Data

Journal of Earth Sciences

Authors:
To read the file of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

No file available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the file of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Supplementary resource (1)

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Article
Full-text available
The seventeen Jurassic species of Textulariacea which had been named by Redmond (1965), placed by him in his new genera Riyadhella and Pseudomarssonella, and which had been used by Aramco for biostratigraphy in Saudi Arabia, have been redescribed and are re-illustrated. The Chrysalidininae are not older than Cretaceous. Both the Paravalvulininae and the Chrysalidininae are referred to the Chrysalidinidae Neagu. They both contain specimens in which the micritic microgranules of the calcareous wall become aligned and may even be canaliculate. The taxonomic significance of canaliculi is discussed and it is concluded that the development of canaliculation is gradational and that their presence or absence cannot always be used to define supraspecific differences. The probable phylogenetic histories of the Chrysalidininae and the Paravalvulininae, and the biostratigraphic value of their genera, are discussed. -from Authors
Article
Full-text available
The Jurassic sequence stratigraphic scheme for Central Saudi Arabia is extrapolated to the formations of the western and southern Arabian Gulf region resulting in a tentative chronostratigraphic framework. The framework is tentatively constrained as follows: (1) Upper Triassic-?Lower Jurassic continental clastics (Minjur and equivalents) and the subsequent pre-Toarcian unconformity indicate regional erosion and non-deposition over the Arabian platform. (2) A Toarcian sequence (Marrat and equivalents) provides a basal Jurassic regional datum, except in Oman. (3) The late Toarcian and Aalenian correspond to a substantial sea-level lowstand and a regional depositional hiatus. (4) The Middle Jurassic Dhruma Formation corresponds to four different sequences with a major intervening hiatus. The Upper Dhurma Member, together with the Tuwaiq Mountain form the topomost sequence. The correlation between the Dhruma, Tuwaiq Mountain, Hanifa and Jubaila formations, to their equivalents in other Arabian Gulf countries, requires clearer definitions. (5) The Arab and Hith Anhydrite formations are Tithonian based on their sequence assignment, while the Sulaiy Formation is Berriasian and straddles the Jurassic-Cretaceous bondary. (6) The four Tithonian Arab carbonates may have been deposited as transgressive and early highstand deposits. The Tithonian Arab, Gotnia and Hith anhydrites may be late highstand deposits which overstep inland 'salinas' (Gotnia and western Rub' Al-Khali). Each carbonate and overlying anhydrite sequence appear to correspond to a complete third-order cycle. (7) The equivalents to the Kimmeridgian Jubaila Formation and Tithonian Arab carbonates are absent by non-deposition in Kuwait. In Oman, the Arab and Hith Anhydrite formations are absent by erosion. (8) The Tithonian Hith Anhydrite provides a final Jurassic regional, stratigraphic datum, except in Oman and eastern United Arab Emirates.
Book
Full-text available
The Middle East contains some 65% of the world’s remaining oil reserves and some 35% of its gas reserves. The vast majority of these reserves are located on the Arabian Plate. In 2000, daily world oil production averaged 76 million barrels of oil per day (MM bopd) (H.E. Rilwanu Lukman, personal communication, 2000). Some 30 MM bopd (c. 40%) was produced by OPEC and some 22 MM bopd (c. 30%) supplied by the Middle East, primarily OPEC members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In the 4th quarter of 2000, daily world oil production averaged 78.4 MM bopd (P. Shammas, personal communication, 2000), close to global supply capacity. The current OPEC World Economic Model (OWEM) predicts that global oil demand will rise by 27 MM bopd (35%) to 103 MM bopd by 2020 (H.E. Rilwanu Lukman, personal communication, 2000). The model predicts OPEC taking more than 50% market share between 2007 (M. Naraghi, personal communication, 2000) and 2016 (H.E. Seyed Mehdi Mirmoezi, personal communication, 2000). Should this forecast transpire, Middle East oil production will need to be raised by at least 15 MM bopd, and possibly by as much as 22 MM bopd (i.e. double current levels) to meet this demand. The speedy and efficient development of this oil production capacity will be essential to power the global economy. Understanding the relationships between the reservoirs producing this oil, and their respective source and seal lithologies, is thus of paramount importance. This GeoArabia Special Publication 2 presents the results of a study of the sequence stratigraphy of the late Precambrian and Phanerozoic sedimentary successions of the Arabian Plate, carried out by LASMO plc, a British independent oil company. The sequence stratigraphic and chronostratigraphic interpretation is supported by a tectonostratigraphic review of the plate, and the identification, dating and correlation of 63 Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFS). These should be regarded as candidate surfaces, as it is yet to be proved that they are isochronous and, in some cases, that they represent true maximum flooding. Although conceptually they are here each regarded as a surface, perhaps more accurately they should be considered as “maximum flooding intervals” - full integration of seismic, outcrop and well data being required to accurately identify the surface itself. The interpretation allows the existing disparate lithostratigraphic schemes across the plate to be placed for the first time within a unifying, sequence stratigraphic framework. Maximum flooding surfaces were chosen as the primary layering tool due to their relative ease of identification, dating and correlation in the subsurface and outcrop (instead of sequence boundaries sensu Vail et al., 1977). The sequence stratigraphic interpretation here is thus presented using genetic stratigraphic sequences (GSS) sensu Galloway (1989). The study is based on a comprehensive review of the literature, together with the experience and observations of the authors. It is illustrated with numerous figures, together with a large-scale tectonic elements map and a plate-wide chronostratigraphic cross section from the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon to the Arabian Sea coast of Oman. Until quite recently in geological terms (c. 34 million years ago) the Arabian Plate lay on the southern margin of Neo-Tethys, which stretched from northwest Africa, across Arabia and northern India to northern Australia. GeoArabia Special Publication 2 is the first publication of this nature to cover a significant segment of this important continental margin. Should the majority of the MFS presented here prove to be mainly eustatic in origin, as appears likely, the results of this study will have implications for the many other petroleum systems that are developed along the length of this ancient continental margin. The primary benefit of the study is that for the first time it allows the plate-wide sedimentary succession to be sub-divided into isochronous packages of sediment, placing oil source rocks, reservoirs and seals within their systems tract positions. At the exploration scale, this allows greater prediction accuracy (i.e. reduces risk) in the likely geometric juxtaposition of source, reservoir and seal facies. This should lead to improved exploration well locations targeting structural and stratigraphic traps. At the field development scale, it allows the insertion of reservoir models into their appropriate systems tract position, and will lead to better definition of reservoir flow units and flow barriers, and thereby lead to reduced costs and improved recoveries. This should in turn allow more efficient field developments. The structural review of the Arabian Plate identifies eleven tectonostratigraphic megasequences (TMS) separated by major unconformities. These megasequences reflect the evolution of the north and north-eastern plate margin from an intra-cratonic setting, through back-arc, to passive margin, and finally to the active margin setting of today. Within each of these megasequences the general pattern of accommodation space is interpreted to have remained essentially the same, allowing an understanding to be developed of the sedimentary response to fluctuating relative sea levels and sediment supply. The definition of megasequences thus allows the identified MFS to be placed within an appropriate structural framework. The 63 MFS have been identified using biostratigraphic data, integrated with sedimentological and lithological data (e.g. the presence of shallow water limestones, representing transgression, within an otherwise proximal coarse clastic succession), and by the application of sequence stratigraphic concepts. They are located between upward-deepening (i.e. transgressive systems tracts) and upward-shallowing (i.e. highstand systems tracts) successions of sediments, and may be represented by a variety of lithologies, but most commonly by either deeper water outer shelf shales, or shallow water limestones. Each MFS has first been assigned a geological age, and then attributed a chronometric date following the time scale of Gradstein and Ogg (1996) for the Phanerozoic and Harland et al. (1990) for the late Precambrian. In general terms, the present day distributions of Mesozoic and Tertiary MFS are a function of both original extent and subsequent erosion, whereas the distribution of Palaeozoic and late Precambrian MFS are also a function of more limited well penetrations. Of the 63 MFS, 33 are interpreted as being preserved over most of the Arabian Plate and provide the most reliable ‘lower order’ cyclicity within the succession. Of the remainder, 25 are interpreted as being preserved ‘sub-regionally’ over large areas of the plate, and 5 preserved only ‘locally’. These MFS are believed to be effectively isochronous and result primarily from global eustatic fluctuations. Subsidence probably controlled the development of MFS in the early period of each megasequence, when following a phase of plate-wide structuring, an extensional regime tended to pre-dominate. Progressive inversion and/or uplift towards the end of each megasequence is also thought to have played a role in the deposition and erosion of MFS. It is hoped that critiques and amendments of this new framework will provide further impetus to the unravelling of the subsurface architecture of this unique and economically important hydrocarbon province.
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this note is to present revisions to the SP2 scheme resulting either from significant errors in SP2, or from newly published data that challenges SP2, or from newly published data identifying new maximum flooding surfaces. The publication of Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy (Sharland et al., 2001), commonly referred to as SP2, provided a unifying stratigraphic interpretation of the Arabian Plate within a modern sequence stratigraphic framework. In 2002 revisions to the stratigraphic positions of some SP2 Cretaceous maximum flooding surfaces (MFS), and some resulting new interpretations, were presented by Davies et al. (2002). New interpretations of mixed carbonate-clastic systems presented by these authors have application to other parts of Middle East stratigraphy. Since 2001, many excellent new papers have been published, and oral presentations made, containing new data and/or interpretations (e.g. Al-Eidan et al., 2001; Brew et al., 2001; Konert et al., 2001; Ziegler, 2001; Al-Suwaidi and Aziz, 2002; Nehlig et al., 2002; van Buchem et al., 2002; Boote and Mou, 2003; Price and Fell, 2003; Stephenson et al., 2003 - to name but a few). The interpretations presented here are based on this new post-SP2 literature, as well as re-interpretations of older literature in the light of this new work. Following discussions with Gulf PetroLink, the Ne.ex SP2 authors have been encouraged to provide a summary chronostratigraphic up-date based on this new literature for GEO 2004 of the SP2 interpretation, with particular emphasis on (1) revisions to the published geological timescale; (2) changes to SP2 megasequence boundaries (position and dating); (3) changes to SP2 maximum flooding surfaces (position and dating); (4) the identification and dating of any new TMS and/or MFS; and (5) any proposed changes to the SP2 sequence stratigraphic nomenclature. This GeoArabia Stratigraphic Note and the accompanying two chronostratigraphic chart enclosures (Enclosure 1 Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and Enclosure 2 Palaeozoic and Precambrian), are intended to update those in SP2. These new charts have been extended into Jordan (in the north) and southwest Oman and Yemen (in the south). Significant changes to MFS are made in the Neogene, Palaeogene and Permo-Triassic sections.
Article
Full-text available
Saudi Arabian Jurassic carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs were first examined stratigraphically using microfauna. Current microfaunal studies concentrate on the identification and constraint of palaeoenvironmental variations and determination of high-resolution depositional cyclicity of the reservoir carbonates. It is apparent that the environmental sensitivity of benthonic foraminifera provides a potentially valuable technique for the determining subtle variations in the depositional environment and also providing a proxy for sea-level fluctuations.
Article
Full-text available
Calcareous agglutinating foraminifera and other larger benthic foraminifera from two formations in central Lebanon confirm the presence of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age carbonates below the continental Lower Cretaceous "basal sandstone". The lowermost formation, the Bikfaya Formation, is characterized by the presence of Buccicrenata sp., Alveosepta (Redmondellina) powersi (REDMOND), A. (A) jaccardi (SCHRODT), Pseudospirocyclina maynci HOTTINGER and Rectocyclammina chouberti HOTTINGER of Kimmeridgian age; while the overlying Salima Formation is characterized by Everticyclammina kelleri (HENSON), E. contorta REDMOND, Bramkampella arabica REDMOND and Riyadhella regularis REDMOND of Berriasian age. Trocholina alpina (LEUPOLD) and Nautiloculina oolithica Muhler and REICHEL are long-ranging species which occur throughout the Salima Formation, whereas Neotrocholina valdensis REICHEL of Berriasian - Valanginian age appears in the upper beds of the formation below the "basal sandstone". The resulting assemblage compares closely with taxa described from Iraq, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, and confirms for the first time in central Lebanon a Kimmeridgian age for the basal 25 m of the Bikfaya Formation and a Berriasian-Valanginian age for the Salima Formation.
Article
Full-text available
The oil producer Arab "D" unit in Qatar as well as in eastern Arabian Peninsula is composed of limestone and dolomitic limestone assigned to the Kimmeridgian age. In Qatar, this member reveals the presence of six rhythmic microfacies of mudstone (micrite), wackestone, dolomitic wackestone, packstone, grainstone and anhydrite. These sediments are believed to be deposited in numerous short-term transgressive-regressive cycles, but generally the Arab D member represents a regressive cycle. The grainstone facies in the middle part of the unit is rich in benthic foraminifera belonging to Kurnubia and Pfenderina. Palynological analysis yielded ecologically and biostratigraphically significant dinoflagellate cyst species such as Cribroperidinium globatum, C. longicorne, Dichadogonyaulax chondra, D. pannea, Epiploshaera bireticulata, Geochteodinia antennata, Systematophora areolata and S. penicillata, giving evidence for a late Kimmeridgian age of the Arab D member. Amorphous organic matter is the dominant element of the particulate organic matter. The Arab D member may have been deposited in shallow water of the middle shelf depth (30-50 m) under arid to semiarid climatic conditions as deduced from the presence of Classopollis pollen and the capping anhydrite.
Article
Full-text available
Low-latitude carbonate platforms dominated the southern and northern margins and microplates of western Tethys during the Early Jurassic. However, these have proved difficult to date in the past partly due to a lack of study but also a perception of low biotic diversity following the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event. Detailed logging and sampling of seven continuously exposed sections of Lower Jurassic shallow-marine carbonates in Gibraltar, Morocco, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, and in Spain reveals the occurrence of 12 benthic foraminifera species. These taxa are described and illustrated, and include: one new speciesTextulariopsis sinemurensis, new records for the Early Jurassic, and new records for this region. Five new biozones for the late Hettangian to early Pliensbachian time interval are erected from the consecutive appearance of benthic foraminifera within these sections, from top to base:Lituosepta compressa, Lituosepta recoarensis, Everticyclammina praevirguliana, Siphovalvulina colomi andSiphovalvulina gibraltarensis. This has enabled the correlation of these sections for the first time from the northern and southern Tethys margins and from the Apuleian and Pelagonian microplates within Tethys. The foraminiferal occurrences indicate a similarity of associations from the southern and northern shallow carbonate shelves of Tethys, whilst reflecting the relative isolation of the Apuleian and Pelagonian microplates within Tethys. The foraminifera show a progressive diversification of forms through the late Hettangian to early Pliensbachian interval that is interpreted to reflect the evolutionary recovery and diversification of these biotas following the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.
Article
Full-text available
The Arabian Gulf Middle Jurassic foraminiferal assemblage in Qatar and Saudi Arabia is compared with the known Middle Jurassic foraminiferal assemblages in Jordan and Egypt. In general, these faunas can be grouped into three broad assemblages, which can be related to three different palaeoenvironments. The three assemblages are recognized by variation of genera and species of the suborders Textulariina and Lagenina. The first assemblage is a carbonate platform assemblage which is distributed in the Arabian Gulf areas and is composed of 35 foraminiferal species, and restricted to an open platform environment. The second assemblage is of shallow to deep inner to middle clastic shelf environments that are located in north Egypt (Sinai and north Western Desert) and is composed of 89 foraminiferal species. The third assemblage represents a shoreline to shallow marine environment and has been recognized in Jordan and is composed of 42 foraminiferal species and considered to have been deposited in a shore environment shallower than that of north Egypt.
Article
Full-text available
The Upper Jurassic sequence of the Aydincik (Içel) area consists of platform limestones which were deposited in a subtidal, restricted lagoon environment. Stratigraphic distribution of benthic foraminifera and calcareous algae, examined in thin-sections, is shown in a range-chart. The microfossil assemblage indicates the Salpingoporella sellii subzone of the Kurnubia palastiniensis cenozone, corresponding approximately to the lower part of the Malm. Some benthic foraminifera with considerable stratigraphic value within the Mesozoic Tethys are described. Among the benthic foraminifera, taxa of the family Pfenderinidae, especially the subfamily Kurnubiinae, are dominant and frequent throughout the sequence. The planispirally coiled taxa are represented by the families Nautiloculinidae, Charentiidae and Cyclamminidae (subfamily Bucciccrenatinae).
Article
The Ar Riyad quadrangle is underlaid by Mesozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the Arabian shelf, covered to a large extent by Quaternary deposits. Jurassic to Early Cretaceous rocks cropping out in the Ar Riyad area are assigned to the newly defined informal Dir'iyah supergroup, which consists of: 1) the Buraydah group, (Late Permian to Triassic) that crops out to the west of the quadrangle boundaries; 2) the informal Shaqra group and 3) the Thamama Group, comprising Early Cretaceous rocks. The Dir'yah supergroup is disconformably overlain by Late Cretaceous to Tertiary rocks. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic succession is characteristic of continental, littoral margin, or inner-shelf deposition, comprising transgressive and regressive phases alternating upward in the sequence. It is contained in a homocline dipping gently to the northeast and east. Mesozoic oil reservoirs are exploited in the Abu Jifan oil field in the northeast of the quadrangle. -from Authors
Article
The earliest development of coral-bearing strata in Central Saudi Arabia took place during deposition of the Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone (upper Middle-Upper Callovian). It does not appear to constitute a major barrier reef, but rather a series of isolated corals and coral bioherms; coral heads (20-50 cm in diameter) are scattered in life position within an extensive sheet of pure limestone (20-40 m thick) stretching for more than 1000 km along strike in Central Saudi Arabia. This sheet could be described as an extensive biostrome. A striking feature of the Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone coral fauna is the low diversity of species that persisted throughout the development of the formation. A possible explanation for the low diversity of the fauna is inimical ecological conditions or palaeobiogeographical barriers which could have prevented the historical accumulation of species from neighbouring areas. Similar factors are responsible also for the endemism of the Jurassic Arabian fauna including ammonites, foraminifers, algae, ostracods, nautiloids, brachiopods and echinoids. -from Author
Book
Volume 1 contains the text of the treatise, and volume 2, 847 plates. Of the 3620 validly proposed generic taxa of Foraminiferida considered 2455 genera are recognised, described and illustrated, 960 regarded as synonyms, 208 considered systematically unrecognisable, 16 too late for detailed inclusion. They are placed in 12 suborders, 74 superfamilies, 296 families, 302 subfamilies. A systematic index is included. The systematic arrangement of genera is alphabetical within the various subfamily or family categories, and the family group taxa within the suborders are arranged in order of presumed evolutionary sequence or increasing complexity. Descriptions are generally focused on test morphology, both external and internal, but some information concerning the living organism is summarized for the few that are known. Geologic range is given to the level of the geologic series of epoch, and known geographic occurrence and a limited amount of ecologic information is included. In view of the very large number of taxa considered, morphologic descriptions are as concise as possible, consistent with the inclusion of the available information. Morphologic terms used are defined in a glossary, in which reference also is given to other terms proposed by various writers. -from Authors
Chapter
As early as 1959, Jan Muller appreciated that the distribution patterns of palynomorphs and other particulate organic matter (POM) could be used for facies recognition and palaeogeographic reconstruction (Muller 1959). Such applications, and the increasing use of palynological methods for assessing hydrocarbon source rock potential led to the development of the palynofacies concept. The term palynofacies was first introduced by Combaz in 1964 to describe the quantitative and qualitative palynological study of the total particulate organic matter assemblage. Palynofacies analysis involves the identification of individual palynomorph, plant debris, and amorphous components, their absolute and relative proportions, size spectra, and preservation states (Combaz 1964, 1980). Palynomorph colour estimation of the level of organic maturation was also included in the original concept, although this is now usually regarded as a somewhat separate and distinct field of study.
Chapter
The study of the organic matter in sediments and sedimentary rocks focuses on the interaction between the biosphere and geosphere. A proper appreciation of the subject requires an understanding of the environmental controls which govern the production of organic matter in the biosphere, the ecological and sedimentological processes which control its deposition and distribution, the biogeochemical, and geomicrobiological factors which influence its preservation, and the geochemical and physical processes which determine its modification during its incorporation in the geosphere. This makes the study of sedimentary organic matter one of the most multidisciplinary pursuits within the whole field of earth sciences.
Article
Three new genera and eighteen new species of foraminifera are described from the Jurassic of Saudi Arabia. Two of the genera, Pseudomarssonella and Riyadhella, are tentatively placed in Cushman's subfamily Globotextulariinae. The third, Dhrumella, can not be more closely placed than somewhere within the superfamily Rotaliacea.
Article
Two new genera and eight new species of lituolid foraminifera from the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic of Saudi Arabia are described and figured. Two species of Pseudocyclammina occurring here develop Choffatella-like chambers in the microspheric generation. The term "minimal chamber" is suggested as a designation for such chambers, and the application of the concept to other genera is briefly discussed.
Article
In this paper, 128 species of foraminifera and twelve species of holothuroid sclerites from Jurassic rocks out-crapping at Gebel Maghara, northern Sinai, are described and illustrated. Thirty-five species and two genera of foraminifera, and five holothuroid sclerites, are believed to be new. Sponge spicules from the Kimmeridgian are also illustrated but are not described. This study is primarily paleontological, but the stratigraphic value of these fossils is discussed, and the results of microfacies analyses of a number of indurated rocks in the succession are presented.
Article
Investigation of well-preserved material from Saudi Arabia shows that the interior labyrinthine passages in the family Pfenderinidae Smout and Sugden, 1962, fall outside of rather than inside of the chamber cavities. The secondary infilling of the labyrinthine passages during the life of the individual, noted by Smout and Sugden as occurring among some members of the Pfenderinidae, is coupled with secondary deposition of shell material within the chamber cavities, and the presence or absence of these joint effects is taken as the basis for recognition of two-new subfamilies, the Pfenderininae and the Kurnubiinae. The formation of subcameral tunnels is discussed, and four new genera and ten new species of the Pfenderinidae are described from the Jurassic of Saudi Arabia.
Article
While studying foraminefera from the Tertiary of Iraq and Iran, which had been referred to in literature under the name of Archaias aduncus (Fichtel and Moll), the author concluded that the structure of these organisms does not conform to the description of Archaias [ Orbiculina ] given by W. B. Carpenter ( Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. , Vol. 146, 1856, part II, pp. 547–52, pl. xxviii, figs. 1-16; pl. xxix, figs. 1-3) and generally accepted in standard text-books on the Foraminefera (Galloway 1933; Cushman 1940; Glaessner 1945). According to these authors, Archaias may be described as a large, compressed Peneroplis sometimes becoming cyclical in the later stages, and with the primary chambers sub-divided into rectangular chamberlets by transverse secondary septa. In specimens from Iraq and Iran, however, sections parallel to the equatorial plane but very near the lateral surfaces of the test showed no subdivision of the primary chambers. Following up this observation, sections were cut through the primary chambers in directions normal to given radii of the discoidal shell; and these preparations showed clearly that the internal structures traversing the primary chambers are not secondary septa, but pillars normal to the primary septa. The pillars are numerous and alternate in position with small perforations (apertures) through the primary septa The question immediately arose whether these Middle Eastern forms should be assigned to a new genus or whether Carpenter's description is erroneous. It was thought that a distinction might be found between Recent and Tertiary forms attributed from localities in the Caribbean region and
Derin and Reiss, Figs
  • Nautiloculina Circularis
Nautiloculina circularis (Said and Barakat)-Derin and Reiss, Figs. 70, 71, 83, 254, 263, 264, 271, 280, 283, 286–289, 309. 1968 Nautiloculina circularis (Said and
64, Fig. 3, Pl. 1, Figs
  • P Bronnimann
Bronnimann, p. 64, Fig. 3, Pl. 1, Figs. 1–8, Pl. 2, Figs 1–6.
  • Fourcade
1985 Nautiloculina circularis (Said and Barakat)-Fourcade et al., Pl. 3, Fig. 4. 2001 Nautiloculina circularis (Said and Barakat)-Tasli, p. 3, Pl. 1, Fig. 1.
Foraminifera and Brackish Ostracoda from the Portlandian of Polish Lowlands
  • W Bielecka
Bielecka, W., 1975. Foraminifera and Brackish Ostracoda from the Portlandian of Polish Lowlands. Acta Paleontologica Polonica, 20(3): 295-393
  • B Derin
  • Z Reiss
Derin, B., Reiss, Z., 1966. Jurassic Microfacies of Israel. Spec. Publ. Inst. Petr., 1-43
Trophic Regimes of Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages in Lower Jurassic Shallow Water Carbonates from Northeastern Italy (Calcari Grigi
  • A Fogagnoli
Fogagnoli, A., 2004. Trophic Regimes of Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages in Lower Jurassic Shallow Water Carbonates from Northeastern Italy (Calcari Grigi, Trento Platform, Venetian Prealps).
Le Associazioni a Foraminiferi Bentonici del Giurassico Inferiore de Ua Piattaforma di Trento (Calcari Grigi-Liassico)
  • A Fugagnoli
Fugagnoli, A., 1998. Le Associazioni a Foraminiferi Bentonici del Giurassico Inferiore de Ua Piattaforma di Trento (Calcari Grigi-Liassico). Sistematica, Biostratigrafia e Paleoecologia. Dottorato di Ricerca in Scienze della Terra.
Stratigrafiya i Korrelyatsiya Verkhnei Yury po Foraminiferam
  • A A Grigelis
Grigelis, A. A., 1985. Stratigrafiya i Korrelyatsiya Verkhnei Yury po Foraminiferam. Moscow. 1-104 (in Russian)
Palaeoenvironments of Middle to Upper Jurassic Foraminifera of Saudi Arabia
  • G W Hughes
Hughes, G. W., 2002. Palaeoenvironments of Middle to Upper Jurassic Foraminifera of Saudi Arabia. In: Martire, L., ed., 6th International Symposium on the Jurassic System. Mondello, Sicily. 92
Testacea Britannica or Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh-water, Including the Most Minute: Systematically Arranged and Embellished with Figures
  • G Montagu
Montagu, G., 1803. Testacea Britannica or Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh-water, Including the Most Minute: Systematically Arranged and Embellished with Figures. J. White, London, 2: 293-606
Geology of the Arabian Peninsula
  • R W Powers
  • L F Ramirez
  • C D Redmond
Powers, R. W., Ramirez, L. F., Redmond, C. D., et al., 1966. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula, Sedimentary Geology of Saudi Arabia. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 560: 147
New Information on the Foraminiferal
  • A H Smout
  • W Sugden
Smout, A. H., Sugden, W., 1962. New Information on the Foraminiferal Genus. Pfenderina. Paleontology, 4(4): 581-591
Habitat of Oil. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
  • M Steineke
  • R A Bramkamp
  • N J Sanders
Steineke, M., Bramkamp, R. A., Sanders, N. J., 1958. Stratigraphic Relations of Arabian Jurassic Oil. In: Weeks, L. G., ed., Habitat of Oil. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa. 1294-1329
Pfenderina neocomiensis Pfender; 14. Pfenderina gracilis; 15. Riyadhella paraconica Levina; 16. Riyadhella regularis Redmond
  • Redmond Riyadhoides Mcclurei
Pfenderina neocomiensis Pfender; 14. Pfenderina gracilis; 15. Riyadhella paraconica Levina; 16. Riyadhella regularis Redmond; 17. Riyadhoides mcclurei Redmond.
Re-Examination of the Morphology of Nautiloculina circularis (Said and Barakat) 1959 from the Upper Jurassic of Egypt and Israel
  • P Bronnimann
Bronnimann, P., 1968. Re-Examination of the Morphology of Nautiloculina circularis (Said and Barakat) 1959 from the Upper Jurassic of Egypt and Israel. C. R. Seances, SPHN, 2(1): 62-73