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Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach
Journal of the American Statistical Association
... Measures of convergent validity. Convergent validity is determined by assessing (a) the degree of confidence we have that a latent construct is well measured by its observed indicators (Campbell and Fiske, 1959), and (b) the degree to which an operationalization is similar to (or converges on) other operationalizations that it theoretically should be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 1991). Factorial validity (i.e., internal consistency, reliability, and factor structure) is commonly used to establish the former (a), while correlations between latent constructs are frequently employed to determine the latter (b). ...
... Measures of discriminant validity. Discriminant validity is determined by assessing the degree to which an operationalization is not similar to (or diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 1991). Strictly speaking, discriminant validity requires that "a test not correlate too highly with measures from which it is supposed to differ (Campbell, 1960: 548)." ...
... Measures of concurrent validity. Concurrent validity is type of criterion validity, which determines the extent to which an operationalization is related to an outcome that it should theoretically be related to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 1991). While predictive validity (also a type of criterion validity) refers to the ability of a construct to predict an outcome into the future, concurrent validity identifies the magnitude of a relationship between a construct of interest and criterion measurements at the time of the construct's administration. ...
In the social sciences, trust scholars largely divide their interests between two streams of research: one on generalized trust and one on particularized trust. While recent developments in the measurement of generalized trust have pushed the literature forward, similar improvements to the measurement of particularized trust have lagged behind. In this article, I advance trust research by (1) developing an egocentric particularized trust (EPT) instrument based on a multiple name generator approach, and (2) assessing EPT's empirical performance across numerous psychometric tests. Results from a general population quota sample (N = 2041) indicate that EPT consists of two separate latent constructs, one for personally known others (EPT-K) and one for family members (EPT-F). Using traditional measures of particularized trust as benchmarks, I find that EPT-K and EPT-F provide the most valid and reliable measures of particularized trust. I conclude by discussing implications and directions for future research.
... In conjunction with assumptions common to the measurement validation literature (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991), assumptions 1 through 3 facilitate the treatment of generalized trust as a latent construct in which observed indicators of generalized trust manifest as assessments of trustworthiness for particular matters (in the case of SFT and IST) regarding specific strangers (in the case of SFT). I and others (Bauer and Freitag 2018) argue that the average of the assessments of trustworthiness across particular matters and specific strangers is the ideal measurement of generalized trust. ...
... Regarding the former, convergent validity is the degree of confidence we have that a latent construct is well measured by its observed indicators (Campbell and Fiske 1959). Regarding the latter, convergent validity is the degree to which an operationalization is similar to (or converges on) other operationalizations that it theoretically should be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). Four instruments common to the GSS and WVS originally designed to measure generalized trust, particularized trust, and political trust were used to assess convergent validity between closely related latent constructs: a 3-item Misanthropy Scale (Brehm and Rahn 1997;Paxton 1999;Zmerli and Newton 2008) and a 3-item Generalized Social Trust Scale (Newton and Zmerli 2011) were used to measure generalized trust, a 3-item Particularized Social Trust Scale (Freitag and Traunmüller 2009) was used to measure particularized trust, and a 4-item political trust scale (Newton and Zmerli 2011;Zmerli and Newton 2008) was used to measure political trust. ...
... Discriminant validity assesses the degree to which an operationalization is not similar to (or diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). Discriminant validity, in other words, is the degree to which measures of different traits are unrelated. ...
The Stranger Face Trust (SFT) questionnaire and the Imaginary Stranger Trust (IST) questionnaire are two new self-report measures of generalized trust that assess trust in real (SFT) and imaginary (IST) strangers across four trust domains. Both were designed to be objective, empirically valid, and easy to administer and score. To assess measurement validity and reliability, SFT and IST along with other common measures of social trust, sociodemographic characteristics, biographical characteristics, and a survey experiment were administered to a large representative sample of Qualtrics web-panel members (N = 2,041). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models established the internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity of SFT and IST. Further tests revealed that SFT and IST correlate with well-established predictors of generalized trust, while other correlates like the age–trust relation were called into question. Taken together, this article shows that SFT and IST are valid and reliable instruments for the measurement of generalized trust and that common measures of generalized trust appear to be less valid and less reliable. This article ends with a discussion of the implications and directions for future research.
... Earlier versions of SFT and IST instruments were presented to social trust scholars at a 2018 workshop in Uppsala, Sweden. In conjunction with assumptions common to the measurement validation literature (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991), assumptions 1 through 3 facilitate the treatment of generalized trust as a latent construct in which observed indicators of generalized trust manifest as assessments of trustworthiness for particular matters (in the case of SFT and IST) regarding specific strangers (in the case of SFT). I and others (Bauer and Freitag 2018) argue that the average of the assessments of trustworthiness across particular matters and specific strangers is the ideal measurement of generalized trust. ...
... I then reestimated the models found in Tables 3 through 7 for each subsample and found substantively similar results regardless of the subsample. latter, convergent validity is the degree to which an operationalization is similar to (or converges on) other operationalizations that it theoretically should be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). Four instruments common to the GSS and WVS originally designed to measure generalized trust, particularized trust, and political trust were used to assess convergent validity between closely related latent constructs: a three-item misanthropy scale (Brehm and Rahn 1997;Paxton 1999;Zmerli and Newton 2008) and a three-item generalized social trust scale (Newton and Zmerli 2011) were used to measure generalized trust; a three-item particularized social trust scale (Freitag and Traunmüller 2009) was used to measure particularized trust; and a four-item political trust scale (Newton and Zmerli 2011;Zmerli and Newton 2008) was used to measure political trust. ...
... Discriminant validity assesses the degree to which an operationalization is not similar to (or diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). Discriminant validity is the degree to which measures of different traits are unrelated. ...
The Stranger-Face Trust (SFT) questionnaire and the Imaginary Stranger Trust (IST) questionnaire are two new self-report measures of generalized trust that assess trust in real (SFT) and imaginary (IST) strangers across four trust domains. Both were designed to be objective, empirically valid, and easy to administer and score. To assess measurement validity and reliability, SFT and IST along with other common measures of social trust, sociodemographic characteristics, biographical characteristics, and a survey experiment were administered to a large representative sample of Qualtrics web-panel members (N = 2041). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models established the internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity of SFT and IST. Further tests revealed that SFT and IST correlate with well-established predictors of generalized trust, while other correlates like the age-trust relation were called into question. Taken together, the article shows that SFT and IST are valid and reliable instruments for the measurement of generalized trust, and that common measures of generalized trust appear to be less valid and less reliable. The article ends with a discussion of the implications and directions for future research.
... Screen tests were performed to determine the optimal number of domains to retain using EFA, eigenvalues of chosen components greater than 1, and a percentage of variance explained by all components greater than 50% (UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group, 2019). We used a promax rotation for factor loading and considered questions loading more than 0.3 to contribute to the same domain (J and Pedhazur, 1991). In addition to PCA exploration, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the pilot data (J and Pedhazur, 1991). ...
... We used a promax rotation for factor loading and considered questions loading more than 0.3 to contribute to the same domain (J and Pedhazur, 1991). In addition to PCA exploration, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the pilot data (J and Pedhazur, 1991). After Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org ...
Objective
The study was designed to develop and validate a new drug clinical trial participation feelings questionnaire (DCTPFQ) for cancer patients.
Methods
Data collection and analysis involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. There were two phases to this study. Phase Ⅰ involved developing a questionnaire to establish a list of items to be included in the pool: A theoretical framework was constructed based on the transitions theory and the Roper–Logan–Tierney theory. After incorporating a theoretical framework, interviewing participants, and reviewing the literature, 44 items were generated. After a Delphi consultation and a pilot test, 36 items proceeded to item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and a four-factor structure with 21 items was formed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), test–retest reliability, criteria-related validity, and internal consistency tests were conducted in phase II to examine the psychometric properties.
Results
There were 21 items on the DCTPFQ, ranging from 1 (fully disagree) through 5 (fully agree). As a result of EFA and CFA, the four factors of DCTPFQ could be verified, including cognitive engagement, subjective experience, medical resources, and relatives and friends’ support. Test–retest reliability of the DCTPFQ was 0.840, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.934. DCTPFQ is significantly correlated with the Fear of Progression Questionnaire—short form (r = 0.731, p < 0.05) and the Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness Scale (r = 0.714, p < 0.05).
Conclusion
The DCTPFQ is a useful tool for measuring the drug clinical trial participation feelings among cancer patients.
... Study III was undertaken to test for construct validity, as noted in Step 5 of the scale development process. Construct validation is determined by studying relations between constructs in a theoretical context (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). This study investigated convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity using a nationwide, random sample of adult consumers. ...
... Although the Φ matrix shown in Table 5 does reveal relatively high correlation among the constructs, the scale is sufficient to overcome this hurdle and discriminate between comfort and related variables. Construct validity ultimately is determined by assessing the relations between the construct of interest and other constructs in a theoretical context (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). The theoretical associations between comfort and other relationship constructs were supported, providing nomological validity for the comfort measure. ...
The importance of building relationships with customers is well documented, yet the role of consumer comfort in service relationships has not been fully explored. The authors report their efforts to measure and ascertain the importance of this construct in service relationships. Their findings provide evidence that consumer comfort has a significant and incremental impact on satisfaction, trust, commitment, and active voice with service providers. Furthermore , this variable appears to provide incremental understanding of the traditional satisfaction-trust-commitment paradigm. A scale of consumer comfort is developed that exhibits validity and reliability across two provider types.
... Measures of convergent validity. Convergent validity is determined by assessing (a) the degree of confidence we have that a latent construct is well measured by its observed indicators (Campbell and Fiske 1959), and (b) the degree to which an operationalization is similar to (or converges on) other operationalizations that it theoretically should be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). Factorial validity (i.e., internal consistency, reliability, and factor structure) is commonly used to establish the former (a), while correlations between latent constructs are frequently employed to determine the latter (b). ...
... Measures of discriminant validity. Discriminant validity is determined by assessing the degree to which an operationalization is not similar to (or diverges from) other operationalizations that it theoretically should not be similar to (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). ...
Across the social sciences, generalized trust has been one of the most frequently examined constructs since researchers first introduced measures of it in the 1950s. Despite its significance, there is growing consensus that conventional measures of generalized trust are prone to measurement invalidity and non-equivalence, which places sociological knowledge about generalized trust in serious doubt. In this article, I advance trust research in sociology by (1) refining two new self-report measures of generalized trust—the Stranger Face Trust scale (SFT) and the Imaginary Stranger Trust scale (IST)—and (2) assessing their empirical performance on a nationally representative probability sample (N = 1,264). I compare the reliability and validity of SFT, IST, and traditional measures of generalized trust across a number of measurement validation tests (convergent validity, discriminant validity, known-groups validity, and predictive validity). Results suggest that SFT provides the most accurate and consistent measure of generalized trust. I conclude by discussing the implications of my findings for sociological knowledge.
... Study III was undertaken to test for construct validity, as noted in Step 5 of the scale development process. Construct validation is determined by studying relations between constructs in a theoretical context (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). This study investigated convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity using a nationwide, random sample of adult consumers. ...
... Although the Φ matrix shown in Table 5 does reveal relatively high correlation among the constructs, the scale is sufficient to overcome this hurdle and discriminate between comfort and related variables. Construct validity ultimately is determined by assessing the relations between the construct of interest and other constructs in a theoretical context (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). The theoretical associations between comfort and other relationship constructs were supported, providing nomological validity for the comfort measure. ...
We first provide our rationale for the importance of consumer comfort in the development and maintenance of relationships with service providers. Previous research in the areas of environmental psychology, social work, communication, and economics suggested the importance of comfort in successful interactions. While comfort can be described in relation to either the physical or psychological human experience, we focus on the psychological aspect of comfort as it relates to interactions with service providers.
... Experimental treatments are best for controlling systematic variance and field experiments do not allow the researcher to calibrate precisely the modality and strength of manipulations, while surveys rely on the naturally occurring variance among the variables of interest (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). By manipulating only the variables of interest, while ideally keeping all other sources of extraneous variance constant, experiments are superior in that respect. ...
... By manipulating only the variables of interest, while ideally keeping all other sources of extraneous variance constant, experiments are superior in that respect. By contrast, field experiments and surveys are exposed to an array of nuisance variables beyond the control of the researcher (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). Our data collection reveals that warning labels have been analysed more frequently through experiments (153 effect sizes), than by means of the other two combined: field experiments (30), and surveys (59). ...
Even though several meta-analyses have been conducted on the effectiveness of warning labels, many questions regarding their effectiveness remain unanswered. The authors identify 243 effect sizes from 66 primary papers, more than three times the number of effect sizes included in the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date (i.e., Argo and Main (2004) with 72 effect sizes). This updated and substantially larger dataset shows that label effectiveness is contingent on the type of expected behavioral outcome. Labels aimed at moderation/cessation display a generally diminishing cascade of effects from attention (r = .32), comprehension (r = .37), recall (r = .31), judgment (r = .22), to behavior (r = .18). Labels targeting safe-use show stronger effect sizes for behavior (r = .39) despite displaying a downward trend for attention (r = .35), comprehension (r = .29), recall (r = .32), and judgment (r = .21). Authors also find evidence of increased effectiveness when pre-activating the label by means of an integrated communication strategy (r = .49). In addition, results show the impact of several contextual factors, e.g., social influence (r = .33) and exposure frequency (r = .12).
... The data were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 20.0. Factor analysis is a statistical technique enabling researchers to determine the main factors or clusters that underlie the relationship among a set of observed variables (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991; Tabachnick & Fidell, 1989, 2001). The observed variables, for example the items comprising a scale, are inferred to indicate the unobservable or latent construct of interest (i.e., the factor). ...
... The results indicated 39 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. An eigenvalue is a measure of the variance accounted for by a given factor (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991; Tabachnick & Fidell, 1989). After inspection of the scree plot, a two-factor solution consisting of 13 items per factor was deemed appropriate and allowing greater flexibility in research applications. ...
Validity evidence was gathered for a new measure of academic entitlement. Two factors emerged during the creation of the scale—academic narcissism and academic outcome. Academic narcissism appears to reflect an expectation of high academic success unrelated to the effort or ability of the students. As expected, this factor was negatively correlated with students' self-reported GPA (grade point average). Males had higher academic narcissism scores than women. Academic outcome appears to reflect students' mindset that credit should be given for any effort, including attending class. As expected, this factor was not correlated with GPA and did not show sex differences. Implications and practical use of the scale are discussed.
... Therefore, it is recommended to work with a higher number of users, so that results are more reliable. Statistical tests can be performed to estimate the significance of the differences between-users (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 2013). On the other hand, validity helps us measure whether the usability testing of the system measures the actual usability of the system in a real-life scenario with real users. ...
Recent language technology developments have disrupted the translation and interpreting professions. However, the focus has been on using more computational power and training larger language models, often neglecting the users of such technology (do Carmo and Moorkens 2022).
To date, the goal of technology development has been the creation of an intelligent agent that emulates human behaviour to increase automation. As a response, a novel technology design framework has gained a foothold recently: human-centered artificial intelligence, where instead of human replacement, the aim is to produce a powerful tool that augments human capabilities, enhances performance, and empowers users, who are at all instances in supervisory control of such systems (Shneiderman 2022). If applied to machine translation (MT), we can talk about human-centered, augmented MT (HCAMT). This shift, moving from emulation to empowerment, places humans at the centre of AI/language technology. This PhD thesis presents the concept of Machine Translation User Experience (MTUX) as a way to foster HCAMT. Consequently, we conduct a longitudinal user study with 11 professional translators in the English-Spanish language combination that analyses the effects of traditional post-editing (TPE) and interactive post-editing (IPE) on MTUX, translation quality and productivity. MTUX results suggest that translators prefer IPE to TPE because they are in control of the interaction in this new form of translator-computer interaction and feel more empowered in their interaction with MT. Productivity results also suggest that translators working with IPE report a statistically significantly higher productivity than when working with TPE. Quality results also indicate that translators offer more fluent translations in IPE, and equally adequate translations in both post-editing modalities. All these results allow for reflection on the potential adoption of IPE as a more HCAMT post-editing modality, which empowers the users, who have been increasingly reluctant to interact with machine translation post-editing in industry workflows (Cadwell, O’Brien, and Teixeira 2018).
This PhD thesis establishes the methodology for fostering HCAMT tools, systems and workflows through the study of MTUX. The successful implementation of HCAMT in translation and interpreting may lead to sustainable, diverse, and ethically sound development in MT systems and other technological tools through a wide variety of users and use-cases.
... These GoF metrics include: "normed chi-square" (normed χ2), "root means square error approximation" (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index" (CFI), and "Tucker Lewis index" (TLI). Pedhazur and Pedhazur Schmelkin (1991) and Roussel (2005) argued that the normed χ2 value has to be less than 5; the SRMR has also to be less than 0.05, and the RMSEA has to be less than 0.08 and, if possible, 0.05. Moreover, Bentler and Bonett (1980) confirmed the values of NFI, the TLI, and the CFI, the threshold value of which is 0.90. ...
Despite their significant role in the performance of hotel industry, hotel workers are suffering from high rates of turnover, due to several reasons, particularly amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has had numerous negative consequences on hotel workers, including their intention to leave the job or/and career. This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of transformational leadership on turnover intention amid COVID-19 and how psychological safety can intermediate this relationship. The study used a quantitative research approach via a pre-test instrument, self-distributed and collected from hotel workers at different regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Valid responses from 1228 workers, analyzed through a structural equation modeling (SEM) of AMOS version 23, showed that transformational leadership has a significant negative impact on turnover intention as hypothesized. Nevertheless, it has a significant positive impact on psychological safety, whereas psychological safety has a significant negative impact on turnover intention. The most important finding of this study was the perfect mediating effect of psychological safety in the link between transformational leadership and workers’ turnover intention. This finding confirms that psychological safety has the ability to change the above-mentioned link. In other words, the presence of psychological safety ensures negative turnover intention, even if transformational leadership practices do not exist. The findings have implications for scholars and practitioners, especially in tourism and hotel context, in relation to the role of psychological safety and transformational leadership in creating a sustainable working environment to maintain a lower turnover intention.
... Static assessment tasks have several common characteristics. They (a) focus on the accuracy or speed of a one-off response; (b) follow classic psychometric principles closely, particularly the notion of item stability as the foundation of measurement consistency and test development; (c) assume local independence of items, whereby items are ostensibly interchangeable (Pedhazuer and Schmelkin 1991), and (d) item-specific feedback is not provided (as this would jeopardise (b) and (c)). Due to these properties, performance in static tests is typically operationalised as an aggregate of item accuracy (e.g., proportion of correct items) or response time. ...
Despite substantial evidence for the link between an individual’s intelligence and successful life outcomes, questions about what defines intelligence have remained the focus of heated dispute. The most common approach to understanding intelligence has been to investigate what performance on tests of intellect is and is not associated with. This psychometric approach, based on correlations and factor analysis is deficient. In this review, we aim to substantiate why classic psychometrics which focus on between-person accounts will necessarily provide a limited account of intelligence until theoretical considerations of within-person accounts are incorporated. First, we consider the impact of entrenched psychometric presumptions that support the status quo and impede alternative views. Second, we review the importance of process-theories, which are critical for any serious attempt to build a within-person account of intelligence. Third, features of dynamic tasks are reviewed, and we outline how static tasks can be modified to target within-person processes. Finally, we explain how multilevel models are conceptually and psychometrically well-suited to building and testing within-individual notions of intelligence, which at its core, we argue is cognitive flexibility. We conclude by describing an application of these ideas in the context of microworlds as a case study.
... (2) Model 2 checks the main effect and includes the independent (4) Model 4 included the interaction effect between the moderators and independent variable. We examined the contribution from Model 1 to Model 4 by comparing the significance of the F-statistic associated with the change in R 2 (Pedhazur & Liora Pedhazur, 2013). The results are summarised in Table 4. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in countries reacting differently to an ongoing crisis situation. Latent to this reaction mechanism is the inherent cultural characteristics of each society resulting in differential responses to epidemic spread. Epidemiological studies have confirmed the positive effect of population mobility on the growth of infection. However, the effect of culture on indigenous mobility patterns during pandemics needs further investigation. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring the moderating role of country culture on the relationship between population mobility and growth of CoVID-19. Hofstede’s cultural factors; power distance, individualism/
collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term and short-term orientation are hypothesised to moderate the effect of mobility on the reproduction number (R) of COVID-19. Panel regression model, using mobility data and number of confirmed cases across 95
countries for a period of 170 days has been preferred to test the hypotheses. The results are further substantiated using slope analysis and Johnson-Neyman technique. The findings suggest that as power distance, individualism and long-term orientation scores increase, the impact of mobility on epidemic growth decreases. However, masculinity scores in a society have an opposite moderating impact on epidemic growth rate. These Hofstede factors act as quasi moderators affecting mobility and epidemic growth. Similar conclusions could be not be confirmed for uncertainty avoidance. Cross-cultural impact, as elucidated by this study, forms a crucial element in policy formulation on epidemic control by indigenous Governing bodies.
... The sample size calculation formula for the cross-sectional study was used, a relative error of 0.1 and a significant level of 0.05, the coefficient of variation was estimated according to the research data (σ/μ ≈ 0.60) (Hsiung, 2012), and a minimum number of 138 patients are required. Besides, Pedhazur and Schmelkin's recommendation of approximately 10 patients per predictor for a reliable regression equation was employed (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991). Because 9 predictors were used to examine their influences on the dependent variable, a minimum number of 90 patients for the regression equation are required. ...
Aim:
This study aimed to assess advance care planning readiness among patients with chronic diseases and identify its relationship to patients' coping styles.
Design:
A cross-sectional study.
Methods:
Patients with chronic diseases (N = 168) were recruited from community health service centres. We used a self-designed and validated "advance care planning readiness questionnaire" to measure the patients' advance care planning readiness and a "simplified coping style questionnaire" to measure the patients' coping styles.
Results:
Multiple linear regression analyses observed a positive relationship between "active coping style" (p = .002, 95%CI: 1.788, 7.599) with ACP readiness and a negative relationship between "passive coping style" (p < .001, 95%CI: -10.526, -4.274) with ACP readiness. Our study showed that there was a clear relationship between coping styles and ACP readiness. We suggest encouraging patients to choose more active coping strategies and to explore suitable conversation strategies for different coping styles when facilitating ACP discussion.
... Positive emotion and negative emotion are not simply two poles of the subjective cognitive experience of emotion. The depressive symptoms caused by the absence of positive emotion and the aggravation of negative emotion are different in nature and quantity among participants from different cultural backgrounds [62][63][64]. The results of a factor structure analysis of a short version of the CES-D using Chinese participants showed that the CES-D scores of Chinese participants were indeed higher than those of participants in Western studies [42]. ...
Background:
A depressive state is a negative emotional state characterized by abnormal dejection and unpleasant mood. Long-term depressive symptoms can result in psychological disorders such as depression. However, little is known about the depression status and risk factors of the Tibetan people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Objective:
This study explores the depression status of the Tibetan people to better promote ethnic minorities' physical and mental health.
Participants and setting:
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered to 24,141 Tibetan people from Yushu Prefecture; the average age was 34.33 years (SD = 9.18, range = 18-94 years).
Materials and methods:
Participants completed questionnaires collecting demographic information and evaluating symptoms of depression.
Results:
The depression prevalence was higher at high altitudes, and there may be a significant positive correlation between depression rates and altitude. Significant differences were found for each demographic variable. Participants with depressive symptoms (scores ≥8) accounted for 52.3% of the total sample, and participants with depression (scores ≥14) accounted for 28.6%. The binary logistic regression results showed that alcohol drinkers, unmarried participants, participants with high self-assessed socioeconomic status, participants with a high income level, and those with a middle-school education were more likely to be depressed.
Conclusions:
The results provide the first evidence that the prevalence of depression in Tibetans of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than that in the general Chinese population and that reported in Western studies, a finding that may be related to cultural differences and chronic hypoxia caused by the high altitude. This paper offers insight into the mental health status of people living in plateau areas and provides a basis for formulating pertinent mental health policy.
... Sample size was estimated for the regression analysis using the following formula: n ≥ 30k [18], where k is the number of independent variables. This study tested seven independent variables (relative to all PFMFs of interest). ...
Objectives:
To investigate if pelvic floor muscle functions (PFMFs), besides strength and endurance, are associated with the occurrence of urinary incontinence (UI) in women, and to investigate which functions predict the occurrence of UI.
Design:
Cross-sectional study.
Setting:
Public health service and community.
Participants:
Two hundred and ten women (101 with UI and 109 without UI).
Main outcome measures:
PFMF was investigated by the Pelvic Floor Sensory and Muscle Function Exam (Exame das Funções Sensoriais e Musculares do Assoalho Pélvico), a valid and reliable instrument that measures the following functions: tone, reaction, control (contraction), control (relaxation), coordination, strength and endurance. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form was used to document the occurrence and type of UI. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected through the questionnaire. Chi-squared test, Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to evaluate the association of each function with UI. Two logistic regression models tested the predictive value of each function for UI: Model a included all of the above PFMFs and Model b included all of the above PFMFs except strength and endurance.
Results:
Most sociodemographic and clinical risk factors differed between women with UI and women without UI. On univariate analysis, tone, reaction, control (contraction), coordination, strength and endurance were found to be significantly associated (P<0.05) with the occurrence of UI. On multivariate analysis, Model a explained 69% and Model b explained 61% of the likelihood of UI, respectively.
Conclusions:
Besides strength and endurance, pelvic floor muscle tone, reaction, control (contraction) and coordination were significantly associated with the occurrence of UI, and should be investigated further.
... The construct validity is the heart of any study in which researchers use a measure as an index of a variable that is not itself directly observable (Westen and Rosenthal, 2003). According to Pedhazur (1991), the logical analysis approach to construct validation involves four main phases; they are a definition of the construct, item content, measurement procedures, and scoring procedures. Probably the most important, certainly the first, aspect of logical analysis is to study the definition of the construct. ...
Improved financial literacy is the key to informed decisions, protected consumers, financial independence, and peace of mind. Foremost literature reveals that while financial literacy required more special education to improve insurance literacy, the literature of consumers' insurance literacy is quite low. Defining and appropriately measuring insurance literacy is essential to understand the educational impact as well as barriers to better utilization of insurance products. Thus, we conducted a systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines and analyzed 37 studies focusing on the construct validation criteria. This study developed a conceptual definition with an approach for a measurement instrument to address the current limitations in establishing a standardized measure of consumers' insurance literacy. We identified six knowledge dimensions and skill dimensions to be incorporated into an instrument developed to measure the insurance literacy construct. The study contributes to both insurance and financial literacy, and provide a foundation for further research into consumers' insurance literacy.
... Hence, if the latent construct increases, each indica- tor should also increase. In contrast, the approach required to test the A&O propositions is one of "causal" or "forma- tive" indicators ( Bollen and Lennox 1991;MacCallum and Browne 1993;Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991). The indica- tors are formative in the sense that they are necessary but separate conditions for the emergence of the construct. ...
In a previous volume of this journal, the authors presented a behavior versus outcome sales control continuum based on methods of monitoring, directing, evaluating, and compensating the salesperson's efforts and results. They empirically test their propositions about how control system perceptions influence salespeople on a diverse sample of sales representatives. They find that the predicted effects of control philosophy on affective and motivational states are generally supported whereas the effects on sales strategies or performance outcomes are not. Organizational culture differences are also observed.
... This design contrasts group randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control condition [48]. RCTs are considered the highest level of clinical efficacy evaluation for an intervention, but the population-based estimates they produce do not inform how a specific individual and their symptoms will respond [60]. SCDs, or n-of-1 experiments, can be used to understand how an individual responds to a certain intervention [42,62]. ...
Diagnostic self-tracking, the recording of personal information to diagnose or manage a health condition, is a common practice, especially for people with chronic conditions. Unfortunately, many who attempt diagnostic self-tracking have trouble accomplishing their goals. People often lack knowledge and skills needed to design and conduct scientifically rigorous experiments, and current tools provide little support. To address these shortcomings and explore opportunities for diagnostic self-tracking, we designed, developed, and evaluated a mobile app that applies a self-experimentation framework to support patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in identifying their personal food triggers. TummyTrials aids a person in designing, executing, and analyzing self-experiments to evaluate whether a specific food triggers their symptoms. We examined the feasibility of this approach in a field study with 15 IBS patients, finding that participants could use the tool to reliably undergo a self-experiment. However, we also discovered an underlying tension between scientific validity and the lived experience of self-experimentation. We discuss challenges of applying clinical research methods in everyday life, motivating a need for the design of self-experimentation systems to balance rigor with the uncertainties of everyday life.
... The literature has revealed different thresholds for the acceptable level of fit indices. The accepted normed χ 2 should not exceed 3.0 (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 2013). Hu and Bentler (1999) have suggested that RMSEA should not present values below .08. ...
Although the field of HRM has been extensively studied in the previous decades, still remaining theoretical and methodological questions are yet to be answered. These questions were found to evolve around how to operationalize HRM as well as the mechanism through which HRM affects performance. The current study, therefore, aims to address these questions by investigating the mediating effect of AMO model on the relationship between HRM system and employees' commitment. An abstract level of HRM system was hypothesized to have an indirect effect on employees' affective commitment via the AMO model. A cross-sectional data was gathered through a questionnaire survey distributed to 800 employees working in the telecommunication sector in Kuwait. Structural equation modelling via AMOS22 was used to build and test the hypothesized model. The CFA analysis has revealed that HRM system is better conceptualized as having three categories namely, Skill enhancing, Motivation enhancing, and Empowerment enhancing HRM practices. Moreover, the results have indicated that HRM system significantly and positively affect employees' affective commitment. More importantly, the results have supported that the relationship between HRM system and employees' affective commitment is partially mediated by the AMO model. JEL Classification: M12, M54
... with at least medium levels (>0.09) of explained variances (R 2 ) (Pedhazur et al., 1991). Notably, the adjusted R 2 values revealed no significant loss in predictive power compared to a ...
The status of marketing within the firm and its cross-functional interactions continue to draw academics and practitioners' attention. Using power, rather than influence, and power asymmetry concepts in an industrial international marketing (IM) context for the first time, the study examines the interface between IM and non-IM functions and investigates whether powerful IM functions benefit international performance. Findings show that IMs are powerful and enhance performance, however to some extent. Power asymmetry between IM and non-marketing functions is related negatively with performance while power asymmetry between IM and non-international marketing function is not related to performance. However, in the presence of international market orientation (IMO) the negative effect of differences between IM and non-marketing functions powers on performance is weaker. Thus, a strategic decision to adopt an IMO, perceived as a power mechanism, potentially has a reviving effect on the IM function, and IMO and the power distribution activity should not be isolated domains of managerial decision-making. The study accounts simultaneously for IM as a distinct function and as an activity-based process and allows refined observation into the marketing functions' interaction.
... The pilot study was conducted before the main study in order to address any deficiencies in the questionnaire's design before time and resources are expended on large scale study (Meyers et al., 2013). Cronbach's α (alpha) for reliability of internal consistency (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007) for social practices was found to be 0.883 and for environmental practices was 0.835. ...
Global warming and unethical social behaviours are being attributed to commercial activities of businesses. While, large businesses have accepted the need to adopt sustainability, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have not paid enough attention to this issue in their management strategies. In addition SMEs are significant regional development agents; especially in Regional Australia where SMEs constitute approximately 95% of businesses in services and industry sectors. This research draws on the response of 233 SME owners/managers on social and environmental activities by which they respond to the sustainability challenge within the regional city of Ballarat. The results show that the SMEs are actively engaged in employee support and they tend to be close to the local community. However, despite being active in the areas of recycling, energy efficiency, and using environmentally friendly products, these SMEs showed an inability to grasp the strategic importance of overall ecologically sustainable policy and practice.
... A total of 48 completed questionnaires were returned, indicating a response rate of 90.57%. Cronbach's α (alpha) for reliability of internal consistency (Pedhazur & Schmelkin, 1991; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007) for social practices was found to be 0.883 and for environmental practices was 0.835. Nunnally (1978) recommends a minimum Cronbach's α of value 0.7. ...
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in the economy of Regional Australia. They are significant regional development agents contributing to the increased productivity and the improved quality of local life. However, global warming and unethical social behaviours are increasingly being attributed to commercial activity. While, large businesses have accepted the need to adopt sustainability in their management process, SMEs have not paid enough attention to the sustainability issues in their management strategies. There are some demographic variables which are affecting the adoption on sustainable practices by SMEs. This paper investigates the effects of four demographic variables (business size, business category, owners/managers' experience and educational level) on the sustainability adoption by SMEs in a regional context. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the survey data from 233 SMEs in the regional city of Ballarat which is located in Western Victoria, Australia. Findings reveal that business size and owners/managers' education have a significant impact on the adoption of socially responsible practices. This paper contributes to the investigation of impacting variables on sustainable business development within SMEs, highlighting significant implications for both theory and practice in the context of a non-metropolitan urban setting.
In this paper, we argue that atrocity prevention (AP) researchers face obstacles to inference and knowledge synthesis in the study of AP strategies and tools. We argue that researchers can begin to address obstacles to inference by using rigorous social-science methods and can address obstacles to knowledge synthesis through greater coordination and transparency about concepts, methods, and data. Our argument proceeds in four parts. First, drawing on a systematic review of three decades of research about AP tools, we survey key analytic obstacles to drawing conclusions about the effects of AP policy. Second, we survey four separate methods that researchers increasingly use to address some of these inferential issues in individual studies. Third, we survey the subsequent obstacles to synthesizing and aggregating conclusions from these studies, despite methodological advances. We conclude by offering recommendations about how researchers can conduct research that would be easier to synthesize across studies and some initial ideas about how analysts can use the existing body of research to inform policy decisions. In particular, we recommend that both researchers and practitioners adopt a “Bayesian approach” to interpreting evidence from the AP literature by thinking in probabilistic terms, using context-specific information about particular cases to refine estimates of the likely outcomes of AP tools based on more general evidence.
En el vasto y cambiante panorama de la educación y la investigación en México, este libro reúne las valiosas contribuciones de especialistas que, desde sus disciplinas y experiencias, analizan los desafíos y avances más relevantes en los ámbitos académico, social y tecnológico. A través de enfoques innovadores y metodologías diversas, los autores nos invitan a reflexionar sobre cómo transformar nuestras prácticas educativas y sociales para generar un impacto positivo y duradero.
La estructura del libro responde a la necesidad de articular perspectivas interdisciplinarias que dialoguen y se complementen entre sí. En la primera sección, destacan los capítulos de Martha Jasso y Francisco Tovar, quienes abordan el uso de simuladores de negocios en la Industria 4.0, así como la aplicación de inteligencia artificial para el diseño instruccional personalizado. Estas investigaciones abordan el papel fundamental de las tecnologías emergentes en la construcción de aprendizajes significativos y el desarrollo de competencias clave para un mundo laboral en constante evolución. Otros trabajos como los de Teresa Ramos, y Angel Charles, profundizan en el impacto de los semilleros de investigación educativa, las evaluaciones y el arte como estrategias de aprendizaje integral. Por su parte, Lizeth Cano analiza la evaluación por competencias como un medio eficaz para vincular teoría y práctica, fomentando valores escenciales como la empatía y la justicia social.
En la segunda sección, se incluyen investigaciones que abordan problemáticas cruciales desde distintas perspectivas. Olatunde Nupo analiza el vínculo entre la obesidad y las políticas públicas, María Carla explora las estrategias de afrontamiento en casos de violencia de pareja, y Rosa Garza propone un enfoque integral para promover la salud mental en el ámbito laboral. Estas contribuciones no solo identifican retos significativos, sino que también plantean soluciones inclusivas y prácticas que buscan mejorar la calidad de vida en diversos sectores de la sociedad.
Este libro está dirigido a un público amplio y diverso: investigadores, educadores, gestores educativos, estudiantes y profesionales interesados en la convergencia de innovación, educación y transformación social. Al vincular teoría y práctica, las reflexiones aquí compiladas pretenden inspirar tanto a académicos experimentados como a quienes inician su trayectoria en el ámbito de la investigación y la enseñanza. Asimismo, algunos capítulos forman parte de proyectos de investigación más amplios, creados con la intención de marcar una diferencia real en las comunidades a nivel regional y estatal. Estas iniciativas reflejan el compromiso de generar conocimiento útil y aplicable, así como de proponer soluciones que respondan, de manera directa, a los retos y necesidades que enfrentan las personas en estos entornos.
Con esta obra, los autores nos recuerdan que la educación, la investigación y la innovación son pilares fundamentales para construir un futuro más equitativo, sostenible y pleno. Enfrentar los retos educativos y de investigación en México exige una visión colaborativa y comprometida que trascienda disciplinas y fronteras. Este compendio subraya que el conocimiento no es solo un fin en sí mismo, sino una herramienta poderosa para transformar nuestras realidades y construir un futuro más equitativo, sostenible y humano.
Al leer estas páginas, confiamos en que cada lector encontrará una chispa de inspiración que lo motive a convertirse en un agente de cambio en su comunidad y a contribuir al desarrollo de un porvenir más humano y justo para todos.
Objetivo. Analizar la relación que existe entre las actitudes disfuncionales, las estrategias de afrontamiento y la presencia de sintomatologías clínicas en un grupo de mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja en Saltillo, Coahuila. Método. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo transversal con alcance predictivo. Muestreo no probabilístico intencional de 123 mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja residentes en la ciudad de Saltillo, Coahuila. Se aplicó el SCL-90-R, Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales y Escala de Estrategias de Coping. Resultados. Las actitudes
disfuncionales omnipotencia, derecho, autonomía y ejecución son los esquemas cognitivos que se presentan con mayor relevancia, lo cual influye en el desarrollo de estrategias de afrontamiento inefectivas, así como la activación de síntomas clínicos como la depresión, ansiedad, obsesivo compulsivo y hostilidad. Conclusión. La presencia de actitudes disfuncionales aumenta los niveles de síntomas clínicos y disminuyen las estrategias de afrontamiento activo.
Palabras Claves: violencia de pareja, actitudes disfuncionales, estrategias de afrontamiento, daño psicológico, salud mental
Bilimin ve bilimsel yöntemin önemli bir parçası olan araştırma kavramı, alınacak kararlar için son derece önemli konumdadır. Coğrafya alanında çalışan akademisyen, araştırmacı ve öğrencilerin gerçekleştirecekleri araştırmalarda bilimsel yöntemin süreçlerini dikkate almaları, elde edilen bulguların gerçeğe yakınlığı ve paydaşlara/topluma katkısı için önem arz etmektedir.
Bilimsel yöntem dâhilinde yapılacak araştırmalar sistematik ve birbirleriyle iç içe geçmiş belirli aşamalardan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu bilimsel araştırma süreci bağlamında özellikle Coğrafyada araştırma yöntemlerini aşama aşama ele almakta ve kişilerin araştırma sürecinde dikkate alması gereken unsurları içermektedir.
Coğrafya’da Araştırma Yöntemleri üzerinde durmak, konuya metodolojik yönden yaklaşmak, öncelikle Coğrafya’nın ne olduğunu bilmeye bağlıdır. Coğrafya nedir? ne anlama gelmektedir. Muhtevâsı, disipline ettiği konular nelerdir? Bütün bunların irdelenmesi bilinmesi gerekir. Bu da Coğrafya ilmi’ne vâkıf olmayı, donanımlı olmayı gerektirir.
Coğrafya çok yönlü bir disiplin olduğuna göre, Coğrafya’nın farklı ihtisâs dallarında yetişmiş insan ya da insanlar ekip çalışması ile önemli veriler ortaya koymaktadırlar. Şimdi biz burada başa dönelim. Coğrafya’yı tanımaya çalışalım.
Coğrafya nedir, ne anlama gelmektedir? Coğrafya’nın ilgi alanı veya başka bir ifâde ile konusu nedir? Diğer ihtisâs dallarıyla ne gibi bağlantıları vardır? Bugün, coğrafya öğrenimine neden ihtiyâc duyulmaktadır? Nihâyet, coğrafî bilgi ve şuûrun insanlığa ne gibi faydaları vardır? İşte bunlar, öncelikle bilinmesi gereken, önem arz eden husûslardır. Bu sebebledir ki; ana hatlarıyla da olsa konuya açıklık getirmek, ufkumuzun ve bakış açımızın genişlemesine de yardımcı olacaktır.
Coğrafya, çok yönlü bir disiplindir. İlgi alanı içine giren konuların çeşitliliği Coğrafya’nın zenginliğini gösterdiği gibi, muhtelif ilim dallarının da esâs (ilk) nüvesi olduğunu telkîn etmektedir. Çünkü Coğrafya’nın iki temel ihtisâs dallarından biri Fizikî konuları, diğeri ise Beşerî konuları ihtivâ etmektedir. Netekim, doğal (fizikî) olaylar’ı farklı boyutları ile ele alan muhtelif ilim dalları ile insan ve aktiviteleri’nin sistematik olarak işlendiği ilim dalları Coğrafya İlmi’nden esinlenerek vücûd bulmuşlardır.
Doğal ortam (Atmosfer, Hidrosfer, Biyosfer ve Litosfer ortamı), Yeryüzü’nde insanın zuhûruyla birlikte az çok şekillenmiştir. Bu şekillenme ve değişme hâlen devam etmektedir. Böylece, Doğal Ortam- İnsan İlişkileri söz konusu olmaktadır. Bu iki ana unsur, Coğrafya’nın özündeki iki ana ihtisâs dalının temel konularını oluşturmuştur. Bunlarda ayrıntıya girildikçe, birbirine yardımcı ve hattâ birbirini doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak tamâmlayıcı nitelikte ancak, yekdiğerinden belli sınırlarla ayırd edilebilen, yeni yeni bir takım ihtisâs dalları ortaya çıkmıştır. Şöyle ki;
Klimatoloji’ nin Atmosfer olayları ile ilişkileri çerçevesinde Meteoroloji ve Fizik,
Toprak Coğrafyası ilişkileri çerçevesinde Pedoloji ve Zirâat İlmi,
Biyocoğrafya’ nın fauna ve flora ile ilişkileri çerçevesinde Zooloji, Botanik ve Biyoloji,
Hidrografya ve Hidroloji’ nin Hidrosfer ile ilişkileri çerçevesinde Oseanoloji, Fizik ve Kimya,
Paleocoğrafya’ nın eski varlıklar âlemini konu edinen Paleontoloji,
Uzay Coğrafyası’ nın Gök Adaları (Gök Cisimleri) ile ilişkileri çerçevesinde Astronomi ve Matematik,
Coğrafî Ekoloji açısından Atmosfer, Hidrosfer ve Litosfer’ i konusu içine alan Ekoloji,
Jeomorfoloji’ nin diğer yer bilimleri ile ilişkileri çerçevesinde Jeoloji, Jeofizik, Jeoşimi, Jeodezi, Sismoloji, Volkanoloji, Jeoarkeoloji ve diğer bâzı mühendislik ilimleri,
Beşerî Coğrafya’ nın ilişkileri çerçevesinde Siyâset İlmi, İktisat İlmi ve diğer bâzı ilimler ortaya çıkmıştır.
Bunlara ilâve olarak Coğrafya’nın Tıp İlmi ile çok yakın ilgisi olduğunu da söyleyebiliriz. Bu husûs, zamanla daha iyi anlaşılacak ve bu çerçevede Tıbbî Coğrafya başlı başına önemli bir ihtisâs dalı olarak temâyüz edecektir.
Bu bilgilerin ışığı altında Coğrafya’yı tanımak, önemi üzerinde durmak belki biraz daha kolay olacaktır. Önce, Coğrafya’nın kelime yapısını oluşturan sözcükler üzerinde duralım, sonra biraz ayrıntıya girelim.
Gê ya da Geo (arz, yer, yeryüzü) ile Graphé ya da Graphein (yazmak, çizmek, tasvîr etmek) sözcüklerinden ibâret bir kelime yapısına sâhib olan Coğrafya, Yeryüzü Tasvîri anlamına gelen bir terimdir. Başka bir ifâdeyle Coğrafya, Yeryüzü’nü tasvîr eden ilim dalıdır.
Yeryüzü’nde vukû bulan coğrafî olaylar, Coğrafya’nın konusu içinde yer alır. Yeryüzü, Yerkabuğu’nun üst zonu ve bunun da en üst kısmıdır. Burası, Atmosfer’le sarılmıştır. Bir bakıma Atmosfer’in, Litosfer ve Hidrosfer’le olan temâs alanı Yeryüzü’dür. Burada fizikî ve beşerî olaylar vukû bulduğu gibi, hâlen değişik boyutlarda da kendini göstermektedir. O hâlde Coğrafya’nın özünde, Yeryüzü’nde vukûa gelen fizikî ve beşerî olayların kendine özgü metodlarla inceleme prensibi vardır. Ancak bunlar, kuru bir tasvîr şeklinde değil, sebepleriyle birlikte ortaya konulan, analiz ve sentezleri yapılan tutarlı görüşleri kapsamaktadır.
Şurası bir gerçektir ki; insanı kendisine konuk edinen doğal ortam, fizikî potansiyeli ile onu yönlendirmekte ve âdetâ etkisi altına almaktadır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak insan ve faâliyetleri ile fizikî çevre arasında sürekli bir ilişki ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gerçekte insan, yapı ve rölyef, iklim, toprak, bitki örtüsü, su ve yeraltı zenginliklerinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmekte, böylece içtimaî, iktisâdî, siyâsî, askerî ve teknik alandaki aktivitelerini doğal ortamın özelliklerine göre düzenlemek mecburiyetindedir. Netekim, denize kıyısı olan bir ülkenin öncelikli olarak denizcilikle, kesif ormanlara sâhip bir ülkenin ormancılıkla, geniş ve verimli zirâat sâhalarını elinde tutan bir ülkenin zirâatla, büyük debili akarsuları olan bir ülkenin su enerjisi üretimiyle, zengin maden yataklarına sâhib olan bir ülkenin madencilikle meşgûl olması bunun açık birer delilidir. O hâlde, insan ve eserleri (köy, kasaba ve kentler, ulaşım ve sanayi tesîsleri, çeşitli fabrikalar, vs.) doğal ortamın özelliklerine göre şekillenmektedir. İşte coğrafya, bu ilişkiler üzerinde sistematik bir biçimde durmaktadır. Bunun bir sonucu olarak Coğrafya’nın fizikî ve ayrıca beşerî yönü ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu ikisi Genel Coğrafya’nın çerçevesi içinde kalmakta ve böylece birbirini tamâmlamaktadır. Herbiri ayrı ayrı ele alındığında;
1. Fizikî Coğrafya,
2. Beşerî Coğrafya adı altında iki önemli ihtisâs dalı ayırd edilmektedir.
Coğrafya’nın bu iki ana ihtisâs dalı dışında bir üçüncü ihtisâs dalı yoktur. Mevziî Coğrafya, ya da Bölgesel Coğrafya Coğrafya’nın ayrı bir ihtisâs dalı değildir. Netekim mevziî coğrafya etüdlerinde o yörenin Fizikî Coğrafyası ile Beşerî Coğrafyası bir bütün olarak ele alınmakta ve böylece genel coğrafî özelliklerinden bahsedilmektedir.
İnsan, Yeryüzü’nün konuğu olmakla birlikte topografyada önemli ölçüde bâzı değişiklikler yapmaktadır. Bu da, doğal ortamın zenginliklerinden âzamî ölçüde yararlanma arzusunun bir sonucudur. Bu sebeple kısa ve özlü de olsa Beşerî Coğrafya konuları üzerinde de durulacaktır; Fizikî Coğrafya konuları ise daha kapsamlı olarak işlenecektir. Beşerî Coğrafya esâsta Fizikî Coğrafya’ya özgü temel bilgiler üzerine oturmaktadır. Bir bakıma, Fizikî Coğrafya bilgilerine sâhip olmadan Beşerî Coğrafya yapmak yanlış olur ve böylece bâzı önemli eksiklikler ortaya çıkar.
Coğrafya birçok bilim dalını etkilediği gibi, birçok bilim dalı da coğrafyadan teşekkül etmiştir. Dolayısıyla, coğrafya bir ayağı sosyal bilimlerde, diğer ayağı da doğa bilimlerinde olmak üzere birçok bilim dalının tam da buluşma noktasında yer alır. Bu da coğrafyayı ve coğrafî araştırmaları çok önemli kılar. Coğrafî araştırmalar, çok önemli sonuçlar ortaya koyduğu kadar, diğer bilim dallarının da faydalanacağı verileri bilim dünyasına kazandırmış olur. Bu bağlamda coğrafya öğretim programının öğrenme ve öğretme yaklaşımına yönelik temel ilkeleri şöyle özetlenebilir:
o Mekânsal ilişkilere vurgu yapar.
o Araştırmaya dayalıdır.
o Problem çözmeyi teşvik eder.
o Kritik düşünme becerilerine bağlıdır.
o İnsan ve çevre ilişkisine odaklanır.
o Arazi çalışması ile gözlem yapar.
o Yeni teknolojilere uyum sağlar.
o Birlikte öğrenme yöntemlerini uygular.
Bu ilkelerden hareketle coğrafya öğretim programının yapısı ve içeriği, araştırma ve sorgulamayı temel alan, değişik yöntem ve araç-gereç kullanımlarına zemin hazırlayan araştırma yaklaşımlarını gerektirmektedir.
Prof. Okumuş tarafından kaleme alınan ilk 6 bölüm genel olarak bilimsel araştırma yöntemlerine odaklanmıştır. Diğer 8 bölüm ise Coğrafya ekseninde araştırma yöntemleri etrafında kurgulanmıştır.
7. Bölüm Prof. Biricik ve Doçent Kaya tarafından “Coğrafi Bir Çalışmanın Temel Bilimsel Araştırma Basamakları ve Yolları” başlığı ile belirtilmiştir.
8. Bölümün haritalar kısmı Prof. Ekinci, araç gereç kısmı Biricik, Ekinci ve Kaya tarafından hazırlanmıştır.
9. Bölüm Prof. Ekinci ve Dr. Kırlangıçoğlu tarafından hazırlanmıştır.
10. Bölüm Ekinci tarafından kaleme alınmıştır.
11. Bölüm Biricik ve Ekinci tarafından hazırlanmıştır.
12. Bölüm Prof. Gümüşçü tarafından kaleme alınmıştır.
13. Bölüm Ekinci ve Yard. Doç. Dr. Karataş tarafından hazırlanmıştır.
14. Bölüm ise Doç. Dr. Aydınözü ve Doç. Dr. Çoban tarafından hazırlanmıştır.
Bu çalışma, coğrafyada araştırma yapmak isteyen araştırmacılara, araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri, araştırma yaklaşımları ile ilgili bilgi verme ve rehberlik etme amacı taşımaktadır. Coğrafya çok geniş bir çalışma alanına sahiptir ve aslında her bir çalışma alanı ayrı bir kitap konusunu teşkil eder. Bu yayında, coğrafyanın tüm çalışma alanlarına yönelik yapılacak araştırmalara rehberlik etme amacı güdülmüştür.
Coğrafya Bilimini kavramış bu yönde araştırma va çalışma yapmayı planlama aşamasına gelmiş lisans düzeyindeki öğrencilerimiz için ortaya konulan bu çalışma asgari düzeyde temel bilgiler ihtiva etmesine rağmen konunun genişliği çalışmayı zorunlu olarak muhtevalı kılmıştır. Bu nedenle yazarlar tarafından hazırlanan birçok model ve yöntem editörler tarafından kapsam dışına alınmış lisansüstü çalışmalarda kullanılmak üzere farklı eserler planlanmıştır. Buna rağmen çalışmanın muhtevası ve sayfa sayısı konusunda lisans son sınıfında olmanız ve bu içeriği rahatlıkla içselleştirebileceğinizi düşünmemiz dolayısıyla bilimsel kaygılar lehine tasarrufta bulunulmuştur. Kitabın Coğrafya öğrencilerimiz için Coğrafya Araştırma konularında merak uyandırması ve bu disiplini aşkla sevmeleri dileklerimizle.
We examine representative bureaucracy and intersectionality play in administrative decision-making. We do this by exploring the views of administrative judges. We determine whether nonwhite, female-and specifically nonwhite female-administrative judges decide cases differently from their white male counterparts. We posit that nonwhite female judges are most likely to exercise their discretion to the benefit of the agency's clientele and the community served. Based on 218 survey responses from administrative judges serving in both federal and state agencies, our analyses support our assertion that nonwhite women are significantly more likely to consider agency clientele goals, such as helping the less fortunate and conforming to the wishes of society. However, we find these relationships are conditioned by the level of government in which the judge serves and the type of work the judge performs. It is federal nonwhite females, who adjudicate cases involving only one issue, that demonstrate active representation on behalf of agency clients. Judges at the state level, dealing with a multitude of issues, are no more likely to express concern for clientele or societal needs, regardless of the judge's race or sex.
Although the concept of procurement management has recently garnered attention of researchers, the relationship between strategic procurement practices and organisational performance is still unknown. Thus, study sought to assess the effect of strategic procurement practices on organisational performance within the public sector. However, the study specifically focused on a leading state entity in Zimbabwe. The study adopted a correlational research design and quantitative research approach. The data was collected from a sample of 53 respondents who comprised of head of procurement from state entity subsidiaries situated in different regions of Zimbabwe. The key findings of the study indicated that strategic procurement practices have significant and positive impact on organisational performance at a leading state entity in Zimbabwe. The government should ensure that there is smooth and timeously disbursement of funds to suppliers as this has been identified to be the root cause of strained relationships.
This paper presents the development and validation of a self-assessment scale integrating information literacy and academic writing, based on a conceptual model of information-based academic writing. Statistical analyses provided validity evidence, supporting its interpretation and use. The analysis also confirmed the cognitive, metacognitive, social, and emotional nature of information-based academic writing. Based on the development of this scale, I argue that (1) this scale communicates the shared learning and teaching goals among academic librarians, writing instructors, and content experts; (2) an integrated assessment tool could maximize the efficient use of resources; (3) encompassing the often-overlooked social and emotional dimensions in the scale could facilitate the holistic development of academic writing and information literacy. This study demonstrates the process of developing an assessment instrument, which can be an example for instructors of information literacy and academic writing to design their localized instruments.
Professional skills of project planning, risk analysis, ethical design, communication, and working in interprofessional teams are now recognised as core engineering skills. Frequently, they are addressed in engineering education through team projects. However, these skills can be difficult for students to learn as they are often not well defined (making it difficult for students to know where to focus their attention), and team projects often lack the reflective opportunities required for their development. This paper describes the development and validation of the Interprofessional Project Management Questionnaire (IPMQ) which has been designed for use in engineering education to provide a tool for reflection on, and clarification of, the learning goals related to these skills. Two studies to assess the reliability and validity of the IPMQ are reported. The instrument shows good validity and reliability in both French and English and as such is suitable for use with students. It is also suitable for research in engineering education and for providing feedback to faculty on student learning of professional skills in team projects. Suggestions on the use of the tool to enable the kinds of reflection that will help students to learn these skills are provided.
The main goal was to identify the levels of symptoms of anxiety and hopelessness, as wellas the coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in users of online psychological care services. Method.A predictive cross-sectional design was used, with a sample of 78 volunteers. The scale of coping strategies inthe face of extreme risks, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) were applied.Results. The results indicated that since there is an elevated level of anxiety in the participants, they tend tomanifest a higher level of helplessness and coping behaviors oriented towards avoidance and passive nature.
Misophonia is a newly described disorder associated with significant emotional distress, functional impairment, and a wide range of mental health problems (e.g., mood, anxiety, and personality disorders). Although recent studies have begun to validate self-report measures of misophonia, no psychometrically validated interviews have been developed. To advance a scientific understanding of misophonia, rigorously developed semi-structured interviews are needed as a complementary measurement approach to self-report inventories. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop and begin preliminarily validating a semi-structured clinical interview for misophonia. We took an iterative, grassroots approach to item generation and interview development involving key stakeholders (i.e., misophonia sufferers, experts in the field). Initial psychometric analyses from the current sample (n = 30) evidenced excellent preliminary estimates for internal consistency, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. Results from this study provide preliminary support for the Duke Misophonia Interview, and we recommend that this interviewer-rated measure be iteratively developed and refined using larger and more diverse samples.
This volume assesses comparative political communication research and considers potential ways in which it could and should develop. Twenty experts from Europe and the United States offer a unique and comprehensive discussion of the theories, cases, and challenges of comparative research in political communication. The first part discusses the fundamental themes, concepts and methods essential to analyze the effects of modernization and globalization of political communication. The second part offers a broad range of case studies that illustrate the enormous potential of cross-national approaches in many relevant fields of political communication. The third part paves the way for future research by describing the most promising concepts and pressing challenges of comparative political communication. This book is intended to introduce new students to a crucial, dynamic field as well as deepening advanced students' knowledge of its principles and perspectives.
This bachelor thesis draws on principles of gender assignment to loan words in German established in previous research. It checks these principles on the basis of a bivariate analysis on a list of 384 anglicisms. Subsequent, the results for anglicisms are compared with those for gallicisms.
O presente ensaio trata o tema da estabilidade é a aptidão física. Discute o conceito de tracking ligado às noções de estabilidade e da predição da performance. Apresenta resultados de varios estudos no dominio da aptidão física e sobre eles aponta problemas metodológicos. Sugere como alternativa o Modelo Simplex Auto-regressivo com variáveis latentes com múltiplos indicadores e erros de medida — modelo que é facilmente resolúvel em programas estatísticos como o LISREL. This essay covers the theme of physical fitness stability. It discusses the concept of tracking connected to the notions of stability and the performance prediction. It presents results from many studies in the field of physical fitness and points out methodological problems about them. It also suggests, as an alternative, the Simplex Self regressive Model with latent variables with multiple indicators and measure errors -model that is easily resolvable in statistical programs as the LISREL.
Human resource development is an important factor for improving organizations. Universities as educational organizations need high-quality human resources. In this sense, coaching can be introduced as a new approach for professional development in higher education. Faculty members of universities can act as coaches to help the students and colleagues develop and thrive. Coaches with high levels of skills can be very influential. Not all individuals in higher education capacities have the necessary skills to become coaches. Hence, coaching skills should be specified so as to select high-quality leaders. The aim of the present study was to identify and validate coaching skills at universities. The population of the study consisted of students of a medical sciences university in Isfahan and the University of Isfahan. Research methods were both qualitative and quantitative. For the qualitative part, participants who were experts in human resource development and education were chosen. For the quantitative assessment, participants were selected among faculty members at both universities. Results indicated that being a successful coach requires at least eight specific skills. These eight skills should serve as the basis for selecting coaches in higher education.
This report is a personal and subjective account of the study, reflection and experimentation process of a university professor in search of new pedagogical skills. The author, a Statistics specialist and a faculty member of a traditional Business Administration School in São Paulo, describes his learning during a period of four years, beginning his narrative with a failed implementation of a flipped classroom discipline, and ending with a successful implementation of a Rogerian based workshop.
Este trabalho é um relato pessoal e subjetivo do processo de estudo, reflexão e experimentação de um professor universitário em busca de novas competências pedagógicas. O professor, especialista em Estatística e vinculado a uma tradicional Escola de Administração de Empresas localizada na cidade de São Paulo, descreve sua aprendizagem num período de quase quatro anos, iniciando sua narrativa por uma experiência fracassada de implementação do método de classe invertida e terminando com uma experiência de sucesso na implementação de um workshop de base rogeriana. Destaca a importância, ao longo da jornada, dos contatos que manteve com a escola dinamarquesa Kaospilot e da realização do programa de Formação em Desenvolvimento de Grupos, oferecido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Dinâmica de Grupos – SBDG.
This article describes a prototype natural user interface, named the Intangible Musical Instrument, which aims to facilitate access to knowledge of performers that constitutes musical Intangible Cultural Heritage using off-the-shelf motion capturing that is easily accessed by the public at large. This prototype is able to capture, model, and recognize musical gestures (upper body including fingers) as well as to sonify them. The emotional status of the performer affects the sound parameters at the synthesis level. Intangible Musical Instrument is able to support both learning and performing/composing by providing to the user not only intuitive gesture control but also a unique user experience. In addition, the first evaluation of the Intangible Musical Instrument is presented, in which all the functionalities of the system are assessed. Overall, the results with respect to this evaluation were very promising.
Developing Instruments to Measure Basic Softball Skills. This studyaims to develop instruments to measure basic softball skills and to test their validityand reliability. This study shows that (1) the result of overhand throwingmeasurement test is (rxx’= 0.704), (2) the sidearm throwing is rxx = 0.604, and (3) thestriking skill is rxx = 0.050. It can be concluded that the instrument to measure thethrowing-striking basic skill has satisfied the validity and reliability criteria, and theone to measure the striking basic skill is valid although its reliability is low. It issuggested that (1) a variety of instruments should be developed to measure avariety of skills, and (2) all practitioners are expected to develop othermeasurement instruments not covered in this study.Keywords: measurement instruments, basic skills, softball
An experimental study examined whether autobiographical memory serves the function of maintaining
intimacy in romantic relationships. Young and older adults (N¼129) recalled either
autobiographical relationship events or fictional relationship vignettes. Intimacy (warmth, closeness)
was measured before and after remembering.Warmth was enhanced after recalling autobiographical
events irrespective of individuals’ age and gender; women also experienced gains in closeness. The
role of memory characteristics (quality and content) in producing changes in intimacy was also
examined. Personal significance of the autobiographical memory was the best predictor of warmth
and closeness in the relationship, though how frequently the memory was thought or talked about, and
how intimate the memory was also predicted levels of closeness, particularly for women. Results are
discussed in terms of how autobiographical memories can be used to foster intimacy in romantic
relationships across adulthood.
Previous studies suggest that entrepreneurs play a key role in the success of their ventures. But
relatively little is currently known about how they produce such effects. The present research provides
data suggesting that two modes of entrepeneurs’ self-regulation—locomotion and assessment—
enhance a firm’s success through their effects on the components of alertness. This
mediational model was tested and supported with data from 120 entrepreneurs. Locomotion was
positively related to the scanning and search component, while assessment was positively related to
the association and evaluation components. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of
founders’ self-regulation in the performance of their companies.
Aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of comparative political communication, this volume analyzes the media systems of Europe and America. It considers whether election campaigns around the world have become "Americanized," how international news journalists understand their jobs and produce different forms of television news programs, and how governmental media relations and news management efforts evolve in different political systems. The book analyzes transnational similarities and dissimilarities in the context of their potential effects on society and democracy.
La calidad de los vínculos de amistad en la niñez es un importante factor para el desarrollo psicosocial de los individuos. Un aspecto crucial a este respecto es el desarrollar y adaptar instrumentos de reconocidas pro-piedades psicométricas. Con este fin, se aplicó la Escala de Calidad de la Amistad versión 4.1 de Bukowski, Hoza y Boivin a una muestra intencio-nal de 509 niños de ambos sexos de 10 a 12 años (media de edad = 10.65) que asistían a escuelas primarias de la ciudad de Paraná, Argentina. Se lle-vó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio con el Programa AMOS 16.0 para poner a prueba un modelo con las seis escalas postuladas por sus au-tores. El análisis estadístico indicó un ajuste adecuado (CFI= .90 y RMSEA= .044) para el modelo propuesto. Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach fluctua-ron entre .63 y .83. Las subescalas correlacionaron significativamente entre r-.206 a .864. Un indicador de su validez convergente fue que las distintas escalas correlacionaban significativamente con ser victimizado y agredir a otros: r = .219 para conflicto y ser victimizado, r =-.215 para compañerismo y ser victimizado, r = .336 para agredir y conflicto y r =-.269 para agredir y ayudar.
Purpose/Objectives: To develop a theory-based instrument for assessing barriers and motivators to strength- or weight-training exercise (SWTE) in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors with measurable bone loss after treatment.
Design: Exploratory, descriptive, and methodologic.
Setting: Academic oncology clinics in the midwestern United States, homes, and a fitness center.
Sample: 85 women, predominantly Caucasian (99%), breast cancer survivors, aged 35–75 years, six months after treatment, who were enrolled in a larger study were randomized to receive SWTE; 65 completed the instrument.
Methods: Development of a 47-item Likert-type instrument using interviews, contributions from experts, published research, and Self-Efficacy Theory.
Main Research Variables: Barriers and motivators of adherence to SWTE.
Findings: Four subscales emerged that accounted for 26%–59% of the variance. Factor subscales for barriers
were “not prioritizing time for self” and “overcoming other barriers to adherence.” Subscales for motivators included “education and feedback” and “social support.”
Conclusions: The final instrument contained 47 items dispersed across four subscales. Additional psychometric testing of the instrument with a larger population is indicated.
Implications for Nursing: Nurses and healthcare professionals may use the instrument to readily identify barriers and motivators to SWTE adherence to improve program design and implementation efforts aimed at facilitating enhanced exercise adherence in breast cancer survivors with measurable
bone loss after treatment.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.