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Ethical Issues in Behavioral Research: Basic and Applied Perspectives
... Additionally, all participants were assured that the data gathered was to be strictly treated with the maximum confidentiality it deserved and it was to be used only for its intended purposes. This was achieved by following the ethical guidelines proposed by Kimmel (2014): apply for ethical clearance; seek consents of participants; do not induce participants in any way; ensure privacy of the participants; and give participants pseudonyms. As earlier indicated, all the highlight ethical guidelines as espoused by Kimmel (2014) were put into consideration. ...
... This was achieved by following the ethical guidelines proposed by Kimmel (2014): apply for ethical clearance; seek consents of participants; do not induce participants in any way; ensure privacy of the participants; and give participants pseudonyms. As earlier indicated, all the highlight ethical guidelines as espoused by Kimmel (2014) were put into consideration. ...
This paper discusses the academic performance of pupils and what hindered them to perform well in linear programming. The research was conducted on former Nkeyema secondary school pupils in western province of Zambia. The study sample had 15 participants comprising 8 females and 7 males purposively sampled. Focus Group Discussions and semi-structured interviews were the research instruments used and the gathered data was thematically analyzed. The study revealed that pupils experienced challenges associated with linear programming which hindered their academic performance. Some of these challenges were; failure to recognize variables and their units, failure to express variables in mathematical language, lack of understanding of terms of inequality among others. Due to these highlighted challenges, it was revealed that this school was recording very poor final examination results in linear programming. Therefore, the study recommended that the Ministry of Education should collaborate with parents and other relevant stakeholders in order to mitigate these challenges by providing necessary teaching/learning materials. In order to improve the academic performance of learners in linear programming, it was also recommended that teachers should employ appropriate teaching methods to enhance effective delivery more especially leaner-centered methods where pupils take a central role during teaching/learning process.
... She concluded by pointing out that originality of research and originality of research articles are not the same and urged researchers trying to disseminate findings to different audiences to maintain originality in the articles themselves. This review article from 2009 assessed two then-recent books on ethical issues in social sciences (Baggini & Fosl, 2007;Kimmel, 2007) from the perspective of their usefulness to research on second language acquisition (SLA). Thomas started by surveying existing literature relevant to ethics in SLA research. ...
For many researchers in the social sciences, including those in applied linguistics, the term ethics evokes the bureaucratic process of fulfilling the requirements of an ethics review board (e.g., in the US, an Institutional Review Board, or IRB) as a preliminary step in conducting human subjects research. The expansion of ethics review boards into the social sciences in the early 2000s has led applied linguistics as a field to experience what Haggerty (2004) termed ethics creep , a simultaneous expansion and intensification of external regulation of research activities. The aims of these ethical review boards are: (a) to evaluate the types and risk of harm to participants as a result of research activities, (b) ensure that participants can give informed consent to be part of the research activities, and (c) provide oversight on researcher procedures to maintain participant anonymity/confidentiality (Haggerty, 2004).
... No psychological harm was caused during the gathering of data or during the enquiry. According to the ethical guidelines of the British Psychological Society, none of the student participants were listed on the Child Protection Register (British Psychological Society, 2005;Kimmel, 2007). In order to maintain anonymity of all participants, abbreviations have used to indicate the data source (Table 1). ...
A qualitative interpretavist investigation showed that family relationships of students with Behavioural, Emotional and Social Difficulties (BESD) in mainstream education in London constituted a risk factor in the development of the young person. Thirteen student participants with BESD participated. An analysis of student writing activities, student participant interviews, parent questionnaires, teacher responses and interviews with education professionals indicated that both protective and risk factors were present in family relationships, however risk factors greatly outweighed protecting factors. Three main categories of family as a risk were: strained parent-child relationships, inconsistent parenting style, and insecure attachment to the family as a barrier to progress. This paper contributes to the growing understanding of how deleterious family relationships hamper the academic, social and emotional development of young people with BESD in order to improve inclusive education policy and practice. Further research into supporting young people with BESD in mainstream education, emphasising on the impact of attachment disorders, the early onset of personality disorders, as well as the impact of underdiagnosed cortisol disorders can provide professionals in pastoral roles with an augmented understanding of how to support students with BESD. In addition, the understanding of how teachers and education professionals liaise with at risk families and the impact of home-school relationship development has on the academic, social and emotional development of young people with BESD, should be conducted.
... An ethical situation arises if it involves rules of behaviour or conformity to a code or set of principles. Ethical issues provide researchers with the tools required to determine whether or not a certain action should be carried out and the extent to which a past action was justified (Kimmel 2009). In the light of this, I sought the informed consent of all interviewees and the gatekeepers for the settings respectively before the commencement of any research activity. ...
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The main objective of the present study was to investigate influence of employee compensation strategy on employee performance in the mining sector in Mashonaland Central. The study was prompted by a decline in employee performance versus growth targets. The study adopted the mixed research strategy of the parallel convergent form design. The target population consisted of comprised 150 managerial and non-managerial employees drawn from Zimplats. Samples of 109 respondents for the quantitative methods of the research and 5 interviewees for the qualitative methods were drawn using Raosoft sample size determination software and the principle of saturation for the qualitative sample. These were sampled using probability sampling method and stratified random sampling technique and non-probability method and convenience sampling techniques respectively since the research applied mixed methods. 5 interviews were conducted. Simple frequency distribution and statistical tables, percentages, descriptive statistics and spearman's correlation test and linear regression were used in quantitative data analysis. Thematic analysis was applied for qualitative data analysis. According to the findings of the study, mining companies have the ability to boost employee performance by focusing on enhancing five different aspects of their remuneration schemes. These include issues pertaining to employee compensation methods, salary, career progression opportunities, and overtime pay. The regression coefficients of the study indicate that wages have a substantial effect of 0.184 on employee performance in mining organizations. This was found while looking at the correlation between salaries and performance. The regression coefficients of the study indicate that the potential for career advancement has a substantial effect of 0.150 on employee performance in mining organizations. This was found with relation to career advancement. With regard to employee pay schemes, the study's regression coefficients suggest that it has a substantial effect of 0.618 on employee performance in mining organizations. This is shown by the fact that it has a positive correlation. The regression coefficients of the study indicate that overtime compensation has a substantial effect of 0.141 on employee performance in mining organizations. This is shown by the fact that the coefficients are positive. This indicated that raising the amount of overtime pay provided to employees by a unit will result in a performance gain of 0.141. This demonstrates that employees are more productive when they are compensated for working overtime. Mining organisations should have a remuneration policy which would assist organisations in improving employee performance.
In a recent study using direct observation of physicians, we demonstrated that physician-generated clinical documentation is vulnerable to error. In fact, we found that physicians consistently overrepresented their actions in certain areas of the medical record, such as the physical examination. Because of our experiences carrying out this study, we believe that certain investigations, particularly those evaluating physician behavior, should not rely on documentation alone. Investigators seeking to evaluate physician behavior should instead consider using observation to obtain objective information about occurrences in the patient-physician encounter. In this article, we describe our experiences using observation, and we offer investigators our perspectives related to study design and ethical questions to consider when performing similar work.
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