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Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Risiko und Nutzen Selbstoffenbarung auf Social-Networking-Sites
... Finally, the question remains whether privacy self-efficacy might also affect self-disclosure. Niemann and Schenk (2014) found that privacy self-efficacy influenced self-withdrawal but not self-disclosure behaviors in SNSs. Also, from a theoretical perspective it can be argued that because the entire infrastructure of SNSs is built for self-disclosure, self-disclosing on SNSs is easy and does not necessitate high levels of competence or perceived behavioral control. ...
What is the psychology of privacy? How do people perceive privacy? Why do people disclose personal information on the Internet, and what does this reveal about our their personalities? With four studies, this cumulative dissertation discusses potential answers to these questions. Study 1 (The Privacy Process Model) proposes a new privacy theory, the so-called Privacy Process Model (PPM). The PPM states that privacy consists of three major elements: the privacy context, the privacy perception, and the privacy behavior. In order to balance the three elements people constantly engage in a privacy regulation process, which can be either explicit/conscious or implicit/subconscious. Through concrete examples of new digital media, several implications of the PPM are demonstrated. Study 2 (Is the Privacy Paradox a Relic of the Past?), which is co-authored by Prof. Dr. Sabine Trepte, analyzes the privacy paradox through the results of an online questionnaire with 579 respondents from Germany. By adopting a theory of planned behavior-based approach, the results showed that self-disclosure could be explained by privacy intentions, privacy attitudes, and privacy concerns. These findings could be generalized for three different privacy dimensions: informational, social, and psychological privacy behaviors. Altogether, Study 2 therefore suggests that the privacy paradox does not exist. Study 3 (An Extended Privacy Calculus Model for SNSs), co-authored by Prof. Dr. Miriam J. Metzger, builds upon the results of Study 2 and investigates whether psychological antecedents can explain not only online self-disclosure but also online self-withdrawal. Using a privacy calculus-based approach, the study analyzes data from a U.S.-representative online sample with 1,156 respondents. The results showed that self-disclosure could be explained both by privacy concerns and expected benefits. In addition, self-withdrawal could also be predicted by both privacy concerns and privacy self-efficacy. In conclusion, Study 3 demonstrates that perceived benefits, privacy self-efficacy, and privacy concerns together predict both online self-disclosure and online self-withdrawal. Study 4 (Predicting the Desire for Privacy), also co-authored by Miriam J. Metzger, analyzes the relationship between the desire for privacy and different facets of personality. In Study 4a, an online questionnaire with 296 respondents was conducted and in Study 4b, a laboratory experiment with 87 participants was run. The results of the questionnaire showed several significant relationships: For example, respondents who reported lacking integrity and being more shy, less anxious, and more risk averse were all more likely to desire privacy. The experiment showed a statistical trend that participants who had written an essay about past negative behaviors were more likely to express an increased desire for privacy from other people; in addition, an implicit association test (IAT) showed that participants whose IAT results implied higher lack of integrity also desired more privacy from government surveillance. In conclusion, the results evidence that the desire for privacy relates with several aspects of personality and, notably, also with personal integrity. In the overarching discussion, the results of the aforementioned studies are combined in order to provide an updated picture of privacy. This picture suggests that online self-disclosure is not paradoxical but explainable. Being able to understand online privacy behaviors is important; however, this is not only because the Internet has paramount importance in social and professional contexts, but also because peoples desire for privacy can reveal central aspects of personality, such as ones own personal integrity. Finally, several societal implications are discussed. It is argued that modern societies should try to design new cultural artifacts about privacy, update old and obsolete behavioral patterns with regard to privacy, foster a better understanding of the conceptual nature of privacy, work toward new and more protective privacy laws, and aim to leverage overall privacy literacy.
... Finally, the question remains whether privacy self-efficacy might also affect self-disclosure. Niemann and Schenk (2014) found that privacy self-efficacy influenced self-withdrawal but not self-disclosure behaviors in SNSs. Also, from a theoretical perspective it can be argued that because the entire infrastructure of SNSs is built for self-disclosure, self-disclosing on SNSs is easy and does not necessitate high levels of competence or perceived behavioral control. ...
The privacy calculus established that online self-disclosures are based on a cost-benefit tradeoff. For the context of SNSs, however, the privacy calculus still needs further support as most studies consist of small student samples and analyze self-disclosure only, excluding self-withdrawal (e.g., the deletion of posts), which is essential in SNS contexts. Thus, this study used a U.S. representative sample to test the privacy calculus' generalizability and extend its theoretical framework by including both self-withdrawal behaviors and privacy self-efficacy. Results confirmed the extended privacy calculus model. Moreover, both privacy concerns and privacy self-efficacy positively predicted use of self-withdrawal. With regard to predicting self-disclosure in SNSs, benefits outweighed privacy concerns; regarding self-withdrawal, privacy concerns outweighed both privacy self-efficacy and benefits.
Der Film „The Social Network“, der im Oktober 2010 in den deutschen Kinos anlief, erzählt den Gründungsmythos von Facebook:
die Geschichte des Harvard-Studenten Mark Zuckerberg, der – ausgehend von seiner Idee, das Freizeitleben auf dem Campus zu
virtualisieren – ein weltweites Netzwerk geschaffen hat, das ihn zum jüngsten Milliardär gemacht hat. Wie wenige andere Angebote
versinnbildlicht Facebook den Erfolg des Internets. Spätestens mit der Verfilmung sind soziale Netzwerke im Internet als wichtiger
Bestandteil der Gegenwartskultur anerkannt. Zugleich löste der Film eine Diskussion über die Motive seines Gründers und die
Macht von Facebook aus. Am Ende des gleichen Jahres kürte das „Time Magazine“ Mark Zuckerberg zur „Person of the Year“. Die
Reihe der Superlative lässt sich fortsetzen: Im Juli 2010 erreichte Facebook die Marke von 500 Millionen Mitgliedern. Erstmals
war Facebook im Jahr 2010 in den USA die meist genutzte Website vor Google.com: Knapp 9% aller „Visits“ konnte das Angebot
(nach Angaben von Hitwise) verbuchen. Im zweiten Jahr in Folge war Facebook das am häufigsten in Google eingegebene Suchwort.
Der Marktwert des Unternehmens wurde Anfang 2011 mit rund 50 Milliarden Dollar beziffert; die Rendite lag in den ersten neun
Monaten des Jahres 2010 bei etwa 30%.
It is not well understood how privacy concern and trust influence social interactions within social networking sites. An online survey of two popular social networking sites, Facebook and MySpace, compared perceptions of trust and privacy concern, along with willingness to share information and develop new relationships. Members of both sites reported similar levels of privacy concern. Facebook members expressed significantly greater trust in both Facebook and its members, and were more willing to share identifying information. Even so, MySpace members reported significantly more experience using the site to meet new people. These results suggest that in online interaction, trust is not as necessary in the building of new relationships as it is in face to face encounters. They also show that in an online site, the existence of trust and the willingness to share information do not automatically translate into new social interaction. This study demonstrates online relationships can develop in sites where perceived trust and privacy safeguards are weak.
Literature relating to the verbal disclosure of information about oneself is reviewed. First, the role of self disclosure as a personality attribute is considered. It is suggested that the failure of researchers to find consistent relationships between self disclosure and other personality variables is due to the poor development of paper and pencil measures of disclosure which themselves do not relate to actual disclosure. It is suggested that researchers interested in personality correlates of self disclosure employ behavioral measures of disclosure. The role of self disclosure in interpersonal relationships is considered, and the principle variables that appear to facilitate disclosure are reviewed. However, it is suggested that factors inhibiting intimate disclosure, such as needs for privacy, have not been adequately treated in disclosure research. The role of self disclosure in experimenter subject, interviewer interviewee, and therapist client relationships is reviewed. Finally, the review considers the relationship between self disclosure and nonverbal aspects of communication. (Journal received: 4 Dec. 1974)
Self-disclosure plays a central role in the development and maintenance of relationships. One way that researchers have explored these processes is by studying the links between self-disclosure and liking. Using meta-analytic procedures, the present work sought to clarify and review this literature by evaluating the evidence for 3 distinct disclosure-liking effects. Significant disclosure-liking relations were found for each effect: (a) People who engage in intimate disclosures tend to be liked more than people who disclose at lower levels, (b) people disclose more to those whom they initially like, and (c) people like others as a result of having disclosed to them. In addition, the relation between disclosure and liking was moderated by a number of variables, including study paradigm, type of disclosure, and gender of the discloser. Taken together, these results suggest that various disclosure-liking effects can be integrated and viewed as operating together within a dynamic interpersonal system. Implications for theory development are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested.
According to Etzioni (1999), the first step in analyzing privacy is to determine whether or not there is a problem. Given the easy availability of private information on the Internet and the seemingly great readiness of Social Web users to disclose personal data, it would appear that the protection of privacy is not a major problem for users. However, empirical evidence demonstrates that Social Web users are in fact quite concerned about their privacy (Barnes 2006; Tufekci 2008; Debatin et al. 2009).
This research examines how sociotechnical affordances shape interpretation of disclosure and social judgments on social networking sites. Drawing on the disclosure personalism framework, Study 1 revealed that information unavailability and relational basis underlay personalistic judgments about Facebook disclosures: Perceivers inferred greater message and relational intimacy from disclosures made privately than from those made publicly. Study 2 revealed that perceivers judged intimate disclosures shared publicly as less appropriate than intimate disclosures shared privately, and that perceived disclosure appropriateness accounted for the effects of public versus private contexts on reduced liking for a discloser. Taken together, the results show how sociotechnical affordances shape perceptions of disclosure and relationships, which has implications for understanding relational development and maintenance on SNS.
Zusammenfassung Das Social Web basiert auf der aktiven Teilnahme von Nutzern, die Inhalte generieren und dabei auch persönliche Informationen
online stellen. Aus Sicht der Nutzer birgt die Verfügbarkeit dieser Daten im Netz Risiken. Ihre Privatsphäre kann erheblich
beeinträchtigt werden. Die Diskussion um diese Problematik ist jedoch geprägt von der Annahme, dass die Nutzer eine Vielzahl
persönlicher Informationen offenbaren. Es liegen bislang allerdings keine repräsentativen Daten für das Social Web insgesamt
vor. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt erstmals eine Internet-repräsentative Befragung zur Selbstoffenbarung im Netz vor. Die
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Social Web tatsächlich zur Bereitstellung persönlicher Informationen ermutigt. Weiterhin werden
verschiedene Einflussfaktoren für die Selbstoffenbarung der Nutzer untersucht. Dabei bestätigt sich bei der Einstellung zur
Privatsphäre sowie beim generellen Schutzverhalten im Internet das „privacy paradox“, dessen Existenz sich hier auch auf Verhaltensebene
bestätigt („privacy behavior paradox“). Als weitere den Grad der Selbstoffenbarung der Nutzer beeinflussende Faktoren werden
Bildung und Interneterfahrung, der Umfang der Social-Web-Nutzung sowie Geschlecht und Alter untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen,
dass vor allem junge Nutzer, die sich auf die Nutzung spezieller Social-Web-Angebote konzentrieren, viele persönliche Details
offenbaren. Zu Bildung und Erfahrung mit dem Internet konnten geringe Zusammenhänge festgestellt werden.
This study examines how a social network profile’s lists of interests—music, books, movies, television shows, etc.—can function as an expressive arena for taste performance. By composing interest tokens around a theme, profile users craft their “taste statements.” First, socioeconomic and aesthetic influences on taste are considered, and the expressivity of interest tokens is analyzed using a semiotic framework. Then, a grounded theory approach is taken to identify four types of taste statements—those that convey prestige, differentiation, authenticity, and theatrical persona. The semantics of taste and taste statements are further investigated through a statistical analysis of 127,477 profiles collected from the MySpace social network site between November 2006 and January 2007. The major findings of the analysis include statistical evidence for prestige and differentiation taste statements and an interpretation of the taste semantics underlying the MySpace community—its motifs, paradigms, and demographic structures.
This paper explores how 20-something Facebook users understand and navigate privacy concerns. Based on a year-long ethnographic study in Toronto, Canada, this paper looks at how - contrary to many mainstream accounts - younger users do indeed care about protecting and controlling their personal information. However, their concerns revolve around what I call social privacy, rather than the more conventional institutional privacy. This paper also examines the somewhat subversive practices which users engaged in to enhance their own social privacy, and in some cases, violate that of others. Finally, this paper examines some of the reasons that users may continue using the site, despite privacy concerns.
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