls’ participation in extracurricular activities at schools mediates the relationship between religiosity and their educational aspirations, and if so, how this effect varies depending on parental education. Altogether, 312 Muslim female students in Grades 9 and 10 from eight secondary schools in Bangladesh were interviewed. Ar part of the study, an inferential test of the conditional indirect effect of the independent variable at specified moderator values on the dependent variable was conducted using the Hayes’ percentile approach. Analyses revealed that girls’ religiosity has an indirect and significant adverse effect on their educational aspirations through their participation in extracurricular activities and the relationship, significantly moderated by the level of their parents’ education.
... In such cases, researchers are not interested in quantifying the effect of proficiency, and the primary use of an ordinal proficiency measure might be acceptable. However, ordinal assessments have the disadvantage of providing less information compared to continuous measures and in turn might have relatively less statistical power to detect the effect of interest (Aiken & West, 1991;Gupta et al., 2022;Streiner, 2002). ...
Arabic is understudied in second-language research (L2) and lacks rapid and adequate tools for measuring proficiency. Drawing inspiration from LexTALE and its extensions, this study created and validated a quick receptive vocabulary size test to estimate L2 Arabic proficiency. In Experiment 1, the initial version of LexArabic was designed and evaluated with 192 L1 and L2 speakers. Item analysis using point-biserial correlations and item response theory (IRT) was conducted to refine the test, resulting in a final version with 90 items (60 words, 30 nonwords). Experiment 2 assessed LexArabic reliability, validity, and accuracy using a new group of 260 L1 and L2 speakers. The validity of LexArabic was evaluated through objective tasks (a general Arabic proficiency test, L1 to L2 translation task, L2 to L1 translation task) as well as subjective tasks (self-rated proficiency). Results showed that LexArabic demonstrated good reliability (α > 90), validity (correlation with two objective tasks and one subjective task), as well as accuracy (AUC value = .88). The introduction of LexArabic has the potential to facilitate experimental research on both L1 and L2 Arabic speakers and contributes to the development of standardized L2 proficiency assessment across languages.
... For a further understanding of the results, Fig. 2 shows the nature of the significant interaction effect (abusive supervision × power distance) on organisational identity, following the procedure recommended by Aiken and West (1991) and Cohen and Cohen (1983). Figure 2 suggests that the negative relationship between abusive supervision and reduction of CFI (∆CFI) is smaller than or equal to 0.01 in the constrained model. ...
We adopt a culture-relevant identity approach to understanding the effects of abusive leadership and power distance culture on group members’ identity and their creative process engagement. We argue that organizational culture should be considered in explanations of how abusive supervision may influence persons’ identity-making, which in turn can affect their creative process engagement. We then collect data from a large Chinese company operating in both Hong Kong and mainland China and obtain several interesting results. Firstly, abusive supervision has a negative effect on the organisational identity of subordinates. Secondly, organisational identity mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and the creative process engagement of subordinates. Finally, power distance moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and organisational identity, as well as the relationship between abusive supervision and creative process engagement among subordinates via organisational identity, such that the relationship is more pronounced when organization culture of power distance is low rather than high. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for academic researchers and managerial practitioners.
... Following the recommendation by Aiken and West (1991), we plotted the interactive effects in Figure 2. As suggested, the effect of abusive supervision on CWB was stronger for subordinates who experienced high goal-focused leadership than for those who experienced low goal-focused leadership. The result of a simple slopes test indicated that the abusive supervision and CWB relationship was stronger among subordinates with higher goal-focused leadership (b = 0.85, p < 0.01) than among subordinates with lower goal-focused leadership (b = 0.48, p < 0.01). ...
When an abusive supervisor exhibits goal-focused leadership, does goal-focused leadership buffer or deteriorate the impact of abusive supervision on subordinates? Although leaders normally exhibit different leadership styles at the same time, little effort has been made to examine how different leadership styles affect subordinates. We also investigate the three-way interaction among abusive supervision, goal-focused leadership, and conscientiousness on counterproductive work behavior (CWB). With two multinational samples, our findings consistently indicate that subordinates exposed to more goal-focused leadership along with
abusive supervision are significantly more likely to engage in CWB. In addition, we find a three-way interaction such that the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates’ CWB is the strongest among subordinates who have low conscientiousness when leaders exhibit a high level of goal-focused leadership.
... McClelland et al. [34] provide an easy-to-understand synopsis of a variety of ways to provide meaning to these conditional partial regression coefficients. Some of these methods involve meancentering the predictor variables [35] and performing orthogonal transformations of the predictor variables [36,37]. As McClelland et al. [34] point out, these transformations of the predictor will not alter the estimate of β 3 or its associated standard error. ...
Background/objectives
Nutrition and obesity researchers often dichotomize or discretize continuous independent variables to conduct an analysis of variance to examine group differences. We describe consequences associated with dichotomizing and discretizing continuous variables using two cross-sectional studies related to nutrition.
Subjects/methods
Study 1 investigated the effects of health literacy and nutrition knowledge on nutrition label accuracy (n = 612). Study 2 investigated the effects of cognitive restraint and BMI on fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake (n = 586). We compare analytic approaches where continuous independent variables were either discretized/dichotomized or analyzed as continuous variables.
Results
In Study 1, dichotomization of health literacy and nutrition knowledge for 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed health literacy had an effect on nutrition label accuracy. Nutrition knowledge has an effect on nutrition label accuracy, but the health literacy by nutrition knowledge interaction was not significant. When analyzed using regression, the nutrition knowledge effect was significant. The simple effect of health literacy was also significant when health literacy equals zero. Finally, the quadratic effect of health literacy was negative and significant. In Study 2, dichotomization and discretization of cognitive restraint and BMI were used for three ANOVAs, which discretized BMI in three ways. For all ANOVAs, the BMI main effect for predicting fruit and vegetable intake was significant, the interaction between BMI and cognitive restraint was non-significant, and cognitive restraint was only significant when both variables were dichotomized. When analyzed using regression, the continuous mean-centered variables, and their interaction each significantly predicted F/V intake.
Conclusions
Dichotomizing continuous independent variables resulted in distortions of effect sizes across studies, an inability to assess the quadratic effect of health literacy, and an inability to detect the moderating effect of BMI. We discourage researchers from dichotomizing and discretizing continuous independent variables and instead use multiple regression to examine relationships between continuous independent and dependent variables.
... Thus, all regression analyses were controlled for race/ethnicity (− 1 = White/ Hispanic/Asian/Others, +1 = Black). Simple slope analyses were used to probe significant interaction effects (Aiken and West, 1991). Additionally, we conducted regions of significance of the conditional effects to probe further the specific values of sAA at which the slope of the regression transition from non-significance to significance (Johnson and Neyman, 1936). ...
Psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) exposure negatively affects children's development of aggression. Nevertheless, not all children exposed to PAP display aggressive behaviors. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity may influence the impact of early adversity on aggression. This study examines whether SNS reactivity and sex moderate the link between psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) during childhood and later aggression. Emerging adults (N = 182, mean age = 19.03 years, 53 % female) retrospectively reported on their childhood PAP and current aggression. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) collected from a social stress task indexed SNS reactivity to stress. Childhood PAP was associated with emerging adulthood anger, hostility, physical, and verbal aggression. Moreover, males were more likely to exhibit anger, verbal, and physical aggression and had higher levels of sAA reactivity than females. A significant three-way interaction between childhood PAP, sAA reactivity, and sex accounted for participants' current verbal aggression. The link between childhood PAP and later verbal aggression was stronger for males at higher levels of sAA reactivity. Females with higher levels of sAA reactivity displayed lower levels of verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Males and females with lower levels of sAA reactivity were at elevated risk for verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Moreover, we found a significant two-way interaction between PAP and sex on anger, such that higher levels of PAP exposure were associated with more anger among males, but not females. These findings highlight the importance of examining interactions between biological and environmental factors and sex in accounting for later aggression.
... Verdicts from the collinearity test succeeding the residual cantering approach are shown in table 2 of the result and discussion section. The study variables intricate in the regression evaluation reveal a lower VIF, which is way below the suggested cut-off value of 10.00 (Baum, 2006) representing there are no apprehensions concerning multicollinearity (Aiken & West, 1991). Therefore, all the study variables can be utilized to infer the regression outcomes. ...
Purpose-In the dynamic and ever-changing global economy, the significance of financial literacy cannot be emphasized enough. As both individuals and businesses maneuver through the intricate financial landscape, the ability to comprehend essential financial concepts and make well-informed decisions becomes paramount for sustained success, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In a recent study, the objective was to examine the role of financial literacy as a moderator in the relationship between access to finance and the growth of SMEs. Design/methodology/approach-The study used primary data taken from Lahore, Pakistan through a well-structured questionnaire. The study took the data from 206 SMEs and employed moderating regression. Findings-The results showed that financial access has a straight and positive influence on financial growth. Additionally, the findings showed that financial literacy moderates the association between financial access and SME growth. Limitations/Implications-Policymakers can use insight from this research to design targeted programs and initiatives that enhance financial literacy among entrepreneurs. Findings might be context-specific and not easily generalizable across different industries, regions, or economic conditions. Establishing a direct causal relationship between financial literacy and firm growth can be complex. Other external facts might also affect growth outcomes. Originality/value-By using the resource-based view, this study highlights the importance of financial literacy for the growth of Pakistani SMEs. It draws SME owners' attention toward financial literacy.
... Models tested sex differences on probability of same day cannabis use as predicted by alcohol use and probed significant alcohol use by sex interactions. Significant amount of alcohol by sex interactions were explored by probing amount of alcohol at the mean value and at standard deviations above and below the mean (Aiken and West, 1991;Mitchell and Chen, 2005). Results are presented with accompanying odds ratio effect sizes and 95 % confidence intervals. ...
Background
Co-use of alcohol and cannabis is highly prevalent and may be associated with negative outcomes. The intersection between alcohol and cannabis use remains poorly understood. The present study assessed this intersection and the moderating effects of sex on the daily levels of high-risk alcohol and cannabis co-use.
Methods
A secondary analysis of an experimental pharmacology study specifically designed to recruit individuals using both alcohol and cannabis was conducted. Thirty-three non-treatment seeking subjects (19 M/14F) reporting high-risk levels of alcohol and cannabis use completed a 30-day Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) assessment for alcohol and cannabis use, resulting in a total of N = 990 observations. Logistic models tested the probability of same day cannabis use as predicted by alcohol use (any use, total drinking, and binge drinking), sex, and alcohol use by sex interactions.
Results
Drinking any alcohol on a given day was associated with a significant increase in the likelihood of same-day cannabis use (b = 0.61, p = 0.001) as was amount of alcohol consumed on a given day (b = 0.083, p = 0.012). These relations were significantly moderated by sex (b = 1.58, p<0.001; b = 0.14, p = 0.044). Male-identifying individuals demonstrated an increased probability of concurrent cannabis use with any alcohol use on a given day, and this relationship increased linearly as the number of drinks consumed increased.
Conclusions
The present study investigated the patterns associated with co-using alcohol and cannabis in individuals reporting high-risk levels of both alcohol and cannabis use. The sex-dependent findings suggest that males are at higher risk for co-using alcohol and cannabis compared with females.
... Firstly, because skewed data has a negative impact on linear regression, we checked each continuous variable's skewness with the R package (i.e., e1071;Meyer [aut et al., 2023) and skewness symmetricality criteria (A Hands-on Tutorial about Log Transformations Using R Language, n.d.): team score = 0.07 (perfect), advice compliance = 0.05 (perfect), team cognitive load = 0.42 (moderate). Therefore, we continued our statistical analysis with all the variables without transforming them as well as the IVs interaction effect (Aiken & West, 1991). The Global Test of Model R-package (Pena, 2019) was run on the final regression model to assess the linear model assumptions and performs specific directional tests designed to detect skewness, kurtosis, and heteroscedasticity; found that those assumptions met in the final regression (p > 0.05) (See Table 1). ...
This research concentrates on the impact of Artificial Social Intelligence (ASI)'s advice intervention text messages and the compliance of three human team members, who communicate via voice to carry out victim rescue operations, on the team's performance. This experiment takes place in a simulated Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) task environment built using Minecraft. The ASI agent, utilizing its analytical components designed around interactive real-time measurements, oversees the team's behavior in the USAR task environment. The agent discerns and
forecasts the human team members' actions, offering interventions via text messages to foster and sustain team efficacy. The study examines (1) the influence of the team's cognitive load on message compliance from the advisor and (2) how these elements collectively affect team performance. The results show a positive association between cognitive load, compliance, and enhanced task performance despite the lack of a significant correlation between cognitive load and compliance.
... Here, we empirically tested potential heterogeneous effects of video extension among farmers at different information utilization ability using both interaction terms and group regression. Before the demonstration, we centralize the two variables of information utilization ability and video extension to overcome the possible collinearity problem caused by the interaction term (Aiken & West, 1991). The third column of Table 5 indicates that the interactive item of video extension and information utilization ability has a positive and statistically significant influence on farmers' GCT adoption behavior. ...
Most of the existing researches focus on the role of video teaching in traditional technology extension in farmers’ technology adoption behavior. However, there is a lack of special exploration and heterogeneity analysis for video extension in the new media. This study analyses the impact of video extension on farmers’ green control technology (GCT) adoption based on questionnaire data of 761 households in Henan and Hubei provinces. By distinguishing between video senders and video receivers, we further explain the effect mechanism of video extension on farmers’ GCT adoption behavior. Our results indicate that, first, video extension can significantly promote the adoption of GCT by farmers. After solving the endogeneity problem and testing the robustness, the above conclusion is still valid. Second, heterogeneity analysis based on the perspective of video senders shows that farmers’ GCT adoption behavior is more likely affected by the video extension from government organizations compared with market organizations and informal organizations. Government video extension raises farmers’ media trust, which encourages farmers to adopt GCT. Third, heterogeneity analysis based on the perspective of video receivers shows that information utilization ability can positively regulate the positive impact of video extension on farmers’ GCT adoption. Specifically, the promotion effect of video extension on GCT is greater for farmers with stronger information utilization ability. This effect is also stronger on farmers with higher levels of education.
... This demonstrates that the direct effect of inclusive leadership on team climate was positive and significant when trust in leadership is high. Figure 2 depicts the role of team power distance in moderating the relationship between inclusive leadership and team climate using a simple slope analysis (Aiken & West, 1991). As displayed in figure 2, the interaction effect on team climate was stronger in low team power distance compared with high power team distance. ...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of inclusive leadership on team climate. Drawing on the social exchange theory, this study propose a theoretical model in which (a) inclusive leadership enhances team climate, (b) the moderating effect of team power distance and trust in leadership in the relationship between inclusive leadership and team climate. Based on a survey of 247 employees nested in 59 teams from multiple manufacturing firms in Nigeria, this study found that inclusive leadership has a positive and direct effect on team climate. Also, this study found that (1) team power distance positively influences the relationship between inclusive leadership and team climate; (2) trust in leader positively influences the relationship between inclusive leadership and team climate. The study concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the findings and provides directions for future research.
... To avoid potentially problematic high multicollinearity with the interaction term, the variables were centered and an interaction term between EDE-Q and ADHD was created (Aiken & West, 1991). The results revealed a non-signi cant negative moderating role of ASRS on the linkage between EDE-Q and SFQ (b EDE−Q*ASRS = − .0167, ...
Background: This study examined the relationship between eating disorder (ED) and ADHD symptoms and their impact on social functioning. It aimed to clarify the mechanisms whereby the symptoms of ED cause impairment through their impact on general social functioning.
Method: A community sample of 160 Latino adults completed an anonymous online survey including self-report measures of symptoms of ED and ADHD, social functioning, and social functioning related to eating behavior. We tested a conditional process model that posits that social functioning related to eating behavior mediates the effect of ED on general social functioning, while ADHD symptoms moderate the effect of ED on general social functioning.
Results: Results support the hypothesized model. We show that the effect of ED on social functioning is fully mediated by social functioning related to eating behavior. However, we found no evidence of a significant conditional effect of ED symptoms on general social functioning as being moderated by ADHD symptoms at the levels of ADHD symptoms that we tested. Overall, increased ED and ADHD symptoms, as well as poorer social functioning related to eating behaviors, were associated with reduced general social functioning.
Conclusions: Both eating disorder and ADHD symptoms are associated with diminished general social functioning. This underscores the importance of screening for and addressing ADHD symptoms in ED populations, and vice versa, in clinical settings. The findings highlight the important role of social functioning related to eating behavior as the mechanism whereby ED symptoms cause impairment by diminishing general social functioning. We discuss clinical and research implications.
... We employed a path analysis in Mplus 8 [39] to test our hypotheses. Following established guidelines [40], we centered anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty prior to calculating their interaction term. The results of the path analyses are presented in Table 3. ...
Uncertainty, as the predominant characteristic of the contemporary landscape, poses significant challenges and exerts profound influence on individual decision making and behaviors; however, there remains a limited understanding of its impact on university student behavior. Building upon the uncertainty management theory, this study presents a conceptual framework to investigate the impact of perceived environmental uncertainty on university students’ anxiety levels and behaviors, including academic engagement and prosocial behavior. Additionally, our model proposes that the intolerance of uncertainty moderates a mediating effect on anxiety. These hypotheses are empirically tested using a sample of 221 Chinese university students. The results reveal a positive relationship between perceived environmental uncertainty and anxiety among university students; subsequently, anxiety exerts a negative influence on both academic engagement and prosocial behavior. Furthermore, we find that anxiety serves as a psychological mediator between perceived environmental uncertainty and both academic engagement and prosocial behavior. This research also underscores the significance of the intolerance of uncertainty in shaping university students’ involvement in academic pursuits when confronted with anxiety stemming from perceived environmental uncertainty. Consequently, these findings have practical implications for facilitating university students’ adaptive coping strategies in uncertain contexts and mitigating the negative effects of anxiety on their behavioral responses.
Several studies investigated the relationship between personality traits and sexting behaviors using the Five Factors Model and the HEXACO six-factor personality model. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the relation between trait emotional intelligence and sexting. Therefore, the present study examined the associations between the four factors of trait emotional intelligence (i.e., well-being, self-control, emotionality, and sociability) and different forms of sexting (experimental sexting, non-consensual sexting, sexting under pressure, and risky sexting) in a sample of Italian adolescents.
A convenience group of 760 high school students aged 14 to 19 years (Mage = 16.76, SDage = 1.56; 52.6% females) completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire between January and June 2021, and data were analyzed through logistic regression analyses.
The main results showed that (1) lower emotionality was related to higher involvement in non-consensual sexting, sexting under pressure, and risky sexting; (2) higher sociability was related to higher involvement in experimental, non-consensual, and risky sexting; (3) lower self-control was related to higher involvement in experimental sexting; and (4) well-being was unrelated to sexting.
This study expands knowledge about the relationships between personality and sexting, examining the role of specific dimensions of trait emotional intelligence and various forms of sexting.
The study suggests that fostering the ability to express and understand emotions should be the focus of preventive interventions targeting adolescents to contrast aggravated and risky sexting.
Avoiding bankruptcy is a crucial task for any firm’s top management team (TMT), and reasons for the failure to accomplish it have long been studied. While financial metrics can predict near-term bankruptcy, governance characteristics increase precision in the long term. With TMT heterogeneity, we introduce a powerful predictor for the critical time frame in between. Grounded in upper echelons theory, we argue that TMT age heterogeneity increases while heterogeneity in TMT pay and TMT functional backgrounds decreases the bankruptcy probability. We test our hypotheses using a unique dataset of large, public U.S. firms, about half of which filed for bankruptcy between 2001 and 2020. Our results support our research model and show how TMT heterogeneity significantly predicts bankruptcy. We contribute to both bankruptcy and strategic management research by underscoring the importance of TMT heterogeneity as a level of analysis when predicting bankruptcy and add to the ongoing discussion on the impact of TMT pay differences on firm performance. Additionally, we offer valuable insights to practitioners navigating their firms in times of crisis and to regulators shaping the insolvency statutes of the future.
Institutional scholarship tends to emphasize the tendency of organizations to conform to prevailing practices, but this study investigates Chinese firms’ non-conformity behavior in terms of not participating in credit rating. State ownership and firm status (in terms of age, size, and human capital) are all found to be useful predictors of this non-conformity. Building on institutional theory and resource dependence theory in an emerging market context, this study proposes that non-conformity would be high for state owned enterprises (SOEs) and for both low- and high-status firms, based on their evaluations of the legitimacy of credit rating and the relative power balance between the government and themselves. In contrast, middle-status firms would be less likely to show non-conformity behaviors. Moreover, the influence of state ownership and firm status on non-conformity would be further moderated by the degree of government intervention. The results from an empirical study of 2,708 manufacturing firms in China largely support these hypotheses.
Purpose
This study investigates how compulsory citizenship behavior (CCB) restricts police employees from fulfilling their family responsibilities [i.e. work–family conflict (WFC)] and affects their psychological health. The authors also examined putting family first (PFF) as a conditional variable on the association between CCB and WFC.
Design/methodology/approach
This quantitative study collected data from 341 police employees on convenience basis. Further, the authors tackled the issue of common method bias (CMB) by collecting data in two waves.
Findings
The data were analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM), and the result revealed that WFC mediates the association between CCB and police employees' psychological health. In addition, the authors noted that individuals high in PFF were less likely to experience WFC in the presence of CCB.
Originality/value
This study contributes to the scant literature on police employees' psychological health. Specifically, this study is the first to investigate the mediating role of WFC between CCB and psychological health with the boundary condition of PFF.
There is a much lively debate about whether new ventures should adopt employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). The inconsistent findings may be due to the neglect of employees’ life quality. This paper analyzed the relationship between ESOPs and employee workplace-psychology-life well-being and the moderating effect of opportunity-enhancing human resource practices (OHRPs). It adopted a survey that was completed by 262 employees of new ventures in the Greater Bay Area of China. The results show that ESOPs had a positive effect on the workplace and psychological well-being, but a negative effect on life well-being, and that this effect was mediated by psychological ownership. OHRPs moderated the mediating effect of ESOPs on workplace and life well-being via psychological ownership. The results reveal a particular correlation pattern between new venture ESOPs and employee well-being, which helps address the debate about the effects of ESOPs by providing an explanation from the life aspect. These findings highlight the importance of considering employee life well-being in understanding new venture ESOPs.
Whether firms in transition economies undertake corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an important research topic in business ethics. Applying the middle-status conformity perspective, this study uses listed companies in the transition economy of China from 2010 to 2020 to assess the influence of social status on CSR conformity. The empirical findings revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between social status and CSR conformity. That is, firms with low- or high-level status were less inclined to adopt CSR practices than the firms with a more middling status. Moreover, performance expectation gaps strengthened, while managerial ability flattened, the aforementioned inverted U-shaped relationship. This study sheds new light on the complicated motives for firms in transition economies to adopt CSR practices and further substantiates the boundary conditions of the curvilinear relationship between social status and CSR conformity.
The present paper aims to empirically examine the effect of promoters’ holdings and institutional holdings on dividend payout ratio and the firm value. Most importantly, this paper explores the age and size of the firm as the moderators in the relationships. Data collected from 23 companies from India and 253 data points were analyzed to test the hypothesized relationships. The results indicate that promoters’ holdings and institutional holdings are positively associated with dividend payout ratio and firm value. Further, moderator hypotheses suggest that (i) firm age moderates the relationship between promoters’ holdings and dividend payout ratio, (ii) firm size moderates the relationship between institutional holdings and dividend payout ratio, (iii) firm age moderates the relationship between promoters’ holdings and firm value, and (iv) firm size moderates the relationship between institutional holdings and firm value. The implications for theory and practice are discussed. The conceptual model developed and tested in this research contributes to both the literature on dividend payout ratio and firm value and to the needs of institutional investors interested in increasing the firm value.
Age discrimination is pervasive in most societies and bears far-reaching consequences for individuals’ psychological well-being. Despite that, studies that examine cross-cultural differences in age discrimination are still lacking. Likewise, whether the detrimental association between age discrimination and psychological well-being varies across contexts remains an open question. In this study, therefore, we examined cross-cultural differences in perceived experiences of age discrimination and their detrimental association with a specific indicator of psychological well-being, which is life satisfaction. The sample was drawn from the Ageing as Future study and comprised 1653 older adults (60–90 years) from the Czech Republic, Germany, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the USA. Participants self-reported their experiences of age discrimination and their life satisfaction. Findings indicated that participants from Hong Kong and Taiwan reported experiences of perceived age discrimination more often than participants from the Czech Republic, Germany, and the USA. Furthermore, experiences of age discrimination were negatively associated with life satisfaction. Cultural context moderated this relation: We found a smaller detrimental association between perceived experiences of age discrimination and life satisfaction in Eastern cultures, that is, in contexts where such experiences were perceived to be more prevalent. These findings highlight the importance of examining age discrimination across cultures. Experiences of age discrimination are clearly undesirable in that they negatively affect psychological well-being. Our results indicate that a higher self-reported prevalence of perceived age discrimination in the samples studied weakens this negative association. We discuss these findings in terms of adaptation (versus sensitization) in response to discrimination.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-023-00790-x.
Parent-adolescent relationships take many forms, which include closeness, communication, conflict, and autonomy. As teenagers don't necessarily hold the same beliefs and values as their parents, frequent parent-adolescent conflict may arise from a discrepancy between their expectations regarding proper behavior. This study aimed to explore the impact of parent-adolescent conflict on self-esteem, achievement motivation, risk-taking attitude, and behavior of adolescents and also to identify the significant gender difference among the aforesaid variables. A descriptive survey research design was used with random sampling. Total of 400 (male-200 & female-200) adolescents, age group of 14-18 were selected in this study. The data were collected through a survey method by visiting the high schools in the urban areas of Purulia and Bankura district, West Bengal, India. Four tools were used for the study namely Conflict Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ-Adolescent version); State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES); Adolescent Motivation for Educational Attainment Questionnaire (AMEAQ); Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire (ARQ). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find out the relationship among the selected variables. Regression analysis was used to predict the impact of mother-father conflict on the previously mentioned variables. The inferential statistic is used to find out the mean differences between adolescents of different genders in each of the research variables. Results indicated that parent-adolescent conflict has a significant negative impact on the self-esteem, academic achievement, and risk-taking behavior of adolescents. Significant gender differences are found in the dimensions of father-conflict and risk-taking attitudes and behaviors of adolescents.
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