Article

Measuring social desirability responding. A short version of Paulhus' BIDR 6

June 2011

DOI:10.4473/TPM.18.2.4

Authors:

Andrea Bobbio

University of Padua

A. M. Manganelli

University of Padua

The aim of this research was to devise a short version of the BIDR 6 scale, a well-known measure of the two main dimensions of socially desirable responding: self-deceptive enhancement and impression management. Three correlational studies are described, all conducted with Italian respondents. In the first, a sample of non-student adults and a sample of university students were involved. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analysis were applied. Invariance of the factor structure was tested via the multi-sample procedure. A 16-item reliable version was achieved and the factor structure, comparing both non-student adults vs. university students and male vs. female samples, turned out to be invariant. Differences for age, gender, and level of education were addressed. In the second study, data were collected by means of a Web-based questionnaire. Factorial structure and reliability of the BIDR 6 short version scale found support. Gender differences were addressed and discussed. In the third study the scale was administered in an organizational context along with internal Locus of Control, Self-Efficacy, Alienation, Hopefulness scales, and a short version of the Crowne and Marlowe's Social Desirability scale. Again, the 16-item BIDR 6 turned out to be reliable, the two-latent factor structure was endorsed by data, and the correlations with all the other measures supported its validity.

THE ITALIAN VERSION OF THE INTERPERSONAL SEXUAL OBJECTIFICATION SCALE-PERPETRATION VERSION (ISOS-P): ADAPTATION AND PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF A TOOL MEASURING SEXUAL OBJECTIFICATION

Article

Jun 2024

The current study assesses the psychometric properties and the adaptation to the Italian context of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale-Perpetration Version (ISOS-P; Gervais et al., 2018), a tool to measure sexual objectification perpetration among women and men. A pilot study involving a sample of 904 Italian university students and later a study with a national sample of 2198 Italian citizens were conducted. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to verify the bifactor structure of the scale. Conver-gent validity and invariance across gender were also tested. The results show good reliability and conver-gent validity of the scale. Furthermore, a partial metric invariance between males and females was found. The Italian adaptation of the ISOS-P presents appropriate psychometric properties and therefore can be applied to the Italian context. Some limitations and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

Psychometric properties of the Beliefs About Adults with ID Scale in American physicians: Application of classical test and Rasch measurement theories

Article

May 2024
J INTELL DISABIL RES

Background Physicians' erroneous assumptions about individuals with intellectual disability (ID) negatively impact the quality of care provided to this population. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Beliefs About Adults with ID (BAID), an instrument we developed for measuring physicians' erroneous assumptions about adults with ID. Methods Two hundred ninety‐two American physicians participated. Classical test theory and Rasch measurement theory were used to refine the scale (through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, infit and outfit mean‐squares statistics, and differential item functioning) and investigate its psychometric properties (functioning of the response scale, reliability, and validity). Results The BAID provided a unidimensional, reliable, valid, and precise measure in assessing high levels of erroneous assumptions. It showed convergent and divergent validity with the different factors of a scale measuring attitudes towards ID. The BAID items were discriminant, non‐redundant, unambiguous, and invariant across gender and previous ID training. The BAID response scale was found to be appropriate for measuring physicians' erroneous assumptions about adults with ID. Conclusions BAID is a brief instrument with good psychometric properties to assess erroneous assumptions about adults with ID in physicians of different genders and who have/have not previously received ID training. Therefore, it might be helpful for research and medical education purposes.

The Effects of the COVID-19-induced Lockdown on the Social Capital and Cultural Capital in Italy

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023
SOC INDIC RES

Unlabelled: The present study investigated the effects of the first COVID-19 lockdown on the Cultural and Social Capitals in Italy in a large group of adults (n = 1125). The relationships between the COVID-19 spread and participants' Cultural Capital, Social Capital, educational level, occupational prestige, and age were studied using structural equation models. For women but not for men, pandemic spread was positively affected by occupational prestige and it had a positive relationship with their Social Capital (women: CFI = 0.949; RMSEA = 0.059 [CI = 0.045-0.075]; men: CFI = 0.959; RMSEA = 0.064 [CI = 0.039-0.087]). Moreover, the participants were divided into three validated clusters based on their Cultural and Social Capitals levels to investigate changes in the Capitals compared with the pre-lockdown period. It was found that the lockdown contributed to improving the gap among individuals increasing high levels and decreasing low levels of both the Capitals. People with high Cultural and Social Capitals seemed to have seized the opportunity given by COVID-19 restrictions to cultivate their cultural interests and become more involved within their networks. In contrast, individuals with low Cultural and Social Capitals paid the highest price for the social isolation. Given that the Capitals encourage healthy behavior and influence well-being and mental health, institutions should develop or improve their policies and practices to foster individual resources, and make fairer opportunities available during the pandemic. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11205-023-03140-7.

Adaptation of the personal social capital brief scale for the measurement of the offline and online social capital in Italy

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022
PLOS ONE

Social Capital refers to the resources associated with durable and trustworthy social connections. Social Capital can be developed through offline and online relationships. It can be distinguished between cognitive Social Capital (perception of trustworthiness, reciprocity, and support) and structural Social Capital (density of social networks and membership, and participation in groups and associations). It can also be distinguished between bonding Social Capital (resources associated with informal networks; i.e., neighbors, friends, colleagues) and bridging Social Capital (resources associated with formal networks; i.e., community service, cultural, religious or political groups/associations). The different forms and dimensions of Social Capital may have distinct effects on health outcomes and self-rated health. Therefore, public health researchers need valid and reliable instruments to investigate Social Capital. However, valid instruments including the measurement of online Social Capital are not available. The Personal Social Capital Scale aims to assess bonding and bridging Social Capital by means of cognitive and structural items. In the present investigation, three studies were carried out (N = 1149) to adapt the Personal Social Capital Scale to develop the Personal On-Offline Social Capital Brief Scale, a brief scale for measuring online and offline bonding and bridging Social Capital in Italy. Factorial structure and convergent/divergent validity in relation to scales measuring constructs with different patterns of relationships with bonding and bridging Social Capital (i.e., social support and stress; sense of community and health) were also investigated. Overall, these studies provide evidence of reliability and validity related to the internal structure of the Personal On-Offline Social Capital Brief Scale in measuring online and offline bonding and bridging Social Capital and discriminating them from similar constructs. This scale is a useful instrument for planning public health interventions.

СОЦИАЛНАТА ЖЕЛАТЕЛНОСТ, ПОЛОЖИТЕЛНАТА ИЛЮЗИЯ ЗА ЖИВОТА И ПЕТ ЛИЧНОСТНИ ЧЕРТИ – ПОВЕЧЕ СТИЛ ИЛИ СЪЩНОСТ? [SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE, POSITIVITY BIAS AND FIVE TRAITS –MORE ESSENCE OR STYLE?]

Preprint

Full-text available

Mar 2021

Krasen Georgiev Ferdinandov

Резюме: В статията се съобщават резултати от две пилотни изследвания, фокусирани върху апробацията на методики за измерване на три важни личностни аспекта – устойчиви черти, мотивацията за печелене на социално одобрение и избягване на неодобрение, както и източниците на лично благополучие. В първия дизайн на изследването са адаптирани и внедрени кратките методики Големите пет-20 прилагателни-семантичен диференциал (BFA-20-SD, Big Five Adjectives-20-Semantic Differential, базиран на Goldberg, 1992), Скала за социална желателност-15 (SDS-15, Social desirability Scale-15, He et al., 2015) и Скала за процъфтяване (FS, Flourishing scale, Diener et al., 2010). Във втория дизайн са адаптирани и приложени Въпросник за Големите пет-2-кратък вариант (BFI-2-S, Big Five Inventory-2-Short, Soto & John, 2017), Балансиран въпросник за социално-желателен отговор (BIDR-16, Balanced Inventory for Desirable Response-16, Hart et al. 2015) и Кратък въпросник за преуспяване (BIT, Brief Inventory of Thriving, Su et al., 2014). Психологичните методики са публично достъпни за научни и образователни цели и целта на изследването е съобщена предварително на авторите им. Изследванията са осъществени с две независими извадки: първото допитване – с ученици от Софийска Математическа гимназия „Паисий Хилендарски“ на възраст от 10 до 18 години на хартиен носител, а второто допитване е реализирано с участници на възраст от 9 до 59 години, живеещи, работещи и учещи в и извън столицата. Онлайн допитването е осъществено с помощта на платформата MS Forms, заради извънредните мерки срещу разпространението на Sars-Cov-2. Двата набора за самооценка показват удовлетворяващи нива на съгласуваност между стимулите за български условия, високо теоретично и критериално съответствие и приемливи разграничителни възможност съобразно пола, възрастта, но не и местоживеенето. Въпреки, че проучвателната им структура не е перфектна, двата панела от данни в много голяма степен оправдават очаквания за конвергенцията между чертите, желателния отговор и позитивна настройка, така че изкривяванията в самооценката да представляват по-стилизиран, отколкото същностен начин за себеописание. [Abstract: The article presents the results of two pilot studies focused on the approbation of methodologies for measuring three important personality aspects - sustainable personality traits, the motivation to gain social approval and avoid disapproval, as well as the sources of personal well-being. In the first design the short scales such as Big Five Adjectives-20-Semantic Differential (BFA-20-SD, based on Goldberg, 1992), Social desirability Scale-15 (He et al., 2015) and Flourishing scale (FS, Diener et al., 2010) were implemented. In the second design were combined three screenings – Big Five Inventory-2-Short (BFI-2-S, Soto & John, 2017), Balanced Inventory for Desirable Response-16 (BIDR-16, Hart et al. 2015) and Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT, Su et al., 2014). All of the considered scales are publicly available for scientific and educational purposes and the aim of the research was communicated to their authors in advance. The research was conducted with two independent samples. The first survey was provided to undergraduates from Sofia High School of Mathematics "Paisiy Hilendarski" aged from 10 to 18 years, using paper & pencil completion procedure. The second survey was conducted with participants aged 9 to 59 years that living, working or studying in and outside the capital of Bulgaria using MS Forms online application considering the constraints due to the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic measures. The two self-assessment sets show satisfactory levels of reliability taking the complexity and conditions which restrain availability and personal contact. Construct discriminatory validity according to gender, age and place of residence are commented. Although scales latent structure is not perfect, the two data panels justify some expectations about the criterion convergence between Social Desirable Response Bias, Five Factor Model of personality and positivity bias in favor of general self-presentation style.]

Endorsing populism to cope with ambiguity? The role of the need for closure, self-deception, and personal values in advocating populist attitudes

Article

Mar 2023
PERS INDIV DIFFER

This study examined the relationships between the need for cognitive closure, self-deception, personal values, and populism to shed light on the motivational dynamics underlying the adoption of populist attitudes. Drawing on Jost's perspective on the role of ambiguity management needs and ideological conservatism in shaping political attitudes, this study also highlights the dynamics relating populist attitudes to the left-right political continuum. A total of 785 Italian adults (F = 56.6 %; mean age = 35.8 years, SD = 14.1) anonymously participated in the study by completing an online questionnaire. Path analysis revealed that self-deception drove populist attitudes; the need for cognitive closure was related to populist attitudes after individual value systems were aligned with ideological conservatism. The findings emphasized the greater importance of personal values over political values in driving political attitudes and suggested that a fusion of left- and right-wing populism may occur based on shared authoritarian predispositions. Practical implications for educational curricula were discussed.

The Sex-Based Harassment Inventory: A Gender Status Threat Measure of Sex-Based Harassment Intentions

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
SEX ROLES

We introduce a new inventory measuring sex-based harassment intentions and threat perceptions grounded in gender status threat theories (Berdahl, 2007; Stephan et al., 2016). In Study 1 (N = 568 men), an initial Sex-Based Harassment Inventory (SBHI) was developed with 12 scenarios depicting gender status threats to which respondents rated the likelihood to engage in gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, supportive conduct, and their perceptions of threat. The final version of the SBHI contained six scenarios with four items each. Gender harassment and unwanted sexual attention intentions loaded on a single, reliable factor, labeled harassment intentions. Two other factors measured threat perceptions and supportive behavior intentions. harassment intentions correlated significantly with threat perceptions, likelihood to sexually harass (Pryor, 1987), hostile and benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996), and masculine identification (Glick et al., 2015). In Study 2 (N = 391 men), a non-threat version of the SBHI was compared to the threat version. Threat perceptions mediated the effect of scenario version on harassment intentions, which was stronger at moderate to high levels of hostile sexism and social dominance orientation. Consistent with Berdahl’s theory, these studies present promising initial evidence for the validity of the final version of the SBHI and the links between gender status threat and sex-based harassment intentions to gender status threat.

Teachers and Teaching theory and practice ISSN: (Print) ( Emotion regulation and need satisfaction shape a motivating teaching style

Article

Jun 2020

Emotion regulation favor teacher adoption of a motivating style

Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital in Adults: A Structural Equation Model

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Background: Sociocultural level (SCL) comprises Socioeconomic Status (SES), Cultural Capital (CC), and Social Capital (SC). The relationships between all SCL dimensions have never been investigated. This study aimed to develop a structural equation model representing how age affects the relationships between educational level, occupational prestige (as a measure of SES), CC, and SC for men and women. Method: SES, dimensions of CC and SC were measured with valid scales for 654 adults (63% female) aged 19 to 74 years ( M[SD] = 42.86 [13.32]), that had or used to have an occupation and the majority of whom had at least a university degree (65%). All lived in a medium-sized town in Italy. Results: Age affected the interrelated indicators of SES (educational level and occupational prestige), which in turn affected the interrelated dimensions CC and SC (CFI = .97; RMSEA = .073 [CI = .053 - .095]; SRMR = 0.031). The system of relationships was simpler in men than in women, with educational level being less relevant in affecting the other constructs. Conclusions: The hierarchical structure of SCL and effect of age and gender must be properly taken into account in studies on the effects of SCL on human behavior.

Behavioral and emotional problems of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: Effects of parents' sociocultural level and individual factors

Article

Oct 2021

Background: Toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show higher prevalence and severity of Behavioral and Emotional Problems (BEP) than their peers without ASD. Aims: Investigating the effects of parental factors, i.e., mothers’ and fathers’ age and Sociocultural Level (Socioeconomic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital), and individual factors, i.e., toddles’ age, birth order, general development, autism symptom severity, and adaptive behavior, on the expression of BEP in toddlers with ASD. Methods: Participants were 148 toddlers with ASD (aged 18–37 months) and both their parents. BEP were measured with the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL) Syndrome and Pervasive developmental problems (PDD) DSM-oriented scales, general development with the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS), autism symptom severity with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2), and adaptive behavior with the Vineland-II Adaptive behavior composite. Results: Vineland-II Adaptive behavior composite was negatively associated with the majority of the CBCL scales. In contrast, the ADOS-2 Restrictive and repetitive behavior was negatively and the ADOS-2 Social affect, toddlers’ age, and birth order were positively associated with only a few of the CBCL scales (e.g., PDD). GMDS scores were not associated with any CBCL scales. Mothers’ age and fathers’ Cultural Capital and Social Capital dimensions were negatively associated with specific CBCL scales, even when considered in addition to individuals’ factors. Conclusions: Individual and parental factors simultaneously affect the expression of BEP and should be considered for clinical decisions.

Is social desirability bias important for effective ethics research? A review of literature

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

Social desirability bias (SDB) is one of the main concerns in self-reported studies that measures explicit attitudes such as ethics research. Although SDB was introduced since the early 1950s, little effort has been made to understand the necessity of including an SDB scale in studies of sensitive topics such as ethics. The purpose of this paper was to (1) identify whether current ethics-related studies considered SDB when conducting their research and (2) ascertain whether SDB was a significant variable in such studies. This investigation takes the form of a systematic review of articles published within the last 20 years in well-known business ethics journals (2000–2019). We found that (a) only 13.67% of ethics research measured SDB; (b) although the majority of the reviewed articles were from the West, researchers in Asia have also made significant progress in recent years in measuring SDB in their studies; (c) SDB was used mainly as a control variable and as such researchers preferred scales with fewer items; and (d) SDB was unavoidable even when using online surveys. Based on our findings, we attempt to provide an overview of SDB in ethics research and encourage ethics researchers who adopt self-reported surveys to include an SDB measurement in their studies to control SDB.

Individual and Environmental Factors Affecting Adaptive Behavior of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Role of Parents’ Socio-cultural Level

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
J AUTISM DEV DISORD

The effects of environmental factors [including Socio-Economic Status, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital (Socio-Cultural Level) of both parents] on the Vineland-II adaptive behavior dimensions of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in addition to individual factors, was investigated in 148 Italian toddlers (82% males), aged 18 to 37 months with ASD. Toddlers’ age and Griffiths Mental Development Scales general development affected all of the adaptive behavior dimensions, with negative and positive associations, respectively. The Child Behavior Checklist comorbid conditions were negatively associated with some adaptive behavior dimensions while the ADOS-2 Social affect only with the communication dimension. Mothers’ and fathers’ specific Socio-Cultural Level dimensions were positively associated with toddlers’ specific adaptive behavior dimensions with the same magnitude as comorbid conditions.

Attitudes of Mainstream and Special-Education Teachers toward Intellectual Disability in Italy: The Relevance of Being Teachers

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2020
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

The attitudes of teachers toward intellectual disability (ID) contribute to an effective school inclusion of students with ID, thereby enhancing their quality of life. The present study was aimed at investigating the attitude differences toward ID of mainstream and special-education teachers in Italy and the general and specific teachers' characteristics most related to these attitudes. An online version of the Attitudes toward Intellectual Disability (ATTID) questionnaire was filled by 307 mainstream teachers and 237 special-education teachers. The findings show that special-education teachers held more positive attitudes. Specific ATTID dimensions were positively affected for both types of teachers by previous training in special education/ID, perceived support, and promotion of positive attitudes toward ID, in addition to the quality of relationships with individuals with ID, while they were positively affected for special-education teachers by perceived efficacy of ID knowledge. No or very limited effects were observed for previous experience in teaching students with typical development or ID (even with severe/profound ID). Fostering resources to provide teachers with high-quality training, support, and resources and strategies to promote positive attitudes toward ID seems a relevant approach leading to favorable attitudes, thereby improving the quality of life of students with ID.

Validation of the Italian Version of the Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale (BEIS-10)

Article

Sep 2020

Based on Salovey and Mayer’s conceptualization of emotional intelligence, Davies and colleagues developed the BEIS-10 scale, a 10-items self-report questionnaire that explores individual dispositions that people have about exploring one’s own and others’ emotions. To date, no studies assess the validity of the BEIS-10 scale in the Italian context. This article aims to fill this gap, exploring the validity, reliability, and construct validity of the Italian version of this scale. 244 Italian adults participated in the study and 67 respondents completed a second administration of the scale after two-weeks. The recommended statistical procedures were followed to validate the Italian version of the BEIS-10 scale and, after a back-translation process and a pilot testing, the five-factor structure of the scale was tested through a confirmatory factor analysis. Results highlighted that the five-factor model of emotional intelligence proposed by Davies and colleagues (2010) is confirmed in the Italian population. Data showed good reliability, good stability over time, and evidence of construct validity of the BEIS-10 scale. The BEIS-10 scale could be completed in a couple of minutes and it is particularly useful for collecting data in contexts in which time is an issue.

Psychophysiological correlates of science communicators

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2025
PLOS ONE

We conducted a study in an ecological setting to evaluate the heart rate variability (HRV) of expert communicators during a live national primetime video interview. The study involved 32 expert science communicators, all with mid- to long-term experience in public speaking and outreach work, who were evaluated by an external jury to assess their communication skills. Prior to the experiment, participants completed an online survey to gather socio-demographic data, work-related information, and psychological profiles. The six indices of communication abilities assessed by jury were: Interest, Agreement, Engagement, Authoritativeness learning, and Clarity. HRV acquisitions were divided into three phases: baseline pre-interview, during the interview, and another baseline recording after the interview. Science communicators were characterized by high levels of self-esteem and prosociality, which were positively correlated with communication indices and inversely correlated with age. Evaluation of physiological responses showed that the total power and low-frequency components of HRV were significantly higher in the post-interview phase compared to both the interview and pre-interview phases. However, when we divided the entire group according to high and low Authoritativeness and Clarity indices, significant interactive effects were detected. Indeed, for the low Authoritativeness and Clarity subgroups, significant differences among all phases were observed, with total power decreasing from the pre-interview to the interview phase and increasing in the post-interview phase. This indicates a clear pattern of stress response and recovery. In contrast, the high Authoritativeness and Clarity subgroup showed less variation across phases, suggesting better stress regulation or less perceived stress during the interview. We provided the psychophysiological basis of science communication expertise that can affect the control of stress regulation during public speaking.

Teacher Emotion Regulation in Chinese Rural and Urban Schools: Impact on Burnout and Teaching Styles

Article

Dec 2024
ASIA-PAC EDUC RES

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study examines the relationships between teachers’ emotion regulation strategies, need satisfaction, burnout, and teaching styles in China. It focuses on differences in emotion regulation between rural and urban schools and the moderating effect of rural vs. urban context in the relationships between emotion regulation and its outcomes. Data from 1479 teachers (1114 urban, 365 rural) were analysed. Consistent with previous findings, reappraisal was positively associated with need satisfaction, personal accomplishment, and motivating teaching styles, while suppression was linked to need frustration, depersonalization, and demotivating teaching styles. Additionally, need satisfaction indirectly affected teaching styles through emotion regulation and burnout. Unexpectedly, reappraisal and suppression were positively correlated, particularly in rural schools. Moreover, although rural teachers reported higher suppression and lower reappraisal compared to urban teachers, this study did not find a moderating role of rural vs. urban context in the relationships between emotion regulation and its outcomes, suggesting a complex interaction between cultural expectations and emotion regulation strategies. These findings underscore the importance of supporting teachers’ psychological needs and emotion regulation, particularly in rural schools, to promote effective teaching practices.

Exploring teachers’ psychological needs, motivating styles, emotion regulation and self-compassion: A comparative study before and during the COVID-19 lockdown

Article

Oct 2024
TEACH TEACH EDUC

The Role of Cultural Capital in Self-Reported Alexithymia and Empathy

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2024
PSICOTHEMA

RESUMEN Background: Sociocultural factors play an essential role in the way we process and express emotions. In this study, we asked whether Cultural Capital (CC)-the set of knowledge, cultural codes, and skills embodied by people-explains individual differences in two constructs measuring the capacity to understand our own emotions (alexithymia) or others' emotions (empathy). Method: A pre-registered survey was conducted with an Italian sample (N = 475). Alexithymia and empathy were assessed respectively via the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results: Regression analyses confirmed a significant, although limited, role of CC in predicting alexithymia and empathy. People with higher CC showed lower Externally Oriented Thinking, higher Perspective Taking, and higher Fantasy. Self-reported alexithymia and empathy were also impacted by scores on a social desirability scale. Conclusions: These results suggest that I) Cultural Capital influences the ability to analyse one's own feelings and understand others' perspectives, and II) social desirability threatens the validity of self-report measures of emotional abilities. Overall, this research underlines the importance of studying affective processes by considering an individual's cultural context.

Intuitive eating: Validation of a brief Italian version of IES-2 for university students and its relationship with food intake

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2024
FOOD QUAL PREFER

Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating style referring to a set of eating behaviors characterized by reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues rather than situational and emotional cues. It has four dimensions: Unconditional Permission to Eat, Eating for Physical rather than Emotional Reasons, Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues, and Body-Food Choice Congruence. Two studies explored the psychometric characteristics of a new Italian version of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) among university students. Study 1 (n = 462; M age = 22.36, SD = 2.10; 58.7 % females) evaluated the four-factor structure via CFA, resulting, with post-hoc modifications, in a 15-item version. Measurement invariance across gender, gender differences, and relationships with BMI were tested. Study 2 (n = 359; M age = 20.35, SD = 1.77; 61.8 % females) verified the construct validity of the 15-item scale and explored criterion validity by examining the correlations with self-esteem, well-being, emotional, external, and restrained eating styles. Furthermore, the relationship between intuitive eating and food intake was explored. Overall results confirmed the four-factor structure, measurement invariance across gender, and criterion validity. The scale showed good psychometric properties in university students. Intuitive eating was associated with a healthier psychological status and lower risk of high-weight status, but it was not consistently associated with all markers of a healthy diet.

Development of the Italian version of the Orgasmic Perception Questionnaire (OPQ)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023
PLOS ONE

Orgasm is a phase of the human sexual response, and the possible discrepancies between male and female ways to experience it are still not clear in the literature. There is a lack of tools to adequately assess orgasm perception. This study aims to develop an instrument and verify possible differences between males and females. We constructed the Orgasmic Perception Questionnaire (OPQ) through different stages: first, 316 items selection was conducted on a sample of 96 people, where items came mainly from written descriptions of orgasm perception; second, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted on 674 Italian adults with a 63-item OPQ; finally, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on 1100 Italian adults with a 47-item OPQ. In the first study, 63 items fitted an equidistributional pattern and were to form the 63-item OPQ used for EFA. The EFA showed that five factors out of 47 explained 44.01% of the total variance and were named: Ecstasy, Contractions, Relaxation, Power, and Sensations. The confirmatory factor analyses run on the 47-item OPQ confirmed that the five-factor structure fits. Moreover, females scored higher than males with an adequate effect size in two factors: Contractions and Sensations. In conclusion, the OPQ could be a useful tool in both clinical settings and research studies to investigate the perception of orgasmic experience in its totality.

‘I Do It for Others’! Prosocial Reasons for Complying with Anti-COVID Measures and Pro-Environmental Behaviours: The Mediating Role of the Psychological Distance of Climate Change

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023

The present study examined whether prosocial reasons to comply with anti-COVID measures were related to pro-environmental behaviours (PEB), as both have in common that they were/are mostly performed to help others. We investigated two mediating psychological mechanisms: perceived interdependencies between the self and others, and reduced climate change psychological distance. Latent class analyses applied to data from an online study conducted in France, Switzerland, the UK, and Spain (Ntot = 967) revealed five different ‘environmental’ profiles. Path models showed that prosocial reasons for complying with anti-COVID measures were related to the most congruent profiles (the ‘strongly committed’, frequent PEB/strong pro-environmental intentions, and the ‘strongly disengaged’, infrequent PEB/low intentions) through a reduced vs. heightened psychological distance of climate change. Prosocial reasons were not related to the three other profiles. However, a reduced vs. heightened psychological distance between COVID-19 and the self was related to perceived interdependencies, which were then related to the two most incongruent profiles: the ‘well-meaning’ and the ‘committed to private PEB’. We discuss these results to the extent that they inform on (a) the relevance of using a profile-approach, (b) the way to measure the psychological distance of different global crises, and (c) the relevance of pursuing research on perceived interdependencies as predictors of PEB.

Mapping emotional responses across the individual moral system in Social Network ethical public communication. A quasi-experimental study

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Social networks are meant to be environments of interconnection, but nowadays are emotionally charged and fuelled by polarizing dynamics, particularly on ethical issues. What appear to be overlooked are the moral motivational systems that can moderate emotional responses prompted by the communicative online content. Based on the individual Moral Foundations, namely Care, Fairness, Loyalty, Authority, and Purity (Graham et al., 2008), this quasi-experimental study aims to understand how certain online public messages structured through different moral framings affect distinct emotions. We explored with a sample of adult participants (N=306, F=58.5%) the different emotional responses after the presentation of posts on immigrants' reception in Italy, simulating interactions in an online context through three different framings: the first focused on the safety, the second on the relevance of help, and a neutral message. The results confirm distinct emotional responses according to different frames and within individual moral systems and political orientation. https://medialnistudia.fsv.cuni.cz/front.file/download?file=medialni_studia_3_2022_4.pdf

Leading with a cool head and a warm heart: trait-based leadership resources linked to task performance, perceived stress, and work engagement

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2022
CURR PSYCHOL

Leaders of today need to achieve well in terms of task performance, perceiving low stress, and having high levels of work engagement. One may ask whether trait-based leadership resource factors can be identified and how such resource factors might relate to task performance, perceived stress, and work engagement. Our aim was to test the hypothesis, derived from Hobfoll’s motivational Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, that there are trait-based leadership resource factors, which are differentially correlated to the leaders’ task performance, perceived stress, and work engagement. Leaders (N = 344) aged from 23 to 65 years (M = 49, SD = 8.6; 58% women) completed an online questionnaire including measures of task performance, perceived stress, work engagement, personality traits, trait emotional intelligence, empathy, performance-related self-esteem, compassionate and rational leadership competence, and coping resources for stress. Using exploratory factor analysis, we identified four trait-based leadership resource factors. With Bonferroni adjustment, and controlling for sex, age, number of years in the current managerial position, self-deceptive enhancement, and impression management, only Rational Mastery was significantly positively correlated with task performance. Rational Mastery, Efficient Coping, and Modesty were negatively correlated with perceived stress, and all factors except Modesty, but including the fourth (Good-Heartedness) were positively correlated with work engagement. Organizations striving for sustainable work conditions should support trait-based leadership, which depends not only on a task-oriented resource such as rational mastery, but also on human-oriented resources such as efficient coping, modesty, and good-heartedness, all of them being differentially related to task performance, perceived stress, and work engagement.

Need satisfied teachers adopt a motivating style: The mediation of teacher enthusiasm

Article

Oct 2022
LEARN INDIVID DIFFER

Teachers' basic psychological need satisfaction or frustration are associated with their tendency to adopt a motivating or demotivating teaching style. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. This study examined the role played by teachers' experienced and displayed enthusiasm. Three hundred forty-one high school teachers filled in self-report questionnaires to assess basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration, experienced and displayed enthusiasm, and adoption of (de)motivating teaching styles. The results showed that experienced but not displayed enthusiasm mediated the relationship between teachers' need satisfaction and their tendency to adopt autonomy-supportive and structuring styles, and between teachers' need frustration and their tendency to adopt a chaotic style. The discussion focuses on the theoretical and practical implications.

Exploring the circumplex model of motivating and demotivating teaching styles: The role of teacher need satisfaction and need frustration

Article

Oct 2022
TEACH TEACH EDUC

This study explored the relationships between teacher satisfaction/frustration of the three basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, and adoption of motivating and demotivating teaching styles. Nine hundred and forty-nine Italian teachers filled in self-report questionnaires. The results showed that competence and relatedness satisfaction were associated with the participative, attuning, guiding, and clarifying motivating subareas. Although competence frustration was associated with all the demotivating subareas, relatedness frustration was only associated with the domineering and abandoning subareas. Autonomy frustration was associated with the demanding, domineering, and awaiting subareas. The theoretical and practical implications for fostering teachers' motivating style are discussed.

Biospheric Values Predict Ecological Cooperation in a Commons Dilemma Scenario

Article

Jun 2022

In ecological commons dilemma research, environmental values tend to be treated as a monolith. However, environmental values vary and they do not equally predict proenvironmental behavior. In this study, we investigated the impact of three kinds of proenvironmental values (egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric) on competitive and cooperative behavior in a hypothetical ecological commons dilemma scenario. Two hundred Canadian undergraduate students completed an online survey assessing proenvironmental value orientation and commons dilemma decision-making tendencies. In line with our hypothesis, controlling for demographic characteristics (e.g., gender) and key facets of social desirability (e.g., impression management), egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values positively predicted competition, altruistic cooperation, and ecological cooperation, respectively, within the commons dilemma. Results show that to promote the sustainable consumption of shared ecological resources, it is prudent for educators, environmental managers, and policy makers to encourage the expression of biospheric values.

Kinematic and neuromuscular measures of intensity during drop jumps in female volleyball players.

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

The aim of this study was to assess drop jump (DJ) performance variables (jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index) concomitant to surface electromyography (sEMG) of lower limb muscles during DJs from different drop heights (intensities). The eccentric and concentric phase sEMG from the gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, and vastus medialis muscles were assessed during all tests, with sEMG activity normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). In a cross-sectional, study, 10 amateur female volleyball players (age 22.1 years; body mass 72.9 kg; height 1.70 m) completed DJs from six heights [15–90 cm (DJ15 to DJ90)]. During DJs there was no jump-target box to rebound on to. Results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the jump height, contact time, and reactive strength index were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between drop heights. Mean biceps femoris eccentric and concentric sEMG ranged from 27 to 50%, although without significant differences between drop heights. Mean gastrocnemius medialis eccentric and concentric sEMG remained relatively constant (60–80% MVIC) across DJs heights, although eccentric values reached 90–120% MVIC from DJ75 to DJ90. Mean variations of 50–100% MVIC for eccentric and 50–70% MVIC for concentric sEMG activations were observed in the vastus medialis across DJs heights. The biceps femoris eccentric/concentric sEMG ratio during DJ45 (i.e., 1.0) was lower (p = 0.03) compared to the ratio observed after DJ90 (i.e., 3.2). The gastrocnemius medialis and vastus medialis eccentric/concentric sEMG ratio were not significantly different between drop heights. In conclusion, jumping performance and most neuromuscular markers were not sensitive to DJ height (intensity) in amateur female volleyball athletes.

Training Methodology: A Multidimensional Approach For Team Sports

Book

Full-text available

Mar 2022

The theory and methodology of training combine different factors that support the coach’s intervention for maximizing the athlete’s performance. Among these factors can be included the testing and monitoring, the definition of targets and structure of intervention, the planning, and the intervention itself or in a larger concept a hybrid model factor supporting performance as recovery strategies, psychological interventions, nutrition, or supplementation. Since performance is multidimensional, it seems interesting to look for this issue from a different perspective, namely considering interaction among factors and providing reports about those interactions. This was the main rationale for supporting the opening of this Frontiers topic. Overall, we have published 12 articles in our topic. Different approaches were received, as expected. Although the range of topics of research, it was obvious two major areas in which the articles were focused: (i) routes for integrating psychology into the sports training methodology; and (ii) testing and Monitoring into the sports training methodology. Among those included in the “routes for integrating psychology into the sports training methodology,” it was observed articles were more related with a description of psychological factors, while others were more focused on identifying how to use training interventions by using the psychology background. Regarding the articles related to testing and monitoring, it was obvious a specific concern in quantifying and qualifying the training intensities and the wellbeing of athletes across the season. Additionally, the characterization of specific exercises, tasks, or interventions was also focused on. Considering the interest of evidence presented in our topic, following the readers can briefly overview the multitude of topics and the main findings reported in the included articles.

Lessons From Special Forces Operators for Elite Team Sports Training: How to Make the Whole Greater Than the Sum of the Parts

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

This methodology paper describes the design of a holistic and multidisciplinary human performance program within the Belgian Special Forces Group, the Tier 1 Special Operations unit of the Belgian Defense. Performance management approaches in the military draw heavily on sports science. The key component of the program design described here is its integrative nature, which team sports training might benefit from. The basic rationale behind the program was to bridge several gaps: the gap between physical and mental training; the gap between the curative or preventive medical approach and the performance enhancement approach; and the gap between individual and team training. To achieve this goal, the methodology of Intervention Mapping was applied, and a multidisciplinary team of training and care professionals was constituted with operational stakeholders. This was the first step in the program design. The second step took a year, and consisted of formal and informal consultations, participant observations and task analyses. These two first stages and their conclusions are described in the Method section. The Results section covers the next two stages (three and four) of the process, which aimed at defining the content of the program; and to test a pilot project implementation. The third stage encompassed the choice of the most relevant assessment and intervention tools for the target population, within each area of expertise. This is described extensively, to allow for replication. The fourth and last stage was to “test drive” the real-life integration and implementation of the whole program at the scale of a single team (8 individuals). For obvious confidentiality reasons, the content data will not be reported extensively here. Implications for wider-scale implementation and tie-back to sports team training are presented.

On the predictors of pro-environmental behaviors: Integrating personal values and the 2-MEV among secondary school students in Tanzania

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2022

The role of personal values in understanding pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors has received considerable attention from psychological researchers. However, little is known about the mutual interaction of personal values and the Theory of Ecological Attitudes (2-MEV) in explaining pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs). To explore the mediating factors with which pro-environmental behaviors are explained via environmental attitudes and personal values, this article reports the study findings from secondary school students. Specifically, the article indicates the extent to which a unified model of personal values and the Theory of Ecological Attitudes (2-MEV) explain self-reported PEBs. The cross-cultural validity of the 2-MEV for measuring environmental attitudes (EA) among the selected respondents is as well investigated. A cross-sectional survey of 408 secondary school students was used for data collection. As expected, principal component analysis with a varimax rotation confirmed the two-factor structure of the 2-MEV measuring EA with two uncorrelated factors of Preservation and Utilization. Interestingly, multiple regression analyses indicated that a combined model of personal values and the 2-MEV provides a more explained variance of self-reported PEBs compared to when any of the two predicators is used independently. Overall, altruistic value provides the largest predictive power over egoistic and biospheric values in mediating EA. In turn, the general model that includes personal values and the 2-MEV indicates that Preservation makes the largest and unique contribution in explaining recycling, biodiversity protection, environmental activism, and general PEBs. Conversely, the Utilization factor provides the largest negative explained variance for management of environmental pollution behavior. These findings remain unaltered even when the age of respondents and social desirability responding are statistically controlled. The implications regarding these study findings are discussed.

Measuring social desirability bias: Do the full and short versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale matter?

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
J EMPIR RES HUM RES

Given the sensitive nature of ethics research, the presence of social desirability bias (SDB) threatens the validity of research findings. As ethics studies often overlook this bias, we aimed to provide evidence that SDB varies across individual and situational factors. We thus investigated the influence of socio-demographic factors and survey modes on SDB. A total of 348 working adults were randomly chosen to participate in either an on-line or off-line survey containing eight versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (MCSD) scale. The reliabilities for the eight versions ranged from 0.35 to 0.81. Statistical tests revealed that different socio-demographic factors influence different versions of the MCSD scale. The results also showed that using on-line surveys minimizes SDB. This study provides practical implications and suggestions for future research.

Conceptualizing Parenting Wisdom: Scale Development and Validation

Article

Sep 2021

This paper introduces the construct of parenting wisdom and describes the development and preliminary validation of the Parenting Wisdom Scale (PWS), a new instrument designed to measure the construct. In a first study, a preliminary version of the PWS was developed and administered to a sample of 137 parents in Greece. The final version of the scale demonstrated the predicted four-factor solution and good internal consistency for the total and subscale scores. PWS correlated in expected ways with the convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity measures. In a second replication study, the above findings were cross-validated with an independent sample of 312 parents. In total, results are encouraging and seem to support the usefulness of the PWS to assess parenting wisdom.

Dealing with Socially Responsible Consumers: Studies in Marketing

Book

Dec 2021

Jishnu Bhattacharyya

ГРУПОВИ И ИНДИВИДУАЛНИ ПРОЕКЦИИ НА СИЛНИ И СЛАБИ ЧЕРТИ. Значението им за благополучието, нуждата от одобрение и фалшивото себепредставяне. [GROUP AND PERSONAL PROJECTIONS OF A STRONG AND WEAK PERSONALITY TRAITS. Their significance about well-being, need of approval and false impression.]

Preprint

Mar 2021

Krasen Georgiev Ferdinandov

Резюме: В статията се представят резултати от ретест процедура на Личностен въпросник за DSM–5 – кратка форма (PID–5–BF, Krueger et al., 2013) с две случайни извадки. В първото изследване извадката се състои се от 10 – 18 годишни ученици в Софийска математическа гимназия, докато във втората извадка са участвали български граждани на възраст от 9 до 59 години от столицата и страната. Целта на изследването е да се удостовери повторно точността и чувствителността на скрийнинга след като са внесени корекции във формулировките на три твърдения. Бяха удостоверени някои от публикуваните ключови показатели за надеждност и валидност на скалите от PID–5–BF. Самооценъчната методика демонстрира високи нива на консистентност, а с получените данни при проучвателен факторен анализ почти напълно се потвърждава структурата на показателите. Също така се посочват и нови находки, които допринасят за разширяване номологичната мрежа от възможни съпътстващи психологически мерки за личностни аспекти, което определя обхвата и достоверността на въпросника. Проверени са редица предположения за взаимосвързаност между показателите за дезадаптивни и адаптивни черти. Нивото на взаимовръзки между показателите очертава и уточнява значението им за по–цялостна оценка на поведенческата адаптация. Представен е модел за профилиране на два случая на участници в консултативна практика през периода между втората и третата вълна на разпространение на Sars-Cov-2. [Abstract: The current article presents the results of the re–test procedure applied to Personality Inventory for DSM–5 Brief Form (PID–5–BF, Krueger et al., 2013) with two random samples. The first sample consists undergraduate students of the Sofia High School of Mathematics at 10 to 18 years old, while the second sample is consisted of Bulgarian citizens aged at 9 to 59 years old. The aim of the study is to reconfirm the accuracy, bandwith and sensitivity of the inventory after wording adjustments of three statements that have been made to. Some of the already published key correlates of PID–5–BF indicators were attested. The self–assessment measures demonstrates high levels of consistency, and the latent structure of the indicators is almost completely confirmed by the data obtained in the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. New findings are also contribute to the nomological network extension process and the breadth and fidelity of measurements are confirmed. During the analysis was found that some of the expected adjustment and dysfunctional traits are moderately to strongly interrelated. A useful profiling model of two participants’ cases considering the psychological counseling of level of behavioral and emotional disfunctions experienced during the period of second and third Sars-Cov-2 spreading.]

Self-compassionate teachers are more autonomy supportive and structuring whereas self-derogating teachers are more controlling and chaotic: The mediating role of need satisfaction and burnout

Article

Nov 2020
TEACH TEACH EDUC

This study examined whether teacher self-compassion can lead to adoption of autonomy supportive and structuring motivating styles rather than de-motivating controlling and chaotic styles. Teacher psychological need satisfaction and burnout were considered as possible mediators. Self-report questionnaires assessing self-compassion, need satisfaction, burnout and use of (de)motivating teaching styles were completed by 318 teachers. The results showed that the more teachers rated themselves as self-compassionate, the higher their need satisfaction, personal accomplishment and use of autonomy-supportive and structuring motivating styles. The higher the teachers’ tendency to self-derogate, the higher their need frustration, burnout and use of controlling and chaotic motivating styles.

The #MeTooLate Effect: Victim blame and trust denial for sexual harassment not immediately reported

Article

Dec 2020
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Since 2017, the year in which the #MeToo movement burst into the spotlight, many women voiced their experiences with sexual predation. Although many people support the movement, others have questioned the credibility of women who report sexual harassment, particularly if they report their experience a long time after it occurred. The present study tackles two questions. First, is there a difference in people's reactions to harassed women depending on when they report the harassment? Second, can three moderators—political ideology, benevolent sexism, and infrahumanization—partially explain skepticism toward women who report harassment after a long delay? In an experimental study, participants (N = 163) were exposed to four scenarios describing sexual harassment that was either reported immediately or after several years. According to the results, when women reported harassment after several years (vs. immediately), participants engaged in more victim blaming, trusted the victims less, and attributed less guilt to the perpetrators. We also found that right-wing political ideology, benevolent sexism, and infrahumanization exacerbated the effects of a reporting delay on judgments of victims. The present study sheds light on possible barriers to women's reporting of sexual harassment.

Linking grandiose and vulnerable narcissism to managerial work performance, through the lens of core personality traits and social desirability

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

While grandiose narcissism is well-studied, vulnerable narcissism remains largely unexplored in the workplace context. Our study aimed to compare grandiose and vulnerable narcissism among managers and people from the general population. Within the managerial sample, our objective was to examine how these traits diverge concerning core personality traits and socially desirable responses. Furthermore, we endeavored to explore their associations with individual managerial performance, encompassing task performance, contextual performance, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB). Involving a pool of managerial participants (N = 344), we found that compared to the general population, managers exhibited higher levels of grandiose narcissism and lower levels of vulnerable narcissism. While both narcissistic variants had a minimal correlation (r = .02) with each other, they differentially predicted work performance. Notably, grandiose narcissism did not significantly predict any work performance dimension, whereas vulnerable narcissism, along with neuroticism, predicted higher CWB and lower task performance. Conscientiousness emerged as the strongest predictor of task performance. This study suggests that organizations might not benefit from managers with vulnerable narcissism. Understanding these distinct narcissistic variants offers insights into their impacts on managerial performance in work settings.

Response bias in Likert-style psychological items – an example from a large-scale travel survey in China

Article

Jan 2024

Detecting Faking on Self-Report Measures Using the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

We compared three methods for scoring the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) to detect faked responses on self-report measures: (1) polytomous, (2) dichotomous emphasizing exaggerating endorsement of socially desirable behaviors, and (3) dichotomous emphasizing exaggerating denial of such behaviors. The results revealed that respondents on average were able to fake good or fake bad and that faking markedly affected score distributions, subscale score intercorrelations, and overall model fits. When using the Impression Management scale, polytomous and dichotomous exaggerated endorsement scoring were best for detecting faking good, whereas polytomous and dichotomous exaggerated denial scoring were best for detecting faking bad. When using the Self-Deceptive Enhancement scale, polytomous and dichotomous exaggerated endorsement scoring again were best for detecting faking good, but dichotomous exaggerated denial scoring was best for detecting faking bad. Percentages of correct classification of honest and faked responses for the most effective methods for any given scale ranged from 85% to 93%, with accuracy on average in detecting faking bad greater than in detecting faking good and greater when using the Impression Management than using the Self-Deceptive Enhancement scale for both types of faking. Overall, these results best support polytomous scoring of the BIDR Impression Management scale as the single most practical and efficient means to detect faking. Cut scores that maximized classification accuracy for all scales and scoring methods are provided for future use in screening for possible faking within situations in which relevant local data are unavailable.

The expression of driving anger in a sample of Italian drivers

Article

Aug 2023
TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF

“Standing Up for Earth Rights”: Awe-Inspiring Virtual Nature for Promoting Pro-Environmental Behaviors

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

Virtual nature exposure has emerged as an effective method for promoting pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, also due to the increased emotional connection with nature itself. However, the role played by complex emotions elicited by virtual nature, such as awe, needs to be fully elucidated. Awe is an emotion stemming from vast stimuli, including nature, and virtual reality (VR) emerged as an effective medium to elicit it. One hundred nineteen participants were exposed to either one of four VR environments: (a) an awe-inspiring virtual nature, (b) a non-natural awe-inspiring virtual scenario, (c) a non-awe-inspiring virtual nature, (d) a non-natural non-awe-inspiring scenario. Pro-environmental attitudes, intentions, discrete emotions, and affect were measured and compared across the different conditions. Two ad hoc tasks were developed to measure two pro-environmental behaviors after each VR exposure. Participants were invited to sign a real petition against plastic production, consumption, and in favor of plastic recycling (a personally engaging behavior), and to take flyers to spread the word on the petition to friends and acquaintances (a socially engaging behavior). Awe-inspiring virtual nature resulted in a significantly increased number of flyers taken by participants (vs. control). Disposition toward the protection of the environment, positive emotional affect, and condition significantly correlated with the number of flyers taken. These results indicated that awe-inspiring virtual nature can influence socially engaging pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors but not personally engaging ones.

Antecedent goals for concealable stigma disclosure: The ironic effects of compassion

Article

Mar 2023

Disclosure of a concealable stigmatized identity is perhaps one of the most difficult obstacles facing individuals who live with “discreditable” attributes. Although previous research suggests that antecedent goals, or the reasons why individuals disclose their stigma to others, have a fundamental influence on disclosure events and their subsequent outcomes, much of this work has focused on the perspective of the discloser, with little attention paid to the perspective of the confidant. The current experiment used the Actor‐Partner Interdependence Model to test the hypothesis that more salient compassionate, as opposed to self‐image‐focused, goals would be associated with more positive disclosure experiences, for both dyad members, as reflected in their self‐reports of improved affect, greater interpersonal closeness, reduced anticipated stigma, bolstered social support, and increased trust. Results indicated that, although focusing on compassionate goals during disclosure can foster feelings of interpersonal closeness and perceived trust, prioritizing the needs of one's confidant in conjunction with one's own needs may, at times, have ironic negative effects, including diminished positive affect. Overall, findings highlight the continued need to examine reciprocal influence processes in interpersonal disclosure contexts to better understand when, why, and for whom revealing a concealable stigma will yield benefit, rather than harm.

Are They Actually Sustainable? The Social Desirability Bias in Sustainable Consumption Surveys

Chapter

Dec 2022

Self-report survey is a convenient and widely used method to assess consumers’ sustainable consumption attitudes, intentions, or behaviors for scientific or practical purposes. However, responses given by participants to these surveys hold certain biases, and literature provides abundant evidence that social desirability bias (SDB) is one of the direst types of response bias. SDB is defined as the output of the tendency that makes respondents look favorable with regard to culturally derived norms and standards in test-taking situations. There are some contradicting results regarding the existence of SDB in sustainable consumption surveys. In this context, the present study’s main goal is to test the vulnerability of the pro-environmental intention measurements to SDB and reinforce the literature by providing empirical evidence about this bias. Besides, this study provides insight into the relative efficacy of several frequently used SDB scales. To achieve the purpose of this study, an experiment with a single-group pre-test, post-test design was conducted. Two survey applications with a one-month interval were implemented to 118 participants wherein anonymity was manipulated. The results revealed that the pro-environmental intention scale is vulnerable to SDB. In other words, respondents tend to overreport about their pro-environmental intentions, particularly in non-anonymous survey conditions. Moreover, it was found that distinct SDB scales have different levels of relationship with respective scales of sustainable consumption intention. It is expected that the results of this study highlight the need for considering SDB while using self-report measures for assessing sustainable consumption behaviors or attitudes.

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Krasen Georgiev Ferdinandov

ИЗКРИВЯВАНИЯ В ТОЧНОСТТА ПРИ САМООЦЕНКА [The Accuracy`s Distortions in Self-Assessment]

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Krasen Georgiev Ferdinandov

This article presents the results of two algorithms analysis to verify how clear and sound could be a particular personality self-assessment. The first algorithm validated the convergence between different multidimensional personality constructs by applying the nomological network method. Central network criteria are betweenness, centrality degree, and extended influence at the matrix. On the other hand, a parallel hierarchical cluster analysis specifies the proximity between personality measures divided into two types of “strengths” and “weaknesses”. The second analytic algorithm applied is focused on socially desirability biases. By classifying twelve groups with results that are below, fit to or are above the normal distribution (M ± 1SD) compared to K-means centering coefficients two types of ranges were investigated using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) parameters. This method was applied to assess the probability of false-positive/false-negative measurement errors. The ecological validation of the ROC analysis is also elaborated by considering “vignettes” of the eight high-schoolers that took part in the experimental self-assessment. Their final SDR scores and the measurement error risk was distributed helping evaluate the probability rate results to be overly self-enhancing or misleading

A Deep Dive Into Compassion

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
EUR J PSYCHOL ASSESS

The present multi-sample study (N = 723) explores in depth the construct of dispositional compassion and its assessment, relying on two recent multidimensional scales: the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scale – toward Others (SOCS-O; Gu et al., 2020) and the Compassion Scale (CS; Pommier et al., 2020). First, we validated the two scales in Italian, finding substantial support for their original factor structures and second-order solutions aggregating first-order factors into a general dispositional compassion factor. Second, we tested the simultaneous links between SOCS-O and CS facets via network analysis to identify which facets stand at the core of dispositional compassion or are more distal. Kindness (CS) and Feeling (SOCS-O) facets were more central components of compassion, leaning on the ability to tune in to (CS Mindfulness) and understand others’ pain (SOCS-O Universality) and connected to the urge to alleviate that pain (SOCS-O Acting). Third, we explored the nomological net of correlates of dispositional compassion and examined the differences between the SOCS-O and the CS in their relationship with the correlates. Results supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales and showed that the SOCS-O, compared to the CS, may capture some emotionally aversive sides of compassion.

Development and preliminary validation of the moral authorship questionnaire

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022
Learn Environ Res

Abstract Background When novice teachers start working in a school, it is vital that they are aware of the moral aspects of the work environment and can use their moral abilities to make their work not only successful, but also right. To map these moral abilities, we developed the Moral Authorship Questionnaire for self-assessment. Objective: This paper reports the initial test of the structural validity and reliability of the developed self-assessment questionnaire. Setting: Dutch student teachers, novice teachers and more-experienced teachers in primary and secondary education participated in this research. Method: To test the psychometric qualities of the attitude scales, we used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Pearson correlations. Results: The initial test resulted in reliable and valid subscales consisting of 69 Likert items in the renewed questionnaire. Next, the Pearson correlation between the subscales was calculated. Finally, the Pearson correlations between the domains were calculated to validate the construct of Moral Authorship. Conclusion: The test results show that the six tasks of moral authorship can be measured using Likert items. The questionnaire can be used as a tool for self-assessment and reflection on one’s moral abilities in one’s professional learning environment. Further testing to adjust the questionnaire is needed to improve the personal moral authorship profile, or ‘the moral selfie’.

Development and validation of the feminist social identity scale

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
CURR PSYCHOL

Feminist identity is a multidimensional construct, associated with significant physical and psychological outcomes. Despite this, it has previously been largely conceptualised and measured as unidimensional. To address this limitation, we developed a multidimensional measure of feminist identity using the framework of social identity theory. A total of 1493 respondents (81.8% women, 16.6% men, 1.5% other genders) aged between 18 and 75 years (M= 31.55, SD=11.37) completed an online survey. Following Confirmatory Factor Analysis, expert evaluation (N = 21), and testing of the model in a separate sample (N= 504), the Feminist Social Identity Scale (FSIS) was created. The FSIS is comprised of 36-items which measure feminist identity across 12 subscales and has excellent internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity indices. Latent Class Analysis revealed that the FSIS successfully distinguishes between different levels of feminist identity. The FSIS will aid future researchers to examine feminist identity as a multidimensional construct, avoiding the limitations of single construct measures.

Deceptive Dynamics in Drug Addiction and Their Role in Control Beliefs and Health Status Reporting: A Study on People With Substance Use Disorder in Treatment

Article

Oct 2019

Andrea Caputo

This study aims at exploring deceptive dynamics (i.e., impression management [IM], self-deception, and emotional manipulation [EM]) and their role in control beliefs and health status reporting in a sample of people treated for substance use disorder. Seventy-eight participants following drug rehabilitation treatment were recruited, who provided background information and completed measures of social desirability responding, EM, locus of control, and health-related status. Moderated-regression analyses and t tests were performed. The results highlight that self-deception is associated with not reporting the use of secondary substances and being in treatment for a shorter time period. IM appears as the main deceptive tendency able to account for internal control beliefs and better mental health. Some interaction effects emerge among the examined deceptive tendencies, which suggest to deepen the role of EM as a risk factor for drug relapse and treatment success.

The role of self-deceptive enhancement and impression management in adolescents’ self-reported attitudes toward drinking, willingness to drink and risky alcohol consumption

Article

Aug 2020

Andrea Caputo

Objective This study focuses on self-deceptive enhancement (SDE) and impression management (IM) as socially desirable responding tendencies influencing adolescents’ self-reported measures of alcohol consumption. Specifically, it aims at examining their associations with basic demographics (gender, age, and socio-economic status) and drinking attitudes and behaviors, as well as testing potential interaction effects on risky use. Methods One hundred and sixty Italian students (45.6% females), 13–17 aged (M = 14.82, SD = 1.11), completed basic demographics and measures of social desirability responding, attitudes toward drinking, willingness to drink, and risky alcohol consumption. Pearson’s correlations, T-tests and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results SDE and IM are not associated with basic demographics. Overall, IM is associated with attitudes toward drinking, willingness to drink, and risky alcohol consumption, while no association is found for self-deception. Some interaction effects emerge showing that the problem of underreporting affects especially impression managers with more positive attitudes toward drinking. Instead, self-deceivers who are more prone to drinking could inflate their consumption levels. Conclusion This study can expand our understanding of the underlying processes involved in socially desirable responding, which could allow the development of effective strategies to minimize measurement biases in assessing hazardous drinking in adolescent samples.

La desiderabilità sociale. Un’analisi di forme brevi della scala di Marlowe e Crowne [Social Desirability. An analysis of short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale].

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2000

One of the most frequently studied response biases is socially desirable responding, that is the tendency for people to respond to personality test and questionnaire items in a manner that consistently presents the self in a favorable light. The 33-item Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS) is the most widely used scale to measure social desirability; a practical difficulty with MC-SDS is its length. The present study aims to examine psychometric characteristics of short forms of MC-SDS proposed in literature. Participants are 421 university students who filled out a self-administered questionnaire. The sample has been split into two sub-samples: calibration and validation sample. In the calibration sample, fourteen short forms of MC-SDS are examined using confirmatory factor analysis. The selected form was cross-validated through the multisample approach. The analyses allow a selection of a 9-item form, which fits well to the hypothesized unidimensional model; the reliability is acceptable. However, future research is necessary to be able to examine more closely the validity of this new form, that due its shortness is easy and fast to apply. / Uno dei response bias più studiati è quello della desiderabilità sociale, cioè la tendenza delle persone a rispondere ai test di personalità e ai questionari in modo da presentarsi sotto una luce favorevole. La Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS), composta di trentatrè item è lo strumento più frequentemente usato per la sua rilevazione; la lunghezza di tale scala tuttavia costituisce un problema in molte applicazioni. Scopo del presente lavoro è esaminare le proprietà metriche delle forme brevi della scala che sono siate proposte in letteratura. Hanno partecipato alla ricerca un gruppo di 421 studenti universitari, che hanno compilato un questionario autosomministrato. I partecipanti sono stati divisi in due gruppi: calibration e validation sample. Mediante analisi fattoriale confermativa sono state esaminate, nel campione esplorativo (calibration), quattordici forme brevi reperite in letteratura. La forma breve scelta è stata testata anche sul gruppo di convalida seguendo la procedura multi-sample. Le analisi hanno consentito di selezionare una forma di nove item, che presenta un buon adattamento al modello monodimensionale ipotizzato e attendibilità accettabile. Altre ricerche sono tuttavia necessarie per approfondire l'esame della validità di questa nuova forma, che per la sua brevità risulta di facile e rapida applicazione.

Looking good or being good? The role of social desirability tendencies in student perceptions of institutional mission and values

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2005
Coll Student J

Measures in Health Psychology: A User's Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1995

Confidence Intervals About Score Reliability Coefficients, Please: An EPM Guidelines Editorial

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2001
EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS

Confidence intervals for reliability coefficients can be estimated in various ways. The present article illustrates a variety of these applications. This guidelines editorial also promulgates a request that EPM authors report confidence intervals for reliability estimates whenever they report score reliabilities and note what interval estimation methods they have used. This will reinforce reader understanding that all statistical estimates, including those for score reliability, are affected by sampling error variance. And these requirements may also facilitate understanding that tests are not impregnated with invariant reliability as a routine part of printing.

Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures

Article

Full-text available

May 2003

For structural equation models, a huge variety of fit indices has been developed. These indices, however, can point to conflicting conclusions about the extent to which a model actually matches the observed data. The present article provides some guide-lines that should help applied researchers to evaluate the adequacy of a given struc-tural equation model. First, as goodness-of-fit measures depend on the method used for parameter estimation, maximum likelihood (ML) and weighted least squares (WLS) methods are introduced in the context of structural equation modeling. Then, the most common goodness-of-fit indices are discussed and some recommendations for practitioners given. Finally, we generated an artificial data set according to a "true" model and analyzed two misspecified and two correctly specified models as examples of poor model fit, adequate fit, and good fit. In structural equation modeling (SEM), a model is said to fit the observed data to the extent that the model-implied covariance matrix is equivalent to the empirical co-variance matrix. Once a model has been specified and the empirical covariance matrix is given, a method has to be selected for parameter estimation. Different estimation meth-ods have different distributional assumptions and have different discrepancy functions to be minimized. When the estimation procedure has converged to a reasonable

An Alienation Test

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1979

Measurement and Control of Response Bias

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1991

Delroy Paulhus

Activism and Powerful Others: Distinctions Within the Concept of Internal-External Control

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1974

Hanna Levenson

Some studies report that activists are Internals, while others claim they are Externals, holding a belief in chance, fate, and powerful others. Three new scales were constructed in order to measure belief in chance (C) as separate from expectancy for control by powerful others (P), and perceived mastery over one's personal life (I). Two studies are reported. (1.) As predicted, responses from 96 adults indicated that only a belief in chance was differentially related to involvement and information on anti-pollution activities. (2.) In factor analyzing the responses of 329 college males to the 24 items of the new scales, three main factors were identified — I, P, and C. The validity and usefulness of the tripartite division in clarifying past findings regarding the multidimensionality of I-E were discussed.

Translating Tests

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1996

With the increasing interest in cross-cultural research, there is a growing need for standard and validated practices for translating psychological instruments. Developing a psychologically acceptable instrument for another cultural group almost always requires more effort than a literal translation, which all too often is the common practice. The adequacy of translations can be threatened by various sources of bias. Three types of bias are distinguished in this paper: (1) construct bias (related to nonequivalence of constructs across cultural groups), (2) method bias (resulting from instrument administration problems), and (3) item bias (often a result of inadequate translations such as incorrect word choice). Ways in which bias can affect the adequacy of instruments are illustrated and possible remedies are discussed.

Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlow–Crowne Social Desirability Scale

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1982

William Reynolds

Developed from 608 undergraduates' responses to the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, (MCSDS) 3 short forms of 11, 12, and 13 items. The psychometric characteristics of these forms and 3 other short forms developed by R. Strahan and K. C. Gerbasi (see record 1973-28133-001) were investigated. Internal consistency reliability, item factor loadings, short form with MCSDS total scale correlations, and correlations between MCSDS short forms and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale were conducted. Results indicate that the 13-item short form can be used as a viable substitute for the regular 33-item MCSDS. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Beneficial Impression Management: Strategically Controlling Information to Help Friends

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1999

It was hypothesized that people will strategically regulate information about the identities of friends to help them create desired impressions on audiences. Experiment 1 demonstrated that participants described a friend consistently with the qualities preferred by an attractive, opposite-sex individual but inconsistently with the qualities preferred by an unattractive, opposite-sex individual. Experiment 2 showed that a friend who had a high social need to make a good impression on an interviewer was described more positively than a friend who did not have such a need or a stranger regardless of social need. Impression management to benefit friends by promoting and protecting their desired identities may be one of the more common and pleasant forms of help giving in everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Value priorities and social desirability: Much substance, some style

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2011
BRIT J SOC PSYCHOL

Associations of value priorities with socially desirable responding (SD) might be due to a stylistic bias that distorts self-reported value ratings or to a substantive relationship between valued goals and needs. We hypothesize that, as a stylistic bias, SD would increase (a) the importance people attribute to values in general and (b) lead people to match own value ratings to those of importance in their social environment. As a substantive variable, SD would correlate positively with value types that emphasize social harmony (conformity, security, benevolence, tradition) and negatively with value types that challenge social conventions and harmony (hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, achievement, power). In separate studies, 207 Israeli adults and 131 Finnish social work students completed the Marlow—Crowne SD scale and a value survey. Both studies supported the substantive hypotheses. There was weak evidence for the first stylistic hypothesis, but none for the second.

The Future of Social-Desirability Bias Research

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2000
PSYCHOL MARKET

Robert J Fisher

Internal and External Validity of Scores on the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding and the Paulhus Deception Scales

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2007
EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS

The internal and external validity of scores on the two-scale Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) and its recent revision, the Paulhus Deception Scales (PDS), developed to measure two facets of social desirability, were studied with three groups of forensic clients and two groups of college undergraduates (total N ¼ 519). The two scales were statistically significantly related in all groups and for both versions of the inventory. A two-factor congeneric, orthogonal measurement model was rejected for all groups. However, a two-factor model that allowed cross-loadings among the items and correlation between the factors provided adequate fit. Concurrent validity data showed scores on both the Impression Management and Self-Deceptive Enhance-ment (SDE) scales to be satisfactory measures of their respective constructs and also of general social desirability, for both forensic clients and undergraduates. An exception was found in lower validity correlates for scores on the SDE scale in the PDS form. T his article concerns the equivalence of scores on the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR); its revision, the Paulhus Deception Scales (PDS); and the applicability of each to forensic populations. The BIDR is a 40-item, two-scale inventory developed by Delroy Paulhus (1984, 1986, 1994) based on college student responses to assess the dimensions of a two-factor model of social desirability. This work was based on the earlier work of Sackeim and Gur (1978), who had proposed the division of the traditional social desirability concept into ''other'' (or conscious) deception and ''self'' (or unconscious) deception.

SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2012

Brian P. O’Connor

Popular statistical software packages do not have the proper procedures for determining the number of components in factor and principal components analyses. Parallel analysis and Velicer’s minimum average partial (MAP) test are validated procedures, recommended widely by statisticians. However, many researchers continue to use alternative, simpler, but flawed procedures, such as the eigenvaluesgreater-than-one rule. Use of the proper procedures might be increased if these procedures could be conducted within familiar software environments. This paper describes brief and efficient programs for using SPSS and SAS to conduct parallel analyses and the MAP test.

The construct of social desirability: One or two dimensions?

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2003
PERS INDIV DIFFER

The construct of social desirability continues to be controversial, even though it was introduced over 50 years ago. Recent work has emphasized two dimensions of social desirability: self-deception and impression management. Other research has continued to regard social desirability as a unitary construct. Here we test the one- and two-dimensional models of social desirability within a nomological network of related psychological constructs. Results of a preliminary factor analysis of the responses of 202 university undergraduates were ambiguous in that both one- and two-dimensional solutions were plausible. There was even some support for a three-dimensional structure. The results in all solutions, however, did not correspond to the expected distinction of self-deception from impression management. Further theoretical developments and improved measurement instruments are clearly required.

Evaluating the use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in psychological research

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1999
PSYCHOL METHODS

Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed.

Education and Social Desirability Bias: The Case of a Black Presidential Candidate

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2009
SOC SCI QUART

Objective. Survey research consistently reports a positive association between educational attainment and socially tolerant attitudes, but critics hold that respondents with high levels of education may simply purport to hold attitudes seen as socially desirable. In this article, we seek to adjudicate between the claim that the association between education and social tolerance is simply an artifact of sophisticated social desirability reporting on the part of well-educated respondents and the competing theory that education has a real impact on increasing forms of social tolerance. Methods. Using support for a black presidential candidate as our measure of social tolerance, we utilize an innovative online list experiment to test whether high levels of support are inflated because of social desirability reporting among the educational elite. Results. We find no evidence of systematic overreporting of support for a black presidential candidate among respondents with high levels of education, and note that social desirability bias declines as educational attainment increases. Conclusions. This research bolsters arguments about the liberalizing effect of education on socially tolerant attitudes, and challenges evidence that attributes this relationship to high levels of social desirability bias.

Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1985

This article describes a scale measuring dispositional optimism, defined in terms of generalized outcome expectancies. Two preliminary studies assessed the scale's psychometric properties and its relationships with several other instruments. The scale was then used in a longitudinal study of symptom reporting among a group of undergraduates. Specifically, respondents were asked to complete three questionnaires 4 weeks before the end of a semester. Included in the questionnaire battery was the measure of optimism, a measure of private self-consciousness, and a 39-item physical symptom checklist. Subjects completed the same set of questionnaires again on the last day of class. Consistent with predictions, subjects who initially reported being highly optimistic were subsequently less likely to report being bothered by symptoms (even after correcting for initial symptom-report levels) than were subjects who initially reported being less optimistic. This effect tended to be stronger among persons high in private self-consciousness than among those lower in private self-consciousness. Discussion centers on other health related applications of the optimism scale, and the relationships between our theoretical orientation and several related theories.

Development and Validation of the State Hope Scale

Article

Full-text available

Feb 1996

Defining hope as a cognitive set comprising agency (belief in one's capacity to initiate and sustain actions) and pathways (belief in one's capacity to generate routes) to reach goals, the Hope Scale was developed and validated previously as a dispositional self-report measure of hope (Snyder et al., 1991). The present 4 studies were designed to develop and validate a measure of state hope. The 6-item State Hope Scale is internally consistent and reflects the theorized agency and pathways components. The relationships of the State Hope Scale to other measures demonstrate concurrent and discriminant validity; moreover, the scale is responsive to events in the lives of people as evidenced by data gathered through both correlational and causal designs. The State Hope Scale offers a brief, internally consistent, and valid self-report measure of ongoing goal-directed thinking that may be useful to researchers and applied professionals.

Interpersonal and Intrapsychic Adaptiveness of Trait Self-Enhancement: A Mixed Blessing?

Article

Full-text available

May 1998

Delroy Paulhus

Reactions to trait self-enhancers were investigated in 2 longitudinal studies of person perception in discussion groups. Groups of 4-6 participants met 7 times for 20 min. After Meetings 1 and 7, group members rated their perceptions of one another. In Study 1, trait self-enhancement was indexed by measures of narcissism and self-deceptive enhancement. At the first meeting, self-enhancers made positive impressions. They were seen as agreeable, well adjusted, and competent. After 7 weeks, however, they were rated negatively and gave self-evaluations discrepant with peer evaluations they received. In Study 2, an independent sample of observers (close acquaintances) enabled a pretest index of discrepancy self-enhancement: It predicted the same deteriorating pattern of interpersonal perceptions as the other three trait measures. Nonetheless, all self-enhancement measures correlated positively with self-esteem.

Comparing Continuous and Dichotomous Scoring of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2002
J PERS ASSESS

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR; Paulhus, 1994) is a widely used instrument to measure the 2 components of social desirability: self-deceptive enhancement and impression management. With respect to scoring of the BIDR, Paulhus (1994) authorized 2 methods, namely continuous scoring (all answers on the continuous answer scale are counted) and dichotomous scoring (only extreme answers are counted). In this article, we report 3 studies with student samples, and continuous and dichotomous scoring of BIDR subscales are compared with respect to reliability, convergent validity, sensitivity to instructional variations, and correlations with personality. Across studies, the scores from continuous scoring (continuous scores) showed higher Cronbach's alphas than those from dichotomous scoring (dichotomous scores). Moreover, continuous scores showed higher convergent correlations with other measures of social desirability and more consistent effects with self-presentation instructions (fake-good vs. fake-bad instructions). Finally, continuous self-deceptive enhancement scores showed higher correlations with those traits of the Five-factor model for which substantial correlations were expected (i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness). Consequently, these findings indicate that continuous scoring may be preferable to dichotomous scoring when assessing socially desirable responding with the BIDR.

The Marlowe-Crowne Affair: Short Forms, Psychometric Structure, and Social Desirability

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2002

Steven D Barger

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) is widely used to assess and control for response bias in self-report research. Several abbreviated versions of the Marlowe-Crowne scale have been proposed and adopted in psychology and medicine. In this article I evaluate the adequacy of 9 short forms using confirmatory factor analysis across 2 samples (combined N = 867). There was some evidence for the adequacy of different short forms, but model adequacy was not consistent across samples. Supplementary analyses revealed a multidimensional structure to the full Marlowe-Crowne scale and indicated that the apparent adequacy of model fit for some short forms might be a statistical artifact. Using the Marlowe-Crowne scale or its various short forms as a control for response bias is discouraged on empirical and conceptual grounds.

The Over-Claiming Technique: Measuring Self-Enhancement Independent of Ability

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2003

Over-claiming is a concrete operalization of self-enhancement based on respondents' ratings of their knowledge of various persons, events, products, and so on. Because 20% of the items are nonexistent, responses can be analyzed with signal detection formulas to index both response bias (over-claiming) and accuracy (knowledge). Study 1 demonstrated convergence of over-claiming with alternative measures of self-enhancement but independence from cognitive ability. In Studies 2-3, the validity of the over-claiming index held even when respondents were (a) warned about the foils or (b) asked to fake good. Study 3 also showed the utility of the over-claiming index for diagnosing faking. In Study 4, the over-claiming technique was applied to the debate over the adaptive value of positive illusions.

A New Scale of Social Desirability Independent of Psychopathology

Article

Full-text available

Aug 1960
J Consult Psychol

A new social desirability scale was constructed and correlated with MMPI scales. Comparison was made with correlations of the Edwards Social Desirability scale. The new scale correlated highly with MMPI scales and supported the definition of social desirability. Ss need to respond in "culturally sanctioned ways."

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2003

Social Desirability and Self-Reports: Testing Models of Socially Desirable Responding

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2004

Thomas Holtgraves

The present research investigated the cognitive processes involved in responding to self-report items under varying conditions of social desirability. Participants in three experiments judged the extent to which a set of items (personality traits in Experiments 1 and 2; behaviors in Experiment 3) described them under instructions that either increased or decreased concerns with social desirability. Under most conditions, instructions that produced the greatest concern with social desirability resulted in the longest response times. This finding is consistent with the view that social desirability operates as an editing process; participants retrieve the requested information and then evaluate it before responding. There was also some evidence for individual differences in social desirability; participants scoring high on the trait of self-deception were generally faster at making these judgments than were participants scoring low on self-deception.

Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming

Book

Jan 1998

Barbara M. Byrne

Generalized Expectancies for Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement

Article

Jan 1966
Psychol Monogr

J.B. Rotter

Desiderabilità sociale e acquiescenza: Alcune trappole delle inchieste e dei sondaggi

Book

Jan 2003

Michele Roccato

Alienation and Anomie

Chapter

Dec 1991

Melvin Seeman

Converging Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism

Article

Jan 1998
J PERS SOC PSYCHOL

The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and emperically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4 constructs, HI, VI, HC, and VC, which were previously found in the United States, which has an individualist culture, also were found in Korea, which has a collectivist culture. Study 2 investigated multimethod-multitrait matrices measuring the constructs and generally supported their convergent and divergent validity. Study 3 showed how these 4 constructs relate to previously identified components by H. C. Triandis and colleagues. Study 4 showed the relationships of the measurement of the 4 constructs to some of the measures used by other researchers.

On the Personal Consequences of Alienation in Work

Article

Apr 1967

Melvin Seeman

The consequences of alienation in work (i.e., engagement in work which is not intrinsically rewarding) are examined, using a random sample of the male work force in a Swedish community. The consequences are those commonly attributed to work alienation by critics of modern industrial society: intergroup hostility, anomia, political withdrawal, status seeking, and a sense of powerlessness. The notion that alienated labor eventuates in such outcomes receives little support here; the evidence suggests that this failure to confirm the "generalization hypothesis" is not attributable to methodological difficulties. The influence of social factors crucial to mass society theory (e.g., membership in an occupational community or in a work organization) is examined and found to be minimal. Finally, an alienated (extrinsic) orientation toward work is also unrelated to such variables as ethnic hostility, political engagement and powerlessness. The significance of these negative findings for images of work in contemporary society is discussed.

Structural Equations with Latent Variables.

Article

Jan 1991

Model Notation, Covariances, and Path Analysis. Causality and Causal Models. Structural Equation Models with Observed Variables. The Consequences of Measurement Error. Measurement Models: The Relation Between Latent and Observed Variables. Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The General Model, Part I: Latent Variable and Measurement Models Combined. The General Model, Part II: Extensions. Appendices. Distribution Theory. References. Index.

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR)A Reliability Generalization Study

Article

Jun 2007
EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS

The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) is one of the most widely used social desirability scales. The authors conducted a reliability generalization study to examine the typical reliability coefficients of BIDR scores and explored factors that explained the variability of reliability estimates across studies. The results indicated that the overall BIDR scale produced scores that were adequately reliable. The mean score reliability estimates for the two subscales, Self-Deception Enhancement and Impression Management, were not satisfactory. In addition, although a number of study characteristics were statistically significantly related to reliability estimates, they accounted for only a small portion of the overall variability in reliability estimates. The results of these findings and their implications are also discussed.

Validation of Scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding

Article

Feb 2005
EDUC PSYCHOL MEAS

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS), the most commonly used social desirability bias (SDB) assessment, conceptualizes SDB as an individual’s need for approval. The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) measures SDB as two separate constructs: impression management and self-deception. Scores on SDB scales are commonly used to validate other measures although insufficiently validated themselves. This study used college students’ responses to the MCSDS and the BIDR to investigate their factorial validity. Using confirmatory factor analysis, neither a one-nor a two-factor model was found to be strongly supported. It is recommended that researchers be cautious when using scores on these SDB scales until their dimensionality is better understood.

Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis with Applications

Article

Dec 1970
BIOMETRIKA

Kanti Mardia

SUMMARY Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis are developed by extending certain studies on robustness of the t statistic. These measures are shown to possess desirable properties. The asymptotic distributions of the measures for samples from a multivariate normal population are derived and a test of multivariate normality is proposed. The effect of nonnormality on the size of the one-sample Hotelling's T2 test is studied empirically with the help of these measures, and it is found that Hotelling's T2 test is more sensitive to the measure of skewness than to the measure of kurtosis.

Viability of Exploratory Factor Analysis as a Precursor to Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Article

Jan 1996

As part of the development of a comprehensive strategy for structural equation model building and assessment, a Monte Carlo study evaluated the effectiveness of different exploratory factor analysis extraction and rotation methods for correctly identifying the known population multiple‐indicator measurement model. The exploratory methods fared well in recovering the model except in small sample sizes with highly correlated factors, and even in those situations most of the indicators were correctly assigned to the factors. Surprisingly, the orthogonal varimax rotation did as well as the more sophisticated oblique rotations in recovering the model, and generally yielded more accurate estimates. These results demonstrate that exploratory factor analysis can contribute to a useful heuristic strategy for model specification prior to cross‐validation with confirmatory factor analysis.

Fidell Using Multivariate Statistics

Article

Jan 2001

A Cross-Nations, Cross-Cultures, and Cross-Conditions Analysis on the Equivalence of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (Bidr)

Article

Mar 2009

This article examines measurement equivalence of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) across two nations (the United States and Singapore), two cultural values (horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism) and two motivational conditions (standard and faking). One sample of undergraduate students from each country (N Singapore = 158, N United States = 166) participated in this study, and a within-subject experimental design is used. Specifically, at Time 1, participants were simply asked to respond to the BIDR and the INDCOL (standard condition). At Time 2, the participants were instructed to engage in social desirability (faking condition). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses are used to evaluate the equivalence of the BIDR. The authors found support for the equivalence of the BIDR across the two cultural values. However, there is weaker support for the equivalence of the BIDR across the two countries and the two motivational conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Ein Inventar zur Erfassung zweier Faktoren sozialer Erwünschtheit

Article

Jul 2002

Zusammenfassung. Vorgestellt wird die Entwicklung einer deutschsprachigen Version des “Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding“ ( Paulhus, 1994 ), eines zweifaktoriellen Inventars zur Messung sozial erwünschter Antworttendenzen. Die aus einer empirischen Itemselektion resultierende Endfassung besteht aus zwei Skalen mit jeweils 10 Items. Sie erlauben es, zwei unterscheidbare Teilaspekte sozialer Erwünschtheit zu erfassen: Selbst- und Fremdtäuschung. In drei Kreuzvalidierungsstudien zeichneten sich beide Subskalen durch befriedigende psychometrische Kennwerte, eine klare zweifaktorielle Ladungsstruktur und gute konvergente und diskriminante Validität aus.

Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance

Article

Apr 2002

Measurement invariance is usually tested using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which examines the change in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) when cross-group constraints are imposed on a measurement model. Although many studies have examined the properties of GFI as indicators of overall model fit for single-group data, there have been none to date that examine how GFIs change when between-group constraints are added to a measurement model. The lack of a consensus about what constitutes significant GFI differences places limits on measurement invariance testing. We examine 20 GFIs based on the minimum fit function. A simulation under the two-group situation was used to examine changes in the GFIs (ΔGFIs) when invariance constraints were added. Based on the results, we recommend using Δcomparative fit index, ΔGamma hat, and ΔMcDonald's Noncentrality Index to evaluate measurement invariance. These three ΔGFIs are independent of both model complexity and sample size, and are not correlated with the overall fit measures. We propose critical values of these ΔGFIs that indicate measurement invariance.

A corrected formula for assessing the validity of WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI short forms

Article

Apr 1971

A. B. Silverstein

Beginning with McNemar's formula for the part-whole correlation which does not require access to the raw data, a formula was evolved for short forms of Wechsler instruments (WAIS, WISC, and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence). This formula takes into account the actual unreliability of the subtests and thereby corrects for the spurious element in the conventional correlation between short form and Full Scale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Gender and socially desirable responding as moderators of the correlation between implicit and explicit self-esteem

Article

Oct 2005

Michael Riketta

Pelham, Koole, Hardin, Hetts, Seah, and DeHart (2005) found that implicit and explicit self-esteem correlated more strongly among women than men. The goal of this study was to replicate this finding and test whether it was due to gender differences in socially desirable responding (SDR). Ninety-nine German students completed measures of implicit self-esteem (Implicit Association Test and name-letter technique), explicit self-esteem, and SDR. Contrary to the Pelham et al. study, the implicit-explicit correlation was stronger for men than women. SDR (especially its self-deception component) moderated the implicit-explicit correlation independently from gender, albeit in different directions for the two implicit measures.

Using the BIDR to Distinguish the Effects of Impression Management and Self-Deception on the Criterion Validity of Personality Measures: A Meta-Analysis

Article

May 2006

Although the use of personality tests for personnel selection has gained increasing acceptance, researchers have raised concerns that job applicants may distort their responses to inflate their scores. In the present meta-analysis, we examined the effects of the two dimensions of social desirability, impression management and self-deception, on the criterion validity of personality constructs using the balanced inventory of desirable responding (BIDR). The results indicate that impression management and self-deception did not create spurious effects on the relationship between personality measures and performance, nor did they function as performance predictors. Moreover, removing the influence of impression management or self-deception from personality measures did not substantially attenuate the criterion validity of personality variables. Implications of the results and directions for future research are also discussed.

Using Social Desirability Scales in Research among the Elderly

Article

Feb 2001

A consistent finding is that elderly people obtain higher scores on social desirability (SD) scales than younger ones. It is usually assumed that elderly people are more eager to present themselves in a favourable way. Hence, especially in survey-research among the elderly, it is common practice to include SD-scales to correct for spurious relationships. In this article it is argued that the assumptions underlying such practice are doubtful, because SD-scores may be affected by a variety of factors but the tendency to present oneself favourably. Two such factors related to the question-answering process are discussed in more detail. Empirical support is provided that these factors may explain the relationship between the score on a SD-scale and age. It is argued that using SD-scales to correct for relationships between variables, may lead to erroneous results.

Comparing Social Desirability Responding on World Wide Web and Paper-Administered Surveys

Article

Mar 2001

Social desirability responding (SRD) on surveys administered on the World Wide Web (WWW) and on paper was examined using 178 graduate and undergraduate students randomly assigned to a 2 (World Wide Web and Paper) ×2 (Anonymous and Nonanonymous) true experimental design. The findings reveal no differences in SDR between the WWW and the paper-administered survey conditions, and no differences in SDR between the anonymous and nonanonymous conditions. These findings and potential explanations are examined for consideration by anyone interested in using the WWW to obtain accurate information from survey participants.

Experimental faking in self-reported psychopathology: Unidimensional or multidimensional?

Article

Oct 2003
PERS INDIV DIFFER

This study examined the dimensionality of experimental faking on self-report inventories of psychopathology. For a sample of 260 undergraduates, the latent structure of response style scales indicated that intentional deception was not unidimensional. In particular, distinct dimensions emerged for positive and negative faking. These findings suggest that D. L. Paulhus’ (1984) two-component model of socially desirable responding is incomplete for the description of conscious test dissimulation. Additional experimental and naturalistic research is recommended for establishing the full nature of intentional distortion in test responding.

The two-factor model of social desirability: Relation to coping and defense, and implications for health

Article

Apr 2006
PERS INDIV DIFFER

Recent research has questioned whether two components of social desirability, impression management (IM) and self-deception (SDE) are reflective of conscious and unconscious processes. This paper examines if IM and SDE, as measured by the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR-6), are differentially related to measures of coping strategies, defensive mechanisms, and self-efficacy. In addition this paper will analyse associations between these constructs and health complaints as measured by the Subjective Health Complaints Inventory. A student sample (N = 237) completed the BIDR-6, the General Self-efficacy Scale, the Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale, CODE, and the SHC. A factor-analysis of these scales revealed five dimensions. The factor structure did not support the hypothesis that SDE would cluster with defense scales, and that IM would cluster with active mastery-oriented coping strategies. SDE loaded on an active coping factor as did self-efficacy and three coping strategies; active problem-solving, depressive reactions and comforting cognitions. IM and MC loaded on a separate factor other-deception. Both active coping and other-deception were negatively related to subjective health complaints. The results question the widespread practice of applying social desirability measures as indicators of psychological defense and the interchangeable use of these constructs in the literature.

SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel and Velicer's MAP test

Article

Sep 2000

Brian P. O’Connor

Popular statistical software packages do not have the proper procedures for determining the number of components in factor and principal components analyses. Parallel analysis and Velicer's minimum average partial (MAP) test are validated procedures, recommended widely by statisticians. However, many researchers continue to use alternative, simpler, but flawed procedures, such as the eigenvalues-greater-than-one rule. Use of the proper procedures might be increased if these procedures could be conducted within familiar software environments. This paper describes brief and efficient programs for using SPSS and SAS to conduct parallel analyses and the MAP test.

Measuring social desirability responding. A short version of Paulhus' BIDR 6

Abstract

No full-text available

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MEASURING SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONDING. A SHORT VERSION OF PAULHUS' BIDR 6