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Social Entrepreneurship: Why We Don't Need a New Theory and How We Move Forward from Here

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Abstract

We examine the current state of the social entrepreneurship literature, asking what is unique about social entrepreneurship and what avenues create opportunities for the future of the field. After an evaluation of social entrepreneurship definitions and comparison of social entrepreneurship to other forms, we conclude that while it is not a distinct type of entrepreneurship, researchers stand to benefit most from further research on social entrepreneurship as a context in which established types of entrepreneurs operate. We demonstrate these opportunities by describing avenues for further inquiry that emerge when examining valuable assumptions and insights from existing theories inherent in conventional, cultural, and institutional entrepreneurship frameworks and integrating these insights in ways that address the unique phenomena that exist in the context of social entrepreneurship.

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... Such a setting presents a mismatch worth exploring, because SI is typically understood to be bottom-up in nature (Pel, Haxeltine, et al., 2020). The answer to whether social entrepreneurship thrives in institutional voids (Cherrier et al., 2018;Dacin et al., 2010;Turker & Vural, 2017;Zahra et al., 2009) or support (Evans, 1996;Parthasarathy et al., 2021;Stephan et al., 2015;Zahra & Wright, 2011) remains inconclusive. We add to this growing literature by identifying the interactions, along with actors, institutions, and infrastructure, that can provide tangible and intangible support to the initiation and growth of SI ecosystems in other contexts (Ipinnaiye & Olaniyan, 2023). ...
... The adapted version of the TIS-based policy framework for the context of social innovation and entrepreneurship may enhance our understanding of the development and growth of broader SISs and provision of strategic support. Building on the existing framework widely used in technology innovation and entrepreneurship, researchers can benefit from insights accumulated in well-established theories, and integrate these insights to interpret unique features of social entrepreneurship (Dacin et al., 2010). Thus, by providing a more holistic and comprehensive perspective that integrates the SI concept into the existing theory and practice inherent in conventional entrepreneurship, the SIS framework can be used to distinguish which systemic challenges inhibit social entrepreneurship and how to address them. ...
... To illustrate and further develop the proposed SIS framework, we adopted a case study approach, which allows researchers to develop clearer and richer insights into relatively new phenomena based on multiple data sources (Yin, 2018 developing countries, that are considering policy initiatives for the growth of SIS. For the latter, our findings provide additional evidence on whether social entrepreneurship thrives in institutional voids (Cherrier et al., 2018;Dacin et al., 2010;Turker & Vural, 2017;Zahra et al., 2009) or institutional support (Evans, 1996;Parthasarathy et al., 2021;Stephan et al., 2015;Zahra & Wright, 2011). ...
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Social innovation is a useful mechanism to address unmet needs in local societies and tackle wicked problems through innovative products and services. Policymakers and practitioners have increasingly become interested in effective policies and strategies for facilitating social innovation to deliver sustainable development; however, a lack of coherent analytical framework persists. To address this gap, we propose the Social Innovation System framework, by adapting the Technological Innovation Systems approach widely used in innovation management and policy. Providing a holistic and comprehensive perspective to explore complex interactions among different actors and institutions involved in social innovation, our framework allows more systematic understanding of the development of social entrepreneurship and relevant ecosystems. We employ this framework to analyze social innovation ecosystems in South Korea and Singapore. The results indicate systemic challenges to overcome owing to the collective and interactive nature of social innovation.
... Starting from addressing marginalized communities and individuals' problems (Gali et al., 2020;Haugh and Talwar, 2016;Parthiban et al., 2020;Qureshi et al., 2021), social entrepreneurship progressively helps socio-economic development to reduce poverty (Hackett, 2010;Mair et al., 2012;Sutter et al., 2019). Social entrepreneurs positively contribute to environmental sustainability (Belz and Binder, 2017;Calic and Mosakowski, 2016;Gali et al., 2020) by instigating the entrepreneurship concept (Dacin et al., 2010). ...
... In the face of large philanthropic bodies changing in demand, the concept of social entrepreneurship has become a topical issue (Bacq and Alt, 2018;Dacin et al., 2010;Fowler, 2000;Hockerts, 2018;Hond and De Bakker, 2007;Kraus et al., 2017;Kim and Lim, 2017;Tan et al., 2019;Zaremohzzabieh et al., 2019). In essence, the complex and dynamic nexus of the ever-evolving landscape of entrepreneurial intentions results in socioeconomic development through the mediating influence of entrepreneurial knowledge (Chwolka and Raith, 2023). ...
Article
Purpose - Social entrepreneurship is a topical issue in the context of entrepreneurial intention. Our quantitative study seeks to explore the complex and dynamic nexus of the ever-evolving landscape of entrepreneurial intentions, which results in socioeconomic development through the mediating influence of entrepreneurial knowledge. Design/methodology/approach -The South Asian region was considered a research population, considering its characteristics and inclination toward social entrepreneurial activities. The required data were collected using an online survey questionnaire. 330 questionnaires were mailed online to the targeted participants, and 239 responses were received and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. Findings -The study found a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial intention and socioeconomic development. A 1% improvement in entrepreneurial intention corresponds to a 40% increase in socioeconomic development and 17% enhancement in entrepreneurial knowledge. Our study also demonstrates that a 1% improvement in entrepreneurial intention brings about a substantial improvement of 26% in socioeconomic development when mediated by entrepreneurial knowledge. Research limitations/implications -It is recommended that intentional learning spaces focus on intensifying social entrepreneurial intention and develop mechanisms for knowledge transfer platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing among social entrepreneurs. Organizations may support and take initiatives to bridge the gap between experienced and novice social entrepreneurs. Institutions may introduce incentive structures that promote sustainable entrepreneurship, highlight social entrepreneurs' success stories, and emphasize the linkage between intention, knowledge, and positive societal outcomes. Originality/value -Owing to the lack of literature and inadequate empirical research, our study was articulated to enhance existing knowledge and postulate the basis for high-order empirical studies in the context of social entrepreneurial intention backed by entrepreneurial knowledge. Moreover, this study provoked entrepreneurial intention based on the theory of planned behavior with the mediating influence of entrepreneurial knowledge, which adds a distinctive dimension to social entrepreneurial intention, enhances research originality, and provides practical implications for individuals seeking to thrive in dynamic environments.
... Social ventures have captured the attention of scholars as these emerge to address social or environmental issues through sustainable business models (Dacin et al., 2010;Short et al., 2009;Bacq and Janssen, 2011). Researchers generally concur that pursuing a social venture involves balancing social and commercial objectives (Austin et al., 2006;Battilana and Lee, 2014). ...
... Researchers generally concur that pursuing a social venture involves balancing social and commercial objectives (Austin et al., 2006;Battilana and Lee, 2014). This dual aim challenges social entrepreneurs, as social and commercial goals are typically regarded as opposing forces that generate diverse organizational tensions (Dacin et al., 2010;Moss et al., 2011;Smith et al., 2013;Cornforth, 2014). ...
Article
Purpose This study explores the structure of founders’ hybrid personal identities and their relationship to social venture performance. The authors hypothesize that founders experience the tension between the social and commercial goals of their venture as a paradox rooted in their personal values. Design/methodology/approach The authors surveyed 112 social enterprise founders in Chile and used structural equation modeling to test hypotheses about the relationship between self-transcendent values (i.e. promotion of others’ welfare and care for nature) and self-enhancement values (i.e. pursuing own interests and power over others) on a multidimensional scale of social venture performance. Findings Self-transcendence and self-enhancement are distinct yet interrelated values that coexist within social venture founders (i.e. they constitute a paradox). Self-transcendence values negatively moderate the positive relationship between self-enhancement values and social venture performance. Practical implications Mere benevolence is insufficient for effective social venturing; success depends on the founder’s self-enhancement values or their “drive” to succeed. Founder values can thus inform organizational design choices (e.g. tasks, team composition, structures and processes) and guide public and private investment decisions. Originality/value This research empirically assesses the structure of hybrid personal identities, uncovering how the concurrent action of self-transcendence and self-enhancement values influences social venture performance. The authors challenge the belief that balancing social and commercial goals benefits social venture performance. Best-performing ventures are those whose founder’s exhibit high self-enhancement and low self-transcendence values.
... Many definitions of social innovation exist (Dacin, Dacin, and Matear 2010). Cloutier (2003) divides them into three categories, the first of which covers definitions "centered on the individual" (3). ...
... 6. As an illustration of this state of affairs, we refer to Dacin, Dacin, and Matear (2010), who list no fewer than 37 definitions of social entrepreneurship. The vast majority of those both refer to social innovation, and define it in a circular manner. ...
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The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the usefulness of public libraries. Through a literature review, we document the shift in their core mission as they transition from codex curators to community builders. This reflects a change in service logic, moving away from the mobilization of technical capabilities in a low interactivity context and toward the mobilization of human capabilities in a high interactivity context. Public libraries now stand as social innovators in that their activities modify interaction patterns among individuals. As a consequence, they stand as key players in the knowledge economy.
... International networks, such as Ashoka, and local initiatives, like the Turkish Social Entrepreneurship Network, foster collaboration, provide funding access, and contribute to capacity-building ( _ Inci, 2016). The broader impact of these ventures extends beyond immediate problem-solving, as they contribute to systemic change by challenging entrenched social norms and addressing regional inequalities (Dacin et al., 2010;Karataş-€ Ozkan et al., 2018). ...
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Purpose This paper aims to explore and analyze effective methods for measuring the impact of social ventures. By examining existing frameworks such as Social Return on Investment (SROI) and Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS) and through qualitative case studies of Turkish social ventures, the study aims to identify the limitations and adaptability of these methodologies. The goal is to provide actionable recommendations for social entrepreneurs, policymakers, and stakeholders to enhance the accuracy and relevance of impact assessments, thereby contributing to the sustainability and effectiveness of social ventures. Design/methodology/approach This research employs a qualitative methodology, focusing on in-depth case studies of Turkish social ventures, specifically Kizlar Sahada and Microfon.co. Data collection involves a combination of direct interviews with social entrepreneurs, analysis of organizational reports, and review of relevant literature. The study examines existing impact assessment frameworks, such as Social Return on Investment (SROI) and Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS), assessing their applicability and limitations within the Turkish context. The research aims to identify context-specific challenges and innovative practices by analysing these case studies, offering insights into more effective and tailored impact assessment methodologies for social ventures. Findings The study reveals that while global impact assessment frameworks like Social Return on Investment (SROI) and Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS) are helpful, they often require adaptation to fit Turkey’s unique socioeconomic conditions. Key findings highlight the need for context-specific, resource-efficient, and participatory impact assessment tools. Case studies of Kizlar Sahada and Microfon.co illustrate innovative practices in Turkey, such as integrating local cultural factors and leveraging technology for data collection. These insights underscore the importance of developing tailored methodologies that accurately capture social ventures' diverse impacts on varied regional contexts. Research limitations/implications The research is limited by its focus on a few case studies, which may not fully represent the diversity of social ventures across Turkey. Additionally, the reliance on qualitative data may introduce subjective biases. The dynamic nature of social issues and the evolving socioeconomic landscape in Turkey further complicate the development of standardized assessment tools. Despite these limitations, the study offers valuable insights into context-specific challenges and innovative practices, highlighting the need for adaptable and responsive impact assessment methodologies. Future research should expand the scope of case studies and explore quantitative approaches to complement the qualitative findings. Practical implications This study provides practical recommendations for social entrepreneurs, policymakers, and stakeholders to improve impact assessment practices in Turkey. It offers strategies to tailor global frameworks like SROI and IRIS to local conditions by emphasizing the need for context-specific, resource-efficient, and participatory tools. Social ventures can adopt these insights to enhance the accuracy and relevance of their impact assessments, ultimately improving their effectiveness and sustainability. Policymakers can use these findings to create supportive environments and policies that foster social entrepreneurship. At the same time, investors can better evaluate the social return on their investments by aligning their portfolios with their social objectives. Social implications The study underscores the importance of accurate and context-specific impact assessment in enhancing the effectiveness of social ventures in Turkey. By providing tailored methodologies, social ventures can better address local socioeconomic challenges, leading to more meaningful and sustainable social change. Improved impact assessment practices enable ventures to demonstrate their value more convincingly, attracting better stakeholder support from investors, policymakers, and the community. This can lead to increased funding, better policy support, and more robust community engagement, ultimately fostering a more vibrant and impactful social entrepreneurship ecosystem that drives positive societal transformation. Originality/value This paper offers original insights into the challenges and opportunities of measuring the impact of social ventures in Turkey, a context that has received limited attention in the existing literature. By analyzing case studies of Kizlar Sahada and Microfon.co, the research highlights innovative, context-specific practices that can be adapted to other regions with similar socioeconomic dynamics. The studys value lies in its practical recommendations for developing resource-efficient and participatory impact assessment tools that address the unique needs of social ventures. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on social impact assessment and offer valuable guidance for social entrepreneurs, policymakers, and investors.
... En Lima Metropolitana, muchas mujeres enfrentan estereotipos que restringen su participación en ciertos sectores o que condicionan la percepción de su capacidad para gestionar un negocio (Huamán et al., 2022;Silva Infantes et al., 2023). Las normas culturales tradicionales, que asignan a las mujeres la mayor parte de las responsabilidades familiares, pueden limitar su disponibilidad y oportunidad de expandir sus emprendimientos (Dacin et al., 2010;Deng et al., 2024). No obstante, en algunos casos, las mismas redes sociales o iniciativas comunitarias enfocadas en el empoderamiento de las mujeres pueden ofrecer apoyo y oportunidades que contrarrestan estas barreras (Al-Qahtani et al., 2022;Jahanshahi et al., 2024). ...
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El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los factores que impactan en el emprendimiento femenino y su relación con la participación empresarial en Lima Metropolitana. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa mediante un cuestionario estructurado, aplicado a 264 emprendedoras de un distrito de Lima. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, correlacional y multivariado con la técnica de PLS-SEM para validar el modelo propuesto. Los resultados muestran que los factores económicos y sociales influyen de manera significativa en el emprendimiento femenino, mientras que los factores personales, aunque importantes, no resultaron estadísticamente significativos. El estudio también evidencia que el emprendimiento femenino impacta positivamente en la participación empresarial, subrayando su relevancia para el crecimiento socioeconómico de la región.
... it is possible that as the organisation becomes more resourced, the relationship between risk-taking and social impact could change -especially if some of the risks result in higher successful payoffs for clients. the hybrid nature of social enterprises means that financial outcomes are critical for organisational sustainability and impact (Battilana et al. 2015;Dacin, Dacin, and Matear 2010). Despite our finding that economic productivity was not a significant predictor of perceived social impact, it merits further study to better understand its role in organisational legitimacy and sustainability. ...
... For this purpose, it is important to determine the drivers of economic growth that can be synthesized in innovation (Hasan & Tucci, 2010;Adrián Risso & Sánchez Carrera, 2019), human capital resource (Audretsch 2005; Alpkan & al 2010) and entrepreneurship (Acs & al, 2012;Bosma & al, 2018) etc.… Entrepreneurship specifically reflected an important part in terms of decreasing the poverty rate and enabling sustainable development over the last two decades (Hart, 1995;Schaltegger & Wagner, 2011;Youssef & al, 2018). The entrepreneurial process includes according to Dacin & al (2010), Zahra & al (2009), Peredo & McLean (2006), Mair & Martí (2006) social innovation and technology innovation. The social value is according to Peter Drucker created through the social entrepreneur who can influence the performance and growth of the society. ...
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Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate and analyze the role of digital social entrepreneurship in achieving sustainable development goals, with a deep focus on the creation of a digital platform for resource sharing. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on the concepts of social entrepreneurship and sustainable development, emphasizing their role in addressing social and environmental challenges such as climate change and inequality, while leveraging digitalization to maximize impact. Method: A quantitative study was conducted with 134 participants to examine the impact of digital social entrepreneurship on sustainable development. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed through a non-probability snowball sampling method. Results and Discussion: The results demonstrate how the creation of a resource-sharing platform can exemplify digital social entrepreneurship. By connecting individuals and organizations for the sharing of materials, skills, and knowledge, the platform fosters the sharing economy, reduces waste, and promotes community cooperation. These outcomes contribute to the achievement of various sustainable development goals. Research Implications: The findings provide insights into the practical application of digital platforms in promoting sustainability and social entrepreneurship. They suggest that technology can be effectively harnessed to address global challenge. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by illustrating how digital social entrepreneurship can serve as a powerful tool for sustainable development. Its originality lies in the innovative approach of combining technology with social problem-solving to drive socio-economic and environmental progress.
... Joseph Banks coined the term "social entrepreneurship" in 1972 (Nicholls, 2006), and Waddock and Post (1991) analyzed and applied the concept nearly 20 years later. The first graduate course in this area was offered by Dees in 1995 at Harvard Business School (Worsham, 2012) From its earliest days, multiple definitions of social entrepreneurship have been offered (Dacin et al., 2010), but a clear consensus has yet to be reached regarding its meaning (Saebi et al., 2018). ...
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This empirical research focuses on social entrepreneurs who challenge the equilibrium by providing new services to beneficiaries in multiple locations. We have termed these entrepreneurs “Schumpeterian social entrepreneurs“, echoing Joseph Schumpeter’s definition of a commercial entrepreneur. This research aimed to understand the entrepreneurial process followed by Schumpeterian social entrepreneurs, emphasizing their objectives, points of entry into the process, connections to the fields of their endeavors, and strategies deployed to change the equilibrium. Ten Israeli social entrepreneurs were interviewed using the life story method. The key findings were as follows. The research highlighted two types of entrepreneurs according to their objectives and way of entry. These first comprised entrepreneurs who sought to capture social value and were opportunity-focused. In contrast, the second category comprised those who focused on solving social problems having responded to "a call to action". There were many "outsiders" among the entrepreneurs. There is a possible correlation between a personal history of volunteering and a willingness to become a social entrepreneur. There is a predominance of two factors that enhanced the scaling up of the organizations' services: the mobilization of large numbers of committed volunteers and the use of platforms to operate the organization's services.
... socially driven entrepreneurship has gained extensive popularity and is now recognised as a critical component of national sustainable development (Mair and Noboa 2006). though not a separate category of entrepreneurship, there is potential for researchers to gain valuable insights by studying social entrepreneurship as a context in which existing types of entrepreneurs operate (Dacin, Dacin, and Matear 2010). social entrepreneurship is an innovative way of dealing with inequality and environmental challenges, creating jobs and alleviating societal poverty (seelos and Mair 2005). ...
... Social entrepreneurs are considered central to society because they generate responses to social and economic inequality (Muñoz and Gamble 2024). Social entrepreneurship addresses serious social or environmental challenges through creative business models and tactics while pursuing financial sustainability (Dacin, Dacin, and Matear 2010;Newth and Woods 2014). Social enterprises are organizations whose primary purpose is tackling a social need rather than maximizing profit for their owners or shareholders (Miles, Granados, and Tweed 2024). ...
Article
There has been a recent surge in social entrepreneurship to address pressing social problems. Social ventures drive positive change and reshape traditional business norms by providing innovative solutions and fostering inclusive growth. Social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is crucial to studying social entrepreneurship since it sheds light on the underlying motivations and factors that drive people to engage in social enterprise. The study examines empathy, moral obligation, perceived social support, social self-efficacy, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness as determinants of SEI. Data collected through an online questionnaire from 349 commerce and management students were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal a significant influence of social self-efficacy, perceived social support, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness on SEI. Notably, the results highlight an indirect influence of empathy and moral obligation on SEI mediated by social self-efficacy and perceived social support. The study also reveals how social vision and social proactiveness relate to social self-efficacy. The findings have significant implications for encouraging social entrepreneurship. Policymakers and educators may use these insights to develop specific activities that assist prospective social entrepreneurs by enhancing the attributes that affect their desire to establish social ventures.
... Social enterprises must develop strong competencies to achieve their social mission and ensure financial sustainability. This study assumes that social enterprises have dual social and economic missions (Dacin et al., 2010;Stevens et al., 2015). From an economic point of view, despite some entrepreneurship scholars criticizing the focus on individual or firm performance in new venture investigations (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000), wealth creation by firms (which is driven by firm performance) is also central to both entrepreneurship and strategy literature (Alvarez and Busenitz, 2001). ...
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Purpose This paper aims to identify the determining factors for the financial performance (FP) of social enterprises in an emerging country, in this case Brazil. Design/methodology/approach This paper identifies the determinants of the FP of social enterprises in Brazil using the resource-based view as a theoretical lenses and the quantitative method ( n = 601) of logistic regression, analyzing the importance of nine variables related to SEs. Findings The findings refer to practical contributions (which show how SEs should focus and allocate their resources to maximize FP) and theoretical contributions linked to entrepreneurship literature (by differentiating the results of this work from the literature on commercial entrepreneurship in terms of resources), social entrepreneurship literature (by presenting the resources that determine their FP), business literature, entrepreneurial finance and entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Originality/value This work represents a novelty from a methodological point of view, filling the gap regarding the lack of studies that apply a quantitative methodology to a large sample and analyze several different variables when most studies analyze only one factor related to the performance of an organization. It also fills the gap in entrepreneurship studies that use some theoretical lenses. This work is also a pioneer in analyzing the variables involved, such as market orientation, technologies and impact measurement in social entrepreneurship. As this work uses data from a secondary sample, there is the limitation of not choosing the analyzed variables. Even though there were many variables in the sample, it was impossible to consider some variables, referring to various aspects of resources and performance. For this same reason, the social performance of SEs, which is of fundamental importance within the objectives of any organization of this type, was not analyzed and may be a suggestion for future work.
... For instance, hong Kong has proved that social entrepreneurship is an effective mechanism to safeguard cultural heritage through the revitalisation of abandoned built heritage, such as the old tai o police station and lai chi Kok hospital, into a heritage hotel and an institution that operates as social enterprises and promoting of the chinese culture (cho, 2022;Jtia, 2021;chung, 2012). therefore, social entrepreneurship is anticipated to positively impact the efforts of safeguarding the cultural heritage of GtWhs as it is proven that social entrepreneurship activities can solve contemporary social and environmental issues (Dickel et al., 2020;Zhang & li, 2017;Dacin et al., 2010;Dees et al., 2001). ...
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This article suggests social entrepreneurship, driven by the focal point of Social Entrepreneurship Orientation, as a mechanism to safeguard the cultural heritage of George Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, through the case study of two entities - a legally registered organisation (ORG01) and an informal group (ORG02). Given the complex mechanism of social entrepreneurship, this study employed a qualitative approach utilising the Theory of Change framework to dissect the intricated aspects of social entrepreneurship initiatives into processes and challenges, focusing on inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts. The key findings shed light on the roles of two entities embodying the characteristics of Social Entrepreneurship Orientation in their safeguarding efforts. Lastly, this article contributes to a practical understanding and possible development of a sustainable model for cultural heritage safeguarding by comprehending the social entrepreneurship process and aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 11 of fostering sustainable cities and communities.
... Altruism points to a concern for the increase in other people's well-being or welfare (Simon, 1990). In the entrepreneurship literature, either explicitly or implicitly, the notion of altruism is usually embedded within the framework or discussion about social entrepreneurship (Dacin et al., 2010;Dees, 2018;Tan et al., 2005). One study has found that creative accomplishments and products are also related to the value of universalism (Dollinger et al., 2007), signifying "understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature" (Schwartz, 1994). ...
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A creative enterprise (i.e. enterprise in the creative industries) can be understood as an enterprise that relies principally on the creativity of individuals engaged in it. Thus, creativity can be said to define the entire pursuit of creative enterprises. This paper highlights the motivational aspect of creativity in the notion of ‘creative vision’ based on interviews with founders of creative enterprises in three different regions in Indonesia (Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Bali), encompassing three creative sectors (cuisine, craft, and fashion). Three forms of creative vision have been discovered (collective self-actualization, collective altruism, and co-creation), with each form predominantly signifying each region sampled. Through a collaborative effort of sensemaking in the research team, the current preliminary study contributes to discourses about the nature of creativity or what it entails; it is derived not from the conscious understanding of what creativity is or means by experts and the likes, but from the actual vision of practitioners of creativity from the field where creativity is the soul. The findings emphasize how creativity can be defined: what does it mean to be creative?
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This teaching case study is focused on the concept of bricolage – a loose bundle of experimental practices which seek to employ resources more effectively. It analyses how bricolage is often used by social enterprises to scale their social impact sustainably within a landscape of resource constraints. Four Square's Chief Executive Officer, Jane Devine, is currently contemplating how to increase the social impact of her organisation, so that it can deliver greater benefits to a larger number of beneficiaries. The case study examines how some of the actions which she has recently taken, and some which she is contemplating, represent bricolage. The concept is analysed within the context of an Edinburgh-based social enterprise whose purpose is to ‘ support people who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless ’. Finally, the case also contemplates the actual and potential outcomes of bricolage in terms of scaling Four Square's social impact.
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Nowadays social entrepreneurship has become a main research area, showing an increasing interest in how entrepreneurial initiatives can address crucial social problems such as poverty, inequality, and environmental issues. Despite its growing importance, the field remains fragmented in terms of theoretical frameworks, interdisciplinary connections, and research collaborations. This study is aimed at analyzing the key areas and intellectual structure of scientific publications in the field of social entrepreneurship using bibliometric methods. The study uses bibliometric analysis and visualization methods of scientific data. The analysis is based on publications indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases for 2013-2023. VOSviewer tool has been used to visualize key thematic areas and the structure of scientific cooperation. In addition, regression analysis methods were used to identify factors affecting the citation of scientific papers in this field. The research result demonstrates the existence of separate thematic clusters, centered around key concepts, such as “social entrepreneurship”, “entrepreneurship”, “social impact”, “social responsibility”, and “sustainability”, while themes as “gender”, “bibliometric analysis”, and “network” are identified as promising research directions for further studies. The study also demonstrates that publications in journals with a high impact factor, collaboration with influential authors, and the availability of funding positively correlate with the level of citations. Future research may focus on the impact of digital technologies, public policy, and the institutional environment on the development of social entrepreneurship, as well as exploring strategies for scaling social enterprises without losing their mission.
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The existing literature consistently emphasizes that negotiation is crucial to entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurs must negotiate with their stakeholders and shareholders in order to build, manage, and grow their ventures. It is essential for them to be successful in this since the preservation of their venture may depend on the negotiated outcome. However, despite the ongoing academic discourse on the crucial role of entrepreneurial negotiation, research into the subject remains limited and fragmented. To reconcile, synthesize, and provide a comprehensive overview of the topic of entrepreneurial negotiation, we have conducted a systematic literature review. Based on an in-depth analysis of 58 identified empirical studies, we identified four main entrepreneurial factors that are categorized as follows: (1) negotiating parties; (2) context factors; (3) negotiation process; and (4) negotiation outcome. Based on the results obtained, research gaps were identified, and a new agenda for future research is suggested.
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Burnout is one of the most consequential forms of low well-being among entrepreneurs. Those who experience symptoms of burnout are more likely to curb growth ambitions, make mistakes, and eventually quit the venture altogether. Founders’ burnout therefore creates negative ripple effects for themselves, their teams, their investors, and their customers and beneficiaries. These consequences are even more dire in the case of social entrepreneurs: their beneficiaries are often socially vulnerable groups who are not served by other sectors of society. Yet, the prevalence and the drivers of burnout among social entrepreneurs are poorly understood in research. In this chapter, we present insights from two international studies: a large quantitative survey of social entrepreneurs in the Impact Hub network (n = 1024) and a qualitative study of young social entrepreneurs at Social Impact Award (n = 51). Results shed light on levels of burnout prevalence, antecedents on the level of the individual and the venture, and coping strategies of entrepreneurs and highlight the importance of a better understanding of social entrepreneurs’ well-being among researchers and practitioners.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly become an integral technology across many sectors, including healthcare, finance, research, and manufacturing. AI’s ability to automate processes, analyse large datasets, and make predictive decisions offers significant opportunities for innovation, but it also raises profound ethical challenges. Ethical concerns regarding AI encompass issues of transparency, accountability, fairness, data privacy, and the need for human oversight. Given the diverse applications of AI, these ethical concerns vary not only by sector but also across different cultural and regulatory environments. Despite growing discourse on AI ethics, empirical tools for assessing ethical perceptions of AI across varied organizational contexts remain limited. From that need, this study introduces the AI and Ethics Perception Scale (AEPS), designed to measure individual and collective perceptions of AI ethics across five key dimensions: Transparency, Accountability, Privacy, Fairness, and Human Oversight. The AEPS was developed through a rigorous methodological process, beginning with a pilot study of 112 participants and validated with data from 417 participants across three culturally diverse countries: Turkey, India, and the United Kingdom. The scale was used to assess ethical perceptions in sectors such as healthcare, finance, and manufacturing. Both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to validate the scale’s structure. This study reveals significant cross-cultural and cross-sectoral differences in the prioritization of ethical concerns, demonstrating the need for contextually sensitive ethical frameworks for AI governance.
Article
Recent work has emphasized the role of context in shaping the diversification strategies of social enterprises (SEs), but our understanding remains superficial. We identify two types of context-driven diversification strategies—market development diversification (MDD) and market functioning diversification (MFD)—depending on the type of voids being addressed. We then empirically test how these diversification strategies impact the performance of SEs on the twin dimensions of financial growth and social impact. Using a mixed-method approach of qualitative interviews and a longitudinal database of Indian microfinance firms (MFIs), we find that while MFD positively impacts financial growth, MDD has a positive effect on social impact. Furthermore, we find that the strategic fit (or lack of it) between the SE’s legal form and the type of diversification enhances (undermines) financial growth. However, the strategic fit between the legal form and diversification choice does not amplify social impact. The study contributes to product diversification literature, which has paid limited attention to the role of context.
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In the last decades, social entrepreneurship phenomenon has been in the center of global attention. The social entrepreneurship theory is still in the conceptualization phase, as each country has individual specifics and approaches to define social entrepreneurship initiatives. Social entrepreneurship as business philosophy does not only include social, environmental, and economic efficiency but also with its effectiveness contribute to business sustainability. This thesis complements the lack of research work on the social entrepreneurship phenomenon by offering a conceptual framework and indicate social entrepreneurship, as an assistance mechanism for the government and applied to the solving social problems, can provide analysis framework to provide a response to the challenges of sustainable development. The main objective of the thesis is exploring the characteristics and backgrounds of social entrepreneurship phenomenon, particularly in relation to what are the entrepreneurial motivations for starting new social ventures from Azerbaijan’s perspective, especially its importance in achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The study on social entrepreneurship phenomenon is still in its first stage. Therefore, it was essential to include new and valuable information to the existing literature on the topic. In order to fulfill the objective and attain the goal, there are a few main research questions defined: How to understand Social Entrepreneurship phenomenon and its realization in business? What do the concepts of the Sustainability and Sustainable Development mean in social entrepreneurship? How do social entrepreneurs use both business acumen and philanthropic principles to address social, cultural, and environmental challenges? How can Social Entrepreneurship contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? A qualitative research method was used to gather data through a semi-structured questionnaire to define the needs and learn the views of stakeholders concerning the impact of social enterprises on sustainable development. It was found that there is a high relation between social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. Social enterprises not only operate on a sustainable basis but also encourage others to get involved either. The thesis suggests that social innovation may change the structures and systems that create the conditions for poverty, and the development processes need to consider the link between social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. This research analyzes Azerbaijani social enterprises while looking at the phenomenon from a global standpoint.
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Background: Failure is a common aspect of entrepreneurship due to high uncertainty. This study examines the specific context of social entrepreneurship, which combines profit goals with social missions. Research objectives: The primary objective is to understand social entrepreneurs’ mindsets towards failure. Research design and methods: The study employs focus group interviews (FGI) with social entrepreneurs, representatives from Social Economy Support Centres, and government delegates in three major Polish cities. Results: Findings reveal diverse perceptions of failure among social entrepreneurs. They view failure both as a setback and an opportunity for growth. The study identifies financial instability and mission drift as common failure factors, and highlights the profound emotional and social impacts of failure. Conclusions: Social entrepreneurs’ perception of failure is complex, influenced by their dual focus on financial sustainability and social impact. These insights can help develop better support mechanisms for social enterprises, promoting resilience and learning from failure.
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Background and Aims: To extend the influence and lifespan of social enterprises, it is imperative to comprehend the elements that lead to their success. To develop growth strategies and policy interventions meant to increase the sector's effectiveness and address urgent social and environmental challenges, the research topic in question must offer significant insights into organizational dynamics. This paper aims to investigate the factors that influence the success of social enterprises. Methodology: Following a review of the academic literature, content analysis is used in this documentary investigation. Results: The results found that the Factors Affecting the Success of Social Enterprise consist of (1) Leadership and Management, (2) Financial Sustainability, (3) Stakeholder Engagement (4) Market Analysis and Innovation, and (5) Impact Measurement and Evaluation. Through documentary research and content analysis of scholarly literature, it was determined that key factors influencing the performance of social firms include leadership, financial sustainability, stakeholder engagement, market analysis, innovation, and impact evaluation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the intricacy of social enterprise success and the importance of all-encompassing approaches that include a variety of variables for both business performance and societal impact.
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Social Entrepreneurs address ‘wicked’ societal problems and achieve social impact using innovative practices. This study contributes to the analysis of the role of government in the ecosystem of Dutch social entrepreneurs by looking at the support initiatives that the Amsterdam municipality offers. Our paper reveals how municipal officials and social entrepreneurs position themselves in this ecosystem and how they make sense of their collaboration. We think that these issues are important to dwell on to be able see the limits of collaborative governance approaches in the Dutch Social Entrepreneurship eco-system. The results of qualitative interviews conducted with municipality officials, social entrepreneurs and members of network organizations show that the ties between the municipality of Amsterdam and social entrepreneurs are not strong enough to overcome the institutional barriers and that the relationship between them is disrupted by the different logics used. Social entrepreneurs operate from both a social as well as a commercial logic. Social entrepreneurs see themselves as running noble social enterprises that put impact first, but the municipality values a commercial logic when granting subsidies. This means that the social enterprises do not always fit within the frameworks offered by the municipality because their commercial logic is seen as less legitimate when it comes to support. The results of this study confirm that in the governance of wicked problems, there is an ongoing actor positioning process where, in this case, social enterprises and municipalities, hold on to their actor-based understanding of the nature of issues and collaboration.
Article
There has been a recent surge in social entrepreneurship to address pressing social problems. Social ventures drive positive change and reshape traditional business norms by providing innovative solutions and fostering inclusive growth. Social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is crucial to studying social entrepreneurship since it sheds light on the underlying motivations and factors that drive people to engage in social enterprise. The study examines empathy, moral obligation, perceived social support, social self-efficacy, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness as determinants of SEI. Data collected through an online questionnaire from 349 commerce and management students were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results reveal a significant influence of social self-efficacy, perceived social support, risk-taking motive, and innovativeness on SEI. Notably, the results highlight an indirect influence of empathy and moral obligation on SEI mediated by social self-efficacy and perceived social support. The study also reveals how social vision and social proactiveness relate to social self-efficacy. The findings have significant implications for encouraging social entrepreneurship. Policymakers and educators may use these insights to develop specific activities that assist prospective social entrepreneurs by enhancing the attributes that affect their desire to establish social ventures. Keywords: Social entrepreneurial intention, Social self-efficacy, Perceived social support, Empathy, Moral obligation, Innovativeness
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This article explores Citizen Entrepreneurship (CE) as a powerful tool for addressing global challenges through local action, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the #WirvsVirus project in Germany, the study analyzes the theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and future implications of CE. Key elements such as collective efficacy, proximity, and user-producer identities are discussed, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding CE’s role in fostering social innovation and community resilience.
Article
This study draws on institutional theory to provide insights into how new forms of organizations gain legitimacy under institutional voids. Based on interviews with leaders of 42 Chinese social enterprises (SEs), we find that dominant stakeholders—the state—are ambivalent about new ventures’ agendas and practices, which is displayed in their being sometimes supportive and other times skeptical, even hostile. SEs favor the contingent engagement political strategy to develop mutually beneficial relationships with the state while keeping a healthy distance. This enables them to gain sociopolitical legitimacy in a nonthreatening and acceptable way for survival and growth. The findings further highlighted the individual, organizational, and environmental factors that condition SE legitimation approaches, including the form of state control, leaders’ political capital, organizational social mission, and regional political environment. This study makes theoretical contributions to the institutional and SE literatures, highlighting stakeholder ambivalence as an essential characteristic of an institutional context fraught with institutional voids.
Article
Although a hybrid logic is widely recognized as the best institutional logic for social enterprises, why and how such a hybrid logic works for social enterprises is under-explored. Based on the institutional logic theory, we conduct a multiple-case study to investigate how and why the two competing logics are combined to form a hybrid logic during social entrepreneurial process. Data are collected from the in-depth semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurs from three leading social enterprises in China. We categorize a hybrid logic model as a dominant logic model, which includes a social-dominant logic model and a commercial-dominant logic model, and an equality of dual logic model. We find that the adoption of a hybrid logic is affected by the type of a social enterprise and the motivation to acquire different legitimacy. Specifically, an integrated social enterprise adopts a commercial-dominant logic model while an external social enterprise employs a social-dominant logic model to achieve sustainability. An embedded social enterprise can adopt an equality of dual logic model from its establishment. Our study contributes to research on strategic social entrepreneurship by revealing the dynamic relationship among different types of social enterprises, the adoption of a hybrid logic at different entrepreneurial stages, the motivation to acquire different legitimacy, and business outcomes.
Article
Comment les donateurs doivent-ils financer les organisations de microfinance afin de maximiser leur impact social ? Doivent-ils concentrer leurs contributions sur quelques bénéficiaires ou plutôt les répartir entre de nombreuses organisations ? Nous abordons cette question délicate en estimant séparément les effets sur les performances sociales du don en tant qu’acte d’une part, et du montant donné de l’autre. L’analyse s’applique à des organisations de microfinance du monde entier. Prenant appui sur la théorie du signal, nous formulons l’hypothèse que le don en tant qu’acte a plus d’impact que le montant donné. En outre, nous établissons l’existence d’un effet d’empreinte ( imprinting effect ) selon lequel les performances sociales persistent même lorsque les dons se tarissent. En d’autres termes, le niveau accru des performances sociales observées au cours des périodes subventionnées se maintient lors des périodes ultérieures non subventionnées. Il s’ensuit que des contributions diversifiées et réparties entre de nombreuses organisations peuvent amener le donateur à atteindre un impact social global supérieur à celui résultant de contributions concentrées sur un petit nombre d’organisations bénéficiaires.
Chapter
Using insights from institutional theory, the chapter proposes understanding ethics as national institutions that deeply influence social entrepreneurship. Moreover, the chapter proposes that low behavioral ethical standards (normative ethical institutions) provide opportunities for individuals to establish social enterprises. Furthermore, it proposes that high public-sector ethical standards (regulatory ethical institutions) and values of unselfishness (cognitive ethical institutions) facilitate and motivate individuals to establish social enterprises. The chapter also explores the combined effects of public-sector ethical standards and low behavioral ethics, public-sector ethical standards and societal unselfishness, and low behavioral ethics and unselfishness, on the creation of social enterprises. The chapter contributes to cross-cultural comparative entrepreneurship by suggesting, through a multilevel framework, the effects of societal-level ethical institutions on the creation of social enterprises.
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Even though contributions in the field of entrepreneurship have mostly focused on emphasising the role of theentrepreneur and their ventures, further understanding of contextual elements that influence entrepreneurship alsorepresents a benefit for field development. Furthermore, according to extant literature, the institutional literature is anappropriate framework to analyse how the contextual elements and mechanisms create influences forentrepreneurship. An increasing interest in the study of these institutional contextual influences creates the imperativeto identify trends and research opportunities that are developing within this line of research. As a result, this study hasthe objective of conducting a review that identifies 61 articles from leading international journals, from 1999 to 2023.This review article presents the key themes found about the contextual influence upon entrepreneurship and proposesways forward for the enrichment of these identified themes.
Article
Despite scholarly consensus that communication is significant to entrepreneurial organizing, communication research in entrepreneurship is nascent. To advance theory and empirical research, this article presents a systematic review of entrepreneurship studies published in communication journals. Through a comprehensive keyword and literature search, we identified 49 relevant articles published in the past 30 years. Content and computational analyses suggest scholars have studied entrepreneurship in a variety of communication domains and sub-fields, including news and journalism, new media technologies, and social networks. Furthermore, most research has focused on conventional entrepreneurship and the processes supporting it rather than entrepreneurship’s antecedents and/or outcomes. Based on our review, we highlight six areas for future research in the intersection of communication and entrepreneurship: (1) entrepreneurial identity, (2) innovation, (3) social networks, (4) digital technologies, (5) institutions, and (6) entrepreneurship by historically underrepresented and minoritized groups.
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Social entrepreneurship is a recent strategy for addressing public policy concerns that have traditionally been viewed as falling within the State's ambit. This article exposes the inadequacy of agency theory for interpreting how parties coexist within a multi-stakeholder service delivery configuration under the rubric of social entrepreneurship. Using the case of Teach for America, the article explores the criticisms that traditionally trained teachers direct towards the organization's members but does not take a side on whether these criticisms are justified. Rather, it prosecutes the case that, absent a frame of reference (e.g., appropriately adapted agency theory) for exposing the interests of disparate stakeholders to a social entrepreneurship venture, misaligned interests manifest as ill-founded mutual critique, often as argumentum ad hominem denunciations.
Article
Purpose The aim of this paper is to provide insights and knowledge about the motivations and implications for social enterprises' participation in SIBs, particularly in terms of collaboration and partnership with the public sector, as well as the different positions on this issue. The overall aim, therefore, is to show how social enterprises and public organisations have interacted in the context of SIBs and what has been achieved by participating. Design/methodology/approach This multiple case study approach applies qualitative methods like observations and semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Findings The study shows that SIBs can be an option for financing social enterprises within a strategy of income diversification and resource dependency. Despite tensions and complexities, SIBs can renew the traditional funding relationship by adding innovation, strengthening the co-creation process and creating a stable relationship. Research limitations/implications Research findings may lack generalisability due to the specific context in which the case study is rooted. Practical implications The paper offers practical implications in terms of insights and suggestions for social enterprises and the public sector interested in developing the scheme. Originality/value This paper adds the voice and perspective of social enterprises on the relationship with the public sector within the framework of SIBs initiatives.
Article
Crowdfunding campaign narratives function as signalling tools for social entrepreneurs, conveying organisational values to potential backers. In this study, we analyse 18,420 campaigns from 128 countries on the Islamic donation-based crowdfunding platform, Launchgood (2013–2020) through signalling theory. Our findings show that rhetoric emphasising altruistic, stakeholder and market orientations significantly influences Islamic crowdfunding success. These effects vary based on a country’s level of economic freedom, being more pronounced in nations with better government integrity, financial freedom and judicial effectiveness and diminished in those with higher government intervention. These insights guide entrepreneurs in strategically promoting projects through effective signalling rhetoric.
Article
The study examined the sustainability of consumer textile technology entrepreneurship amidst its structural normative in southwest rural area of Nigeria. It explicitly analyzed entrepreneurial cultural traits and economics agility needs related variables of the entrepreneurship influences on sustainability. The study was conducted in the rural southwestern region of Nigeria. Four states (Lagos, Ondo, Oyo, and Ogun) were randomly selected from the region. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were used in selecting 1,649 consumer textile entrepreneurs across the states. Questionnaire, key informants and focus group discussion (FGD) guides were employed in data collection. While descriptive statistics were used in describing the data, correlation analysis was applied in establishing direction of influence between sustainability and structural normative of consumer textile technologies entrepreneurship Sustainability level of the entrepreneurship in southwest rural area of Nigeria was average. Respondents were independent entrepreneurs of favorable attitude towards the enterprise. While 52.7 percent were averagely proactive, 58.8 percent were averagely risk-averse with exhibition of low creativities skill on the entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurs possessed average knowledge of competitive advantage and networking strategies needs on the job but skills practices was poor. While 33.0 percent exhibits fairly good managerial skill on the job, 20.8 percent displayed high, and 46.2 percent was low. CTT entrepreneurial traits needs related variables {proactive aptitude (r = 0.620), autonomy value (r = 0.591), fatalism (r = -0.317), marketing system (r=0.574), disposition (r= 0.409), risk averse (r= -0.344), and economic agility needs {(competitive strategic skill (r = 0.318), networking (r = 0.501), labor accessibility (r = 0.321)} showed significant relationship with sustainability. It was established that respondent’s proficient in CTTE entrepreneurial traits related variables and economic agility were paramount in the sustainability, nevertheless there is need to establish related schools or vocational training centers for skill acquisitions and updating on the entrepreneurship in the studied area. Change agents and other related organizations that were involve in technology transfer and rural development should create awareness program on potential values and benefits of the entrepreneurship mostly in turning wastes to wealth. This would enhance enlightenment for building better positive attitudes toward CTTE. The environment must be made livable through job creation and accessible infrastructure to prevent migration and attracts youth’s influxes into the community. This would also enhance labour availability and patronage. Standard cluster market should be established in the vicinity to enhance expertise and inputs supply.
Article
This article examines art collectives in Venice that use their artistic and cultural projects to act as public entrepreneurs seeking to improve urban welfare and elicit social change for reasons of societal betterment. These ventures are developed against a backdrop of ongoing socioeconomic challenges arising from exploitative tourism in the city. Interviews with some art collective members revealed that: (1) their local rootedness is shaped by issues of gentrification and a search for a city that benefits all; (2) their core values are translated into artistic propositions addressing local demands and institutional voids and (3) their private goals have a public-service background. Our study unveils a unique type of entrepreneur that mediates local demands but has no significant impact at the policy level, thus only scratching the surface of institutional change. This insight contributes to our understanding of artists as public entrepreneurs who, despite their use of activist language channelling public demands, are constrained by the very institutional voids they seek to close.
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Entrepreneurship has been the engine propelling much of the growth of the business sector as well as a driving force behind the rapid expansion of the social sector. This article offers a comparative analysis of commercial and social entrepreneurship using a prevailing analytical model from commercial entrepreneurship. The analysis highlights key similarities and differences between these two forms of entrepreneurship and presents a framework on how to approach the social entrepreneurial process more systematically and effectively. We explore the implications of this analysis of social entrepreneurship for both practitioners and researchers.
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Literature on social entrepreneurship (SE) embraces an exceedingly broad range of topics. It covers individual, organizational, as well as interorganizational level phenomena (Boschee, 1995; Bornstein, 1996; Leadbeater, 1997; Brinckerhoff, 2000; Dees, Emerson and Economy, 2001a; Drayton, 2002; Johnson, 2002; Emerson, 2003; Mair and Martí, 2004). This paper focuses on the organizational level phenomenon of social enterprises. However, even this term leaves ample room for ambiguity.
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Entrepreneurship research can be broadly placed into three categories: that which examines the people (entrepreneurs); that which examines the process and that which examines the entrepreneurial or business opportunities. This chapter specifically looks at social entrepreneurial opportunities and the process of identifying and evaluating these types of opportunities. I address three important questions: What makes social entrepreneurial opportunities different from other types of opportunities? What makes social entrepreneurship special? How do social entrepreneurs find social entrepreneurial opportunities?
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Why are some entrepreneurs so much more successful than others in starting new ventures? Previous efforts to answer this question have generally focused either on the personality traits or susceptibility to various cognitive errors of individual entrepreneurs, or on such external factors as the number of competing businesses. We suggest that entrepreneurs" social skills-specific competencies that help them interact effectively with others-may also play a role in their success. A high level of social capital, built on a favorable reputation, relevant previous experience, and direct persona/contacts, often assists entrepreneurs in gaining access to venture capitalists, potential customers, and others. Once such access is gained, the nature of the entrepreneurs" face-to-face interactions can strongly influence their success. Specific social skills, such as the ability to read others accurately, make favorable first impressions, adapt to a wide range of social situations, and be persuasive, can influence the quality of these interactions. Moreover, by helping entrepreneurs expand their personal networks, social skills may also contribute to their social capital. Because social skills can readily be enhanced through appropriate training, entrepreneurs who take advantage of such opportunities may reap important benefits.
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Although failure in entrepreneurship is pervasive, theory often reflects an equally pervasive antifailure bias. Here, I use real options reasoning to develop a more balanced perspective on the role of entrepreneurial failure in wealth creation, which emphasizes managing uncertainty by pursuing high-variance outcomes but investing only if conditions are favorable. This can increase profit potential while containing costs. I also offer propositions that suggest how gains from entrepreneurship may be maximized and losses mitigated.
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Introduction Institutions are social structures that are characterized by a high degree of resilience (Scott, 2001). They have a self-activating nature (Lawrence, Hardy & Phillips, 2002; Jepperson, 1991). Actors tend to reproduce institutions in a given field of activity without requiring either repeated authoritative intervention or collective mobilization (Clemens & Cook, 1999: 445). Early neo-institutional studies emphasized ways that institutions constrained organizational structures and activities, and thereby explained the convergence of organizational practices within institutional environments. They proposed that actors' need to be regarded as legitimate in their institutional environment determined their behavior. This work implicitly assumed that individuals and organizations tend to comply, at least in appearance, with institutional pressures. In fact, actors were often implicitly assumed to have a limited degree of agency. Such a conception of agency was problematic when institutional theorists started tackling the issue of institutional change. While early neo-institutional studies accounted for organizational isomorphism and for the reproduction of institutionalized practices, they did not account well for the possibility of change. Even though institutions are characterized by their self-activating nature, we know that they do change (e.g. Fligstein, 1991). Since the late 1980s, institutional theorists have started addressing the issue of institutional change. They have highlighted the role that organizations and/or individuals play in institutional change. Studies that account for the role of organizations and/or individuals in institutional change, however, face a paradox.
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This article synthesizes the large but diverse literature on organizational legitimacy, highlighting similarities and disparities among the leading strategic and institutional approaches. The analysis identifies three primary forms of legitimacy: pragmatic, based on audience self-interest; moral, based on normative approval; and cognitive, based on comprehensibility and taken-for-grantedness. The article then examines strategies for gaining, maintaining, and repairing legitimacy of each type, suggesting both the promises and the pitfalls of such instrumental manipulations.
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In a world of organizations that are in constant change scholars have long sought to understand and explain how they change. This book introduces research methods that are specifically designed to support the development and evaluation of organizational process theories. The authors are a group of highly regarded experts who have been doing collaborative research on change and development for many years.
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Entrepreneurship research is still developing as a management science. This is especially visible when entrepreneurship research is compared to the disciplines from which it emerged, and it needs to develop its own methods and theories. Entrepreneurship research uses concepts garnered from diverse disciplines, which requires consideration of the central questions and the appropriate tools with which to study them. Several recommendations for research methods for an entrepreneurship paradigm are made: (1) less physics envy - avoid reductionism in entrepreneurship research and focus on the research as a whole through case studies; (2) fewer theoretical models and more empirical models - the present empirical knowledge of entrepreneurship research is inadequate for building robust theories; (3) less concern with sophisticated statistical analyses - entrepreneurial ventures begin with unique events and understanding them is one of the aims of entrepreneurship research. No amount of complex statistical analysis will substitute for field studies of the unique events; (4) more field research - entrepreneurship research will not get to the heart of the startup process unless it observed happening in the field; (5) more longitudinal studies - entrepreneurship is a process that evolves with time and doing only cross-sectional studies would cause much of the richness that comes from longitudinal studies to be lost; (6) dedicated researchers - better quality empirical research is needed that is exploratory or grounded and to achieve this more researchers are needed; (7) original field-derived data bases - it is difficult to do valid research on data bases that others have built since there may be unknown pitfalls, therefore entrepreneurship research should create its own data sets built from raw data; and (8) less obsession with revolutionary science - it is better to stress excellence in research, rather than glorifying extraordinary science and depreciating ordinary science. Excellent routine science is often more valuable than revolutionary science. (SFL)
Article
This work traces the development of country music and its institutionalization from Fiddlin' John Carson's pioneering recordings in Atlanta in 1923 to the posthumous success of Hank Williams. Richard Peterson seeks to capture the free-wheeling entrepreneurial spirit of the era and details the activities of the key promoters who sculpted the emerging country music scene. More than just a history of the music and its performers, this book explores what it means to be authentic within popular culture.
Chapter
Companies and nonprofits, regardless of the sector they belong to, their dimension or their geographical location, are increasingly asked to provide innovative solutions to manage complex social problems: from community development to social exclusion and poverty reduction (Margolis and Walsh, 2003). Social entrepreneurship (SE), an unusual contact point among entrepreneurship, innovation and social change, has been increasingly catalyzing the interest of academics, companies, and the business debate for about a decade. Attention is expanding exponentially with a multiplicity of publications, MBA core and elective courses and academic research centers explicitly focused on deep analysis of the SE phenomenon. There are also numerous innovative and supportive actors such as specialized consulting groups, social venture capitalists, social angels and so on.
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Social entrepreneurship (SE) has many champions and a notable lack of detractors. Governments have embraced it, business schools have committed millions of dollars to study it, nonprofit organizations have been founded to incubate it, and creative individuals are rapidly evolving it into new and innovative forms. Like the concepts of the ‘Third Way’ and ‘compassionate conservatism’, SE’s millennialist vision of harmony between private sector initiatives and public sector values appeals to a world tired of political economy’s time-worn ideological battles. SE speaks a compelling language of pragmatism, cooperation, and hope.
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The study reported in this chapter examines the outcomes and impact of social entrepreneurship (SE). The extent of entrepreneurial activity in an economy can be measured in terms of antecedents (contextual factors associated with entrepreneurship), process (the extent of opportunity spotting and resource acquisition) and outcomes.
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The process by which scholars are struggling to establish social entrepreneurship (SE) as a legitimate field of study closely resembles the development of the field of business entrepreneurship. Similar to business entrepreneurship, which even today lacks a unifying paradigm (Shane and Venkataraman, 2000), SE has taken on a variety of meanings (Dees, 1998), and we still lack answers to the following questions: How do we define SE? Why and how should we study it? What differentiates SE from other ‘social’ initiatives? And finally, what is the relation between SE and traditional business entrepreneurship?
Article
This article synthesizes the large but diverse literature on organizational legitimacy, highlighting similarities and disparities among the leading strategic and institutional approaches. The analysis identifies three primary forms of legitimacy: pragmatic, based on audience self-interest; moral, based on normative approval: and cognitive, based on comprehensibility and taken-for-grantedness. The article then examines strategies for gaining, maintaining, and repairing legitimacy of each type, suggesting both the promises and the pitfalls of such instrumental manipulations.
Article
Understanding sources of sustained competitive advantage has become a major area of research in strategic management. Building on the assumptions that strategic resources are heterogeneously distributed across firms and that these differences are stable over time, this article examines the link between firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Four empirical indicators of the potential of firm resources to generate sustained competitive advantage-value, rareness, imitability, and substitutability are discussed. The model is applied by analyzing the potential of several firm resources for generating sustained competitive advantages. The article concludes by examining implications of this firm resource model of sustained competitive advantage for other business disciplines.
Article
Executive Overview Strategic managers and researchers have long been interested in understanding sources of competitive advantage for firms. Traditionally, this effort has focused on the relationship between a firm's environmental opportunities and threats on the one hand, and its internal strengths and weaknesses on the other. Summarized in what has come to be known as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, this traditional logic suggests that firms that use their internal strengths in exploiting environmental opportunities and neutralizing environmental threats, while avoiding internal weaknesses, are more likely to gain competitive advantages than other kinds of firms.¹ This simple SWOT framework points to the importance of both external and internal phenomena in understanding the sources of competitive advantage. To date, the development of tools for analyzing environmental opportunities and threats has proceeded much more rapidly than the development of tools for analyzing a firm's internal strengths and weaknesses. To address this deficiency, this article offers a simple, easy-to-apply approach to analyzing the competitive implications of a firm's internal strengths and weaknesses.
Article
This paper identifies the leadership style, entrepreneurship, as a strategy employed by large organizations to cope with turbulent market environments. First, evidence from the popular music recording industry shows the several means by which the potentially disruptive consequences of entrepreneurship are reduced. Changes in the level of market turbulence since World War II are then explored to show that the scope of entrepreneurship is directly associated with the degree of turbulence. Finally, other organizational settings in which entrepreneurship and turbulence seem to be linked are identified, in order to suggest the generality of the relationship.
Article
This paper examines the link between a firm's resources and its efficient organization form with a focus on entrepreneurial resources. Entrepreneurial resources are defined as the propensity of an individual to behave creatively, act with foresight, use intuition, and be alert to new opportunities. This paper assumes that these entrepreneurial resources can be distributed in two ways throughout the firm: they can be held by one or a few individuals- "individual entrepreneurial resources "-or they can be dispersed among a team of individuals- "team entrepreneurial resources. " Agency theory is used to consider how various organizational characteristics-such as the assignment of decision responsibilities, incentives and risk bearing, the number of hierarchical levels, horizontal linking structures, mutual monitoring and bonding devices, and information systems-will differ in the individual and team entrepreneurial forms. Generally, the individual entrepreneurial form resembles the"classic entrepreneurial firm " (Fama and Jensen 1983) in which various decision making roles and risk bearing are performed by a single entrepreneur. The team entrepreneurial form is similar to what Bartlett and Ghoshal (1993) call"beyond the m-form. " Responsibility for steps in the decision process is dispersed in the team form, and monitoring the decision process will occur at the organization's apex. The CEO will not make operational or strategic decisions; instead, he manages the internal market for managers and develops an organization's cultural context and information systems. Below the CEO level, team entrepreneurs are responsible for ratifying innovative decisions, and below this team entrepreneurs are responsible for initiating innovative decisions. After presenting these two entrepreneurial forms, this paper relates them to extant research on corporate entrepreneurship and organizational forms.
Article
Managers often wish to extract useful information from studies of successful companies, processes, products, personnel or other entities. In this article, we argue that unless a number of critical questions about study methodology are addressed, serious blunders may occur from using study results. This is especially true when studies are to be used as an aid in predicting success or developing guidelines for action. Studies may be useful in benchmarking levels of success or identifying new strategies but studies of successful firms can stumble, even when predicting short-run success.
Article
Catalytic alliances (CA) are temporary network organizations created to effect long-term social change through media-based "campaign" efforts to increase public awareness and commitment to action on social problems. Two CA organizations - Hands Across America and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America - are profiled in this paper. Each illustrates the catalytic alliance phenomenon and delineates a number of critical management dimensions. The paper then uses these examples to more precisely define the organizational features and characteristics of catalytic alliances, and to develop a process model of how such alliances are formed.
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This study examines the role of professional associations in a changing, highly institutionalized organizational field and suggests that they play a significant role in legitimating change. A model of institutional change is outlined, of which a key stage is "theorization," the process whereby organizational failings are conceptualized and linked to potential solutions. Regulatory agencies, such as professional associations, play an important role in theorizing change, endorsing local innovations and shaping their diffusion.
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Argues that the formal structure of many organizations in post-industrial society dramatically reflect the myths of their institutional environment instead of the demands of their work activities. The authors review prevailing theories of the origins of formal structures and the main problem which those theories confront -- namely, that their assumption that successful coordination and control of activity are responsible for the rise of modern formal organization is not substantiated by empirical evidence. Rather, there is a great gap between the formal structure and the informal practices that govern actual work activities. The authors present an alternative source for formal structures by suggesting that myths embedded in the institutional environment help to explain the adoption of formal structures. Earlier sources understood bureaucratization as emanating from the rationalization of the workplace. Nevertheless, the observation that some formal practices are not followed in favor of other unofficial ones indicates that not all formal structures advance efficiency as a rationalized system would require. Therefore another source of legitimacy is required. This is found in conforming the organization's structure to that of the powerful myths that institutionalized products, services, techniques, policies, and programs become. (CAR)