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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES FROM SELECTED WATER BODIES IN AND AROUND ACCRA, GHANA
Abstract
Environmental degradation through industrial, agricultural and domestic activities is a major public health issue globally. The discharge of domestic and industrial effluents without prior treatment has led to the pollution of water bodies in and around Accra in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Water quality can be ascertained via the analysis of various physical and chemical parameters. The present study determined the physico-chemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, turbidity, true colour) and concentrations of selected heavy metals (cadmium, copper, manganese and lead) of water samples from four water bodies in and around Accra. The values of the physico-chemical parameters indicate that the four water bodies are heavily polluted with the level of pollution, especially in the Korle Lagoon, increasing over the period. Out of the four heavy metals analysed, the Kpeshie lagoon was mainly polluted with cadmium, copper and manganese whilst cadmium, copper and lead were found in the Korle Lagoon. The Chemu Lagoon was highly contaminated with cadmium and copper whilst the Odaw River was highly contaminated with manganese and lead.
... A comprehensive study of heavy metal levels in the biotic components of West African urban wetland ecosystems is generally missing. Whilst studies of heavy metal concentrations can lead to the identification of species for bioremediation and mitigation of public health problems, the isolated studies of heavy metal pollution in West African wetlands are generally restricted to sediment, fish and water (Acheampong et al. 2014;Klake et al. 2013;Laar et al. 2011). Wetland organisms such as plankton, macrophytes, insects, crabs and fish can be linked to the human food chain, and therefore, a holistic assessment of the heavy metal content of the components of urban wetland ecosystems would help wetland researchers and other stakeholders to determine the public health implication of the dependency on food chains connected to specific urban wetlands. ...
... Of the five heavy metals analysed in this study, Cd concentration was the highest followed in decreasing order by As, Hg, Cu and Pb at Sakumo II. Comparatively, the concentrations of the heavy metals in this study are comparable with those reported earlier for water and sediment in Sakumo Lagoon (Laar et al., 2011) but lower than those reported by Acheampong et al. (2014) for some other urban lagoons in Ghana. The study of Acheampong et al. (2014) however involved extremely polluted urban lagoons that are considered to be no longer supporting aquatic life (Gordon et al. 1998). ...
... Comparatively, the concentrations of the heavy metals in this study are comparable with those reported earlier for water and sediment in Sakumo Lagoon (Laar et al., 2011) but lower than those reported by Acheampong et al. (2014) for some other urban lagoons in Ghana. The study of Acheampong et al. (2014) however involved extremely polluted urban lagoons that are considered to be no longer supporting aquatic life (Gordon et al. 1998). Further, the concentrations reported in this study are lower than those previously reported in water and sediment from mining areas in Ghana (Serfor-Armah et al. 2006;Akabzaa et al. 2007). ...
Sakumo II is an urban wetland and a receptacle for domestic and industrial waste from two cities in Ghana. It however supports viable populations of fish and crabs, is cultivated for food crops and grazed by farm animals. Components of the wetland can therefore accumulate pollutants but the public health and phytoremediation implications of this are yet to be evaluated. We analysed Cd, As, Hg, Cu and Pb in the lagoon water, sediment, green algae, eight species of aquatic macrophytes, seven species of arthropods and one species of fish. The concentrations of Pb were generally below detection limit whilst Cu was detected only in the lagoon water and Pheropsophus vertialis. Cadmium ranged from 21 ± 4 ppb in algae to 69 ± 12 ppb in Typha domingensis and was generally higher than As and Hg. The highest concentration of As was 11.7 ± 2.1 ppb in Pistia stratiotes whilst Hg was highest in lagoon water (4 ± 2 ppb). The Cd concentrations generally, and Hg concentrations in macrophytes, were higher than US EPA guidelines indicating the wetland’s resources were unsafe for regular consumption. Among the emergent aquatic macrophytes, Typha domingensis, Ludwigia sp. and Paspalum vaginatum respectively had the highest accumulation capacity for Cd, As and Hg but the floating aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes appeared to be a better accumulator of Cd and As.
The state of t he poor solid waste management in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria is poor and has now reached an alarming proportion. Wastes are frequently dumped along the streets, in the gutters and informal waste dumps, which has been linked to several environmental, safety and public health impacts including the blockage of gutters, nuisance odours, surface and groundwater pollution, air emissions of carbon dioxide and methane and soil contamination. Waste dumps have also been implicated in road traffic obstructions and accidents. The Rivers State environmental sanitation and waste management authorities are at loss on how to best handle the wastes sustainably. In this study, we used an integrated risk based approach (IRBA) to assess and recommend management strategies for Eneka waste dump. The risk index was computed from the summation of the product of the sensitivity of the variable studied and their respective weights of their attributes. The Eneka dumpsite had a total risk index score 452.3 which corresponded to moderate hazard potential, suggesting that the dumpsite require immediate rehabilitation and conversion to a landfill.
Handling of wastewater (greywater and blackwater) in urban areas is a big problem. The La Sub Metro in Ghana is no exception. Due to lack of wastewater treatment facilities, almost all the wastewater in the Sub Metro is discharged into the Kpeshie Lagoon without pre-treatment. The objective of this study was to characterise greywater and determine the potential of receiving environment (Kpeshie Lagoon and surrounding soil) to treat the greywater prior to discharge into the sea. The dominant plant species in the receiving area were also identified. Characterisation of greywater was carried out after four weeks of sampling. Laboratory analyses carried considered colour, turbidity, pH, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients, faecal coliform, and trace metals. The results indicated that the lagoon had a high potential of treating greywater if managed well. High removal efficiencies were evident in nitrates (80%), colour (78%), BOD (74%), and turbidity (61%). The dominant species were Sesevium portulacastum, Avicennia germinans, and Paspalum polystachyum.
Application of multivariate statistics for the interpretation of surface and groundwater data from Tarkwa, a mining community in the Western region of Ghana, is presented in this study. Effluents from extractive industries established over the last half century within the study area are directly discharged onto surrounding land and surface water bodies constituting point and non-point sources of contamination for groundwater in the study area. In the Tarkwa mining area, large deposits of mine wastes, ore stockpiles and waste rocks have become a heap around the place. Twelve parameters including trace elements (Cu, Mn, Cd, Fe, Pb, As, Hg and Zn) and physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved salts) were monitored on 49 sampling points including surface and groundwater. Data set was analysed using factor analysis (FA). FA identified four factors responsible for data structure explaining 69% of total variance in surface water and two factors in groundwater explaining 79%, and allowed the grouping of selected parameters according to common features. This study underscores the value of multivariate statistical analysis for evaluation and interpretation of the data with a view to stimulating better policy outcomes and decision-making that positively impacts water quality and thus prospectively diminishes the pollution caused by hazardous toxic elements in mining environments.
This study evaluated the potentials of pollution due to urban agriculture to pose risk to food security in Kano, Nigeria. Two sites irrigated with industrial and domestic wastewaters at Challawa and Jakara, respectively, were sampled for soil, water, and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The samples were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu being metals which when present in food may pose human health hazard. The values were compared with samples from a control site not associated with wastewater at Watari. The sites were each segmented into up, mid, and downstream sectors. Results showed that the two sites and the control were contaminated with Cu (pollution indexes [PI] = 0.14, 0.16, and 0.14, respectively). Domestic wastewater site was slightly polluted (PI = 1.09) while industrial wastewater site and the control were contaminated (PI = 0.8 and 0.54, respectively) with Pb. The two sites were excessively polluted with Cd and slightly polluted with Cr. The control was contaminated with both (PI = 0.74 and 0.06 for Cd and Cr, respectively). Metal levels in the waters of the sites and the control were higher than the recommended threshold for irrigation water. There was significant positive correlation between Pb, Cr, and Cd in water and in soil; while Cu in soil and in water negatively correlated. There was high metal transfer from soil to plants at the domestic wastewater site (Metal transfer factor Pb = 1.602, Cr = 1.126, and Cu = 1.834). Plants' accumulated concentrations were also high at the domestic wastewater site (Pb = 26.21 mg/kg, Cd = 1.03 mg/kg, Cr = 28.63, and Cu = 2.66 mg/kg). The plants' metal concentrations at the domestic wastewater site exceeded the allowable limits in vegetables. The human ingestion risk was in the order of Jakara > Challawa > Watari.
This study was conducted during 2004 utilizing selected sectors of River Tigris and the Lower Al-Zab River among Kirkuk and Salahaldeen Governerates of Iraq. Water samples from eight stations were analyzed for total coliforms, fe-cal coliforms, total viable counts of bacteria, Oxygen biological demand (BOD), water turbidity, electrical conductivity and temperature. The mean total viable counts (TVC,s) of bacteria isolated was almost 800 cells/ml. The means of total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) were almost 708 and 436 per 100 ml of water samples tested respectively.The oxygen biological demand was more than 8 mg/l. The mean of water tubidity was more than 35 ntu. The assessment of water electrical conductivity revealed almost 354 us/cm. The present study revealed a wide variation in the water qual-ity due to different pollution pressures affected the different sites of River Tigris and Al-Zab River waters. These water sources are used for drinking and other human activities. The Lower Al-Zab River was less affected by the mentioned factors compared to River Tigris The analysis of variance showed a significant difference between BOD values re- corded at different months and the P value was less than 0.5. The overall mean of BOD was 2.4 mg/l which is suitable for human consumption after drinking water purification process with reference to European characterizations 74/ 464/EEC of waters used as sources for drinking waters.
Keywords: Bacterial Indicators; Pollution; River Tigris; River Al-
This study was to ascertain the presence and subsequent amount of four organochlorine pesticides: dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (2,4’-DDE), 4,4’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (4,4’-DDD), p,p’-dichloro- diphenyltrichloroethane [p,p’-DDT (r) (i) (f)] and Propiconazol (f); and four organophosphorous pesticides: Fenitrothion (i), Chlorpyrifos (i), Dichlorvos (a) (i) and Diazinon (a) (i) in Chemu lagoon (Tema), Korle lagoon (Accra), Fosu lagoon (Cape Coast) and the Etsii lagoon (Abandzi). Liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extraction technique was employed to extract pesticide residues in water and fish samples, respectively, using 1:1 (v/v) ethyl acetate/dichloromethane mixture before being analyzed by gas chromatography. The highest level of pesticide contaminations was recorded in the Chemu lagoon as compared to the Korle lagoon and Fosu lagoon, with the Etsii lagoon showing the least contamination. The total average pesticide residues in water samples from the four lagoons: Chemu, Korle, Fosu and Etsii are 2.6384 mg/L, 0.4992 mg/L, 0.3045 mg/L and 1.3629 mg/L, respectively. The total average pesticide residues obtained in fish samples (Sarotherodon melaanothern) from the Fosu and Etsii lagoons are 0.0155 mg/kg and 0.0088 mg/kg, respectively. This shows some level of exposure of pesticide which would be harmful to human.
An area near the city of Chihuahua has been traditionally irrigated with wastewater to grow forage crops. It has been hypothesized that metal levels could be found in these soils high enough to cause potential health problems to the population. The objective of this study was to determine heavy metal concentrations in different soils due to irrigation practices. Four soil types were evaluated; a soil with a past and present history of wastewater irrigation (S1), a soil with a history of wastewater irrigation until 2003 (S2), a soil with no irrigation history (S3), and a soil similar to S1 and adjacent to the river where the wastewater is transported (S11). Three soil depths were evaluated; 0-15, 15-30 and 30-50 cm. Consequently, a total of 150 soil samples were analyzed evaluating pH, EC, OM and the following elements; Na, K, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu and Fe. The pH (P=0.000) and EC (P=0.000) were different for each soil type but no differences were noted for soil depth and the interaction. Maximum pH levels were noted in S3 with a value of 8.74 while maximum EC was observed in S1 with a value of 0.850 dSm-1. The OM level was different for soil type (P=0.000), soil depth (P=0.005) and the interaction (P=0.014). S1 and S11 obtained maximum levels of OM while minimum levels were noted in S3. Maximum OM levels were observed at the 0-15 cm depth followed by the 15-30 cm depth and finally at the 30-50 cm depth. The highest concentration of metals was as follows: K in S1 (359.3 mg kg-1); Cd in S1 (4.48 mg kg-1); Pb in S11 (155.83 mg kg-1); Ni in S1 (10.74 mg kg-1); Cu in S1 (51.36 mg kg-1); B in S3 (41.5 mg kg-1); Fe in S3 (20,313.0 mg kg-1), Cr in S3 (44.26 mg kg-1) and Na in S3 (203.0 mg kg-1). The conclusion is that some metals are present in the soils due to anthropogenic activities but others are present in natural forms.
The presence of coliforms in polluted water was determined enzymatically (in situ) by directly monitoring the activity of beta-d-galactosidase (B-GAL) through the hydrolysis of the yellow chromogenic subtrate, chlorophenol red beta-d-galactopyranoside (CPRG), which produced a red chlorophenol red (CPR) product. The objectives of this study were to monitor the effect of compounds commonly found in the environment and used in water treatment on a B-GAL CPRG assay and to investigate the differences between the environmental B-GAL enzyme and the pure commercial enzyme. Environmental B-GAL was optimally active at pH 7.8. Two temperature optima were observed at 35 and 55 degrees C, respectively. B-GAL activity was strongly inhibited by silver and copper ions. While calcium and ferrous ions at lower concentrations (50-100mgl(-1)) increased the enzyme activity, a reduction was observed at higher concentrations (200mgl(-1)). Sodium hypochlorite, normally used in rural areas to disinfect water gradually decreased B-GAL activity at concentrations between 0 and 5600ppm for both the commercial and environmental enzymes. B-GAL from the environment behaved differently from its commercially available counterpart.
A survey of land-based sources of pollution was undertaken in the catchment area of Weija Lake. Activities that may influence the quality of the environment, and the sources, amounts and effects of the pollution of the water body were assessed. Water and precipitation chemistry showed that Na:Ca (0.48) and Na:K (2.0) ratios were influenced by individual pollution and terrestrial dust. However, Na:Cl (0.74) and Na:Mg (1.06) ratios suggest an oceanic origin of these ions. Mean phosphate load of 100.4 t yr-1 for Weija Lake was enough for eutrophication to take place. There was an input of 12.42 t yr-1 from settlements, and 9.072 t yr-1 from fertilizer input through runoff, and then the Densu River also had an input of 1,217.6 t yr-1 into the Weija Lake. Similarly, the sources of pollution from settlements, runoff from fertilizer input from the River Densu revealed that the major contributor of nutrients and BOD into the Weija Lake is the River Densu. This can be attributed mainly to the dumping of garbage, solid and liquid wastes upstream of the River Densu. The high mean nitrogen load of 3,003 t yr-1 can also be attributed to organic nitrogen input from domestic and agricultural origin. This was due to the high seasonal trend of nitrate in the months of March and May as a result of the main ploughing periods for farming in the Weija Lake catchment area, where fertilizer is applied. Preliminary recommendations and remedial measures to solve the problems as assessed, and proposed for preventive remedial and/or control measures were made.
(Journal of the Ghana Science Association: 2001 3(3): 100-108)
Accelerated urbanization and industrial growth without the provision of adequate infrastructure for waste management in the years after the introduction of the Economic Recovery Programme in 1983 have led to the pollution of surface water sources in the urban settlements of Ghana. Most of the surface waters have high biochemical oxygen demand and low dissolved oxygen levels. In the recent past, however, a National Environmental Action Plan has been formulated for pollution control. Funding has also been obtained to improve sanitation, storm drainage and solid waste management in the major cities of the country. The collection of baseline data on the different components of the environment has also been intensified to enable the setting of environmental standards to control and regulate industrial emissions throughout the country.
Vegetable s grown at environmentally contaminated sites in Sahre Rey could take up and accumulate metals at concentrations that are probably toxic to human health. This study was conducted to analyze the metal contents of some vegetables in Sahre Rey-Iran with emphasis on their toxicological implications. Recently maturedleaf and fruit samples of Shahre rey vegetable farms were sampled and analyzed to determine heavy metals. Data showed,that metal uptake differences by the vegetables are attributed to plant differences in toleranceto heavy metals and vegetable species. The lead concentration in all vegetable samples,was,more than maximum permitted concentrations, while Cd pollution was observed in radish, Cress, Dill, spinach and eggplant.Data showed that Zn concentrationin Celery, Mint, Dill, Spinach and Green pepper were more than Zn permitted level. There was no evidence about Cu contaminationin vegetables. Data also showed that the intakeof most of the metals constitutes less than the TMDI (theoretical maximum,daily intake) at present and hence health risk isminimal. But with increase in vegetable consumption by the community,the situation could worsen in the future. Treatment of industrial effluents and phyto-extr
Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications
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PublicationsInvestigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications
Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications,Mohsen Bigdeli,Mo
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Investigation of Metals Accumulation in Some Vegetables Irrigated with Waste Water in Shahre Rey-Iran and Toxicological Implications
(Citations: 4)
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Mohsen Bigdeli, Mohsen Seilsepour
Abstract:Vegetable s grown at environmentally contaminated sites in Sahre Rey could take up and accumulate metals at concentrations that are probably toxic to human health. This study was conducted to analyze the metal contents of some vegetables in Sahre Rey-Iran with emphasis on their toxicological implications. Recently maturedleaf and fruit samples of Shahre rey vegetable farms were sampled and analyzed to determine heavy metals. Data showed,that metal uptake differences by the vegetables are attributed to plant differences in toleranceto heavy metals and vegetable species. The lead concentration in all vegetable samples,was,more than maximum permitted concentrations, while Cd pollution was observed in radish, Cress, Dill, spinach and eggplant.Data showed that Zn concentrationin Celery, Mint, Dill, Spinach and Green pepper were more than Zn permitted level. There was no evidence about Cu contaminationin vegetables. Data also showed that the intakeof most of the metals constitutes less than the TMDI (theoretical maximum,daily intake) at present and hence health risk isminimal. But with increase in vegetable consumption by the community,the situation could worsen in the future. Treatment of industrial effluents and phyto-extraction of excess metals from polluted environments could reduce health risk. Key words: Metals accumulation ・ Toxicological Implication ・Shahre Rey ・Iran INTRODUCTION North and South Africa, South America, Middle East, Vegetables constitute an important part of the human,significantpart of Central and,East Asia is irrigate d
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Citation Context (2)
...2008; Bigdeli and Seilsepour 2008)...
Halim Avci.
Trace metals in vegetables grown with municipal and industrial wastewa...
...The values obtained falls below the 425 mg/kg set by WHO as the safe maximum limit [15]......It was not detected in Talinum triangulare from two sites AFB and NB. The highest concentration (0.11mg/kg) of cadmium was observed in Capsicum annum which is about the maximum value set by the WHO standard for vegetables [15]...
J. A. Kagbu, et al.
TRACE METAL CONTENTS OF SOME COMMON VEGETABLES GROWN ON IRRIGATED FARM...
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Citations (4)
Trace metals in vegetables grown with municipal and industrial wastewaters
Halim Avci
Journal: Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry
, vol. ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p, pp. 1-19, 2012
Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis: An Anatomic Study and Evaluation of At-Risk Structures (SS21)
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L. A. Wheaton
Journal: Clinical Neurophysiology - CLIN NEUROPHYSIOL
, vol. 121, pp. S29-S29, 2010
TRACE METAL CONTENTS OF SOME COMMON VEGETABLES GROWN ON IRRIGATED FARMS ALONG THE BANKS OF RIVER BENUE WITHIN MAKURDI METROPOLIS
J. A. Kagbu, E. B. Agbaji, C. E. Gimba
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Suspended sediment causes a range of environmental damage, including benthic smothering, irritation of fish gills, and transport of sorbed contaminants. Much of the impact, while sediment remains suspended, is related to its light attenuation, which reduces visual range in water and light availability for photosynthesis. Thus measurement of the optical attributes of suspended matter in many instances is more relevant than measurement of its mass concentration. Nephelometric turbidity, an index of light scattering by suspended particles, has been widely used as a simple, cheap, instrumental surrogate for suspended sediment, that also relates more directly than mass concentration to optical effects of suspended matter. However, turbidity is only a relative measure of scattering (versus arbitrary standards) that has no intrinsic environmental relevance until calibrated to a ‘proper’ scientific quantity. Visual clarity (measured as Secchi or black disc visibility) is a preferred optical quantity with immediate environmental relevance to aesthetics, contact recreation, and fish habitat. Contrary to common perception, visual clarity measurement is not particularly subjective and is more precise than turbidity measurement. Black disc visibility is inter-convertible with beam attenuation, a fundamental optical quantity that can be monitored continuously by beam transmissometry. Visual clarity or beam attenuation should supplant nephelometric turbidity in many water quality applications, including environmental standards.
Edición revisada de: International standards for driking-water y de European standard for driking-water Incluye bibliografía e índice v. 1. Recommendations -- v. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information -- v. 3. Drinking-water quality control in small-community supplies
The UN has declared 2005-15 as “Water for Life” period. This means how to use available water and find out the alternative measures for future. This states the urgency to come out of thinking that water is a “free resource” on this planet as for millennia, this has been true.The population of human beings was well below the level the planet could support. But once the advancements of science and technology have enabled this race of Homo sapiens to weather the “vicissitudes of nature” at least to a greater extent than before, the population and standard of living have begun to rise. This has been particularly so over the last 300 years, starting with the Industrial revolution in the West. In case of India and China, the need of water is increasing with burgeoning population that needs more water for domestic consumption than ever. The crisis of water in the cities of India during summer season is the live example of such a situation. Apart from domestic consumption, water is very much needed for industrial and agricultural purposes. This article discusses the present water scenario in the world, drinking water scenario in India, water management and agriculture, challenges in marketing water, ecological affairs, administrative control of water and provides some international examples.
A gene coding for a de novo peptide sequence containing a metal binding motif was chemically synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with the maltose binding protein. Bacterial cells expressing the metal binding peptide fusion demonstrated enhanced binding of Cd2+ and Hg2+ compared to bacterial cells lacking the metal binding peptide. The potential use of genetically engineered bacteria as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewaters is discussed.
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